Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective: Chapter 8: Economics

holism

*Class 14 (3-3-20)* *The Amish: People of Preservation*... =What we should understand is the concept of _____ =-All of these aspects of society and culture are interconnected; we can see the ways in which the different components of Amish culture, for example, interact

Productive

*Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *Allocating Resources* -Each society has rules to regulate access to resources: --Land, water, labor, and the materials from which tools are made. -_____ resources are used to create other goods or information: --Material goods, natural resources, or information.

Usufructuary rights

*Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *Allocating Resources*... -_____ --The right to use something (usually land) but not to sell it or alter it in substantial ways. =--Some examples of the right to use something in our society: =---Rental apartment

Consumption

*Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *Focus of Economics* -A society, if it is to survive, must develop systems of: -Production -Distribution -_____

Distribution

*Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *Focus of Economics* -A society, if it is to survive, must develop systems of: -Production -_____ -Consumption

Production, Distribution, Consumption

*Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *Focus of Economics* -A society, if it is to survive, must develop systems of: -___1___ -___2___ -___3___

Reciprocity, Redistribution, Market exchange

*Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *Three Main Systems of Exchange* -___1___... -___2___... -___3___...

Economic System

*Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *_____* -The part of society that deals with production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. -The way production is organized has consequences for the family and the political system. -Economics is embedded in the social process and cultural pattern. =-Economics is interconnected (or linked to or other synonyms) of other aspects of culture in society

Formalist / Substantivist debate

*Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *_____* (Formalist / Substantivist debate) -Anthropological approaches to economics are based in ethnography first, and avoid assumptions that are based, perhaps, in our own cultural codes and experiences. -3 aspects of economic life: --All societies provide themselves with things people use. --All useful products come from someone's labor. =-People always exchange things; some things for other things. Things are produced, the production comes from someone's labor, and we exchange things. These are the bases for economic systems

Horticulturalists and Resources

*Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *_____* (Horticulturalists and Resources) -Tend to live on communally controlled land -Land is usually administered by extended families. -Do not own the land and therefore cannot dispose of it by selling =Horticulture is also known as slash-and-burn =-Combines human energy with simple tools like a hoe

Intensive Agriculturalists and Resources

*Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *_____* (Intensive Agriculturalists and Resources) -Land is allocated according to the principle of private individual ownership. -The individual owner has absolute and exclusive rights to the land. =-If you sell land, you get profit once. But if you're a landowner, you might have a tenant farmer. In England, all lands were historically privately owned, and tenants who farmed on land had to pay taxes. This is called tenant farming or sharecropping.

Ju/'hoansi and Resources

*Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *_____* (Ju/'hoansi and Resources) -Having flexible territorial boundaries for some hunters and gatherers is an adaptive strategy for their survival. Here, Ju/'hoansi hunter-gatherers stop to pick wild fruit from a bush. =-Example of a group who doesn't have private ownership of resources =-Their lack of private ownership is reflected in language, gender organization, political activity, and more

Nuclear Winter

*Class 15 (3-5-20)*... *_____* (Nuclear Winter) =Don't need to know this for test I think; but it's a 5 min video with some politics but the important part is "_____, explained" by Grisk

Capitalism

*Class 16 (3-10-20)*... *_____* -Economic system: --People work for wages. --Land and capital goods are privately owned. =--Individuals include corporations thanks to Supreme Court decision --Capital is invested for individual profit. -A small part of the population owns most of the resources or capital goods.

silent trade

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Distribution of Goods and Services*... *Reciprocity*... *Balanced Reciprocity*... *The Semang* In some cases of balanced reciprocity, people go to considerable lengths to maintain the relationship. For example, the Semang of the Malay Peninsula engage in a form of _____, whereby they studiously avoid any face-to-face contact with their trading partners. --------------- *Definition* _____ - A form of trading found in some small-scale societies in which the trading partners have no face-to-face contact.

generalized reciprocity, balanced reciprocity, negative reciprocity

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Distribution of Goods and Services*... *Reciprocity*... Economic anthropologists generally recognize three types of reciprocity, depending on the degree of closeness of the parties involved in the exchange: ___1___, ___2___, and ___3___ (Sahlins 1972)... *Summary*... 8. Economic anthropologists generally recognize three types of reciprocity depending on the degree of closeness of the parties: ___1___ involves giving a gift without any expectation of immediate return; ___2___ involves the exchange of goods and services with the expectation that equivalent value will be returned within a specific period of time; and ___3___ involves the exchange of goods and services between equals in which one or both parties try to gain an advantage over the other. =============== *Class 15 (3-5-20)*... *-*... =-People who are closer to you get a ___1___ whereas those farther away get a ___3___

