CSCC Psychology Chapter 2

Nodes

Neural impulses travel from myelin to myelin through the ___________ between each myelin?

Before

Neural plasticity is greater when: before or after puberty?

What is it called when the damaged region's function is taken over by another area or areas of the brain?

Substitution of function

Central

The brain is part of what part of the nervous system?

Too low of levels of ACh leads to Alzheimer's and memory loss. (Side note: ACh also functions in movement of skeletal muscles.)

Too low of levels of Acetylcholine leads to what?

True or false Efferent nerve is another word for motor neuron?

True

A neurotransmitter is absorbed by the receptor cells located on the ...

post synaptic membrane

The hippocampus forms NEW memories

.What is the function of the hippocampus?

Dendrites, Cell Body (Soma), Tail/Axon ( consisting of the Myelin Sheath, Terminal Branches)

4 anatomical parts of a neuron and order of which information is passed through the neuron.

Acetylcholine (ACh), Dopamine, Serotonin, Neurepinephrine, GABA, endorphines.

6 common neurotransmitters observed in the psychological field?

Wernicke's Area control what?

Ability to speak language

Which glands regulate mood, energy level regulation, and the ability to cope with stress?

Adrenal Glands

What neurons receive information from sensory organs?

Afferent and sensory

The __________ is important for practiced movement

Cerebellum

What is it called where the axons of some healthy neurons adjacent to damaged cells grow new branches?

Collateral Sprouting

__________ controls voluntary movement

Dopamine

Agonist

Drugs similar to neurotransmitters that mimic said neurotransmitters.

Antagonist

Drugs that shut down the window/ channel so nothing can get into the neurotransmitter

What is NOT a function of the nervous system?

Emotional regulation

Endorphines acts like Runner's High and relieve pain naturally. Agonists that act similarly to endorphines are opiate drugs such as morphine and heroin (this is not a solution; only a drug that mimics endorphines).

Endorphines are a natural neurotransmitter that acts like a type of high that relieves what?

Neural Pathways

Every time you learn new words you're creating what?

Seizures, insomnia, and tremors (think very quickly working nervous system). Agonists that act similarly to GABA are Valium and Xanax (this is not a solution; only a drug that mimics GABA).

GABA is a neural inhibitor that slows the nervous system. Too low of this chemical that slows the nervous system leads to what?

"Behavior __________" is the study of the degree and nature of heredity's influence on behavior.

Genetics

_____ cells support neurons, holding them in place and providing nourishment

Glials

MRI's, EEG recordings, live electrical stimulation of the brain

How do we study the brain, in terms of technology?

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

Located at the front of the motor cortex, it is involved in higher cognitive functions such as planning, reasoning, and self-control

The __________ governs breathing and heart rate

Medulla

A phenotype is a person's ________ characteristics?

Observable

Peripheral

Of the peripheral and central nervous system, which is associated with the arms, torso, legs?

Central

Of the peripheral and central nervous system, which is associated with the brain and spinal cord?

Spatial location and motor control are the responsibility of which lobes of the brain?

Parietal

Most of our hormones are released through the ______?

Pituitary gland

Afferent nerves carry information from the _____ to the brain.

Senses

What four things does serotonin regulate?

Sleep, mood, attention and learning

Do dendrites receive chemical or electrical impulses?

Chemical

What are the frontal lobes associated with?

Control of movement

Where is the Association Cortex located?

The association cortex makes up 75 percent of the cerebral cortex

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

The autonomic part of the peripheral system can be further divided into what two parts?

(Automatic) life sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion, etc. (Things we don't consciously choose to activate.)

The autonomic part of the peripheral system controls what?

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

The basal ganglia work with the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements.

Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

The brain, in addition to being divided into the left and right hemispheres, can also be divided into lobes. These 4 lobes are which?

Movements on the RIGHT side of the body, also spacial skills (space around us), music, and art

The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres. What does the LEFT side of the brain control?

Movements on the LEFT side of the body, also language/ speech, logic, math.

The cerebrum is divided into left and right hemispheres. What does the RIGHT side of the brain control?

The outer section of the brain

The cerebrum/ cerebral cortex is where on the brain?

Deep structures, and the cerebral cortex (outer covering).

The forebrain is made up of what two sections?

Corpus Callosum. Think of a song; the lyrics of a song on one side of the brain, the melody on the other, the two sides communicate and put them together through the corpus callosum.

The left and right hemispheres of the brain are connected by and communication through _________?

The Peripheral nervous system and Central nervous system.

