Data Vis Midterm

Height is (1) while elevation is (2). (1) cyclic (2) categorical (1) sequential (2) diverging (1) quantitative (2) ordinal

(1) sequential (2) diverging

What is unique about a key attribute? It is a lock value. It can be used to look up items. It has shared values between items.

It can be used to look up items.

An adjacency diagram has what advantage over node-link diagrams? It can use a length encoding. It is more intuitive. It uses color more effectively.

It can use a length encoding.

The horizontal spatial position of figure 9.2 encodes what type of attribute? It doesn't encode an attribute link Quantitative hierarchical position

It doesn't encode an attribute

Shadows can be used to enhance depth cues. Which is not a problem with using shadows that is suggested by the book? It occludes true marks. It creates visual clutter. It requires the user to build a 3D model. It interferes with other color channels.

It requires the user to build a 3D model.

Which is not a difference between sets and lists? Items in sets have restricted attribute types. All items in sets are unique. Items in sets are not ordered.

Items in sets have restricted attribute types.

Which hierarchical representation places all leaf nodes of the tree at the same level? indented tree Reingold-Tilford algorithm dendrogram

dendrogram

The order of layers in streamgraphs is generally random. depends on what you're trying to show. is determined by magnitude.

depends on what you're trying to show.

Which of the following is not an important limitation listed in the book that we need to consider? human perceptual capacity human cognitive capacity computational capacity display capacity deployment capacity

deployment capacity

Which is not a typical synonym for attribute in visualization? description dimension variable

description

Hops are adjacent dependent discrete continuous

discrete

The question of how many bins are available for use within a perceptual channel is a question of discriminability. separability. popout.

discriminability.

In a bubble tree layout you can see a node's depth by looking at its distance to its parent size color density

distance to its parent

Force directed layout is used for what data structure? hashtable linked-list graph

graph

Link marks, containment, usage of identity channels, and proximity are all approaches to expression. popout. grouping.

grouping.

A good way to lower the load on memory when zooming is to allow the user to easily zoom back out. use a stereographic display. have an overview window.

have an overview window.

What are the two main classes of channels? identity and magnitude classic and nouveau color and shape ordinal and ratio

identity and magnitude

Using different encodings for the same data in coordinated juxtaposed views is called mirror design. channel-varying design. multiform design.

multiform design.

The difference between multiform and small multiples is... nothing -- they are the same. small multiples uses the same data with different encodings and multiform uses different data with the same encodings. multiform uses the same data with different encodings and small multiples uses different data with the same encodings.

multiform uses the same data with different encodings and small multiples uses different data with the same encodings.

Connection and containment marks are used for what type of datasets? field table network

network

A weakness of node-link layout algorithms is that node proximity can mislead the user. the layout is static. force-directed techniques cannot be used.

node proximity can mislead the user.

A dendogram is an example of what type of visualization? flow chart cartogram node-link diagram

node-link diagram

If you're interested in local topological structure, such as small numbers of hops from nodes, you should probably use a table. node-link diagram. matrix adjacency diagram.

node-link diagram.

The most common visual encoding idiom for tree and network data is containment. node-link. matrix.

node-link.

The most powerful depth cue is color. length. occlusion.

occlusion.

Recursive subdivision partitions items iteratively. and attributes at the same time. on multiple attributes.

on multiple attributes.

How many points along the ray of our line of sight can we see? one millions thousands

one

Bar charts encode one quantitative and one categorical attribute one categorical and two quantitative attributes two quantitative attributes two categorical attributes

one quantitative and one categorical attribute

Animated transitions are most effective when the user has control over transition time. only a few things change. the channels are spatial.

only a few things change.

Which is not a typical channel used in vis? tilt shape length position opacity

opacity

Line charts should only be used when the key is ordered. quantitative. categorical.

ordered.

Change blindness means we miss even big changes when we're not expecting the changes. our attention is directed elsewhere. the changes use less effective channels.

our attention is directed elsewhere.