generalized reciprocity

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Distribution of Goods and Services*... *Reciprocity*... Economic anthropologists generally recognize three types of reciprocity...: _____, balanced reciprocity, and negative reciprocity (Sahlins 1972). *_____* _____, which is usually played out among family members or close friends, carries with it the highest level of moral obligation. It involves giving a gift without any expectation of immediate return... In most cases parents provide for their children materially without expecting that their children will repay them at any time in the future... Even though _____ is found in our own society, it is not the predominant form of exchange, as it is in smaller-scale societies, where the primary unit of economic organization is the family and where material resources may be uncertain... For example, in most hunting-and-gathering societies, when a large animal such as a bushbuck is killed, the hunter keeps enough meat for his own immediate family and distributes the rest to his more distant relatives (see Figure 8.8)... We should not think of _____ as being motivated totally by altruism. For all people who live at a subsistence level, maintaining reciprocal exchange relationships is vital to their economic self-interest. At subsistence levels, people are more dependent on others for their material security... Although we do not always recognize it, reciprocal gift giving in our own society takes a number of different forms. Either consciously or unconsciously, we often give gifts with the expectation of getting something in return... After having lived in a Kandoka village in Papua New Guinea on several different occasions, anthropologist David Counts (1995: 95-98) learned important lessons about life in a society that practices reciprocity... --------------- *Definition* _____ - The practice of giving a gift without expecting a gift in return; creates a moral obligation. =============== *Disc. Class 6 (2-24-20)*... *Vocab and Group Discussion: F & A 8*... =---Although it's described as being not really expected, at some point it really is; there's an unstated expectation but you do still do it out of moral obligation ("there's no free gift" - perhaps all gifts are expected to be returned in reality) =============== *Class 15 (3-5-20)*... *_____: Whaling* =-Picture from book of how whale is butchered to be shared =Reciprocity is culturally patterned =A caveat of _____: even in _____, the gift is not free; there is an obligation built into the gift. For example, for parents, there is the implied obligation to show love in exchange for things like food.

balanced reciprocity

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Distribution of Goods and Services*... *Reciprocity*... Economic anthropologists generally recognize three types of reciprocity...: generalized reciprocity, _____, and negative reciprocity (Sahlins 1972)... *_____* _____ is a form of exchange involving the expectation that goods and services of equivalent value will be returned within a specified period of time... A major economic reason for balanced reciprocity is to exchange surplus goods and services for those that are in short supply. Shortfalls and surpluses can result from different levels of technology, environmental variations, or different production capacities. But whatever the cause, balanced reciprocity enables both parties in the exchange to maximize their consumption... In Oaxaca, Mexico, balanced reciprocity is illustrated with the exchange of both goods and services (see Figure 8.9). --------------- *Definition* _____ - The practice of giving a gift with the expectation that a similar gift will be given in the opposite direction after a limited period of time. =============== *Disc. Class 6 (2-24-20)*... *Vocab and Group Discussion: F & A 8*... =---Ex: birthday gifts

negative reciprocity

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Distribution of Goods and Services*... *Reciprocity*... Economic anthropologists generally recognize three types of reciprocity...: generalized reciprocity, balanced reciprocity, and _____ (Sahlins 1972). *_____* _____ is a form of exchange between equals in which the parties attempt to take advantage of one another. It is based on the principle of trying to get something for nothing or to get the better end of the deal. --------------- *Definition* _____ - A form of economic exchange between individuals who try to take advantage of each other. =============== *Disc. Class 6 (2-24-20)*... *Vocab and Group Discussion: F & A 8*... =---Lowest moral obligation; basically, taking advantage of someone's reciprocity by giving them less than you're getting =============== *Class 15 (3-5-20)* *Reciprocity Types*... =Ex: sharing food with a sibling and you cut your piece such that you get more and they get less

Reciprocity

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Distribution of Goods and Services*... *_____* _____ is the exchange of goods and services of roughly equal value between two parties without the use of money... *Summary*... 7. Goods and services are distributed according to three different modes: _____, redistribution, and market exchange. _____ is the exchange of goods and services of roughly equal value between two trading partners... --------------- *Definition* _____ - A mode of distribution characterized by the exchange of goods and services of approximately equal value between parties. =============== *Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *Three Main Systems of Exchange* -_____... =-=Like friend saying "i'll buy the tickets, you get the popcorn" -Redistribution... -Market exchange... =============== *Class 15 (3-5-20)*... *_____: Whaling* -Intuit whale hunting involves 10 to 15 boats. -The first 8 boats to harpoon the whale receive stipulated portions of the meat. -The captain of the first boat gives the shaman a narrow strip cut from the belly -The top of the head is cut up and eaten at once by everyone in the village -Portions of the tail are saved for feasting in the spring and autumn.

formal economic theory

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Economics and Economic Anthropology*... Formal economics has its philosophical roots in the study of Western, industrialized economies. As a result, much of _____ is based on assumptions derived from observing Western, industrialized societies... Economists use their theories (based on these assumptions) to predict how people will make certain choices when producing or consuming commodities. --------------- *Definition* _____ - Assumptions about economic behavior based on the experience of Western, industrialized economies. =============== *Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *_____* -Based on the relationship between the formal science of economics and the subspecialty of economic anthropology, which has not always been a harmonious one -Based on assumptions about economic behavior derived from observing Western, industrialized economies =-Anthropologists argue that this assumption naturalizes one particular view of the way in which economics is conducted =-Some anthropologists argue that it's based on ethnocentrism (substantivist view)

divisions of labor

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Division of Labor* One important aspect of the process of production is the allocation of tasks to be performed—that is, deciding which types of people will perform which categories of work... Even though many societies have considerably more complex _____, all societies make distinctions on the basis of gender and age. To begin with, there is an important distinction between paid and unpaid work. Generally women who work at home are often classified as unemployed or inactive if the work they are involved in is not remunerated— paid labor. --------------- *Definition* _____ - The assignment of day-to-day tasks to the various members of a society. =============== *Disc. Class 6 (2-24-20)*... *Vocab and Group Discussion: F & A 8*... =-Division of labor is like dividing up labor based on a group of people =============== *Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *_____* =-We specialize so much that we have licenses for certain types of work, like being an electrician or plumber -Every society, whether large or small, distinguishes between the work appropriate for men and women and for adults and children.

