CSI Final Exam
What must the CSI do if they find something new while searching, collecting, or analyzing the scene?
"Go Back" in steps
Define in-situ
"as is" or as found
3 parts to the evidence linkage triangle
1. scene 2. suspect 3. victim
What is the visible spectrum of light (in nanometers)?
380-740 nm
What method is used to compare/analyze fingerprints in lab by fingerprint examinator
ACE-V
List two of the post mortem changes that can assist with establishing time of death
Algor Mortis Decomposition
Explain the difference between the area approach and the functional approach to processing:
Area - a small group of people do all the tasks/ processing for a given area Functional - a leader designated groups of people to different sections to do the work
The text mentions 4 "primary mechanisms" of injury which are of immediate interest to the CSI when understanding injuries to victims
Asphyxial trauma, sharp force trauma, blunt force trauma, gunshot trauma
6 basic steps to accomplish the end goal of Crime Scene Processing
Assessing Observing Documenting Searching Collecting Analyzing
A ______ is expelled from the firearm
Bullet
5 search patterns recommended for Crime Scene Searching:
Circle or spiral Strip and Line Grid Zone Point-to-point
Blood stain patters are
Class Characteristics
List the two types of characteristics for physical evidence:
Class and Individual
What is the most important tool for the CSI?
Clean White Light
7 steps of event analysis - reconstructing entire events:
Collect data, establish likely events, establish actions/events segments from the data available
8 things to note in the 8-step descriptive set
Colour, Quantity, size, location, identifying features, construction of item, item description
Who must be signed into the crime scene once official perimeter is established and scene security log is going
Commanding Officer Prosecutor responsible for jurisdiction Asst. Medical Examiner
The 4 key elements (Photos/Video, Notes, Sketch, Report) ___________________ one another.
Compliment
2 venues in which crime scene analysis is accomplished
Crime lab, application of crime scene analysis
Two types of reasoning involved in crime scene analysis and reconstruction
Deductive and inductive
Once the "tempo" of the initial response slows, list the tasks for the IRO
Document initial information, logs, notes, enhance security
_______ care always takes precedence over evidence preservation
Emergency
What is the basis of Locard's Principle of Exchange Theory:
Every contact leaves a trace
Examples of what might be included in the "Additional Examinations" section of the final report.
Evident fire patters, trajectory analysis in shooting scenes, bloodstain pattern analysis in violent scenes, electrostatic lifter examination for footwear, specialized chemical enhancements and their results
True/False - When investigating an arson scene, the proper methodology is to first investigate the cause, and then establish the origin.
False
True/False: A forensic quality photograph of an impression with a scale is not an acceptable means of collection, as you must have the actual impression or lift
False
True/False: A projectile can be matched to a casing
False
True/False: There is only one way to process a crime scene
False
True/False: When speaking about the "zones of possibility" on a shooting scene, Zone 3 is the "most probable" area
False
True/False: Witnesses or involved parties should be allowed to congregate together while waiting to be interviewed
False
True/False: You do not need to document rooms in the crime scene which do not play a role in the incident
False
True/False: you should always use man-made landmarks (streets, property edges, hedges) for establishing perimeters
False
True/False: the proper order of collecting fingerprint evidence is: photograph, develop, sketch on lift card, lift:
False: Develop, Sketch on lift card, photograph, lift
methods for developing prints mentioned in the text
Glue Fuming Brush powder SPR Cyanoacrylate Gel lift Ninhydrin Coomasie Blue Wet Wop
Types of Trace Evidence
Hair/Fibers, glass
Three Firearm categories
Handguns, Rifles, shotguns
As CSI we should be concerned with biohazard risks of HIV/AIDS and ______________________, and there are 3 types of this blood borne disease.
Hepatitis
What are the two basic angles that the CSI should measure once they have set up the trajectory rod into the bullet defect?
