Diagnostic Sonography - Chapters 35 & 36 - Fetal Echocardiography

Which one of the following anomalies demonstrates an abnormal thickening and closure of the aortic leaflets, causing the left ventricle to "balloon" from increase pressure? It leads to heart failure and, if severe, fetal demise. A. Critical aortic stenosis B. bicuspid aortic valve C. supravalvular Aortic stenosis D. suvvalvular aortic stenosis

A . Critical aortic stenosis

A discrete or long-segment narrowing in the aortic arch, usually at the level of the left subclavian artery near the insertion of the ductus arteriosus, is called which one of the following: A. Coarctation of the aorta B. Hypoplasia of the aorta C. Aortic atresia D. Hypoplastic left heart

A. Coarctation of the aorta

Which one of the following types of imaging is used to evaluate cardiac motion? A. M mode B. B mode C. Pulse Doppler D. Color Doppler

A. M mode

The most common form of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction is which one of the following? A. Pulmonic stenosis B. Tricuspid stenosis C. Mitral valve stenosis D. Ventricular septal defect

A. Pulmonic stenosis

Which one of the following conditions occurs when a membrane covers the left ventricular outflow tract? A. Subvalvular aortic stenosis B. Supravalvular aortic stenosis C. Aortic stenosis D. A bicuspid aortic valve

A. Subvalvular aortic stenosis

A(n) ____ defect occurs when the endocardial cushion fails to fuse in the center of the heart. A. Atrioventricular septal B. Muscular C. Perimembranous D. Supracristal

A. atrioventricular septal

The cardinal vein returns blood from which of the following? A. embryo B. yolk sac C. placenta D. heart

A. embryo

The ___ is the first part of the atrial septum to grow from the dorsal wall of the primitive atrium. It fuses with the endocardial cushions. A. septum prinum B. fossa ovale C. septum secundum D. fossa ovalis

A. septum prinum

Which one of the following structures forms in the wall of the sinus venosus near its opening into the right atrium? A. sinoatrial node B. atrioventricular node C. Purkinje fiber node D. Moderator band

A. sinoatrial node

Fetal braycardia is defined as a heart rate less than ___bpm. A. 120 B. 100 C. 80 D. 60

B. 100

The embryonic vascular system begins during the __ week A. 2nd B. 3rd C. 4th D. 5th

B. 3rd

Normal intro ventricular septal sickness during the third trimester should not exceed ___mm A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8

B. 4

The gestational age of 20 weeks would show normal aortic measurement of ___mm A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8

B. 4

In Fetal echocardiography, the normal peak systolic measurement of the mitral valve is ___ cm/sec A. 45-65-87 B. 40-60-80 C. 25-55-80 D. 40-60-100

B. 40-60-77

A "parachute" deformity of the valve is demonstrated in the second variety of ___ A. Congenital tricuspid stenosis B. Congenital mitral stenosis C. Mitral atresia D. Pulmonic stenosis

B. Congenital mitral stenosis

Pericardial effusion is in abnormal collection of fluid surrounding the ____ of the heart A. Pericardial layer B. Epicardial layer C. Myocardial layer D. Pleura

B. Epicardial layer

The division of the heart into four chambers occurs during the __ and ___ weeks of development A. third: fourth B. Fourth: fifth C. Fifth: sixth D. sixth: seventh

B. Fourth: fifth

Which of the following abnormalities is a fetal cardiac arrhythmia caused by an extra systoles and ectopic beats? A. Ventricular exstrophy B. Premature atrial and ventricular contractions C. Heart block D. Bradycardia

B. Premature atrial and ventricular contractions

The _____ forms the floor of the fossa ovale A. Bulbus cordis B. Septum primum C. Annulus D. Sinoatrial node

B. Septum primum

A congenital anomaly with two atria but only one ventricular chamber is known as: A. Teralogy of fallot B. Single ventricle C. Cor triatriatum D. Ventricular septal defect

B. Single ventricle

In which of the following conditions does the inflow portion of the right ventricle fail to form? A. Mitral atresia B. Tricuspid atresia C. Truncus arteriosus D. Ebsein anomaly

B. Tricuspid atresia

A disease of the myocardial muscle layer of the heart that causes the heart to dilate secondary to regurgitation and also affects cardiac function is which one of the following? A. Critical aortic stenosis B. cardiomyopathy C. coarctation D. pericardial effusion

B. cardiomyopathy

In utero, the foreman ovale opens toward which one of the following A. right atrium B. left atrium C. right ventricle D. left ventricle

B. left atrium

The four pulmonary veins bring blood from the lungs back into the ____ wall of the ____ atrium A. Medial: left B. posterior: left C. medial: right D. posterior: right

B. posterior: left

In the four-chamber of view, all the pulmonary veins are imaged except which one of the following veins? A. Left lower B. right lower C. left upper D. right upper