organic solidarity, mechanical solidarity

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Division of Labor*... *Labor Specialization*... With each advance in food-producing capacity came an increase in the complexity of labor specialization. This more complex division of labor is significant because more specialization of tasks provided a new basis for social solidarity... Durkheim calls the social solidarity resulting from this labor specialization and mutual interdependence ___1___. Societies with minimal division of labor also possess a form of solidarity, but of a different type. This type, which Durkheim calls ___2___, is based on common interests, social homogeneity, strict conformity, kinship, mutual affection, and tradition... *Summary*... 6. The amount of specialization (division of labor) varies from society to society. Based on the extent of division of labor, French sociologist Emile Durkheim distinguished between two different types of societies: those based on ___2___ and those based on ___1___. According to Durkheim, societies with a minimum of labor specialization are held together by ___2___, which is based on a commonality of interests, whereas highly specialized societies are held together by ___1___, which is based on mutual interdependence. =============== *Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *Emile Durkheim and Labor Specialization* -In a highly specialized society in which people engage in complementary roles, social solidarity arises from their mutual dependence on one another.

organic solidarity

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Division of Labor*... *Labor Specialization*... With each advance in food-producing capacity came an increase in the complexity of labor specialization. This more complex division of labor is significant because more specialization of tasks provided a new basis for social solidarity... Durkheim calls the social solidarity resulting from this labor specialization and mutual interdependence _____. Societies with minimal division of labor also possess a form of solidarity, but of a different type. --------------- *Definition* _____ - A type of social integration based on mutual interdependence, found in societies with a relatively elaborate division of labor.

mechanical solidarity

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Division of Labor*... *Labor Specialization*... With each advance in food-producing capacity came an increase in the complexity of labor specialization. This more complex division of labor is significant because more specialization of tasks provided a new basis for social solidarity... Durkheim calls the social solidarity resulting from this labor specialization and mutual interdependence organic solidarity. Societies with minimal division of labor also possess a form of solidarity, but of a different type. This type, which Durkheim calls _____, is based on common interests, social homogeneity, strict conformity, kinship, mutual affection, and tradition. --------------- *Definition* _____ - A type of social integration based on mutuality of interests, found in societies with little division of labor.

Labor Specialization

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Division of Labor*... [Types of Specialization:] *Gender Specialization*... *Age Specialization*... *_____* _____—another term for division of labor—is an important descriptive characteristic of any society... --------------- *Definition* _____ - See division of labor.

Age Specialization

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Division of Labor*... [Types of Specialization:] *Gender Specialization*... *_____* In much the same way that societies divide labor on the basis of gender, they also allocate tasks according to age. Often children do not perform certain tasks because they lack the knowledge and physical strength that are needed... By way of contrast, children in less industrialized societies who do not require a formal education to provide for their families usually become involved in work activities at a considerably younger age... Today children in many parts of the developing world participate in the market economy, and as a result an increasing number of children aged fourteen and younger are engaged in wage employment or commercial activity. Poverty is the reason for much of the use of child labor, with children working to help their families, particularly during times of crisis... Numerous examples of using child laborers are found in Asia and Africa... Unlike child labor in traditional societies, which is required by the family's subsistence pattern, child labor in the twenty-first century has some serious negative consequences. Young child workers today are exposed to dangerous substances (pesticides, asbestos, and mercury), work under dangerous conditions (in mines or factories), and are often expected to exert enormous effort for long hours... By way of contrast, the transition from being employed to being retired in the United States and China is considerably more abrupt... *Labor Specialization* =============== *Disc. Class 6 (2-24-20)*... *Vocab and Group Discussion: F & A 8*... =--Talked about in terms of both young and old. =---You may be retired if old (like 70) =---Children won't work if too young =============== *Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *_____*... =-Formal education occupies time [for children] and lasts through the late teens; therefore, young people do not engage in much productive work... -Recent global estimates based on data of UNICEF, the ILO, and the World Bank indicated that 168 million children aged 5 to 17 are engaged in child labor (United Nations 2015).

Gender Specialization, Age Specialization, Labor Specialization

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Division of Labor*... [Types of Specialization:] *___1___*... *___2___*... *___3___*

Variety of Markets

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Market Exchange*... *_____* (Variety of Markets) The extent to which markets are responsible for the distribution of goods and services in any given society varies widely throughout the world. The market economy of the United States, with its vast network of commercial interests and consumer products, is one extreme... At the opposite extreme are certain small-scale economies that have little labor specialization, small surpluses, and a limited range of goods and services exchanged in markets... Many societies today find themselves in a transition between these two fundamentally different types of market economies.

