DC Life Science Sem. 2
Protists share this feature with other eukaryotes
The have a nucleus
What feature do all members of Eukarya share
The have a nucleus
Cell wall (def.)
The rigid barrier that surrounds bacteria
Niche (def.)
The space, environment, and resources necessary for a species fitness.
Flagellum (def.)
The structure that aids in locomotion of some bacteria.
Physiology (def.)
The study of a way a living organisms's physical parts function is known as a ___.
Anatomy (def.)
The study of an organism's structure
Paleontology (def.)
The study of fossil remains
Ecology (def.)
The study of the interactions between organisms and between organisms and their nonliving environment.
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1: 2pq represents:
The frequency of heterozygous individuals.
What happens to growth rate when carrying capacity is reached?
The growth rate slows and eventually remains at or near zero.
Whale blubber represents which of the following strategies for thermoregulation?
Trapping existing heat within the body
Why are angiosperms important to honey bees? a. they are a keystone species b. pollen is a food source c. flowers are a source of food d. the cones are sources of nectar and pollen e. all of these
e. all of these
Which of the following is NOT a reptile: a. fence lizard b. leopard frog c. diamondback rattle snake d. ornate box turtle
b. leopard frog
Which of the following is likely to result in the GREATEST loss of allelic diversity? a. losing 25% of a population of 100 individuals b. losing 50% of a population of 100 individuals c. losing 25% of a population of 1000 individuals d. losing 50% of a population of 1000 individuals e. All of the above.
b. losing 50% of a population 100 individuals
All species of fungi are: a. unicellular b. multicellular c. aerobic d. saprotrophs e. heterotrophs
b. multicellular
Which of the following increases genetic diversity in populations? a. genetic drift b. mutation c. natural selection d. founder effect e. all of these
b. mutation
A paleontologist studies ___.
fossils
The genome of a bacteria is found in the ___ region.
cell
As a result of competition ___. a. one species may go extinct b. both species may divide resources and survive c. one or both populations are likely to decline d. all of these
d. all of these
What skeletal characteristic indicate bipedalism in hominids? a. bowl shaped pelvic girdle b. femur angled inward c. foramen magnum located o the bottom of the skull d. all of these
d. all of these
The similarity between the forearm of a human and an alligator suggests that ___. humans are reptiles (crocodilians). a. humans once laid eggs. b. alligators descended from mammals. c. mammals descended from reptiles. d. alligators and humans share a common ancestor.
d. alligators and humans share a common acestor
An organism that is eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and lacks cells walls is: a. an animal b. a protist c. a fungus d. an animal or a protist e. a fungus or a protist
d. an animal or a protist
Which of the following groups contains the highest number classified species? a. fungi b. plants c. protists d. animals
d. animals
An ecologically friendly city that has housing, work, and schools located close to each other would decrease the requirement for ___. a. pedestrian traffic b. bikes c. public transportation d. cars
d. cars
It would be expected that a population geographically located where UVB exposure is maximal to have a skin tone that is very ____.
dark
What strategy does the African honey bee use when competing for resources?
defensive behavior
The similarities of vertebrate embryos can be explained by ___.
descent from a common ancestor
Natural selection that favors survival of an intermediate phenotype of a population is ___ selection.
directional
You cut yourself and the cut becomes infected. The cause of this infection is most likely a _____ cell, which is a member of domain _____.
prokaryotic; bacteria
Population genetics is the study of ___.
the genetic makeup of populations. how the genetic composition of a population changes. the study of the total collection of alleles in a population.
Members of family Hominidae include ___.
the great apes
The long bones of a bat wing are homologous to ___.
the humerus of a human
Which of the following characteristics do all animals share? a. they are multicellular b. they are eukaryotic c. they are heterotrophic d. they are mobile e. all of these
e. all of these
Which term can be used to describe a protist a. autotrophic b. heterotrophic c. decomposer d. multicellular e. all of these
e. all of these
Endotherms (def.)
Animals that maintain their own temperature
A mass extinction caused by a large asteroid hitting Earth near the Yucatan peninsula occurred during the ___ period which ended the ___ era.
Cenozoic, Mesozoic
If selection pressures remove all examples of one extreme phenotype from a population, this is ___.
Directional Selection
The bryophytes include ___ and ___.
Mosses and ferns
Immigration (def.)
Moving into a population
Emigration (def.)
Moving out of a population
If you explore the life inside a hydrothermal vent, you will most likely find a ___ cell, which is a member of the domain ____.
prokaryotic; Archea
The wing of a bird and the wing of a bat are ___ structures.
analogous
You find an animal with no backbone, a body in three segments, jointed appendages, and a hard exoskeleton. You determine that this animal is a(n). chordate. nematode. mollusk. arthropod. echinoderm.
arthropod
Thermoregulation maintain the human body at about ___ C.
37
There are ___ types of animal tissue.
4
What percentage of life on the planet died off during the Permian extinction?
95%
What percentage of Earth's freshwater is used for agriculture?
>90%
Highest level of classification. The group that contains the majority of species.
Kingdom
Snails and squid belong to the phylum:
Mollusca
A clam is an example of a(n) ___.
Mollusk
Variations in skin tone correlate with a balance between these two vitamins
Vitamin B and D
Fungi evolved approximately ___ billion years ago from a protist.
1
Why would a plant species go extinct but an animal survive when temperature change alters a habitat?
Animals are more more mobile than plants
The totals number of classified species known to science is roughly ____ million.
1.5
An environmentally firendly city's ecological footprint of 2.6 would need to become ___ in order to be in agreement with global sustainability.
1.8
As of 2008, the global hectare average production was ___ gha per person per year.
1.8
As an overall average, about ___ of the energy at one trophic level is available to the next highest rank in the food chain.
10%
In a compoarison of DNA betwen two species, maximum homology and relatedness is indicated if ___.
100% of the DNA is the same in both coding and noncoding regions.
The world average ecological footprint is ___.
2.7 global hectares
Oldest Homo sapiens fossil found dates back ___ years.
200,000
Plants first colonized land about ___ million years ago.
250
There are ___ domains.