How are axes in parallel coordinates represented? oriented to maximize the eigenvectors using parallel colors in HSV space parallel instead of orthogonal to each other

parallel instead of orthogonal to each other

What is made especially powerful by the privileged status of spatial position as the highest ranked channel? classification sorting brushing linking

sorting

In LiveRAC, line charts are squished down to average values. heat maps. sparklines. scatterplots.

sparklines.

What type of channels does arrange cover? color shape spatial

spatial

What visualization element leads to the most accurate decoding of numerical data? color saturation two-dimensional area angle spatial position one-dimensional length

spatial position

Which performs the best for point estimation tasks? 2D landscapes 2D point clouds 3D landscapes

2D point clouds

Place the channels in order of effectiveness. (Only a subset of channels is shown here.) Position on unaligned scale Volume (3D size) Position on common scale Length Angle

1 Position on common scale 2 Position on unaligned scale 3 Length 4 Angle 5 Volume (3D size)

Place the channels in order of effectiveness. spatial region shape color hue motion

1 spatial region 2 color hue 3 motion 4 shape

According to the stem-and-leaf plot in the paper, which of the following is the most common completion rate among Mechanical Turk workers? 19% 59% 33% 85%

19%

A mark that is a line is 0D 2D 1D

1D

How many keys does a typical stacked bar chart use? 4 1 2

2

Points visualized in 2D can encode how many quantitative attributes using only spatial position channels? 3 0 1 2 arbitrary

2

According to Colin Ware, how many dimensions do we see in? 2.05D 2.5D 3D 2D

2.05D

Which operators apply to quantitative attributes? (There may be more than one.) < = -

< = -

Which operators apply to categorical attributes? (There may be more than one.) - / = <

=

Which operators apply to ordinal attributes? (There may be more than one.) - / = <

= <

Why are most visualizations ineffective? A possible design is a poor match with the properties of the human perceptual and cognitive systems. We are restricted to 2D and sometimes 3D representations. A possible design can always be improved upon.

A possible design is a poor match with the properties of the human perceptual and cognitive systems.

What is the difference (according to the book author) between angle and tilt? Angle is for arrows and tilt is for lines. Angle is judged with respect to another line; tilt is judged against the display frame. Angle uses two lines that share an endpoint, showing an angle between the two, whereas tilt can be for a single line judged against the global frame.

Angle is judged with respect to another line; tilt is judged against the display frame.

How do we surpass the limitations of our own internal cognition and memory? By using external representations. By incorporating additional senses such as sound and smell. By training our minds through repetition and other memory-aiding techniques.

By using external representations.

How are graduated symbol maps different from cartograms? Cartograms are generally hand-drawn. Cartograms encode non-spatial data. Graduated symbol maps place symbols over an underlying map.

Graduated symbol maps place symbols over an underlying map.

Brushing-and-linking is a technique used frequently in what charts? SPLOM Stream graphs Histograms Parallel coordinates

SPLOM

Scatterplot matrices are also known as SMats. SPLOMs. ScatMats.

SPLOMs.

Why is there so much more cognitive load in relying on navigation for understanding 3D structure? 3D perceptive processing is slower in the visual cortex. The user must use internal memory to remember previous viewpoints. Additional channels increase cognition requirements exponentially.

The user must use internal memory to remember previous viewpoints.

Why is scalability an important concern? Vis systems are almost always used for larger datasets than they were designed for. Vis systems can potentially be deployed to hundreds or thousands of consumers. Display hardware is always improving, so vis systems must be prepared for higher and higher resolutions.

Vis systems are almost always used for larger datasets than they were designed for.

When is 3D absolutely justified? When we have VR at our disposal When our audience is familiar with 3D visualization When visualizing structures that are inherently 3D

When visualizing structures that are inherently 3D

Anscombe's Quartet is a dataset that is used when arguing what? We should show data in detail when possible. We need to be careful with diverging datasets. We should ensure that we're using suitable vis techniques for the datatypes represented in the data.

We should show data in detail when possible.