Gender Specialization

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Division of Labor*... [Types of Specialization:] *_____* Although both women and men throughout the world play many roles (jobs), many other roles are associated with one gender or the other, as you will read in Chapter 11. Women generally tend crops, gather wild foods, care for children, prepare food, clean house, fetch water, and collect cooking fuel. Men, on the other hand, hunt, build houses, clear land for cultivation, herd large animals, fish, trap animals, and serve as political functionaries. There are exceptions to these broad generalizations about what constitutes men's and women's work, however... Men and women are often assigned roles for various social, political, or historical reasons. When these factors are inadequately understood, they can appear to be quite arbitrary... Sometimes the division of labor by gender is so rigid that both men and women remain ignorant of the occupational skills of the opposite sex... *Age Specialization*... *Labor Specialization*... *Summary*... 5. Every society, to one degree or another, allocates tasks according to gender. Because the same type of activity (such as weaving) may be associated with either gender in different cultures, the division of labor by gender is sometimes seen as arbitrary. =============== *Disc. Class 6 (2-24-20)*... *Vocab and Group Discussion: F & A 8*... =--Like women doing weaving or pottery or taking care of a child (and this is a form of labor which is typically unpaid and often ignored) =============== *Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *_____ Cross-Culturally*... =Ex of culture change: women could not get credit cards in their name when professor was born in 1951

regulation of resources [allocation of resources], Production, market exchange

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Economics and Economic Anthropology*... *Cross-Cultural Examination of Economic Systems* Despite the substantial differences among economic systems throughout the world—as well as the different theories used to analyze them—it is possible to examine economic systems cross-culturally along three key dimensions: 1. ...[___1___]... 2. ___2___... 3. ...[___3___]...

regulation of resources [allocation of resources]

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Economics and Economic Anthropology*... *Cross-Cultural Examination of Economic Systems* Despite the substantial differences among economic systems throughout the world—as well as the different theories used to analyze them—it is possible to examine economic systems cross-culturally along three key dimensions: 1. ...[_____]: How land, water, and other natural resources are controlled and allocated 2. Production... 3. Exchange [market exchange]... *The Allocation of Natural Resources* Every society has access to certain natural resources in its territorial environment, including land, animals, water, minerals, trees, and plants. Even though the nature and amount of these resources vary widely from one group to another, every society has developed a set of rules governing the _____ and how they can be used... In our own society, where things are bought and sold in markets, most natural resources are privately owned... To be certain, there are limitations on private property ownership in the United States... Nevertheless, the system of resource allocation found in the United States is based on the general principle of private ownership, whereby an individual or a group of individuals has total or near total rights to a piece of property and consequently can do with it as they see fit. In other regions of the world, and in particular where a society bases its subsistence strategy on hunting and gathering, pastoralism, or horticulture, resource allocation is handled differently. --------------- *Definition* _____ - A society's regulation and control of such resources as land, water, and their by-products.

market exchange

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Economics and Economic Anthropology*... *Cross-Cultural Examination of Economic Systems* Despite the substantial differences among economic systems throughout the world—as well as the different theories used to analyze them—it is possible to examine economic systems cross-culturally along three key dimensions: 1. Regulation of resources [allocation of resources]... 2. Production... 3... [_____]: How commodities and services, once produced, are distributed among members of the society... *_____* The third major mode of distribution is _____, whereby goods and services are bought and sold, often through the use of a standardized currency... _____ systems are most likely to be found in sedentary societies that produce appreciable surpluses and have a complex division of labor... *Standardized Currency*... The major prerequisite of a _____ is not whether the exchange is based on currency or barter but rather that the value (or price) of any good or service is determined by the market principle of supply and demand... *Summary*... 7. Goods and services are distributed according to three different modes: reciprocity, redistribution, and _____... ..._____ systems involve the use of standardized currencies to buy and sell goods and services... 10. _____, based on standardized currencies, tends to be less personal than either reciprocity or redistribution because people in such an exchange are interested primarily in maximizing their profits. As a general rule, the higher the degree of labor specialization in a society, the more complex the system of _____. --------------- *Definition* _____ - A mode of distribution in which goods and services are bought and sold and their value is determined by the principle of supply and demand. =============== *Disc. Class 6 (2-24-20)*... *Vocab and Group Discussion: F & A 8*... =--Can involve money, for example =============== *Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *Can you imagine a society where there is no flow between people of goods, and services and intangibles (greetings, prestige, etc.)?* =Really hard to imagine -This is what exchange is about, as it is a subfield of economic activity. -Even more importantly, it is a pervasive principle of social life that underpins all human relationships!... *Three Main Systems of Exchange* -Reciprocity... -Redistribution... -_____: Involves the use of standardized currencies to buy and sell goods and services =============== *Class 15 (3-5-20)*... *_____*... -When this is the key economic institution, social and political goals are less important than financial goals. -Impersonal and occurs without regard to the social position of the participants -Or so economists tell us, what do you think? =We can see this function in our own lives; we are here