3
How old are the oldest known fossils
3.48-4.1 billion years
Earth is estimated to be around
4.5 billion years
If a fossil is found on top of two layers of rock with relative dates of 570 mya and 530 mya, what is its approximate age?
530 mya
If a fossil is found beneath of two layers of rock with relative dates of 570 mya and 530 mya, what is its approximate age?
570 mya
How long ago did dinosaurs exist?
65 million years ago
The current population of Earth is roughly ___ billion.
7
Although ___ of Earth's surface is water, only ___ is available for human consumption.
70%, 1%
A bacterial strain divides once every 30 minutes. After 90 minutes, a single bacterium can form a total of ___ bacteria.
8
What percentage of the total energy is lost due to metabolism, hear, and waste between trophic levels in a food chain?
90%
What is most similar in function to whale blubber?
A bat's brown fat
Density-Independent factor
A factor can influence population size and growth regardless of the numbers and crowding.
Population (def.)
A group of organisms of the same species living and interacting in a particular area
Omnivore (def.)
A plant and animal eater
Hypothermophile (def.)
A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is characterized by extreme heat (above 50 degrees Celsius)
Symbiosis (def.)
A relationship between different species in which one species lives in or on another
Food chain (def.)
A series of organisms that successively eat one another
Vermont production of maple syrup decreased significantly from 1900 to 2000 primarily because of ___
A shortening of a maple syrup season
Biological species (Ernest Mayr)
A species is a population of individuals whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Keystone (def.)
A species that is so important to its community (such as the honey bee) that their removal can dismantle a food web
Vestigial structure
A structure has no apparent function in one species, yet is homologous to a functional organ in another species.
Commensalism (def.)
A type of symbiosis in which one member of the relationship benefits with no effect on the other
The ancestral population of humans lived in ___.
Africa
Where did the killer bee originate?
Africa
Which continent receives the most UVB exposure per land mass?
Africa
The field of biogeography provides information about ___. The geographic location of a species The adaptations of a species over time The distribution or range of a species The evolutionary history of a species All of the above
All of the above
Ecosystem (def.)
All the living organisms in an area and the nonliving components of the environments with which they interact.
The greenouse effect (def.)
An increase in the surface temperature of the Earth caused by heart trapping gases in atmosphere
Trophic level (def.)
An organism's position in the food chain, relative to the ecosystem's energy source.
Flowers and fruits are unique to ___.
Angiosperms
Pine trees, redwoods, and junipers belong in which plant group?
Angiosperms
Which plant grouping relies heavily on bee or insect pollination?
Angiosperms
The kingdom that includes humans is the ___ kingdom.
Animal
Sitting beside a stream in Olympic National Park, you see a dragonfly perching on a piece of grass next to the water. You can easily see its hard, jointed exoskeleton, its three pairs of jointed legs, and its three-part body. You know, therefore, that it is a(n):
Annelid
What spurred the growth rate of the human population since the 1950s?
Antibiotic development
Fossils (def.)
Any evidence of an organism more than 10,000 years old.
Cnidarians (def.)
Aquatic animals
"Extremophiles" refers to the members of the domain ___.
Archaea
Although this group has the least number of identified and classified species, its diversity is really unknown.
Archaea
The domain/domains that contain prokaryotes is/are
Archaea, bacteria
The first fossil remains are from this geologic time
Archaean
Prokaryotic organisms that eat methane as a food source are most likely to be members of domain ___.
Archea
Which landmass is showing the most dramatic increase in surface temperatures in recent years?
Arctic
Which genus of the hominine group is the oldest according to current evidence:
Ardipithecus
Spiders and scorpions belong to the phylum ____.
Arthropoda
Staphylococcus aureus is a type of ___.
Bacteria
Cyanobacteria (def.)
Bacteria that acquire energy from the sun.
Bacterial Heterotrophs (def.)
Bacteria that eat other bacteria
A decrease in which keystone species has recently impacted agriculture in North America, Europe, and Asia?
Bees
Mating rituals are an example of which type of reproductive isolation?
Behavioral Isolation
Two groups within a population begin using separate mating rituals. This would be an example of ___.
Behavioral isolation
Bacteria usually reproduce by ___.
Binary Fission
When the body is overheated, ___.
Blood vessels near the skin surface will dilate.
Hypothalamus (def.)
Body's thermostat.
A hormone that regulates block-glucose levels is
Both glucagon and insulin
The very limited gene pool of wild cheetahs is an example of ___.
Bottleneck effect
The first diverse animal world appeared during the ___ explosion.
Cambrain
Although __________ is the most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, __________ is 30 times more potent as a greenhouse gas and therefore just as worrisome.
Carbon dioxide; methane
Current day is part of the ___ era.
Cenozoic
The mammals flourished during the ___ era.
Cenozoic
The origin of humans was during the ___ era.
Cenozoic
MRSA in humans is an example of ___ selection.
Directional
The scientist who published "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" in 1859 was ___.
Charles Darwin
What organism has the most similar DNA to humans?
Chimpanzee
Although this country has a low global hectare per person, its total footprint rivals that of the United States.
China
Our closest living relatives on the evolutionary tree are ___.
Chipmanzees
The most successful animal group
Chordate
What type of distribution do the wolves exhibit
Clumped
Corals and jellyfish belong to the phylum ___.
Cnidaria
The two groups that make up the angiosperms
Conifers and junipers
Humans are currently living in which era
Conozoic
Ultraviolet light is essential for the formation of Vitamin ___.
D
The tree of life has been rearranged into three domains based on what evidence?
DNA similarities
Ecological isolation facilitates speciation by ___.
Decreasing gene flow
The "Age of Fishes" was the ____ period.
Devonian
The ____ was known as the Age of Fishes.
Devonian
How is growth rate of population determined?
Difference between birth and death rate of a population
The dissimilarities of the physical appearance of vertebrate adults can be explained by ___.
Differential gene expression
Antibiotic resistance is an example of which pattern of natural selection?
Directional selection
Natural selection that favors survival of extreme phenotypes of a population is called __.