Horizontal (angle of departure) Vertical (angle of elevation)
2 principles relating to friction ridge skin (palms of hands or soles of feet)
Individual - all prints are unique Permanence - development of prints happen within 3m of gestation and are permanent (without damage)
Three area of ballistics evidence studies:
Internal Ballistics, Terminal Ballistics, External Ballistics
In what section of your crime scene report would you add who worked on the crime scene?
Introduction
9 suggested sections of crime scene report.
Introduction, characteristics of the scene, conditions of the scene, environmental conditions, factors pertinent to entry and exit, scene documentation, collection of physical evidence, search for latent prints, additional examination
what are scene prints compared to at the lab
Known or "record" prints
Forms or types of prints that might be found on a crime scene
Latent Patent Plastic
The three basic forms of fingerprints
Latent, Patent, Plastic
If the goal of Crime Scene Investigation is truth, than how the truth plays out should be of:
Little Consequence
List 3 of the possible parties or entities who may work a mass casualty scene together:
Local FBI, ME, HAZMAT
types of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) for CSI's:
Masks, Shoe Boots, Gloves, Suits
Are checklists the best practice for CSIs? Explain
No because sometimes you will need to go back in steps if something else/new is found
4 key elements or types of crime scene documentation
Notes Photographs/video Sketches Reports
Evaluating _________ evidence for context and interrelationships = analysis
Objective
3 basic types of crime scene photographs
Overall evidence establishing evidence close-up/forensic quality
Choose the three elements which must be present fore a fire to burn
Oxygen, Heat, Fuel
Name 1 of the principles which are applied to come up with the area of origin in bloodstain pattern analysis
Pattern diversity principle: Directional angle + impact angle
What type of bullet injury enters but does not exit the body
Penetrating
What is the document a photographer can use to help with the "confusion problem" by providing reference information about photographs?
Photo Log
How does one document trajectory analysis?
Photographs Sketches Notes
3 aspects of a photography and the camera that the CSI MUST control
Physical Control Light Focus and depth of field
Why do we take 2 sets of overall photographs? What is added in for the 2nd set?
Place Cards
During body processing of a victim of a homicide, what should the CSI do to protect the hands and/or feet of the victim?
Place them in paper bags
The theory of blood pattern analysis is based on this: Blood, as a fluid, responds to variations of internal and external forces in a _______ fashion
Predictable
Determining factors in defining the "primary scene"
Primary focal points
What is the documentation technique called that photographers use to document discrete patterns or defects (bloodstain evidence or trajectory evidence)?
Roadmapping
Specifically, who should collect evidence from the victim in a sexual assault investigation
SANE Nurse
What method do we use for crime scene analysis and reconstruction
Scientific method
Possible sources of soil evidence
Shoe, tire
crime prevention is the actions and effects to keep crime from occurring. It is not only a police problem, but a _________ problem
Societal
Sources of nucleated DNA
Spittle, bone, tissue, blood, urine, feces, semen, nasal/ear secretions
what is the difference between these two types of sharp force trauma, incised would and a stab wound
Stab wound is deeper than it is long Incised wound is longer than it is deep
What step of the US Army Criminal Investigation command model do we take manual measurements?
Step 7 - Sketch
IRO's set the stage for _____ processing of the crime scene by bringing control to what is usually a chaotic situation
Successful
There are two types of evidence
Testimonial and physical
What makes fire or arson scenes more dangerous for CSIs? List two things:
The unstable structure around them, Lighting/electrocution, inhalation risks
The justice system must consider the needs of what three entities?
The victim, society, and the suspect
Why is it suggested to have a format with specific sections to your final report?
To break the report into functional paragraphs that deal with specific issues and aspects of the scene
What is the purpose of overall photographs?
To distinguish orientation - left from right or up and down To orient the viewer by tying visible landmarks into the photo To show the overall condition of the scene in situ
Why must we include failed attempts in our documentation of crime scene processing?