Production

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Economics and Economic Anthropology*... *Cross-Cultural Examination of Economic Systems* Despite the substantial differences among economic systems throughout the world—as well as the different theories used to analyze them—it is possible to examine economic systems cross-culturally along three key dimensions: 1. Regulation of resources [allocation of resources]... 2. _____: How material resources are converted into usable commodities 3. Exchange [market exchange]... *_____* The initial step in meeting the material needs of any society is to establish a system of allocating the right to use resources to certain people. In few situations, however, can people use resources in exactly the form in which they are found in nature... This process of obtaining goods from the natural environment and transforming them into usable objects is what economists call _____. In today's "green" times, _____ also includes the transformation of one item refashioned or repurposed into another... All humans must meet certain fundamental material needs (such as food, water, and shelter), but how these needs are satisfied varies enormously from society to society... How do we explain such diverse systems of _____? Why do cultures inhabiting apparently similar environments develop substantially different systems of _____? The answers to these questions can be partially expressed in economic terms... This is only part of the explanation, however, because cultural values also play a role in determining _____... The apparent failure by some societies to exploit all available resources may not stem from irrationality or arbitrariness. As some cultural ecologists and cultural materialists have shown convincingly (see Chapter 4), often there are good reasons for certain economic behaviors that at first glance might appear irrational. --------------- *Definition* _____ - The process whereby goods are obtained from the natural environment and altered to become consumable goods for society. =============== *Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *Focus of Economics* -A society, if it is to survive, must develop systems of: -_____ -Distribution -Consumption... *_____*... =-Our professor is in the process of _____ by producing knowledge in us

Economic Anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Economics and _____*... The science of economics focuses on how production, distribution, and consumption occur in the industrialized world. However, the subdiscipline of _____ studies production, distribution, and consumption comparatively in all societies of the world, industrialized and nonindustrialized alike... *Summary* 1. The study of _____ involves the study of all economic systems. 2. _____ involves examining how resources are allocated, converted into usable commodities, and distributed. --------------- *Definition* _____ - A branch of the discipline of anthropology that looks at systems of production, distribution, and consumption, wherever they may be found, but most often in the nonindustrialized world. =============== *Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *_____*... =-=Not just limited to industrialized; and comparison is one of the core things that anthropologists do -An economist, a historian and an anthropologist are out for a walk and... [joke continued in onedrive if you really need to know]

Views on Globalization

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Globalization of World Economies*... *_____* (Views on Globalization) The process of globalization (the rapid movement of goods, capital, labor, technology, and ideas) has been met with mixed reactions... For many Western policy makers, globalization is seen as a new planetary reality linking Wall Street with the streets of the poorest sections of Manila, Nairobi, and Buenos Aires... Globalization is perceived in different ways depending on one's viewpoint... In the view of high-level government officials, hedge fund administrators, heads of multinational corporations, and many others, globalization fosters big business, which provides jobs and opportunities for countries and their people. But what is the cost of this job growth and development? Consider working environments such as sweatshops that produce blue jeans or sneakers, what is the cost of this kind of globalization and its impact on the environment and human health?... In the case of agriculture, perhaps the most damaging specific government action against the farmers of the developing world is the U.S. government's continuing practice of paying subsidies to U.S. farmers... For the past several decades, Western policy makers have claimed that greater global economic integration would reduce poverty and economic inequality throughout the world... Yet the facts show a different picture. The true interconnectedness of the global market was never more apparent than in the fall of 2009, when Wall Street banks and the U.S. auto industry teetered on the edge of bankruptcy... The process of globalization over the past several decades has indeed produced a mixed bag of benefits and drawbacks... Even the wealthy countries, threatened by global terrorism, are beginning to rethink the future of open markets with little regulation. Among the issues that need to be considered are (1) improving international governance, (2) providing a level playing field for poorer countries, and (3) enforcing international labor and environmental standards more effectively... Applied anthropologists can play a vital role when given the opportunity to participate in international business. *Summary*... 11. There are differing _____: those who see globalization as increasing opportunities worldwide and others who think globalization has negative effects on people and the environment. Although globalization has stimulated world trade, it has also increased the gap between the haves and the have-nots. Societies with market economies have to decide to what extent they will allow free markets or the government to control the economy.

barter

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Market Exchange*... *Standardized Currency*... Market economies do not always involve money, however. In some small-scale societies, for example, market exchanges may be based on _____, the exchange of one good or service for another without using a standardized form of currency. --------------- *Definition* _____ - The direct exchange of commodities between people that does not involve standardized currency. =============== *Class 16 (3-10-20)*... *Market Exchange*... =-Ex: Prof takes three pounds of milk every week and converts it into yogurt - neighbors' kids like the yogurt. =--He gets container back that is washed and comes back with raisin oatmeal cookies - equal exchange and its reciprocity because they're friends and not selling them. But if this was an agreed-upon transaction in which they traded these items, it would be a _____.

Market Economies

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Market Exchange*... *Variety of Markets*... *_____* Societies with well-developed _____ have always struggled with the question of whether to rely on market forces or the government to regulate the economy. Free markets and government regulation are entirely different forces that can determine what goods and services will be available and, consequently, what the population will consume... Supporters of the free-market economy point to the collapse of the Soviet Union as a vindication of the free-market system... Supporters of government regulation, however, argue that an uncontrolled free-market economy is not in the public interest for three reasons. First, they claim that free markets are not likely to produce high-quality items economically and earn high profits.. Second, capitalistic, free-_____ lead to increased social stratification—where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. And third, critics argue that unregulated _____ can lead to a number of negative tendencies, including price gouging by monopolistic companies, misrepresentation of corporate profits to shareholders, disregard for dangerous working conditions (including sweatshops that overwork and under pay adults and children), harm to consumers because of faulty products, and predatory lending practices that can create problems for the entire world economic system.

