ct anatomy abd/pelvis

Colonography The oral and IV contrast administration prior to CT colonography serves the primary purpose of

Polyp tagging

Pelvis Describe the position of the seminal vesicles in the male pelvis

Posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum

Pelvis A common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland is referred to as:

Prostatic hypertrophy

Abdomen Requires IV contrast

Renal cyst

Colonography What contrast agents are used for the purpose of colon insufflation during a CT colonography exam

Room air and CO(carbon dioxide)

Abdomen Presence of stones in the salivary glands

Sialolithiasis

Kidney The kidneys are located between

T12 and L3

Liver During post contrast imaging of the abdomen, the degree of hepatic parenchymal enhancement depends on

The iodine concentration of the contrast agent The rate if contrast agent injection

Pelvis The following types of contrast material may be used during CT of the pelvis?

1. Intravenous iodinated contrast agent 2. Low dense barium sulfate solutions

Pelvis Components of the uterine wall

1. Perimetrium - outer layer 2. Myometrium - middle layer 3. Endometrium - innermost layer

Abdomen What scan parameters is commonly used during a radiation planning CT study of the prostate gland

1. The patient is placed on a flat tabletop 2. The CT scan is performed with the patient in the exact position to be used for radiation treatment

GI differentiation between the duodenum and head of pancreas is best accomplished by:

1. an oral contrast agent administered 30-45 minutes prior to scanning 2. placement of the patient in the right lateral decubitus position prior to scanning

Kidney Excretory phase

1. delayed phase 2. 3 mins after injection 3. contrast excreted into renal calyces, opacifying the renal pelvis 4. best for urothelium

Gi The following contrast media may be utilized during the CT evaluation of the GI tract:

1. diatrizoate meglumine (gastrografin) 2. effervescent agents 3. iopamidol (Isovue)

Kidney Corticomedullary phase

1. late arterial phase 2. 30-40 seconds 3. optimal enhamcement of renal cortex and renal veins

Abdomen Branches of the celiac axis:

1. left gastric artery 2. common hepatic artery 3. splenic artery

Pelvis Vital components of a CT urogram (CT-IVP) protocol include:

1. thin section excretory phase imaging of the entire urinary tract 2. volume-rendering 3D and maximum intensity projection (MIP) imaging of the urinary tract

Adrenals The enhancement washout technique for CT characterization of adrenal masses include:

1. thin-section pre-contrast acquisition through the adrenals 2. 10-15 minute delayed post-contrast acquisition through the adrenals

Kidneys CTA of the renal arteries should be performed using a section width of

1.25 mm or less

Liver Equilibrium phase of contrast enhancement

120-180 seconds

Liver Early arterial phase, optimal for angio of the liver

15-20 seconds

GI An enema is indicated prior to a CT exam of the pelvis to administer positive contrast material into the large bowel. What is the dosage to be given to opacify the rectosigmoid region?

150-250 ml

Abdomen The water soluble oral contrast agents used for CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis should contain

2% -5% iodine

Abdomen Arterial phase

20-30 sec

Liver After initiation of rapid bolus administration of an iodinated contrast agent, the arterial phase of hepatic contrast enhancement occurs

25-35 seconds

Kidney Excretory phase of renal enhancement

3-5 minutes

Kidney Corticomedullary phase (renal cortex phase)

30-40 seconds

Pancreas After initiation of rapid bolus administration of idionated contrast material, the pancreatic phase of contrast enhancement occurs at

35-45 secs

Liver After initiation of rapid bolus administration of an idionated contrast agent, the portal venous phase of hepatic contrast enhancement occurs at approximately

60-70 seconds

Liver The hepatic (portal) venous phase is the period of peak enhancement during which contrast material redistributes from the blood into the extravascular spaces. It occurs after ______ after a rapid bolus administration

60-70 secs

Kidney Nephrographic phase provides maximum sensitivity for parenchymal lesions, renal cortex and medulla reaches equilibrium

70-90 seconds

Kidneys After initiation of rapid bolus administration of an iodinated contrast agent, the nephrographic phase of renal contrast enhancement occurs at

70-90- seconds

Kidney How could hydronephrosis from parapelvic cysts be differentiated on a CT exam

Administration of an iodinated IV contrast agent

Abdomen Calcification or stone within the appendix

Appendicolith

Pancreas What phase demonstrate the relationship between pancreatic neoplasm and the surrounding vasculature?