B. right lower

In utero, the right heart is ____ than the left heart A. Much larger B. slightly larger C. slightly smaller D. much smaller

B. slightly larger

The highest rate of associated cardiac abnormalities is shown in fetuses with which of the following chromosome anomalies? A. Trisomy 13 B. trisomy 18 C. trisomy 21 D. Turner syndrome

B. trisomy 18

Which of the following congenital lesions of the heart is most common? A. Pulmonary stenosis B. ventricular septal defect C. coarctation of the aorta D. secundum atrial septal defect

B. ventricular septal defect

Fetal tachycardia is defined as a heart rate over ___ bpm A. 160 B. 180 C. 200 D. 220

C. 200

In the four chamber view at 18 weeks gestation the ventricles should measure __ mm A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8

C. 6

A condition in which the heart is located in the right side of the chest and the cardiac apex points medially is which of the following A. Mesoposition B. Levoposition C. Dextroposition D. Sinus inversus

C. Dextroposition

Blood flow in the fetus communicates between the aorta in the pulmonary arteries via which of the following? A. Fossa ovalis B. Ductus venosus C. Ductus arteriosus D. Pulmonary veins

C. Ductus arteriosus

The primum septal defect is best imaged in which one of the following planes? A. apical B. parasternal C. Four-Chamber D. suprasternal

C. Four-Chamber

Which one of the following is between the left atrium and the left ventricle? A. Tricuspid valve B. Foramen ovale C. Mitral valve D. Atrioventricular node

C. Mitral valve

The prognosis for a fetus with teralogy of fallot is ___ surgical intervention: A. Poor without B. Good without C. Very good with D. Poor even with

C. Very good with

Congenital mitral stenosis is also called mitral ___ A. Regurgitation B. inflammation C. atresia D. coarctation

C. atresia

The right ventricle is formed from which one of the following structures? A. primitive vein B. septum primum C. bulbus cordis D. septum secundum

C. bulbus cordis

The large ventricular and atrial septal defect with a single, undivided, free-floating leaflet that stretches between both ventricles is called a: A. Partial atrioventricular septal defect B. Cleft mitral valve C. complete atrioventricular septal defect D. muscular septal defect

C. complete atrioventricular septal defect

If a rhabdomyoma Is suspected, the sonographer should look for associated mass abnormalities in the fetal head and in which of the following structure(s) A. Diaphragm B. carotid artery's C. kidneys D. liver

C. kidneys

A benign tumor of the heart are associated with tuberous sclerosis is which one of the following: A. Teratoma B. sarcoma C. rhabdomyoma D. myxoma

C. rhabdomyoma

The caudal region of the primitive heart is called the ___ A. Primitive atrium B. truncus arteriosus C. sinus venosus D. primitive ventricles

C. sinus venosus

The aorta is connected to the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery is connected to the left ventricle in which one of the following conditions? A. Coarctation of the aorta B. interrupted aortic arch C. transposition of the great vessels D. ductal constriction

C. transposition of the great vessels

Fetal risk factors for congenital heart disease include all of the following abnormalities except A. an Abnormal heart rate B. Abnormal amniotic fluid collections C. Extracardiac abnormalities D. A sibling with cardiac abnormality

D. A sibling with cardiac abnormality

In which one of the following conditions do the atria beat more than 400 bpm whereas the ventricular rate is 120 to 200 bpm? A. Atrioventricular block B. Ventricular fibrillation C. Atrial flutter D. Atrial fibrillation

D. Atrial fibrillation

A fetal heart with a large RA, small RV, apically displaced TV, hydrops, arrhythmia, and abnormal right ventricular contraction raises suspicion for which heart defect? A. DORV B. TAPVR C. Situs inversus D. Epstein's Anomaly

D. Epstein's Anomaly

Failure of the leaflets to close completely, allowing blood to leak backward into the left atrium, is called ____ regurgitation A. Tricuspid B. Aortic C. Pulmonic D. Mitral

D. Mitral

The most common form of cyanotic heart disease is which one of the following? A. Pentalogy of Cantrell B. Myocarditis C. Single ventricle D. Tetralogy of fallot

D. Tetralogy of fallot

In which of the following congenital heart lesions does only one great artery arise from the base of the heart? A. A single ventricle B. A single atrium C. Transposition D. Truncus arteriosus

D. Truncus arteriosus

The primitive cardiovascular system is formed by blood vessels including all of the following except: A. yolk sac B. chorion C. connecting stalk D. amnion

D. amnion

Which one of the following abnormalities is communication between the right and left atrium that persists after birth? A . patent ductus arteriosus B. ventricular septal defect C. persistent ductus venosus D. atrial septal defect

D. atrial septal defect

The tricuspid valve is normally located ____ to the mitral valve A. Slightly superior to B. slightly inferior to C. At the same level as D. Slightly ventral too

D. slightly inferior to