Informal Economy

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Market Exchange*... *Variety of Markets*... *_____* This worldwide transition from small-scale to global markets raises the distinction between formal and informal market economies. Informal market economies include legal but unregulated producers of goods and services that, for a variety of reasons, escape government control and regulation (taxation, public monitoring, and auditing). The _____, sometimes referred to as a shadow economy, should not be confused with the underground economy, however, which involves illegal activities such as prostitution, drug dealing, human trafficking, and racketeering... Economists have recognized these informal economic activities for years, but because they are difficult to track, they are challenging to study.

standardized currency (money)

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Market Exchange*... *_____* A common trait of market economies is the use of _____ for the exchange of goods and services. _____ can be defined as a generally accepted medium of exchange that also measures the value of a particular item. _____ is significant for a number of reasons. First, the use of _____ to purchase items is a more flexible system than direct exchange of one item for another; as the range of goods increases, it becomes more difficult to find another person who has exactly what you want and wants something that you have to give. Second, _____ is divisible to the extent that its various forms and values are multiples of each other. Third, _____ comes in conveniently small sizes, which allows it to be transported from one transaction to another; in other words, a bag of coins is easier to deal with than a herd of camels. And fourth, _____ serves as a form of deferred payment in that it represents a promise to pay in the future with similar value. --------------- *Definition* _____ - A medium of exchange that has a well-defined and understood value.

Household

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Production*... *Production in the _____* In most nonindustrialized societies, the basic unit of production is the _____... In a typical horticultural society, _____ members produce most of what they consume: Their work includes planting, tending, and harvesting the crops; building houses; preparing and consuming food; procuring firewood and other fuels from the environment; making their own tools; tending some livestock; making their own clothes; and producing various containers for storing and cooking foods... Even though both the business firm and the _____ are units of production, there are significant structural differences between them. Whereas the business firm is primarily—if not exclusively—just a unit of production, the _____ performs a number of overlapping functions... A second structural difference between the business firm and the _____ is that the _____ is far more self-sufficient... A third difference is that a business firm concentrates exclusively on its economic function and is therefore a more productive unit than the _____... In this context, we should recognize that the highly productive methods of technology used in modern businesses have some drawbacks. For example, computer technology and the Internet enable us to communicate and process information infinitely faster than we could twenty years ago. Nevertheless, this same office technology is contributing to making workers less productive. =============== *Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *Organizing Labor* -In small-scale preindustrial and peasant economies, the _____ or some extended kin group is the basic unit of production and consumption. =-Like horticulturalists apparently -Labor is just one aspect of membership in a social group such as the family. =-Organization of labor has implications for the ways in which we interact with one another. Think about the Yir Yuront - organization of labor in that case is linked to organization of gender roles and other things... *_____s* -In most nonindustrial societies, production is based around the _____. -The _____ is an economic unit, people united by kinship or other links who share a residence and organize production, consumption, and distribution among themselves. =-Both very simple and complex because what counts as a _____ differs from society to society... *Production in the _____*... =-If you think about the Amish people of preservation, you will see that the unit of production among the Amish is largely the individual _____ or farm coming together occasionally for collective work

Units of Production

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Production*... *_____* (Units of Production) Like other parts of culture, the way people go about producing is not haphazard or random but rather is systematic, organized, and patterned.

big women

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Redistribution*... Redistribution can take a number of different forms... *Big Men/Feast Givers*... The many studies on big men during the first half of the twentieth century described exclusively males playing these roles. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that there are also _____ in Melanesia.

Potlatch

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Redistribution*... Redistribution can take a number of different forms... *Bridewealth*... *Chiefly Redistribution (Tribute)*... *Big Men/Feast Givers*... *_____* Still another customary practice that serves as a mechanism of redistribution is the _____ found among certain American Indians of the northwest coast (Jonaitis 1991)... The number of guests present and the magnitude of the personal property given away is a measure of the host's prestige... _____es were widely held during the nineteenth century until missionaries convinced the Canadian government that _____es were demonic and satanic... _____es are still held today but, of course, the types of gifts are more contemporary and may include useful household items, native art, and cash (Leung 2007). --------------- *Definition* _____ - A competitive giveaway found among American Indians from the northwest coast that serves as a mechanism for both achieving social status and distributing goods. =============== *Disc. Class 6 (2-24-20)*... *Vocab and Group Discussion: F & A 8*... =---basically, showing off your wealth/power to members of your community; you name someone who will take your wealth/power and people admire your giving-ness I believe

Big Men

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Redistribution*... Redistribution can take a number of different forms... *Bridewealth*... *Chiefly Redistribution (Tribute)*... *_____/Feast Givers* In less centralized societies that do not have formal chiefs, goods are redistributed by economic entrepreneurs whom anthropologists call _____. Unlike chiefs, who usually inherit their leadership roles, _____ are self-made leaders who are able to convince their relatives and neighbors to contribute surplus goods for communitywide feasting. *Potlatch* --------------- *Definition* _____ or big women - Self-made leaders, found widely in Melanesia and New Guinea, who gain prominence by convincing their followers to contribute excess food to provide lavish feasts for the followers of other _____ or big women. =============== *Disc. Class 6 (2-24-20)*... *Vocab and Group Discussion: F & A 8*... =---basically, these are self-made people who have a lot of wealth and hold feast (different from a chief; not a chief, but they do show off wealth). =============== *Class 15 (3-5-20)*... *_____/Big Women* -_____, such as Onka from Papua New Guinea, play a major role in redistribution of goods within their societies. =-Protein deficiencies develop with lack of proper food, so they occasionally hold feasts in which a number of pigs are cooked and slaughtered to help stave off malnutrition