Disruptive selection
___ causes two different species to form from the original parent species.
Disruptive selection
Example of hybrid infertility
Donkey
Acronym to remember the classification order.
Dumb (Domain) Kids (Kingdom) Prefer (Phylum) Candy (Class) Over (Order) Fresh (Family) Green (Genus) Salad (Species)
It would be expected that a population geographically located where UVB exposure is minimal to have skin tone that is ___.
E. very dark
Reproductive isolation based on location or geography is referred to as ___.
Ecological Isolation
The type of reproductive isolation in which the two populations are separated due to their habitat is
Ecological Isolation
On Earth, solar energy is most intense at the ____.
Equator
Fungi are members of the domain ___.
Eukarya
Humans belong in which domain?
Eukaryote
A change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is the definition of ___.
Evolution
Phylogeny (def.)
Evolutionary history among groups of organisms
(T/F) The wings of a bird are homologous to the wings of a honeybee.
F
An organism's ability to survive and reproduce is called the organism's ___.
Fitness
What animal doesn't have a body cavity?
Flatworms
___ describes a new population arising from a few individuals
Founder effect
Muscle tissue (def.)
Functions in providing contractions that power movement
A male from species A mates with a female from species B. Male A's sperm swims and finds the egg, but the sperm is unable to penetrate the egg. This is an example of ____.
Gametic Isolation
An island has a population of 100,000 moths that has 98% gray individuals and 2% black individuals. Generation after generation, this ratio and population size remains basically the same. After a hurricane, 10,000 black moths are blown onto the island. This is an example of ___.
Gene flow
Because of global travel, a new strain of antibiotic resistant bacteria arising in China may soon appear in New York City. The introduction of the new antibiotic resistant bacteria in New York would be an example of ___.
Gene flow
Evolution is more likely to occur in populations separated by geographical barriers because these interrupt ___.
Gene flow
Movement of alleles from one population to another ___.
Gene flow
The entire collection of genes and their alleles is a ___.
Gene pool
The total collection of alleles in a population is the ___.
Gene pool
Random changes in the genetic makeup of a population due to chance is ___.
Genetic drift
How do we know mitochondrial Eve is every human's ancestor?
Global comparison of human mitochondrial nuclear sequences
Which prokaryotes would one expect to be in a salt mine?
Halophiles
Clumped (def.)
High-density clumps are separated by areas of low abundance
The first tool users were member of genus ___.
Homo
The current evidence show the first hominid species to migrate out of Africa, 0.8 MYA
Homo erectus
The oldest hominin species that scientists have extracted DNA from ___.
Homo neanderthalensis
Similar structures in different organisms inherited from a common ancestor and have the same embryonic origin are said to be _____.
Homologous
Insulin (def.)
Hormone that stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells
Urinary System (def.)
Human organ system filters wastes from the blood and keep electrolytes in balance.
What is the correct order of classification levels of species from most broad to most specific?
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
A typical response of the human body to cold is for blood vessels ___ to ___.
In the body's core; constrict
Mating between closely related individuals is known as ___.
Inbreeding
A population of Australian wallabies is found to have many more homozygous individuals than expected. What does this result indicate?
Inbreeding is likely occuring
Random (Def.)
Individuals are equally likely to be anywhere within the area
Uniform (def.)
Individuals maximize space between them by being uniformly spaced
The organ system you can easily see is the ___ system.
Integumentary
Community (def.)
Interacting populations of different species in a defined habitat
Animals that lack a backbone are referred to as ___.
Invertebrates
The first flowering plants, first true mammals and first true frogs appeared during the ___ period.
Jurassic
The diversity of living organisms in Olympic National Park is largely due to....
Many habitats contained within the park
Carrying capacity (def.)
Maximum population size that a given environment or habitat can support given its food supply and other natural sources.
Ecological footprint (def.)
Measures the amount of land and water required by a population to live and the amount of land and water required to absorb that population's waste.
Incompatibility of mating organs is an example of which type of reproductive isolation?
Mechanical Isolation
Scientists use genetics to trace the evolution and migration of humans. How do scientists know which populations are older than others?
Members of older populations have more genetic variability.
Reptiles flourished during the ___ era.
Mesozoic
The Age of the Reptiles was during the ___ era.
Mesozoic
The Cretaceous and Jurassic period are part of the ___ era.
Mesozoic
The reptiles flourished during the ___ era.
Mesozoic
The differential survival of individuals with specific genotypes in response to environmental change is called ___.
Natural selection
The driving force behind the evolution of horses is ___.
Natural selection
___ is the main mechanism for evolution.
Natural selection
Where are most tropical forests located?
Near the equator
A ___ feedback loop tend to counteract a physiological stimuli and is common in physiology.
Negative
Turning up the temperature setting in a room that feels cold, causing a heater to turn on is an example of the principle of:
Negative feeback
The successful phylum in regard to diversity and numbers is ___.
Nematoda
Four major categories of tissures
Nervous Epithelial Connective Muscle
List the five requirements of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
No mutation introducing new alleles into the population No natural selection favoring some alleles over others An infinitely large population size (and, therefore, no genetic drift) No influx of alleles from neighboring populations (i.e., no gene flow) Random mating of individuals
Population density (def.)
Number of organisms per unit area
Where does pollination occur
On flowers
A cooperative group of organs makes up ___.
Organ systems
Kidney (def.)
Organ that regulate the body's water balance
___ are composed of specialized cells that work together.
Organs
When you ear an apple you are eating the ___.
Ovary
This gas began to accumulate between 3 and 2.5 billion years ago
Oxygen
Which of the following is not a "greenhouse gas"
Oxygen
The ___ regulated blood-glucose levels through hormones
Pancres
The continents we recognize today used to be one supercontinent called ____.
Pangea
What process uses up carbon dioxide in the environment?
Photosynthesis
Which processes regulate the natural carbon cycle on our plant?
Photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition
Bacterial Autotrophs (def.)
Photosynthetic bacteria
Member of a(n)___ are LESS closely related to each other than member of a class.
Phylum
The movement of Earth's crust is termed ___.
Plate tectonics
Anthers (def.)
