Digestive System
The most inferior division of the pharynx is the __________. -nasopharynx -laryngopharynx -oropharynx -larynx
laryngopharynx; The laryngopharynx is part of the alimentary canal, as well as a passageway of the respiratory system.
Which of the following is NOT a major job of the digestive system? -manufacturing blood cells -acid-base homeostasis -ingestion of vitamins and minerals -fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
manufacturing blood cells
Damage to the enteric nervous system that innervates the digestive organs could affect: -mastication. -salivation. -deglutition. -motility.
motility
Absorption is best described as the: -movement of food particles through the wall of the alimentary canal. -passage of foods and liquids from one digestive organ to the next. -elimination of feces and some metabolic wastes. -reactions that break chemical bonds of food particles.
movement of food particles through the wall of the alimentary canal.
Jerry had an ulcer affecting the innermost epithelium of the stomach facing the lumen. Which layer of the alimentary canal was ulcerated? -serosa (adventitia) -muscularis externa -submucosa -mucosa
mucosa
What do goblet cells secrete? -sebum -earwax -mucus -sweat
mucus; Goblet cells secrete mucus and are found in mucosae layers throughout the body.
Which of the following is not part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract? -stomach -esophagus -pharynx -pancreas
pancreas; The pancreas is an accessory organ of the digestive system, but is not part of the digestive tract.
Which nervous system primarily controls and increases salivation? -parasympathetic nervous system -enteric nervous system -submucosal nervous system -sympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
The function of lysozyme in saliva is to __________. -perforate bacterial plasma membranes -digest polysaccharides -bind specific antigens -keep oral mucosa moist
perforate bacterial plasma membranes; The enzyme lysozyme catalyzes the perforation of bacterial plasma membranes. This allows bactericidal substances in the saliva to enter and kill the bacteria.
The bolus is able to move down the esophagus even if you are upside-down, because of __________. -mucus -gravity -peristalsis -segmentation
peristalsis; During swallowing, the skeletal muscle and smooth muscle of the esophagus undergo peristalsis, which pushes the bolus inferiorly.
What is the main job of the pharynx? -mechanical digestion -propulsion -secretion -absorption
propulsion
Rolita had the mumps as a child and experienced swelling in the parotid glands. What do these glands secrete? -oil -tears -sweat -saliva
saliva
Which of the following catalyzes carbohydrates in the mouth? -salivary amylase -secretory IgA -bicarbonate ions -lysozyme
salivary amylase
Which of the following is NOT a process occurring in the oral cavity? -chemical digestion -propulsion -ingestion -segmentation
segmentation
During the swallowing reflex __________. -the epiglottis closes off the glottis -breathing rate increases -the tongue closes off the pharynx -the esophageal sphincter closes off the esophagus
the epiglottis closes off the glottis; During the swallowing reflex, the larynx elevates, and the epiglottis closes off the glottis to prevent entry of food or drinks into the larynx and trachea.
The first sphincter encountered in the alimentary canal is the: -gastroesophageal sphincter. -pyloric sphincter. -ileocecal sphincter. -upper esophageal sphincter.
upper esophageal sphincter. Submit
What creates the mesentery? -visceral peritoneum -greater omentum -muscularis externa -parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
Many chemotherapy treatments for cancer kill rapidly dividing cells. What happens to a patient's digestive system on this kind of treatment? -Chemotherapy treatments will reduce the ability of the submucosa to maintain its epithelial lining. -Chemotherapy treatments will reduce the ability of the lamina propria to maintain its epithelial lining. -Chemotherapy treatments will reduce the ability of the mucosa to maintain its epithelial lining. -Chemotherapy treatments will reduce the ability of the serosa to maintain its epithelial lining.
-Chemotherapy treatments will reduce the ability of the mucosa to maintain its epithelial lining; The epithelium from the stomach to the end of the large intestine is simple columnar epithelium with copious mucus-secreting cells such as goblet cells. The mucus coats the epithelium, protecting it and the underlying tissues from ingested food and chemicals secreted by digestive organs. The mucosa also houses regenerative epithelial cells that have a high rate of mitosis. These cells allow the mucosa to replace epithelial cells as they are damaged or sloughed off in the alimentary canal. Chemotherapy drugs that cause the death of the rapidly dividing cells will kill many of these cells, reducing the ability of the mucosa of the alimentary canal to maintain its epithelial lining.