Chiefly Redistribution (Tribute)

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Redistribution*... Redistribution can take a number of different forms... *Bridewealth*... *_____* In some societies that do not have a standardized currency, tribal chiefs are given a portion of food and other material goods by their constituents. The chiefs then give back most of these food items to the people in the form of a feast. This system of _____—also known as _____—serves several important social functions at once. In addition to dispensing goods within a society, it affirms both the political power of the chief and the value of solidarity among the people. A good illustration of _____ can be seen in the traditional Nyoro of Uganda (Taylor 1962)... Equitable distribution is rarely found in most situations in which _____ is given. Instead the chiefs, headmen, and other high-status people invariably come out ahead... *Big Men/Feast Givers*... *Potlatch* --------------- *Definition* _____ - The practice in which goods (usually food) are given to a chief as a visible symbol of people's allegiance, and then the chief gives the items back to the people (usually in the form of a feast). =============== *Disc. Class 6 (2-24-20)*... *Vocab and Group Discussion: F & A 8*... =---Tribute type; basically, paying up a tax of some sort to those above you as a tribute =============== *Class 15 (3-5-20)*... *4 Redistribution Types*... =-Redistributed based on allegiance typically apparently; not too much of a stretch to think about how loyalty and allegiance is awarded in our society now

Bridewealth, Chiefly Redistribution (Tribute), Big Men, Potlatch

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Redistribution*... Redistribution can take a number of different forms... *___1___*... *___2___*... *___3___*... *___4___*... In this section we have looked at several redistribution systems found in the non-Western world. All of these economic institutions do, in fact, serve as mechanisms for the redistribution of goods and services throughout the societies in which they are practiced. But they also serve as ways of allocating social status and prestige. Moreover, many of these systems of redistribution play important ceremonial, political, and integrative roles within the society. That these so-called economic institutions play important societal roles other than economic distribution should serve as a reminder that various domains of culture are interrelated, not separate and isolated.

Bridewealth

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *Redistribution*... Redistribution can take a number of different forms... *_____* There are social institutions that allocate material goods according to the principles of redistribution and reciprocity... One such social institution (discussed in detail in Chapter 9) is _____, which involves the transfer of valuable commodities (often livestock) from the groom's extended family to the bride's extended family as a precondition for marriage. Even though _____ performs some noneconomic or social functions—such as legalizing marriages, legitimizing children, creating bonds between two groups of relatives, and reducing divorce—it is also a mechanism for maintaining the roughly equitable distribution of goods within a society... *Chiefly Redistribution (Tribute)*... *Big Men/Feast Givers*... *Potlatch* --------------- *Definition* _____ - The transfer of goods from the groom's lineage to the bride's lineage to legitimize marriage. =============== *Disc. Class 6 (2-24-20)*... *Vocab and Group Discussion: F & A 8*... =---Expecting to give gifts to extended family whenever they get married (unsure if it's going to the married or out from the married) as a form of equalization somehow =============== *Class 15 (3-5-20)*... *4 Redistribution Types*... =-Predominant view of marriage as a form of romance over economic system in the U.S.

property rights

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *The Allocation of Natural Resources*... *Intensive Agriculturalists* In North America and in most other parts of the industrialized world, resources such as land are allocated according to the principle of private individual ownership (see Figure 8.3)... This concept of individual _____ is so entrenched in our thinking and our culture that we sometimes fail to realize that many other cultures do not share that principle with us... *Summary*... 3. Whereas _____ to land are strongly protected in the United States, land in most hunting-and-gathering societies is not owned either individually or collectively. The extent to which people have free access to land in pastoral societies depends on local environmental conditions, with free access to land found in environments where water and grazing lands are scarce. Land rights are more rigidly controlled among horticulturalists and agriculturalists than among hunter-gatherers and pastoralists. 4. People in some parts of the world do not share most North Americans' notion of property ownership. Instead of owning something in our sense of the word, people have limited rights and obligations to a particular object, resource, or piece of land. --------------- *Definition* _____ - The Western concept of individual ownership (an idea unknown to some non-Western cultures) in which rights and obligations to land, livestock, or material possessions reside with the individual rather than a wider group. =============== *Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *_____*... =-=Concept of private ownership as an economic system effects all sorts of political stuff apparently. Part of the discourse we've heard this primary season has revolved around property rights and common holdings (a bit of a stretch but nevertheless)

Hunters and Gatherers

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *The Allocation of Natural Resources*... *_____* (Hunters and Gatherers) In most hunting-and-gathering societies, land is not owned in the Western sense of the term, either individually or collectively. _____ have compelling reasons to maintain flexible or open borders. First, because hunters in most cases must follow the migratory patterns of animals, it makes little sense for people to tie themselves exclusively to a single piece of land. Second, claiming and defending a particular territory requires time, energy, and technology that many hunting-and-gathering peoples either do not have or choose not to expend. Third, territoriality can lead to conflict and warfare between those who claim property rights and those who would violate those claims... Even though traditional hunter-gatherers rarely have private ownership of land, there is some variation in the amount of communal control. =============== *Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *_____ and Resources* -Rarely do food collectors own land because they often follow the movements of animals. =They don't allocate ownership to land or water -They do not have, or choose not to expend, resources to claim and defend land. -They have minimal conflicts with their neighbors. =-Because they aren't stuck in a particular place; one can escape a conflict just by foraging elsewhere. Although this may change in times of natural disasters like droughts. =-Some people argue that we are naturally war-like. But when you look at the way _____ manage conflict, this may not be the case