What is a reason the paper points out that makes multivariate data (i.e. data in high dimensions) hard to represent? Multivariate charts take up a lot of space. We're used to picturing things in 2D and 3D. We run out of colors after a small number of dimensions.

We're used to picturing things in 2D and 3D.

A pie chart can be represented by one axis of a scatterplot. a bar in a stacked bar chart. a heatmap.

a bar in a stacked bar chart.

A network is a dataset type. a vis with circles and lines connecting the circles. a data type.

a dataset type.

Something that is generally lost when moving from a standard 2D display to virtual reality is cognitive memory. a familiar workspace. animation.

a familiar workspace.

A simple bar chart splits bars into regions based on a pivot table. a value. a key.

a key.

The basic graphical image in a vis is called a mark. a widget. a channel.

a mark.

In biology, a gene as one key and time as another would be represented as a network. a multidimensional table. a field.

a multidimensional table.

What is the definition of a link data type? a position in a graph structure a pointy-eared fellow that usually wears green a relationship between attributes a relationship between items

a relationship between items

Bar charts are usually ordered. What defines the ordering? a key attribute a spatial attribute a value attribute

a value attribute

What is a cell in a table? the things the make up all living things a value representing a given attribute for a given item a box in a spreadsheet

a value representing a given attribute for a given item

A scatterplot is an example of a vis idiom. a categorical representation. a statistical summary.

a vis idiom.

Heer and Bostock used crowdsourcing to measure separability. accuracy. discriminability.

accuracy.

A derived table dataset with two key attributes is used in adjacency matrix views. multi-level networks idioms. node-link diagrams.

adjacency matrix views.

Blink comparators shows an image for less than a second to test perception. allow jumping between two frames. flash an object of interest to draw attention.

allow jumping between two frames.

Which of the following are examples of time-varying semantics? animal locations measured at regular time intervals horse racing results covering a year's worth of races both animal locations and horse racing results

animal locations measured at regular time intervals

Match the terms relating to sharing data among views. Each view shows all the data = shared data A view shows a subset of the other view = overview-detail Views show different partitions of the data = small multiples

answer already on front

Polar area charts don't use any key attributes. are an improvement of pie charts. are problematic for color-blind people.

are an improvement of pie charts.

Selection and highlighting are always used together for filtering. are closely tied. are the same thing.

are closely tied.

Suppose I have items with three quantitative attributes listed in order of greatest to least importance: A, B and C. Match the attributes with channels that I should use. Not all the channels listed will be used. position on common scale, length, color saturation, spatial region, color hue

attribute A - position on common scale attribute B - length attribute C - color saturation

Constrained navigation often involves the visualization system computing a smooth camera trajectory to a viewpoint that is orthogonal to multiple axes. less restrictive. better for viewing selected objects.

better for viewing selected objects.

Which elements of networks can have attributes? both nodes and links links only nodes only

both nodes and links

What is another name for linked highlighting? brushing cross-view orientation shared selection

brushing

What is a name for scatterplots using size to portray an additional quantitative attribute? circle plots scatter-size charts bubble plots

bubble plots

Slicing isn't particularly intuitive in the natural world. generally uses a hypersphere for selection. can be used to eliminate multiple dimensions at once.

can be used to eliminate multiple dimensions at once.

All interactive idioms involve a view that uses multiple channels. changes over time. varies color. changes only the idiom -- not the underlying data.

changes over time.

What is a general definition of navigation? panning in 2D zooming in 3D semantic zoom changing the viewpoint

changing the viewpoint

What controls the appearance of marks? channels display capabilities Mark's mother

channels

Using raw data values rather than normalized values is a common error in what kind of chart? choropleth map bar chart horizon graph small multiples chart

choropleth map

Heatmaps use what channel for the value attribute? size color density

color

Whether all the data is provided at once is a question of data corruption. data dynamicity. data availability.

data availability.

