Crowds, Movements, and Social Change

Revolutionary Movements

Seek complete change in all aspects of society

Motivational Framing

A call to action in social movements

Social Change

Change in society through social movements and external factors

Social Movement Industry

Collection of social movement organizations with similar goals

Acting Crowds

Crowds of people focused on a specific action or goal

Expressive Crowds

Crowds sharing opportunities to express emotions

Emergent Norm Theory

Emphasizes social norms' importance in crowd behavior

New Social Movement Theory

Explains postindustrial and postmodern movements

Resource Mobilization Theory

Explains social movements' success through resource acquisition and mobilization

Crowd

Fairly large number of people in close proximity

Value-Added Theory

Functional perspective on preconditions for collective behavior

Flash Mob

Large group engaging in spontaneous, time-limited activity

Social Movement Sector

Multiple social movement industries in a society

NGO

Nongovernmental organizations working globally for humanitarian and environmental causes

Collective Behavior

Noninstitutionalized activity where people voluntarily engage

Crowdsourcing

Obtaining services, ideas, or content from a large group

Social Movement

Organized group working toward a common social goal

Conventional Crowds

People gathering for a regularly scheduled event

Casual Crowds

People in close proximity without interacting

Modernization

Process increasing specialization and differentiation in societies

Religious/Redemptive Movements

Promote inner change or spiritual growth in individuals

Frame Alignment Process

Recruiting participants using bridging, amplification, extension, and transformation

Mass

Relatively large group sharing a common interest

Reform Movements

Seek to change specific aspects of the social structure

Resistance Movements

Seek to prevent or undo changes to the social structure

Social Movement Organization

Single group within a social movement

Alternative Movements

Social movements limited to self-improvement changes in individuals

Prognostic Framing

Social movements stating clear solutions and means of implementation

Diagnostic Framing

Stating a social problem clearly and understandably

Assembling Perspective

Theory viewing crowds as rational thinkers engaging in purposeful behavior

Public

Unorganized group sharing ideas