Pollen is produced by this part of the flower
Flowers of different colors or scents have different ___.
Pollinators
Density-Dependent factor (def.)
Population size and growth depends on the number and crowding of individuals in the population
Rain, snow, and hail are examples of ___.
Precipitation
Genetic drift definition
Random changes in the allele frequency of a population between generations
What type of distribution does the moose exhibit
Random distribution
Three different population distribution patterns
Random, clumped, uniform
What food crop would not be affected by colony collapse disorder?
Rice
Rank the following in order of least reliable evidence of common ancestry to most reliable. Similarity of anatomy Similarity of DNA Similarity of habitat
Similarity of habitat Similarity of Anatomy Similarity of DNA
Which of the following BEST summarizes the correlation between skin pigmentation and geography?
Skin is darkest toward the equator, where UV radiation is strongest.
Members of a(n) ___ are MORE closely related to each other than members of a genus.
Species
Order that includes humans is ___.
Species
The order that includes humans is ___.
Species
What is the smallest level of classification?
Species
The diversity of habitats in a region increases the region's ___.
Species richness
In the late 1800s Streptococcus pneumoniae was widely recognized as a major cause of pneumonia and is still the most common cause of the disease today. Based on the name, what shape would you suggest for this organism?
Spherical
Spirilla (def.)
Spiral-shaped bacterial cell
Male reproductive system of an angiosperm
Stamen, pollen, anthers, and filament
MRSA is caused by A DRUG RESISTANT FORM OF ___.
Staphylococcus Aureus.
Logistic Growth (def.)
Starts off fast and then levels off as the population reaches carrying capacity.
(T/F) Fungi and animals evolved from the same ancestor
T
(T/F) Genetic drift may arise due to chance, bottleneck effect, or founder effect.
T
(T/F) Humans do not follow the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model and therefore the allele and genotype frequencies are changing. This results in the evolution of the human population.
T
(T/F) If the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are met, and allele and genotype frequencies do not change over time, then evolution is not occurring.
T
(T/F) Populations evolve and individuals adapt.
T
(T/F) The principles of Dawinian evolution operate in today's world.
T
The maple tree would most likely be found in which biome?
Temperate deciduous forest
Early blooming of flowers correlates with:
Temperature increase
Vegetation in a biome is largely influenced by ___ and ___.
Temperature; precipitation
Spotted skunks and striped skunks have overlapping habitat ranges, but no hybrid offspring are produced. Spotted skunks breed in the fall, striped skunks breed in the spring. This is an example of ___.
Temporal Isolation
Two populations exhibit ___ when they have different mating seasons.
Temporal Isolation
Homeostasis (def.)
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal body conditions.
Biomes (def.)
The major types of earth's ecosystems
Species richness (def.)
The number of different species in a community
Mitochondrial Eve is ___.
The only human woman whose children survived and reproduced to ultimately give rise to all humans alive and on the planet today.
Endocrine system
The organ system that regulates many body functions
Habitat (def.)
The physical place where members of a population typically live
Epithelial tissue (def.)
The tissue type that functions in acting as a lining or covering of organs and absorption, gas diffusion and secretion
Nervous tissue (def.)
The tissue type that functions in receiving, processing and transmitting information by providing a communication network among cells
Osmolarity (def.)
The total concentration of dissolved solutes in blood
Bilateral Symmetry (def.)
The type of body symmetry in which any plane passing through the body from the mouth to the opposite end divides the body into mirror images.
Melanin (def.)
This molecule protects folate from destruction by damaging ultraviolet light
Which of the following is NOT an example of an amphibian? Frog Toads Turtle Salamander
Toads
A structure inherited from an ancestor that no longer serves a clear purpose in an organism is called a ___.
Vestigial structure
Competitive exclusion principle (def.)
Two species cannot coexist indefinitely in the same niche
Aquifers (def.)
Underground rock store of freshwater
Most of the organisms found in and around Lost City are ___.
Unicellular microbes
Exponential growth (def.)
Unrestricted growth of a species that increase at a constant rate
Which trait do ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms share?
Vascular tissue
Because of ___, hands, feet and noses get cold before the rest of the body does.
Vasoconstriction
When does speciation occur in sexually reproducing organisms?
When members of a population on longer produce fertile offspring with each other.
If all vertebrates have the same genetic sequence for a particular protein, what conclusion can be made? a. All vertebrates have a common ancestor. b. Mutations have made the sequences alike. c. Genetic sequences rarely mutate. d. There is only one functional way to make that protein. e. All living cells have the same genome.
a. All vertebrates have a common ancestor.
The lineages of seedless vascular plants include ___. a. Ferns b. Pines c. Junipers d. Red woods e. All of these
a. Ferns
Which of the following is an important temperate grassland? a. Prairies of North America b. Northern Africa c. Eastern Australia d. All of these are correct
a. Prairies of North America
List five reasons the Isle of Royale is studied so closely as an example of predator-prey relationships.
a. The moose initially had exponential population growth b. The island is isolated and so population is strictly related to birth and death rates c. The moose didn't have any natural predators at first until the 1950s when a pack of wolves crossed an icebridge onto the island. d. Eventually the wolves population exploded and then they began to overfeed on the moose and their population had a negative population growth. e. It is easy to see the change in population due to food accessibility
An organism that is eukaryotic and photosynthetic is: a. a plant b. a fungus c. a protist d. a plant or a fungus e. a plant or a protist
a. a plant
In the past 50 years, which of the following demands has increased the most? a. energy b. grazing land c. forest land d. crop land e. fishing ground
a. energy
The human population is growing a. exponentially b. logistically c. linearly d. logarithmically e. polynomially
a. exponentially
Relative dating uses ___. a. indirect dating of fossils based on their surroundings. b. 14C data of the surrounding. radiometric data. c. 14C data of the object being examined. d. ages of known fossils. e. radiometric data
a. indirect dating of fossils based on their surroundings
The four-toed ancestor of the modern horse would have been well suited to life in the ____. a. open grasslands b. desert c. savannah d. forest e. tropics
a. open grassland
All of the following are tetrapods, EXCEPT ___. a. ray-finned fishes b. amphibians c. reptiles d. birds e. mammals
a. ray-finned fish
Based on what you know about mechanisms for generating additional heat, you would expect someone living in a very cold environment to ___. a. require many more Calories than someone living in a moderate environment. b. require many fewer Calories than someone living in a moderate environment. c. require the same amount of Calories than someone living in a moderate environment. d. require at least three times as much protein as someone living in a moderate environment.
a. require many more Calories than someone living in a moderate environment.