Arterial phase

Kidney Refers to an excessive amount of nitrogenous materials in the blood and is a symptom of renal failure

Azotemia

Colonography What is the advantage of automatic CO insufflation for CT colonography?

Better overall distinction Lower risk of perforation Faster absorption rate Reduction in post-procedure discomfort Lower risk of perforation

GI A specialized CT exam involving the administration of an enteral contrast agent directly into the small bowel via nasogastric tube is called

CT enteroclysis

GI An IV contrast enhanced specialized CT evaluation of the small bowel after the oral administration of alow-density (0.1%) barium sulfate solution is termed:

CT enterography

Abdomen Presence of gallstones within the bile ducts

Choledocholithiasis

Abdomen The presence of stones within the gallbladder is termed

Cholelithiasis

Pelvis A dermoid tumor of the ovary may also be referred to as_______. It is characterized on CT by areas of widely varying densities including fat, fluid and calcifications.

Cystic teratoma

Liver What abnormal findings will reduce the density of the liver?

Fatty infiltrate

Abdomen The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneum and are bound by a band of fibrous connective tissue called

Gerota's fascia

Kidneys The kidneys are located retroperitoneum and are bound by a band of fibrous connective tissue called

Gerota's fascia

Kidney The portion of the nephron responsible for infiltration of unwanted materials from the blood plasma is called

Glomerulus

Abdomen To reduce peristalsis and distend the colon , ________ may be administered before a CT scan of the abd or pelvis

Glucagon

Abdomen Majority of pancreatic rumors occur in the pancreatic

Head

Liver Benign, highly vascular mass commonly found in the liver

Hemangioma

Pelvis An abnormal accumulation of fluid around a testicle is termed

Hydrocele

Pelvis During a complete CT scan of the pelvis, sections should be obtained from the

Iliac crests to the pubic symphysis

Liver After IV contrast, a hepatic hemangioma may become _______ and no longer appear on the CT image

Isodense

Liver Following the IV administration of iodinated contrast media, a hepatic hemangioma may become ________ and may no longer appear on the CT image.

Isodense

Abdomen The abdomen aorta bifurcates at the level of

L4

Abdomen The abdomen aorta divides into the left and right iliac arteries at approximately the level of

L4

Abdomen The abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level of

L4

Abdomen Each iliac artery bifurcates into the internal and external iliac arteries about the level of

L5-S1

Colonography What window settings would optimally display the CT colonography images?

Level -400, width 1600

Liver The most common indication for CT guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is in treatment of neoplasms involving the

Liver

Pelvis What algorithm would provide the greatest soft tissue detail during a CT study of the pelvis?

Low spatial frequency (standard/soft tissue)

Pelvis Which layer of the uterine wall brightly enhance after IV administration of contrast?

Myometrium

Abdomen Renal stones

Nephrolithiasis

Kidney Simple cysts of the kidney have an average attenuation values in the range of

0 - +20 HU

Kidney Simple cysts of the kidneys have an average attenuation value s in the range of

0-20 HU

Kidney The excretion half-time of intravenous IV contrast media in a patient with normal renal function is between

1 and 2 hrs

Abdomen What contrast agent administration technique should be used for a general CT study of the abdomen

1. 400-600 ml oral contrast 45-90 minutes prior to the exam 2. 250 ml oral contrast immediately before the exam

Kidney Nephrographic phase

1. 70-90 seconds 2. difference between renal cortex and medulla reach equilibrium 3. providing maximum sensitivity for parachymal lesions

Pelvis Reasons why IV contrast is used for evaluation of the pelvis:

1. Distinction and contrast enhancement of the pelvis 2. Visualization of the rectosigmoid junction 3. Differentiation of blood vessels and pelvic lymph nodes

GI The act of the CT patient straining the abdominal muscles or bearing down to improve demonstration of an abdominal wall hernia is referred to as

Valsalva maneuver

Colonography During CT colonography exams, tagged fecal matter appears ______ on the image. Tagging allows for differentiation of polyp from fecal matter and improves the visualization of polyps that may be surrounded by residual fluid.

