Cross Sectional Anatomy: Application Questions- Ch. 2 and Ch. 5
In sagittal sections through the right lateral region of the thorax, how many lobes are evident in the right lung
3
How many vertebrochondral ribs are there?
3 pairs
How many sacral vertebrae are there before they fuse together?
5
What is the boundary between the superior mediastinum and the inferior mediastinum?
Line from the sternal angle to the intervertebral disc between the 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae
Which is normally most lateral or superficial, the internal jugular vein, the internal carotid artery, or the parotid gland?
parotid gland
What is the name of the ridges in the anterior portion of the right atrium?
pectinate muscle
The skeletal muscle most closely related to the breast is the _______ muscle
pectoralis
What are the two muscles evident in the anterior thoracic wall of sagittal sections through the right lateral region?
pectoralis major and minor
What two muscles form the anterior wall of the pectoral region?
pectoralis major and minor
What is the name of the envelope around the heart?
pericardial sac
What muscles form the wall of the pharynx?
pharyngeal constrictor muscle
What is the purpose of the odontoid process?
pivot for the rotation of the atlas
Do the right pulmonary veins enter the heart anterior to the right atrium or posterior to the right atrium?
posterior
Which is normally most medial, the pterygoid muscles, the masseter muscle, or the ramus of the mandible?
pterygoid muscles
Which valve of the heart is the most superiorly located and is seen first when visualizing serial sections from superior to inferior?
pulmonary semilunar valve
Which ventricle is located at the exit from the right ventricle?
pulmonary semilunar valve
At lower levels. near the heart, which vessel is most anterior, the superior vena cava, the ascending aorta, or the pulmonary trunk?
pulmonary trunk
In sagittal sections, what vessel associated with the heart is seen as having a distinct anterior-to-posterior orientation?
pulmonary trunk
What vessel exits the heart from the right ventricle?
pulmonary trunk
When sagittal sections are taken through the thorax from right to left, which vessel associated with the heart will be seen last---the ascending aorta, the superior vena cava, or the pulmonary trunk
pulmonary trunk
Which chamber of the heart is most directly related to the esophagus?
pulmonary trunk
Which is most to the left side, the superior vena cava, the pulmonary trunk, or the ascending aorta?
pulmonary trunk
What is the space medial to the internal carotid arteries and anterior to the prevertebral muscles?
retropharyngeal space
What are the small muscles immediately under or deep to the trapezius muscles near the midline of the back?
rhomboideus muscle
As the esophagus descends through the posterior mediastinum, on which side of the thoracic aorta is it typically located?
right
On which side of the body does the diaphragm typically extend more superiorly?
right
What are the two vessels that join to form the superior vena cava?
right and left brachiocephalic veins
In coronal sections, which chamber of the heart is seen as being on the right side?
right atrium
When sagittal sections are taken from right to left through the thorax, what chamber of the heart is seen first?
right atrium
Which is bronchus is straighter or more vertical in figure 2-25, the right bronchus or the left bronchus?
right bronchus
What blood vessel is located in the sulcus between the right atrium and right ventricle?
right coronary artery
Which coronary artery is seen in the sulcus between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
right coronary artery
Which is longer, the right coronary artery or the left coronary artery?
right coronary artery
Which is most posterior, the superior vena cava, the right main bronchus, or the right pulmonary artery?
right main bronchus
What vessel is cut perpendicular to its axis and is located between the right bronchus and superior vena cava?
right pulmonary artery
What vessel is posterior to the superior vena cava but anterior to the right bronchus?
right pulmonary artery
On which side of the heart do the venae cavae enter?
right side
Which is more posterior, the right subclavian artery or the right common carotid artery?
right subclavian artery
What chamber of the heart forms most of the anterior surface?
right ventricle
When sagittal sections are taken through the mediastinum, what chamber of the heart appears to be the most anterior?
right ventricle
Which chamber of the heart is most anterior?
right ventricle
What is the opening between the true vocal folds called?
rima glottidis
Valves located in the outflow vessels from the heart are called __________ valves.
semilunar
What type of fiber is found in the dorsal root of a spinal nerve?
sensory nerve fibers
What type of fluid is produced by the pleural membrane?
serous fluid
When sagittal sections are taken through the thorax from right to left, which vessel associated with the heart will be seen first, the ascending aorta, the superior vena cava, or the pulmonary trunk?