The fossil record could be improved with more of these. a. whole animal fossils b. transitional fossils c. mold fossils d. mineralized fossils e. trace fossils
a. whole animal fossils
These single-celled fungi can ferment sugars or cause disease. a. yeast b. shelf fungi c. molds d. bacteria e. mushrooms
a. yeast
In the absence of melanin production, a person would have ____.
albinism
Which habitat is found the Olympic National Park? temperate and old growth forests saltwater coastlines freshwater lakes and rivers subalpine meadows all of these
all of these
Which statement about prokaryotes is FALSE? a. Prokaryotes are diverse. b. All prokaryotes are bacteria. c. Prokaryotes are usually single celled. d. Prokaryotes are found in two domains. e. Prokaryotes cannot be seen by the naked eye.
b. All prokaryotes are bacteria
Which mutation would most likely be selected against during evolution? a. a mutation in a noncoding region of a gene b. a mutation in a coding region of a gene c. a mutation in a noncoding promoter region d. a mutation in a short tandem repeat region e. a neutral mutation
b. a mutation in a coding region of a gene
Animal fossils usually have these structures. a.legs b. bony skeletons or hard shells c. tails d. scales e. teeth
b. bony skeletons or hard shells
Natural selection causes __. a. changes in an individual's genes. b. changes in allele frequencies within a population. c. a decrease in reproductive fitness in a population. d. the inheritance of acquired characteristics. e. changes in the mechanism of inheritance.
b. changes in allele frequencies within a population
Of the taxonomic categories below which has the greatest number of organisms or most inclusive category? a. kingdom b. domain c. phylum d. class e. order
b. domain
Drug-resistant populations of bacterial stains are a result of__. a. fast bacterial doubling time outpacing typical drug doses. b. drugs or other selective environmental pressures. c. binary fission. d. manipulations in the lab to create new strains for research. e. transmission from an infected person.
b. drugs or other selective environmental pressures.
The most direct evidence of evolution comes from ___. a. radiometric dating. b. homologous skeletons. c. mitochondrial DNA. d. similar mating habits.
b. homologous skeletons
An example of cnidarian is a ___. a. clam b. jellyfish c. flatworm d. slug e. sea sponge
b. jellyfish
Prokaryotic cell is one that ___. a. lacks DNA. b. lacks membrane-bounded organelles. c. lacks ribosomes. d. lacks a plasma membrane. e. lacks a cell wall
b. lacks membrane-bounded organelles
Which of these represents an example of a vestigial structure? a. insect and birds wings b. leg bones in whales c. dinosaur clavicles and bird wishbones d. All of these are correct.
b. leg bones in whales
Which of the following lists plant terrestrial adaptations from earliest to most recent? a. vascular, seeds, flowers, and cones b. nonvascular, vascular, seeds, and flowers c. nonvascular, seeds, vascular, and flowers d. vascular, seeds, flowers, and nonvascular e. vascular, seeds, nonvascular, and flowers
b. nonvascular, vascular, seeds, and flowers
Of the taxonomic categories below, which has the least number of organisms or least inclusive category? a. kingdom b. order c. domain d. phylum e. class
b. order
Some snakes have small remnants of legs that they now use for clasping during mating. These leg remnants are ___. a. vestigial characteristics. b. primitive arms. c. faulty genitals. d. homologous to butterfly wings. e. embryonic wings.
b. primitive arms
All of the following are involved in thermoregulation, EXCEPT ___. a. blood b. the pancreas. c. the hypothalamus. d. thermoreceptors. e. All of these
b. the pancreas
Why is there reluctance to eliminate fossil fuels as an energy source? a. there are no other clean sources of energy b. they are relatively cheap to obtain c. other methods of energy production are not as efficient d. they are unlimited in supply e. all of these
b. they are relatively cheap to obtain
Heat conservation by the body can actually lead to frostbite because___. a. shivering in the extremities uses up too much glycogen and energy starved tissues are damaged. b. vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the extremities and lets them cool down too much. c. vasodilation allows too much heat to be lost from the extremities and they are damaged. d. the body will eventually begin to sweat, which causes more heat loss from the extremities. e. None of these.
b. vasoconstriction reduces blood flow to the extremities and lets them cool down too much.
Melanocytes are located in the ___.
basal level of epidermis
Starfish and sea urchins belong to the phylum:
c. Arthropoda
Why is it advantageous to target cities over rural areas to become sustainable? a. Buildings can be easily modified. b. It is readily accomplished and blueprints are already drawn up. c. The density of people maximizes the efficiency of resource use. d. Rural areas use the most resources. e. Rural areas are more difficult to modify.
c. The density of people maximizes the efficiency of resource use.
Why would a non-developed country with a low per-capita footprint have a similar total footprint to a more developed country? a. The non-developed country is more sustainable. b. The developed country is less sustainable. c. The non-developed country has a larger population. d. The non-developed country has fewer people. e. The developed country has more people.
c. The non-developed country is less sustainable
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of essentially all plants? a. They are multicellular organisms b. They are autotrophs c. They are heterotrophs d. They are eukaryotes e. They carry out photosynthesis
c. They are heterotrophs
A few birds, such as ostriches, have wings but cannot fly. Which of the following best explains this? a. Ostriches are not true birds. b. Ostriches evolved from an amphibian ancestor that had wing-like arms and glided among trees. c. When reptiles evolved into birds, some birds developed wings for flight, but others developed wings incapable of flight. d. Ostriches evolved from a bird ancestor that flew. e. Ostriches evolved first, then all other flying birds evolved from ostriches.
c. When reptiles evolved into birds, some birds developed wings for flight, but others developed wings incapable of flight.