Globalization

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *_____ of World Economies* Since the end of the Cold War in the late 1980s, world markets have experienced dramatic changes. This process, known as _____, essentially involves the spread of free-market economies to all parts of the world... With the disintegration of the former Soviet Union in the late 1980s, followed by the rapid rise of China on the global market scene, the world has witnessed a stunning proliferation of free trade, opening up of markets, and heightened competition. Not only has trade become globalized, but so has the process of manufacturing... Since 2000, the world has witnessed the outsourcing of not just light manufacturing jobs but white-collar jobs as well... Perhaps the best example of person-to-person outsourcing is in the medical professions. --------------- *Definition* _____ - The worldwide process, dating back to the fall of the Berlin Wall, that involves a revolution in information technology, a dramatic opening of markets, and the privatization of social services. =============== *Class 16 (3-10-20)*... *_____ of World Economies* -Since the 1980s, the economies of the world have become globalized. -Tariffs are lowered and trading is deregulated. -Increased the gap between the haves and the have-nots *_____ and Social Inequities* -There is a need to: --Improve international governance --Provide a level playing field for poorer countries --Enforce international labor standards more effectively =Book also talks about Marxism, surplus labor, more ins and outs of capitalism. Professor encourages us to view that

Redistribution

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *_____* Another principle of exchange is _____, whereby goods are given to a central authority and then given back to the people in a new pattern. The process of _____ involves two distinct stages: an inward flow of goods and services to a social center, followed by an outward dispersal of these goods and services back to society... *Summary*... 7. Goods and services are distributed according to three different modes: reciprocity, _____, and market exchange... ..._____, found most commonly in societies with political bureaucracies, is a form of exchange whereby goods and services are given to a central authority and then reallocated to the people according to a new pattern... 9. Whereas reciprocity is essentially the exchange of goods and services between two partners, _____ involves a social center from which goods are distributed. The potlatch ceremony among the American Indians of the northwest coast is an example of _____. --------------- *Definition* _____ - A mode of distribution in which goods and services are given by members of a group to a central authority (such as a chief) and then distributed back to the donors, usually in the form of a feast. =============== *Class 14 (3-3-20)*... *Three Main Systems of Exchange* -Reciprocity... -_____: Goods and services are given to a central authority and reallocated to the people according to a new pattern -Market exchange...

Distribution of Goods and Services

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *_____* (Distribution of Goods and Services) Once goods have been produced or procured from the environment, they need to get into people's hands... In the United States, most commodities are distributed according to a free-market exchange system based on the principle of "capacity to pay."... Even though more than one mode of distribution can operate in any given society at the same time, usually only one mode predominates.

Economics and Economic Anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *_____* (Economics and Economic Anthropology) When we hear the word economics, many images come to mind. We usually think of such things as money, supply-and-demand curves, lending and borrowing money at some agreed-upon interest rate, factories with production schedules, labor negotiations, stocks and bonds, foreign exchange, and gross domestic product... Studying economics enables anthropologists and other social scientists to study cultural adaptation from another perspective. An examination of economics teaches us how people use their time, money, and social skills to obtain resources... A society's economic system may include the ideas, institutions, and actions that a people (culture group) engage in to obtain the resources they need to survive, desire to own, or want to share with others. With this general approach to economics, we can say that all societies, be they industrial or nonindustrial, have an economic system. Anthropology contributes to the study of economics by offering a perspective that looks beyond impersonal monetized transactions to the culturally varied ways in which people acquire resources.

Pastoralists

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: Economics*... *_____* (Pastoralists) Like hunters and gatherers, nomadic or seminomadic _____ require extensive territory. For _____ to maintain their way of life, they must have access to two vital resources for their livestock: water and pasture. Depending on the local environment, the availability of these two resources may vary widely... Variations can be found, but corporate (that is, non-individual) control of pastures is the general rule among pastoral peoples... The pastoral Fulani of northern Nigeria, for example, maintain special contacts with sedentary horticulturalists for rights of access to water and pastures... As we discussed in Chapter 7, climate change is having a serious impact on _____ globally, putting both animals and their caretakers and owners at risk. =============== *_____ and Resources*... -To avoid overgrazing and conflict, agreements with other pastoralist families to share certain areas must be made by entering contractual agreements with sedentary cultivators.

Economics, Economic Anthropology

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: ___1___*... *___1___ and ___2___*... The science of ___1___ focuses on how production, distribution, and consumption occur in the industrialized world. However, the subdiscipline of ___2___ studies production, distribution, and consumption comparatively in all societies of the world, industrialized and nonindustrialized alike.

Economics

*Cultural Anthropology - Applied Perspective*... *Chapter 8: _____*... *_____ and Economic Anthropology*... The science of _____ focuses on how production, distribution, and consumption occur in the industrialized world. However, the subdiscipline of economic anthropology studies production, distribution, and consumption comparatively in all societies of the world, industrialized and nonindustrialized alike. --------------- *Definition* _____ - The academic discipline that studies systems of production, distribution, and consumption, typically in the industrialized world.