To ensure CSIs are not being accused of failure to act (which can confuse the jury during trials)
True/False - Documentation is the most critical element of processing
True
True/False - It is best to have a PIO (Public Information Officer) deal with the media, if a department has one.
True
True/False - Once on scene, the CSI should reassess the scene boundary to ensure all areas of concern are secured.
True
True/False: Reflected light is what defines the color we can visualize
True
True/False: The three types of scene integrity issues are: Addition/Destruction/Movement of Evidence
True
True/False: Use of a hole-centering guide/cone is best practice when conducting trajectory analysis
True
The three basic ridge patterns in fingerprint analysis
Whorls, Loops, Arch
What question should the photographer ask themselves before every photo?
Why am I taking this photo and what is it I want to show?
An ______ discharge is when the weapon malfunctions with no direct effort of pulling the trigger
accidental
When speaking about superposition as a principle of crime scene analysis, it is based upon what field of study
archeololgy
A _______ is the tubular part of a firearm that directs the path
barrel
True/False- Bloodstain pattern analysis can only be used to corroborate stories of those involved, but not to refute stories
both
List an objective of the initial responding officer
bring the site under control, coordinate resources
A ______ is the complete unit of an un-fired ammunition
cartridge
A ________ holds the primer and the propellant
cartridge case
5 underlying principles of crime scene analysis
casual connection, super position, continuity, chronology, relationship
This patter of individual spatter is deposited on a surface, which demonstrates movement of the dripping item from one point to another
drip trails
Processing a crime scene consists of
examination and evaluation
Which type of ballistics refers to that which occurs when the projectile leaves the weapon
external ballistics
Sequencing is evaluated based on 3 logical relationships, every action is looked at to determine: What preceded it, what ______ it, and what occurred simultaneously
followed
examples of impression evidence that might be found at a crime scene
foot prints, tire marks
Who is responsible for determining terminal ballistics when target is a human
forensic pathologist
Once a gravesite is detected or suggested in the case of buried remains, a ______ is established over the area, including datum points and markers
grid
When searching, CSI's should being with the _______ intrusive means
least
When we properly approach analysis, it will become _______ specific, through our analysis, and therefore more accurate
less
Relationships in a crime scene can be
logical, spatial, temporal
List the chemical reagent used to detect latent blood
luminol, amito black, leucocrystal violet, fluorescein
The 5 basic observations of evident trauma which are inconsistent with life
massive head trauma, massive blood loss, major evisceration, decapitation, decomp
The three basic ways of documenting the crime scene are"
notes of all actions and observations on scene, photography/videography, and sketching
If you are assigned to ride with a victim to the hospital, what are your duties
obtain information, dying declarations, excited utterances, collect evidence
When collecting bite mark evidence, what should be done by CSI
photograph and swab for DNA
The purpose of processing is to collect as much information and evidence as possible, in as ______ a condition as possible
pristine
Methods that are suggested in the text for assisting in locating buried remains
probes/vapor monitors (intrusive) GPR, Magnetometers, infrared technologies (non-intrusive)
The definition of evidence is "anything that tends to _____ to _____ a fact in contention
prove; disprove
The technique used to document bloodstain patterns
roadmapping
3 things to consider when conducting bloodstain pattern analysis
size, location, shape
List 2 of the basic blood stain patterns
spatter, cast off
Photos lead the viewer through the scene and tell the ______, which in turn, makes the report more understandable.
story
What is common knowledge name for cyanoacrylate fuming?
superglue fuming
If the CSI Notices any indication of direct manipulation of the body, which is believed to have been done by the perpetrator, they should _____ the area of interest for trace DNA
swab
Why might a CSI want to create a 2nd perimeter around the crime scene?
to create a working area around the scene also trash collection, equipment storage, briefing area for supervisors
Why is it important for IRO to verify the address of the incident?
to ensure you are walking into the correct crime scene, other responders, warrant purposes
examples of when it would be appropriate for an IRO to collect evidence
when it could be damaged or lost due to the wind, rain, etc