Which bacterial phenotype would have the highest fitness if it were cultured in a medium containing antibiotics? a. a slightly antibiotic-resistant variant b. a moderately antibiotic-resistant variant c. a highly antibiotic-resistant variant d. an antibiotic-sensitive variant e. all phenotypes have equal fitness
c. a highly antibiotic-resistant variant
Oxytocin is a hormone that controls many responses and functions in the body, including uterine contractions during labor. The movement of the baby down the uterus and into the cervix activates stretch receptors, which stimulate the hypothalamus to release more oxytocin and increase the frequency of contractions. This is an example of ___. a. a negative feedback loop. b. acclimatization. c. a positive feedback loop. d. vasoconstriction. e. osmoregulation.
c. a positive feedback look
Which of the following is not a type of symbiosis? a. parasitism b. symbolism c. commensalism d. mutualism
c. commensalism
Which of the following methods is the most reliable way to identify a new species of prokaryote? a. differences in membrane structure and composition b. differences in cell surface proteins and carbohydrates c. differences in DNA sequences d. differences in ribosomal RNA e. differences in proteins
c. differences in DNA sequences
Which of the following is NOT one of the main ideas behind Darwin's theory of Natural Selection? a. There is variation in populations. b. There is competition between individuals in a population. c. Individual organisms can acquire new characteristics and pass these characteristics on to their offspring. d. Inherited characteristics can increase an individual's survivability and reproductive success.
c. individual organisms can acquire new characteristics and pass these characteristics on to their offspring.
Put the following animal adaptations in order from earliest to most recent adaptation. a. no symmetry→radial symmetry→bilateral symmetry→backbone b. no symmetry→bilateral symmetry→radial symmetry→backbone c. no symmetry→radial symmetry→backbone→bilateral symmetry d. no symmetry→backbone→radial symmetry→bilateral symmetry e. backbone→no symmetry→radial symmetry→bilateral symmetry
c. no symmetry→radial symmetry→backbone→bilateral symmetry
One way to generate heat is through ___. a. vasoconstriction b. vasodilation c. shivering d. sleeping e. all of these
c. shivering
Which of the following is not a major terrestrial biome of Earth? a. the temperate grasslands b. the tundra c. the antarctic d. the taiga e. the tropical forest
c. the antarctic
When two or more species view for the same limited resource ___ occurs.
competition
Vasoconstriction works to ___ body heat.
conserve
Fossil fuels ___. a. are the remains of once-living organisms. include coal, oil, and natural gas. b. increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere when burned. c. are significant contributors to global warming. d. All of these.
d. All of these
Which population would have the most loss of diversity from a genetic bottleneck? a. 100 elephants b. 1000 mice c. 103 E. coli d. 10 cats e. 100 humans
d. 10 cats
The number of differences between human cytochrome c and cytochrome c of some other organisms is as follows: Chimpanzee - 0 differences; Rhesus monkey - 1 difference; Pigeon - 12 differences; Fruit fly - 24 differences; Yeast - 42 differences. Since similarities in amino acid sequences for cytochrome c parallel the degree of relatedness between these species, this information tells us: a. That humans are more related to pigeons than fruit flies b. That humans are more related to fruit flies than yeast c. That humans are more related to chimpanzees than to Rhesus monkeys d. All of the above are correct
d. All of the above are correct
An example of an annelid is: a. a flatworm b. an earthworm c. a roundworm d. All of these
d. All of these
Introduction of non-native species of bees to the United States may cause ___. a. competition for limited resources. b. a decline in native species. migration of native bees. c. partitioning of food resources. d. All of these.
d. All of these
What is one way that industry uses bacteria or their products? a. bioremediation b. making cheese c. producing products for medicinal purposes d. All of these are correct.
d. All of these are correct
Which does NOT describe the body structure of Tiktaalik? a. It had a long, flat head. b. Gills were present. c. It had sturdy ribs to support the body on land. d. It had jointed fingers and toes. e. Its neck was mobile.
d. It had jointed fingers and toes
Organisms that obtain their energy from producers or other consumers are: a. Autotrophs b.Plants c. Heterotrophs d. Omnitrophs
d. Onitrophs
Every night when you put on your pajamas, you put that day's pants in the laundry basket first, then that day's shirt. You wash all your laundry on Sunday. After undressing on Friday, you realize you left your driver's license in your pants pocket on Wednesday. If each shirt is one layer and each pair of pants is also one layer, how many layers do you have to remove from the laundry basket to find Wednesday's pants? a. Remove 2 layers, and the pants are layer 3. b. Remove 3 layers, and the pants are layer 4. c. Remove 4 layers, and the pants are layer 5. d. Remove 5 layers, and the pants are layer 6. e. Remove 6 layers, and the pants are layer 7.
d. Remove 5 layers, and the pants are layer 6
Both vitamin D and folate levels are affected by UV radiation from sunlight. Which of the following correctly explains the effects of sunlight on these vitamins? a. Both vitamin D and folate are degraded by UV radiation from sunlight. b. Sunlight is necessary for both vitamin D and folate formation. c. Sunlight degrades vitamin D but helps build folate. d. Sunlight degrades folate but helps build vitamin D.
d. Sunlight degrades folate but helps build vitamin D.
The "Cambrian explosion" was the ____ a. The mass extinction of dinosaurs b. The origination of life c. The development of the first true cell d. The appearance of fossils for all major phyla of animals
d. The appearance of fossils for all major phyla of animals
Why is the current lifestyle of the human population considered unsustainable. a. The biologically productive land is diminishing. b. The biologically productive land and water is greater than the biocapacity. c. The carbon footprint is greater than the demand of the population. d. The biocapacity of Earth is less than the global ecological footprint. e. The demand for renewable resources exceeds the ecological footprint.
d. The biocapacity of Earth is less than the global ecological footprint.