What, why, and how are answered with what trio? concept, purpose, vis data, task, idiom view, case, instance

data, task, idiom

Which is most closely related to a line chart? dot chart bar chart stream graph

dot chart

Given enough display space, how many discriminable bins are there for shape? 8-12 dozens 5-8

dozens

Parallel coordinates scales to hundreds of attributes. millions of items. dozens of attributes.

dozens of attributes.

What principle dictates that the importance of the attribute should match the salience (noticeability) of the channel? validation principle expressiveness principle quality principle effectiveness principle

effectiveness principle

Treemaps are examples of what type of chart? Enclosure diagram Dendogram Q-Q plot

enclosure diagram

Using spatial position for categorical attributes would violate what principle? effectiveness expressiveness scale

expressiveness

What principle dictates that the visual encoding should express all of, and only, the information in the dataset attributes? quality principle expressiveness principle validation principle effectiveness principle

expressiveness principle

Interpolation is meaningful in the context of what dataset type? tables networks fields

fields

The outcome of navigation is a combination of level selection and brushing. styling and zooming. filtering and aggregation.

filtering and aggregation.

Reducing the amount of data that is shown generally involves filtering. PCA. animation. construction.

filtering.

Charles Minard's depiction of Napoleon's march on Moscow is what type of chart? stem-and-leaf plot flow map SPLOM choropleth map

flow map

Which is the form of navigation most familiar to us in the natural world? geometric zoom trucking zoom semantic zoom

geometric zoom

What alternative to the choropleth map can represent more dimensions (as specifically pointed out in the paper)? cartogram flow map parallel coordinates graduated symbol map

graduated symbol map

Space-filling layouts strive for understanding the universe. high information density. generous use of whitespace.

high information density.

Parallel coordinates are limited due to limited color choices. computational complexity of rendering. high learning curve for users.

high learning curve for users.

Motion channels are most appropriate for what? time series data quantitative attributes highlighting

highlighting

When you have only very little space for an area chart, what alternative has been found to be more effective? ring chart horizon graph pie chart choropleth map

horizon graph

Visual popout is possible because the number of possible channels is vast. human cognition can interpret 2D images as 3D. human perception can be massively parallel.

human perception can be massively parallel.

What type of channel is hue? magnitude classic nouveau identity

identity

What type of channel is shape? classic identity magnitude nouveau

identity

As the size of a horizon graph decreases, the number of bands... stays constant increases decreases

increases

Which hierarchical representation is used ubiquitously in operating systems to represent a file system? indented tree dendrogram Reingold-Tilford algorithm

indented tree

Choose the best answer. Which line chart shows percentage changes for a collection of time-series data based on a selected point in time? simple line chart stacked graph index chart horizon graph

index chart

Which is not a datatype? item attribute link integer

integer

Horizontal size and vertical size are two channels that are integral. discriminable. separable.

integral.

A great solution to handling complex data in visualizations is what? interactivity redundant symbols multi-hue color maps

interactivity

A stacked time-series area graph, or simply, stacked graph, has interpretation issues that can be helped by using what? interactivity animation better colors

interactivity

According to the textbook, what unleashes the full power of linked views? different encoding interactivity shared encoding

interactivity

The curvature channel applies to points, lines, and areas. is not generally a good choice. is highly accurate.

is not generally a good choice.

Accuracy of our perception of angle is not uniform. is the best accuracy of any channel. has tight interaction with color hue.

is not uniform.

A weakness of the motion channel is that rendering takes extra processing power. it draws attention away from other channels. screen space is generally too limited.

it draws attention away from other channels.

A Dorling chart is specific from its general type of chart in what way? It uses consistent color. It uses different shapes for different dimensions. It uses circles. There is no spatial element.

it uses circles

An alternative to animated transition is the jump cut. quick transition. swap.

jump cut.

Which scales better in the number of views? superimpose juxtapose stream graphs

juxtapose

The difference between juxtapose and changing view is nothing -- they are synonyms. changing view uses less working memory. juxtapose uses space and changing view uses time.

juxtapose uses space and changing view uses time.

Regions using superimpose are broken into layers. unions. envelopes.

layers.

