Culture & Society chapter 7
Why don't agriculturalists need to maintain a reserve of uncultivated land?
A single field sustains its owners year after year.
Which of the following are characteristic of bargaining?
Buyers and sellers attempt to obtain the largest possible gain. Negotiations between buyers and sellers must remain open for a short time. Buyers and sellers do not need to meet personally.
Economic anthropologists have been concerned with two main questions:
How are production, distribution, and consumption organized in different societies? What motivates people in different cultures to produce, distribute or exchange, and consume?
Which of the following are common features of the division of labor in nonindustrial societies?
Men handle large animals, but in some cultures women do the milking. Women often play a major role in food production. For large jobs, some societies assemble teams, while others use small groups or individuals over a longer time period.
In the capitalist mode of production, which of the following are true?
Money buys labor power. There is a social gap between the people (bosses and workers) involved in the production process.
Which of the following are true of the world's foraging societies?
Northern foragers tend to focus on large game. Tropical foragers tend to hunt and gather a wide range of species.
Why were critics displeased with the legal verdict that allowed the Basarwa of southern Africa to return to their ancestral lands?
Of the 3,000 Basarwa who wanted to return, only 189 were allowed to do so. The Basarwa would be allowed to use only enough water for subsistence needs. The Basarwa were required to obtain permits for hunting.
What event do critics claim turned the previously free Basarwa San Bushmen of Botswana in Africa into communities dependent on food aid and government handouts?
The government of Botswana forced them to leave their ancestral territory because it was being converted into a wildlife reserve.
In most foraging societies, there were only minor differences in prestige, which was based on
age gender personal achievements
Cultivation that features more intensive labor demands than horticulture is called
agriculture.
In nonindustrial societies the adaptive strategies based on food production are
agriculture. pastoralism. horticulture.
horticulture
always has a fallow period.
The basic social organization of a foraging society was typically the
band
Redistribution involves goods or services
being moved from local communities to a central storage point. finally being sent back out to the local people. being used by officials at the center.
Division of labor based on age and gender is
common in most cultures.
In slash-and-burn horticulture
crops are cultivated on a given plot of ground for only a year or two. grass and weeds are burned in place. tree saplings and bushes are cut down to clear a plot of land.
The pastoral economy of the Navajo in what is now the southwestern United States
did not exist before Europeans introduced domesticated sheep.
Horticulturalists who use slash-and-burn techniques
do not use a plot of land continuously; often they farm it for only a year or two.
Agriculture often involves the use of
domesticated animals. terracing. irrigation
Agriculture often involves the use of
domesticated animals. terracing. irrigation.
Foraging societies tend to be
egalitarian
Irrigation is used in agriculture because it
establishes a unique ecosystem that enriches the soil. makes it possible to cultivate a plot of land for many successive years. increases the fertility of the soil and therefore the value of the land.
A regional pattern of hosting and feasting that enhanced reputations while redistributing wealth is
exemplified by the potlatch, as practiced by many tribes of the North Pacific Coast of North America.
True or false: Because correlations are universal, they indicate that all foraging societies share certain sociocultural features.
false
Anthropologists believe that until approximately 12,000 years ago, all human societies subsisted by
foraging.
Which of the following are among the five adaptive strategies identified by Yehudi Cohen?
foraging. agriculture. pastoralism.
In agricultural societies,
growth in population size and density increases contact between individuals and groups. there is more need to regulate interpersonal relations, including conflicts of interest. permanent fields tend to keep farmers tied to their land.
Economists tend to focus on capitalist societies in modern countries, while anthropologists
have broadened understanding of economic principles by gathering data on nonindustrial economies.
In which of Cohen's three adaptive strategies based on food production in nonindustrial societies is herding key?
horticulture
In nonindustrial societies the adaptive strategies based on food production are
horticulture. agriculture. pastoralism.
In a foraging society a person might be able to join multiple bands based on
kinship marriage
Means, or factors, of production include
land. labor. capital.
All contemporary foragers
live in nation-states. are influenced by national and international policies and the world system. are in contact with food-producing neighbors and other outsiders.
Land, labor, technology, and capital are all _____ of production.
means
The vast farming systems of industrial nations are different from nonindustrial horticulture and agriculture because they use
petrochemicals. machinery. large areas of land.
Peasants are small-scale agriculturists who
produce food without modern farming technology. live in state-organized societies. pay rent to landlords and/or taxes to government.
Domestic animals are used in agriculture for
pulling equipment such as plows. transport. manure for fertilizer
An exchange between social equals, often related by kinship or some other personal tie, is called
reciprocity
A farmer raises wheat and pays a portion of it as a tax that is collected by government agents and sent to a central storage facility. Government agents and their families consume some of the wheat. The remaining wheat is portioned out to people living in villages and on farms. The original farmer does not get back as much wheat as he paid in, but he does get some benefit. This is an example of
redistribution
In what sort of environment is a foraging society most likely to survive into modern times?
regions where there are major obstacles to food production
Which of the following are the main types of "funds" into which people in various societies must invest their scarce resources, such as their time and energy?
replacement social subsistence
Giving something to a friend, then expecting that friend to give something equivalent in return, would NOT be customary in a foraging band because
resoruces are shares communanly
The production of what food crop includes using cattle to trample fields?
rice
In industrial economies, the term alienation is used to describe a situation in which a worker has produced something but
sees that product as belonging to someone else, rather than to the man or woman whose labor actually produced it.
Associated (correlated) with each adaptive strategy is a bundle of particular
sociocultural features.
Nonindustrial economies are typically arranged along a cultivation continuum because
some nonindustrial economies can have features of both horticulture and agriculture.
The foraging social unit called a band
sometimes split up for part of the year. consisted of fewer than 100 people. consisted of people related by kinship or marriage.
Economic anthropologists ask about the organization of production, distribution, and consumption. This question is focused on
systems
Animal domestication (initially of sheep and goats) and plant cultivation (of wheat and barley) began 12,000 to 10,000 years ago in
the Middle East.
Pastoral nomadism is a system in which
the entire group of men, women, and children moves with the herd to different places throughout the year.
In market exchange
the law of supply and demand dictates value. the goal is to maximize profit. money is used to buy and sell items.
Agricultural areas tend to be more densely populated than horticultural areas because
the yield is more dependable. the land produces far more yield in the long run. most of the land can be used continuously instead of lying fallow for periods of time.
The locations inhabited by foragers today tend to have one thing in common, which is
their marginality. that they pose major obstacles to food production. that they are not well-suited to farming or herding using simple technology.
Intensive agriculture has significant environmental effects, including
trees and forests being cut down to be replaced by fields. irrigation ditches and fields becoming repositories for organic wastes, chemicals, and disease microorganisms. a loss of environmental diversity.
Before Australia became part of the British empire, the aborigines there
were always foragers and never produced their own food.
In nonindustrial societies
work and social like are interwinded