Fungi play a crucial ecological role in all terrestrial ecostystems, including those in Olympic National Park. What is the role? a. They are photosynthesizers, providing energy and nutrients to the other organisms in the ecosystem. b. They are important fermenters, used by humans to make foods and beverages. c. They are a primary food source for vertebrate consumers; without them, vertebrate diversity would be very low. d. They are decomposers, breaking down dead organisms and helping to recycle their nutrients. e. All of these.
d. They are decomposers, breaking down dead organisms and helping to recycle their nutrients.
Plate tectonics influences ___. a. local climate b. distribution of organisms c. evolution of species on land d. all of the above
d. all of the above
How did the scientists ultimately identify the different species of prokaryotes they found at Lost City? a. growth in lab cultures b. comparison of DNA sequences c. comparison of growth habitats d. comparison of ph of the environment e. All of the above.
d. comparison of ph of the environment
Which is NOT a renewable resource a. hydroelectric power b. wind power c. biofuels d. fossil fuels e. nuclear power
d. fossil fuels
Less genetic variation is found outside Africa because of ___. a. decreased mutation rate b. increased mutation rate c. loss of alleles d. founder effect
d. founder effect
Which of the following is NOT an example of a mammal a. dolphin b. human c. kangaroo d. penguin e. whale
d. penguin
Which are all members of the domain Eukarya a. animals, plants, protists, and prokaryotes b. protists, animals, and prokaryotes c. eukaryotes and prokaryotes d. plants, animals, fungi, and protists e. plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria
d. plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Which of the following contributes to keeping allele frequencies constant in a population. a. mutation b. immigration c. genetic drift d. random mating
d. random mating
Human birth weight is an example of a. directional selection b. disruptive selection c. guided selection d. stabilizing selection
d. stabilizing selection
What is decreased as a result of stabilizing selection? a. the middle phenotypic range of variation b. one extreme of the phenotypic variation range c. the most suited phenotypic range d. the range of phenotypic variation
d. the range of phenotypic variation
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a mollusk: a. they have organ systems b. they have soft bodies c. they may have a shell d. They have an exoskeleton made of chitin e. they exhibit bilateral symmetry
d. they have an exoskeleton made of chitin
Which of the following correctly lists important steps in human evolution in the correct oder, from earliest to most recent? a. big brain, upright walking, tool use, control of fire b. big brain, upright walking, control of fire, tool use c. upright walking, big brain, tool use, control of fire d. upright walking, tool use, control of fire, big brain
d. upright walking, tool use, control of fire, big brain
A 200-nucleotide sequence of DNA from humans and five other vertebrates were analyzed. Based on the following results, which is most closely related to humans? a. vertebrates with 45 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA b. vertebrates with 65 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA c. vertebrates with 10 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA d. vertebrates with 4 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA e. vertebrates with 44 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA
d. vertebrates with 4 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA
Allele frequencies of a population can change by ___. a. natural selection b. genetic drift c. mutations in the gene pool d. founder effect e. All of the above
e. All of the above
Archaeans have been found: a. in acidic environments. b. in alkaline environments. c. in hot environments. d. in cold environments. e. All of the above.
e. All of the above
Bacteria or Archaeans can live in: a. Ice b. High in the atmosphere c. In thermal vents d. Animal intestines e. all of these
e. All of the above
Genetic bottlenecks can be caused by ___. a. flood. b. extreme temperatures. c. hunting. d. overfishing. e. All of the above.
e. All of the above
What evidence supports an increase in Earth's surface temperature? a. historical records b. tree rings c. ice cores d. corals e. All of the above.
e. All of the above
The fossil record is in many cases incomplete because: a. The vast majority of organisms never left a fossil trace b. Many organisms rapidly decomposed after death c. Many organisms were eaten after death d. Many fossils are never discovered because of their location (buried deep in the earth) e. All of the above are correct
e. All of the above are correct
Bacteria most often cause disease by a. growing too rapidly for the immune system. b. secreting toxins into the host. c. destruction of tissue. d. interfering with vital functions. e. All of the choices are correct.
e. All of the choices are correct.
Fungi are found: a. on, in ,and under vegetation. b. on and in animals. c. in and on top of soil. d. in dead trees and animal carcasses. e. All of these.
e. All of these
In general, most protists are susceptible to: a. drying out or desiccation b. temperature c. pH d. decomposition e. All of these
e. All of these
Non-renewable resources ___. a. are natural resources. b. take millions of years to form. c. supply our energy demands. d. are not sustainable. e. All of these.
e. All of these
Protists are difficult to classify because ___. a. some share features with plants but are not plants themselves. b. some share features with animals but are not animals themselves. c. some share features with fungi but are not fungi themselves. d. they do not fit into the other groups e. All of these
e. All of these
The adaptation that is most responsible for gymnosperms and angiosperms being able to live and reproduce in much drier habitats than bryophytes and ferns: a. seeds b. flowers c. vascular tissue d. hyphae e. All of these
e. All of these
The loss of ice cover in the Arctic will ____. a. endanger resident species. b. raise the ocean temperature. c. raise the air temperature. d. increase sea levels. e. All of these.
e. All of these
The protist is the common ancestor of ___. a. plants b. animals c. fungi d. slime molds e. all of these
e. All of these
Variations in skin tone correlate with a. exposure to sunlight. b. folate stores in the body. c. vitamin D production. d. melanin expression. e. All of these
e. All of these
Which can be considered an adaptation by angiosperms to increase the chances of pollination? a. color b. nectar c. scent d. flowers e. All of these
e. All of these
Which has been observed in killer bees? a. swarming b. chasing away other pollinators from food sources c. stinging animals near their hives d. aggressive behavior e. All of these.
e. All of these
Which human activities contribute to elevated carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere? a. driving gasoline-powered cars b. burning of coal c. burning of oil d. burning of forests e. All of these.