What are the unique values of categorical values called? croutons levels contours keys

levels

Banking to 45 degrees is used in line charts. scatterplots. stream graphs.

line charts.

Seeing only one point along the ray of the depth axis is called line-of-sight ambiguity. depth poverty. image plane dominance.

line-of-sight ambiguity.

The number of links divided by the number of nodes is called graph connectedness. link density. connection strength.

link density.

What data type do tables generally not include? items links attributes

links

Maureen Stone suggests using which color channel for the most important attribute? saturation hue luminance

luminance

What type of channel is length? magnitude classic nouveau identity

magnitude

What type of channel is luminance? identity nouveau magnitude classic

magnitude

Map projections deal with projecting political boundaries to a cartogram. rotating closeup views based on user gestures and cardinal directions. mapping the surface of the earth to 2D.

mapping the surface of the earth to 2D.

Which is not a term for a region with some visual encoding? view mask glyph

mask

An alternative to a force-directed layout of a graph is what? matrix dendogram histogram

matrix

Which idiom can scale to one million edges? node-link containment matrix

matrix

What highlighting technique often outperformed more traditional techniques in a study? outlining increasing size motion coding changing color

motion coding

Small multiples aways involves spark lines. relies heavily on working memory. partitions the data among views.

partitions the data among views.

The most fundamental expression of the expressiveness principle is that ordered data should be perceived as ordered. rendered as ordered. quantitatively visualized. visualized using length.

perceived as ordered.

The psychophysical power law of Stevens measures cognition as a measure of complexity. perceived sensation as a function of physical intensity. perception as a measure of complexity.

perceived sensation as a function of physical intensity.

Which of the following is pointed out in the book as being great for visual art but bad for data vis? occlusion depth disparity perspective

perspective

Something that is generally reduced when moving from a standard 2D display to virtual reality is color integrity. framerate. pixel resolution.

pixel resolution.

Faceting comprises both juxtapose and superimpose. Juxtapose is difficult to spell. (This answer is a joke. It is not the correct answer. You will not be asked to spell juxtapose in this class. Maybe in an English class.) places views spread out in space. clarifies a single view by modifying encodings. layers data into a single view.

places views spread out in space.

Whether there are 5 or 50 items is irrelevant for channels that show good popout. separability. discriminability.

popout.

A dense layout shows density measures. provides an overview. is used in tandem with radial layouts.

provides an overview.

When data is periodic parallel coordinates should be hierarchical. radial layout may be a good choice. stream graphs are appropriate.

radial layout may be a good choice.

What color is Santa Claus Day shown in? blue red green white

red

Given a dataset with n attributes, if the vis uses n+1 channels then one of the attributes is encoded redundantly. explicitly. trivially.

redundantly.

Weber's Law relates to popout and perception. relative vs. absolute judgments. magnitude of response to sensory stimulus.

relative vs. absolute judgments.

1D lists are sometimes better than 2D layouts. never better than 2D layouts. always better than 2D layouts.

sometimes better than 2D layouts.

Fields are often obtained through sampling from a continuous domain. social science-style surveys. data dredging.

sampling from a continuous domain.

What is a common use for scatterplots? animation partitioning data seeing correlations

seeing correlations

What is the term for the real-world meaning of a dataset? meaning classification semantics closure

semantics

Partitioning separates attributes based on type. separates datasets based on cardinality. separates items based on attributes.

separates items based on attributes.

Treemaps are often used when hierarchies are deep. sparse. shallow. dense.

shallow.

Matrix reordering shows large-scale patterns between attributes. is done by the user. demonstrates animation in matrices.

shows large-scale patterns between attributes.

A grouped bar chart shows partitioned data. has one bar per attribute. is an example of small multiples.

shows partitioned data.