superior vena cava
Which is most anterior, the superior vena cava, the esophagus, or the right main bronchus?
superior vena cava
Which is most to the right side, the ascending aorta, the descending aorta, or the superior vena cava?
superior vena cava
Name in sequence, from right to left, the three main vessels at or just superior to the base of the heart.
superior vena cava (right), ascending aorta (middle), pulmonary trunk (left)
Why do lumbar vertebrae have such large, heavy bodies?
support most of body weight and have numerous muscles attached to them
Fibrous connective bands that help to support the breasts ________ or ligaments.
suspensory
What two curvatures are concave anteriorly?
thoracic and sacral
On the left side, what artery is posterior to the common carotid artery?
left subclavian artery
What blood vessel is closest to the apex of the left lung?
left subclavian artery
When coronal sections are taken from posterior to anterior, which branch of the aortic arch is seen first?
left subclavian artery
What are the two vessels posterior to the clavicle but anterior to the first rib?
left subclavian artery and vein
From what chamber does the ascending aorta receive blood?
left ventricle
What chamber of the heart makes up most of the left side of the heart and forms the apex?
left ventricle
What muscle extends from the ribs to the vertebral transverse process in this section?
levator costarum
What muscle extends between a rib and the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra?
levator costarum muscles
What is found in the epidural space around the spinal cord?
loose connective tissue and adipose tissue
What are the three divisions of the sternum?
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
Which is normally most anterior, the parotid gland, the masseter muscle, or the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
masseter muscle
What bone forms the anterior portion of the hard palate?
maxilla
What specific portion of the parietal pleura is closest to the pericardial sac?
mediastinal parietal pleura
What specific portion of the mediastinum contains the heart?
middle mediastinum
The valve located between the most posterior chamber of the heart and the chamber with the thickest walls is the _________ valve.
mitral
Which valve associated with the heart is located farthest to the left?
mitral valve
What type of fiber is found in the ventral root of a spinal nerve?
motor nerve fibers
What makes up the white matter of the spinal cord?
myelinated nerve fibers
What passes through the sacral foramina?
nerves
What makes up the gray matter of the spinal cord?
neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated nerve fibers
What fissure is present in the left lung?
oblique fissure
Which of the two fissures in the right lung is more superior?
oblique fissure
What circular muscle is associated with the lips?
orbicularis oris
What is the space or opening at the posterior margin of the soft palate?
oropharynx
The chordae tendineae are anchored to projections of myocardium called _________
papillary muscle
What is the most superficial posterior muscle of the neck?
trapezius muscle
The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle is called the __________ valve.
tricuspid
What valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
What is the extension of the soft palate that projects into the oropharynx?
uvula
What structures marks the division between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx?
uvula
What is the small groove between the epiglottis and the tongue?
vallecula
Which is usually more posterior, the vertebral artery, the internal carotid artery, or the internal jugular vein?
vertebral artery
Where does the head of a rib articulate on the thoracic vertebrae?
vertebral body
What is the concave surface on the upper and lower margins of the pedicles called?
vertebral notch
What term is used to designate the true ribs?
vertebrosternal ribs
What is the name of the specific serous membrane that is closely applied to the lung surface?
visceral pleura
Which layer of the pleura is closely attached to the lung?
visceral pleura
The two branches of the left coronary artery are visible in this image. Why is the left coronary artery itself not visible?
Because it is posterior to the pulmonary trunk
At what vertebral level does the spinal cord usually end?
L1
Name the four muscles of the rotator cuff.
SITS Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Subscapularis
What is the purpose of curvatures in the vertebral column?
add strength, resilience, and flexibility to the vertebral column
What specific muscle is immediately anterior to the brachial plexus?
anterior scalene muscle
In which triangle is the carotid sheath located?
anterior triangle
What valve is at the base of the ascending aorta?
aortic semilunar valve
What valve is in the ascending aorta?
aortic semilunar valve
In coronal sections through the anterior portion of the middle mediastinum, what vessel is seen between the superior vena cava and the pulmonary trunk?
ascending aorta
What vessel assumes a central position as it communicates with the chamber of the heart with which it is associated?
ascending aorta
When sagittal sections are taken through the mediastinum from right to left, which vessel associated with the heart will be seen second---the ascending aorta, the superior vena cava, or the pulmonary trunk?
ascending aorta
What specific name is given to C1?
