dev psych exam 2

Which of the following techniques will parents tend NOT to use to discipline elementary school children?

Coercive holding

_____ is the belief that "I can"; _____ is the belief that "I cannot."

Self-efficacy; helplessness

Ella looks forward to Sophia coming to visit. Sophia always has interesting stories to tell and often brings a book or a new toy. Ella is looking forward to the _____ part of friendship.

companionship

The belief that children should be encouraged to explore their world and discover knowledge with the guidance and support of teachers is central to the _____ approach to learning.

constructivist

Angie's mother allows her to schedule her own study and relaxation times, with the expectation that Angie must continue doing well in school and must discuss her activities with her mother ahead of time. Her mother checks on Angie's school progress frequently and also talks to her about her social life and problems. This approach is called:

coregulation

Educational experts agree that students with a disability in reading or writing will do best in a:

direct instruction approach.

Maya is struggling with her history paper. She is getting discouraged and starting to feel like a failure. Her friend Wanda offered to read it and make some suggestions. Wanda said she would work on her homework while Maya worked on the paper so they could talk about it. Wanda made sure to say several times, "Maya, I know you can do this!" Wanda is providing the _____ part of friendship.

ego support

Across childhood and adolescence, research suggests that:

girls engage in more prosocial behavior.

Carol Dweck concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets, namely fixed mindset and:

growth mindset

Chinese-American immigrant children who have been exposed to authoritarian parenting show all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

high self-esteem.

Mariel wants to know how everything works, and if you aren't keeping an eye on her, she will start taking things apart to see what's inside. If there is a knob to turn or door to open, she will do it! Mariel is typical of a child developing what Erik Erikson called:

industry

Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, appearing during middle and late childhood, is called:

industry versus inferiority.

According to Erik Erikson, parents who continually see their children's efforts at making things as "mischief" or "making a mess," and communicate this to their children often, will tend to foster a sense of _____ in their children.

inferiority

Justin, age 12, cannot get his science project to work. In fact, it seems to him that nothing he makes ever works properly. Like usual, Justin decides to give up and just take the bad grade. According to Erik Erikson, Justin is at risk for developing a sense of:

inferiority

Brandon has many conflicting emotions about his parents' upcoming divorce. He looks forward to talking with his friend, Caleb, because Caleb is the only one who knows the full story. Brandon relies on Caleb to calm him down and help him figure out how to handle the issues that are coming up with the divorce. Caleb is providing _____.

intimacy

According to Kohlberg, when we stop making decisions based on "I'll do something for you if you'll do something for me" and progress to the next stage, we are moving into the _____ stage.

mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

In a national survey of more than 15,000 sixth- through tenth-grade students, nearly _____ students had experienced occasional or frequent bullying as either a victim or a perpetrator.

one of every three

Vanessa wants to tell her mother about something funny her teacher said, but she can see that her mother is really focused on driving in heavy traffic. Vanessa is showing her ability for _____ by choosing to not interrupt her mother's concentration.

perspective taking

Denise is among the _____ children. She is always in a good mood, supports her friends when they are struggling, and is a good listener.

popular

At the "Meet Your Teacher" day before the school year started, Harish met Ms. Keppel. She asked, "So Harish, tell me something about you." He responded, "I was the best in my class last year, and picked for the All-Star Regional Soccer Team. I can accomplish anything I want to do." Harish is revealing his:

self esteem

Recent studies found that _____ was a protective factor for children growing up in low-socioeconomic-status conditions.

self regulation

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, a person who is at the _____ stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development will follow conscience, even though the decision might involve personal risk

universal ethical principles

In one analysis, _____ of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems, compared with _____ in intact, never-divorced families.

25%; 10%

Which of the following was NOT listed as an important change in the emotional development of school-age children?

Ability to move quickly from one emotion to another

Fausto is in a disagreement with his older brother. He says, "I don't get mad; I get even! If you mess up my bike then I'm going to mess up yours!" According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is Fausto currently in?

Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the differences in helping behavior of males versus females?

Males are more helpful when the context is masculine in nature.