Good visual representations can replace cognitive calculations with what? cognitive dissonance psychological complexity simple perceptual inferences

simple perceptual inferences

What links the same items together between table columns? item transitions table links monographs slope graphs

slope graphs

Which chart can simplify understanding of multiple time series, bar charts, pie charts, and maps? parallel coordinates Q-Q plots small multiples charts stem-and-leaf plots

small multiples charts

Scientific visualization is characterized by spatial positioning being represented by color or opacity. spatial positioning being given with the data. spatial positioning being chosen by the designer.

spatial positioning being given with the data.

Which can be used with categorical attributes? spatial region spatial position axis-aligned length

spatial region

In the context of data visualization, the verb facet means to crease split elongate cut

split

Matrix views are unstable. stable. unable to be reordered. classical.

stable.

"Stream graph" is another name for what graph? river graph stacked graph bar chart horizon graph

stacked graph

Hatching and cross-hatching are often synonyms for what? texture stippling area fill

stippling

Orientation, scale, and contrast compose what visual channel? color length texture

texture

Selecting by levels selects all items that are the same topological distance from a node. that share a value for an attribute. that agglomerate similar attributes.

that share a value for an attribute.

Animated transition is most useful when no items are added or removed. most or all items are changing. the amount of change is limited. only a single channel is being modified.

the amount of change is limited.

Choose the best answer. An index chart bases time-series data on a selected point in time. What is that point called? the index point the base point the zero point

the index point

The full adjacency matrix need not be shown when the edges are redundant. the nodes are cached. the network is undirected.

the network is undirected.

In semantic zoom fonts always increase in size when zooming in. the representation mimics real-world zoom. the number of available pixels determines the representation.

the number of available pixels determines the representation.

Parallel coordinates can be better than scatterplots when the number of dimensions exceeds 2. only level attributes are available. there are outliers.

the number of dimensions exceeds 2.

Force-directed placement of node-link nodes is unlikely to yield good results when the edge distribution is highly skewed. the maximum degree node is an articulation point. the numbers of nodes is roughly four times greater than the number of links

the numbers of nodes is roughly four times greater than the number of links

Which of the following do you think is not a reason for the lack of numeric values on the y-axis of a stacked graph? the values would be repeated as the area for each series represent overlapping values the spatial distribution of values would be highly non-uniform the values change with time the values is different for each individual series

the spatial distribution of values would be highly non-uniform

Multiform views are a good design choice when there are too many attributes to show without clutter. interactivity is not an option. screen space is limited.

there are too many attributes to show without clutter.

Why might lines in a vis have different widths from each other? Choose the best answer. to add interest to the vis to encode an additional quantitative attribute to be more visible to encode an additional categorical attribute

to encode an additional quantitative attribute

What deals with how nodes in a general network are connected? magnitude quantification connectomics topology

topology

Which is one of the best-justified uses of animation? storytellling time-varying positional data trajectories transition

transition

A dataset type that is a specific type of network is a flow. geometry. tree. field.

tree.

Containment is used in force-directed layouts. treemaps. node-link diagrams.

treemaps.

Main effects ordering allows users to see trends and outliers. categorical attributes in a quantitative setting. scale.

trends and outliers.

Matrix alignment has a single ordered key. at least two value attributes. two keys.

two keys.

A scatterplot encodes one categorical and one quantitative attributes two quantitative attributes one quantitative and two categorical attributes two categorical attributes

two quantitative attributes

What does a scatterplot show? two levels one levels and one value two values

two values

A weakness of matrix views is that they're unable to encode attributes beyond connectedness. unfamiliar to many people. expensive to render.

unfamiliar to many people.

Deciding whether your vis has met your design goals is called what? empirical analysis validation design analysis

validation

A key is important to find what? value attributes the answer structure constants

value attributes

In which dimension do we best perceive differences? horizontal depth vertical

vertical

Stereoscopic depth cues are most useful for objects that are about 10 feet away. within arm's reach. on the horizon.

within arm's reach.

Short-term memory is called cognitive memory. RAM. transient memory. working memory.

working memory.

The main limitation to layers is that you can't use very many in the same view. you can't use area markers. they're generally best when using transparency.

you can't use very many in the same view.