atlas
Lateral to the clavicle, what name designates the continuation of the subclavian artery and vein?
axillary artery and vein
What specific name is given to C2?
axis
What vessel curves over the root of the right lung to drain into the superior vena cava?
azygos vein
What vessel drains into the superior vena cava just superior to the right bronchus?
azygos vein
Which is most to the right side, the azygos vein, the descending aorta, or the esophagus?
azygos vein
Which is usually more lateral or superficial, the external jugular vein or the external carotid artery?
external jugular vein
Where are the intervertebral foramina located?
between the superior & inferior vertebral notches
What three features of a vertebra enclose or surround the vertebral foramen?
body, pedicles, laminae
What single vessel branches from the aorta to supply the right side of the head and the right upper extremity?
brachiocephalic artery
Name one vein and two nerves that are located in the posterior triangle of the neck
external jugular vein phrenic nerve accessory nerve
What are the two regions of enlargement in the spinal cord? What nerves arise from these two enlarged areas?
cervical and lumbosacral upper extremity= cervical enlargement lower extremity= lumbosacral enlargement
What distinguishes the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae from the spinous processes of other vertebrae?
cervical vertebrae have bifid spinous processes
What is the bone that articulates with the acromion anteriorly?
clavicle
What bones are anterior to the brachiocephalic veins?
clavicles
What is the most inferior region of the vertebral column? What marking on the sacrum denotes the beginning of the true pelvic cavity?
coccyx; sacral promontory
What are the contents of the carotid sheath?
common carotid artery internal jugular vein vagus nerve
Name three structures and/or tissues that are found in the anterior mediastinum.
connective tissue, fat, lymph nodes, and a portion of the thymus gland
What term is used for the terminal triangular region of the spinal cord?
conus medullaris
What direction is the curvature that is formed by the cervical vertebrae?
convex anteriorly
What portion of the scapula is anterior to the glenoid fossa?
coracoid process of scapula
What is the venous structure in the posterior atrioventricular sulcus?
coronary sinus
What venous structure is located along the posterior surface of the heart, between the left atrium and left ventricle?
coronary sinus
What distinguishes thoracic vertebrae from other types of vertebrae?
facets on the body and transverse processes for articulation with ribs
Which is more anterior, the internal carotid artery or the external carotid artery?
external carotid artery
What is the most superficial muscle of the shoulder?
deltoid muscle
What is the round piece of bone immediately anterior to the spinal cord?
dens (odontoid process) of C2
Name four vessels and/or structures that are found in the posterior mediastinum.
descending aorta, azygos vein, hemiazygos vein, thoracic duct, esophagus
What forms the partition on the left side between the mediastinum and the abdominal organs?
diaphragm
What is the structure immediately posterior to the trachea?
esophagus
What structure descends, and is therefore cut parallel to its axis, between the left atrium and the descending aorta
esophagus
Which is more anterior, the descending aorta or the esophagus?
esophagus
Which is more to the left, the trachea or the esophagus?
esophagus
The parenchyma of the breast is arranged in _________
glandular lobules
What bone is located posterior to the tongue but anterior to the pharynx?
hyoid bone
What is the region of the pharynx posterior to the larynx?
hypopharynx (laryngopharynx)
What articulates with the superior articular process of a vertebra?
inferior articular process of the preceding vertebra
What blood vessel is anterior and to the right of the esophagus?
inferior vena cava
What is the name of the ligament between the two clavicles?
interclavicular ligament
What muscles are located between the ribs?
intercostal muscles
What is the typical relationship of the internal carotid artery to the internal jugular vein?
internal carotid artery is anterior and medial to the internal jugular vein
What two blood vessels join to form the brachiocephalic vein?
internal jugular vein and subclavian vein
What two vessels join to form the brachiocephalic veins?
internal jugular veins and subclavian veins
What term is used to denote an exaggerated thoracic curvature?
kyphosis
On which side of the vertebral column is the thoracic aorta usually located?
left
Which is longer, the right brachiocephalic vein or the left brachiocephalic vein?
left
Which is more anterior, the left brachiocephalic vein or the brachiocephalic artery?
left
The vessels identified as B and I enter what chamber of the heart?
left atrium
What chamber of the heart is immediately anterior to the esophagus?
left atrium
What chamber of the heart is posterior to the superior vena cava and inferior to the right bronchus?
left atrium
When coronal sections are taken from posterior to anterior, which chamber of the heart is seen first?