e. All of these
Which of the following is a characteristic of tundra? a. High latitude b. Low growing vegetation c. Permafrost d. Short growing season for plants e. All of these
e. All of these
Different ways by which bacteria might enter the body to cause disease include: a. Insect bites b. Sexual activity c. Ingestion of food or water d. Inhalation e. All of these are correct
e. All of these are correct
Oceans: a. Are the Earth's largest biome b. Cover 70% of the Earth's surface c. Contribute vast amounts of carbon removal d. Stabilize the Earth's climate e. All of these are correct
e. All of these are correct
Ultraviolet light destroys which vitamin essential for cell division? a. B2 - riboflavin b. B3 - Niacin c. B7 - Biotin d. D e. B9 - Folate
e. B9-Folate
Which of the following is NOT a member of the gymnosperms? a. Conifers b. Junipers c. Pines d. Red wood e. Elm
e. Elm
When blood sugar rises after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin. This causes cells to take up excess glucose. When blood sugar falls, glucagon is released from the pancreas. This causes cells to break down glycogen into glucose, which is then released into the blood. Which of the following aspects of this system best explains why it is an example of homeostasis? a. The release of insulin causes blood sugar levels to fall. b. The release of glucagon causes blood sugar levels to rise. c. The pancreas and liver work together as an organ system. d. The system works to keep blood sugar levels within a narrow range. e. Insulin and glucagon are enzymes that only work within a narrow range of temperatures.
e. Insulin and glucagon are enzymes that only work within a narrow range of temperatures.
Fishes are: a. aquatic animals b. vertebrates c. anials that have gills d. animals that have fins e. all of these
e. all of these
If honey bees become extinct, which food supply would also be negatively impacted? a. apples b. oragnes c. melons d. pears e. all of these
e. all of these
Trees that usually lose their leaves in the winter are: a. deciduous trees b. beech tree c. maple trees d. hickory trees e. all of these
e. all of these
Which of the actions below would increase sustainability? a. reduce car travel b. compost organic waste for use in the yard c. recycle paper, glass, metal, and plastic d. use cloth bags instead of plastic bags e. all of these
e. all of these
The correlation between vitamin D, folate, sunlight exposure, and the resulting variations of skin tones is an example of ___. a. a genetic strategy to increase fitness b. natural selection c. human evolution d. descent with modification e. all of these are correct
e. all of these are correct
The only characteristic that is uniquely Homo is ___. a. grasping hands b. bipedalsim c. flat nails d. overlapping field sight e. all of these are unique to Homo
e. all of these are unique to Homo
Which of the following does NOT refer to a prokaryotic organism? a. smaller than a eukaryotic organism b. does not have a nucleus c. has one chromosome d. reproduces by binary fission e. has membranous organelles
e. has membranous organelles
Which is NOT a naturally occurring greenhouse gas? a. methane b. carbon dioxide c. water vapor d. nitrous oxide e. oxygen
e. oxygen
As a consequence of global warming, ___. a. only plants will be negatively affected. b. only animals will be negatively affected. c. all plants and animals will be negatively affected. d. some plants and animals will be negatively affected, while others won't be affected at all. e. some plants and animals will be negatively affected, while others will be positively affected.
e. some plants and animals will be negatively affected, while others will be positively affected.
All of the following are characteristics of insects, EXCEPT: a. they are invertebrates b. they are arthropods c. they have six jointed legs d. they have three body segments e. they have an endoskeleton
e. they have an endoskeleton
Mitochondrial Eve can be traced back to ___ Africa, ___-___ years ago.
eastern Africa, 150-200,000
You observe a butterfly sitting on a sunny leaf and realize that it is sunning itself. You conclude that the butterflies are ___.
ectotherms
The process of water going into the atmosphere is called ___.
evaporation
Tiktaalik a. is an important fossil because it is a(n) ___. b. intermediate fossil. c. transitional fossil. d. link between fish and tetrapods. e. fish with useful terrestrial adaptations. f. All of the above.
f. All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a vertebrate? a. fishes b. mammals c. birds d. reptiles e. amphibians f. None they are all vertebrates
f. None they are all vertebrates
Long structures that help bacteria move are called ___, while shorter, hair-like structures that enable bacteria to stick to a surface are called ___.
flagellum; pili
The scientific name for every organism consists of the names of the ___ and ___.
genus; species
An ecological footprint is measure in ___.
global hectares
A source of quick energy, ________ is primarily stored in the ________.
glycogen, liver and muscles
The primary cause of loss of biodiversity is ___.
habitat destruction
Greenhouse gases block ___ escapes from ___.
heat; Earth
Dehydration is associated with ___ osmolarity and ___ blood pressure.
high; low
A ___ is an example of an endotherm, and a ___ is an example of an ectotherm.
human; fish
Hominins include ___.
humans
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium represents a population that (is/isn't) evolving
isn't
The ___-finned fish gave rise to tetrapods.
lobe
The ___ were the intermediates between ray-finned fish and tetrapods.
lobe-finned fish
Skin color is determined by the amount of ___ a person has in their skin.
melanin
Food chains are overly simplistic, as they do not consider ____.
omnivores
An organism is eukaryotic, multicellular, and heterotrophic is a(n) ___.
plant
The first organisms on land were ___.
plants and insects and soft bodied animals.
The domain Eukarya includes
plants, fungi, animals, and protists
All the individuals of a single species living in a specific area compose a ___.
population
Evolution occurs at the _____ level as gene frequencies change.
populatoin
In ___ multiple species use the same resource in a slightly different way or at a different time.
resource partitioning
If global warming continues and predictions are correct by the end of the 21st century, sea level on the earth will ___ by ___ m
rise; 1
Bacilli bacteria are shaped like ___.
rods
Homology in comparative anatomy refers to ____.
similarity of structure and a common ancestor
Systems that support and move the body are ___ and ___
skeletal; muscular
Which offspring would not inherit their mother's (maternal) mitochondria?
son's daughter
A thin-shelled crab can more readily move to escape a predator than can a thick-shelled crab, but it is more vulnerable to predators that drill through the shell. Because of these opposing forces, shell thickness for many types of crabs has remained within a narrow range over a long time. This would be an example of ___.
stabilizing
THe increase in carbon dioxide levels correlates with an increase in Earth's ___.
surface temperature
(T/F) Comparing amino acid sequences in cytochrome c can determine relatedness among organisms
t
An organ is composed of different _________ types that work together to carry out a common function.
tissue
Increase in greenhouse gases ___ ___ in Earth's atmosphere
trap heat