White

Kidney Often seen in pediatric patients, a specific type of renal mass arising from immature kidney cells is refered to as

Wilm's tumor

Spleen the approximate CT density of the unenhanced spleen

between +40 and +60 HU

GI An enterovesical fistula is an abnormal communication between the bowel and the

bladder

Gi Prior to a CT colonography, the patient may undergo a process of bowel cleansing termed

catharsis

Liver The hallmark CT finding for focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) of the liver is

central scar that remains hypodense after initial contrast administration

Kidneys The angiographic assessment known as the "CT run-off" evaluates the peripheral arterial tree from the renal arteries through the

distal lower extremity

GI The presence of outpocketing in the wall of the colon is referred to as

diverticulosis

GI The presence of outpocketings in the wall of the colon is referred to as:

diverticulosis

Abdomen Structures that are retroperitoneum

duodenem kidneys pancreas adrenal glands uterus bladder

GI Portions of the snall bowel:

duodenum jejunum ileum

Kidney What phase of renal contrast enhancement best demonstrates transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder

excretory

GI An abnormal connection between the intestine and an adjacent anatomic structure is called:

fistula

Abdomen During a CT exam using IV contrast, ______ would appear hyperdense compared with surrounding tissues.

gallstones

Liver A ______________ is a benign, highly vasular mass commonly found in the liver

hemangioma

Liver the liver receives 25% of its blood supply from

hepatic artery

Liver An example of a hypovascular hepatic mass is

hepatic cyst

Liver Arterial phase CT imaging of the liver is used to optimally demonstrate

hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

Liver Portal venous phase of the liver is used to optimally demonstrate

hypovascular hepatic metastases

Pelvis Bones combime to for the acetabulum

ilium ischium pubis

GI Bowel obstruction due to loss of normal contractile motion in an area of intestine is

ilius

GI The condition whereby a portion of the small intestine collaspes or telescopes into itself is termed

intussusception

Abdomen The proper SFOV for a CT of the abdomen of a patient who measures 42 cm is

large (48 cm)

Pelvis What is the term used to describe a fibroid tumor of the uterus

leiomyoma

GI The dusdenum is suspended from the diaphragm by

ligament of Treitz

Kidney The average density of a mass within the kidney measures -75 HU. The mass is most likely

lipoma - consists of fat cells

Liver Diffuse fatty infiltration of the hepatic parenchyma may be referred to as

lipomatosis

Abdomen Peritoneal organs

liver stomach gallbladder spleen ovaries transverse colon most of the small bowel

GI The thick, layered portion of the peritoneum responsible for attaching portions of the intestines (jejunum and ileum) to the bowel wall is called

mesentery

Pelvis What IV contrast phases does the bladder wall enhance?

nephrographic

Kidney What phase of renal contrast provides maximum sensitivity for parenchymal lesions?

nephrographic (70-90 sec)

Pelvis: The following are components of the adnexal area of the uterus

ovaries and fallopian tubes

GI The muscular contraction responsible for transporting material through the digestive tract is called

peristaisis

Liver The liver has a dual blood supply and receives 75% of its blood from

portal vein

GI What phase of IV contrast agent administration provides the best gastric and intestinal wall enhancement?

portal venous

Spleen What phase is the preferred contrast enhancement phase for CT acquisition of the spleen?

portal venous phase

Spleen The most common site of organ injury due to blunt abdominal trauma is

spleen

Pelvis During a CT exam of a female pelvis for a suspected malignancy, ascites may be present in an area posterior to the uterus and ovaries known as

the cul-de-sac

Pelvis Non-contrast CT of the urinary tract is a valuable tool in the investigation of

urinary tract lithiasis

Pelvis The epithelial lining of the urinary tract is called

urothelium

Pelvis The portion of the male reproductive system responsible for storage of majority of the mature sperm is the

vas deferens

GI What is the most common sign of GI pathology on CT images?

wall thickening

Gi What oral contrast agent offers the best visualization of the enhancing GI wall on post-IV contast examination?

water

Pancreas What refers to the surgical resection of the pancreas and duodenum for treatment of pancreatic carcinoma?

whipple procedure