left atrium
When sagittal sections are taken through the mediastinum, what chamber of the heart appears to be the most posterior
left atrium
Which chamber of the heart is associated with the pulmonary veins?
left atrium
When sagittal sections are taken through the mediastinum, what vein, cut perpendicular to its axis, is anterior to the ascending aorta?
left brachiocephalic vein
On which side of the esophagus is the aorta located?
left common carotid artery
What is the middle branch from the aortic arch?
left common carotid artery
Which vessel is the middle branch from the arch of the aorta?
left common carotid artery
Which lung is more displaced by the mass of the heart, the right lung or the left lung?
left lung
In sagittal sections on the left side of the mediastinum, what artery is cut perpendicular to its axis, just inferior to the aortic arch and anterior to the thoracic aorta?
left pulmonary artery
Most of the right ventricle is on which side, to the right side of the midline or to the left side of the midline?
left side of the midline
The muscle that appears to enclose the ribs and intercostal muscles like parentheses in the ___________.
serratus anterior muscle
What is the name of the muscle that, in transverse sections, appears to enclose the rib cage like a set of parentheses?
serratus anterior muscle
What is the name of the smooth-walled region of the right atrium where the superior vena cava enters?
sinus venarum
What muscle begins at the clavicle and ascends through the neck?
sternocleidomastoid
What muscle is between the external and internal jugular veins?
sternocleidomastoid muscle
What muscle is frequently related to the external jugular vein?
sternocleidomastoid muscle
What muscle separates the anterior triangle from the posterior triangle of the neck?
sternocleidomastoid muscle
What three structures form the boundaries of the posterior triangle of the neck?
sternocleidomastoid muscle, trapezius muscle, and clavicle
What ligament extends between the pericardium and the posterior surface of the sternum?
sternopericardial ligament
What tiny piece of bone is anterior to the internal jugular vein and lateral to the internal carotid artery?
styloid process
From what vessel does the vertebral artery arise?
subclavian artery
What artery is cut perpendicular to its axis in sagittal sections, posterior to the internal jugular vein?
subclavian artery
What blood vessel is prominent posterior to the anterior scalene muscle?
subclavian artery
Which is more posterior, the brachiocephalic vein or the subclavian artery?
subclavian artery
What vessel joins with, or drains into, the internal jugular vein to form the brachiocephalic vein?
subclavian vein
What is the small muscle along the posterior surface of the clavicle?
subclavius muscle
What muscle is attached to the clavicle and deep to it?
subclavius muscle
What gland is located in the floor of the mouth, lateral to the tongue and posterior to the anterior portion of the mandible?
sublingual gland
What glandular material is posterior to the mandible and inferior to the tongue?
sublingual gland
Two of the three pairs of salivary glands are present in this view. Why is the third pair of salivary glands not evident here?
sublingual gland is not evident because it is inferior to the tongue and not in this plane
What gland is medial to the mandible, near the angle between the ramus and body?
submandibular gland
What muscle is between the scapula and the serratus anterior muscle in sagittal sections through the lateral thorax?
subscapularis muscle
Which is more anterior, the superior lobe of the left lung or the inferior lobe?
superior lobe
In coronal sections, which vessel associated with the heart is most closely related to the right lung?
superior vena cava
The lymphatic vessel posterior to the esophagus is called the _________
thoracic duct
What lymphatic vessel is to the right of the descending aorta?
thoracic duct
What structure is posterior to the esophagus, to the left of the azygos vein, and to the right of the descending aorta?
thoracic duct
Which is most posterior, the left bronchus, the thoracic duct, or the esophagus?
thoracic duct
What vessel branches opposite the vertebral artery?
thyrocervical trunk
What is the predominant anterior cartilage of the larynx?
thyroid cartilage
What is the glandular material that is lateral to the trachea?
thyroid gland
What is the primary orientation of the valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle, to the right, to the left, anteriorly, or inferiorly?
to the left
What structure is between the thyroid gland and the esophagus?
trachea
Which is more to the right side, the trachea or the descending aorta?
trachea
In sagittal sections, how can the trachea be distinguished from the esophagus?
trachea has cartilage and the esophagus does not
What is unique about the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae?
transverse foramina
Where does the tubercle of a rib articulate on the thoracic vertebrae?
transverse process
What fuses to form the lateral mass?
transverse processes