The nervous system can be divided into what two parts?

Midbrain

The next section of the brain above the Hindbrain we have the what?

The forebrain

The next section of the brain is the top and biggest part of the brain, which is ______?

Relaxation; in general, and also works together with the sympathetic system in that it helps calm the body after activation of the sympathetic system

The parasympathetic part of the autonomic system is responsible for what?

Somatic and autonomic

The peripheral nervous system can be further divided into what two parts?

Substantia nigra ("black substance"). This area is associated with Parkinson's disease. Neurons make dopamine, any time you want to move or use motor movements, messages go through the substantia nigra. When those cells begin to die, they dont make or use dopamine, and this area of the brain and movements slowly die off until you die. :(

The small black area that is a part of the midbrain is called what?

Voluntary motor movements, through motor neurons exiting the spine and going through the arms and legs (and back up again to the spine), as well as sensory neurons that pick up sensory information from around the body (that also travels back up to the spine).

The somatic part of the peripheral system controls what?

Which cortex processes information about body sensations and is located at the front of the parietal lobe?

The somatosensory

Synapse

The space between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron.

Fight or flight responses; this system takes over when we feel scared, startled, surprised, etc., this takes energy and gives it to the muscles immediately.

The sympathetic part of the autonomic system is responsible for what?

Too low leads to Parkinsons (trouble initiating motor movements); too high leads to Schizophrenia. (Usually prescribed antagonist "Antipsychotics" to bring down level of Dopamine for those with too much) Agonists that act similarly to Dopamine are Amphetamines and Heroin (this is not a solution; only a drug that mimics Dopamine).

Too low of levels of Dopamine leads to what; and too high of levels leads to what?

Too low leads to depression; too high leads to mania; this is called Bipolar Disorder. (Usually prescribed Lithium to balance norepinephrine in the brain).

Too low of levels of Norepinephrine leads to what; and too high levels lead to what?

Too low of levels of Serotonin leads to anxiety and depression. (Usually prescribed the agonist Antidepressants to allow brain to use more of the serotonin already being produced in the brain.)

Too low of levels of Serotonin leads to what?

Motor cortex controls what kind of movement?

Voluntary

(from bottom up:) Cerebellum, and brainstem, and thalamus (also pons and medulla)

What 3 parts of the brain make up the "hindbrain"/lower back brain area?

The deep structures of the brain are made up of the limbic system, amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus.

What are the deep structures of the brain made up of?

A neural impulse

What is it called when information is sent from the cell body down the axon tail?

Neural Plasticity

What is it called when neurons form connections, and through experience some connections are strengthened branching in neurons and axons becoming stronger, and some connections disappearing from lack of use?

Basic life support functions; sleeping, eating, breathing, body temperature regulation. Injury to this area can kill you!

What is the function of the Brainstem?

Associated with balance and fine motor movements

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

Sensory information gathered here and then returned to the brain; specifically, hear, see, touch, and taste- NOT SMELL.

What is the function of the Thalamus?

The amygdala senses and interprets threats in surrounding environment.

What is the function of the amygdala?

The hypothalamus monitors three pleasurable activities—eating, drinking, and sex and is a regulator for the body's internal state.

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

The limbic system houses habits and memories.

What is the function of the limbic system?

Nervous System

What system in the body controls behavior, thoughts, and feelings?

Frontal lobe, also containing "Broca's Area" which produces speech. It is responsible for decision making, preferences, and personality.

Which lobe contains the motor cortex (located alongside the parietal lobe), and what is it responsible for?

The occipital (back) lobe (Left and right lobe, left vision is right lobe, right vision is left lobe)

Which lobe is associated with vision, containing the visual cortex?

Temporal lobe by the ears and temples.

Which lobe processes hearing and auditory information, containing the auditory cortex, also containing "Wernicke's Area"?

Parietal lobe, located on the sides of the head. Touching with right hand stimulates the left parietal lobe).

Which lobe processes the sense of touch, containing the "sensory cortex"?

Myelin Sheath

Which of the part of the neuron acts like fat insulating the axon and keeping the neural impulse inside the axon, also speeding transmission of message from neuron to neuron?

Cell Body

Which of the part of the neuron receives chemical information from the dendrites and pass it along through the myelin sheaths?

The Axon/ Tail

Which of the part of the neuron sends information to the terminal branches and buttons (where chemicals are released to connect with other neurons of muscles or cells)?

Dendrites

Which of the parts of the neuron receive chemical information from other neurons?

Hormones regulate the ______ of the body?

growth and functioning