From deep (innermost) to superficial (outermost), the layers of the organs of the alimentary canal are:1. mucosa2. muscularis externa3. serosa (adventitia)4. submucosa -1, 4, 3, 2 -1, 4, 2, 3 -3, 2, 4, 1 -1, 2, 4, 3
1, 4, 2, 3
Which of the following functions is not associated with the digestive system? -Absorption -Secretion -Filtration -Ingestion
Filtration; Filtration is a function of the renal system, not the digestive system.
Which antibody class is secreted by the salivary glands? -IgE -IgM -IgA -IgG
IgA; IgA is present in numerous secretions from the body including saliva, tears, sweat, and breast milk.
Certain diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, will weaken the swallowing reflex and decrease the muscularis externa activity in the esophagus. What is one type of complication that can result? -Patients with Parkinson's disease may aspirate their food because the swallowing reflex may not properly trigger the elevation of the larynx. -Patients with Parkinson's disease may have their food enter the stomach too quickly because the muscularis externa will increase peristalsis. -Patients with Parkinson's disease may have trouble creating a bolus and pushing it posteriorly toward the oropharynx. -Patients with Parkinson's disease will vomit more often due to the muscularis externa activity being decreased.
Patients with Parkinson's disease may aspirate their food because the swallowing reflex may not properly trigger the elevation of the larynx; The difficulty with swallowing for patients with Parkinson's disease can lead to aspiration of food, or the entry of food into the larynx because the swallowing reflex does not properly trigger the elevation of the larynx. In addition, the decrease in activity of the muscularis externa of the esophagus will decrease peristaltic activity, potentially allowing the bolus to become lodged in the esophagus.
Why would decreased saliva lead to tooth decay? -Saliva contains salivary amylase which initiates the digestion of proteins in the food and bacteria in the oral cavity, preventing tooth decay. -Saliva contains bicarbonate ions, which increases the acidity in the oral cavity, preventing tooth decay. -Saliva helps to moisten and cleanse the oral cavity and contains lysozymes and IgA to kill pathogenic bacteria, preventing tooth decay. -Saliva lubricates and mixes ingested food, allowing it to be swallowed quickly and preventing tooth decay.
Saliva helps to moisten and cleanse the oral cavity and contains lysozymes and IgA to kill pathogenic bacteria, preventing tooth decay; Saliva performs several functions in the oral cavity, including moistening, lubricating, and cleansing the oral mucosa. Saliva washes away many of the acids and other material produced by the normal flora in the mouth that cause tooth decay. In addition, its lysozyme and IgA deter the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the oral cavity. Any condition that decreases the production of saliva will create favorable conditions for bacterial activity and tooth decay.
Why do chemical warfare agents (nerve gases) that block the enzyme acetylcholinesterase cause drooling in individuals affected by them? -Acetylcholine stimulates the release of acetylcholinesterase from the salivary glands, generating excessive salivation. -The reflex arc of salivation ends when acetylcholinesterase stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, causing salvation to stop. If acetylcholinesterase cannot stimulate the parasympathetic neurons, excessive salivation will occur. -By blocking acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine cannot bind to their receptors on the salivary glands, increasing saliva secretion. -Salivation is stimulated by the release of acetylcholine by the parasympathetic nervous system. If ACh cannot be broken down by acetylcholinesterase, excess salivation will occur.
Salivation is stimulated by the release of acetylcholine by the parasympathetic nervous system. If ACh cannot be broken down by acetylcholinesterase, excess salivation will occur; Secretion of saliva is stimulated by parasympathetic neurons that release acetylcholine (ACh) onto target cells. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh. If acetylcholinesterase is blocked, it will be unable to remove ACh from its receptors. Anything that increases the amount of ACh will also increase the production and release of saliva, which results in drooling.
Why would a disorder of the digestive system disrupt homeostasis? -The digestive system plays a critical role in regulating volume, composition, and pH of body fluids by removing wastes to maintain homeostasis. -The digestive system plays a critical role in many physiological processes that contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis, including supplying dietary nutrients, absorbing water, minerals, and vitamins for healthy body tissues, and eliminating wastes. -The digestive system plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis by communication and regulation of body tissues via impulses and hormones. -The digestive system plays a critical role in delivering nutrients to body tissues and removing wastes in order to maintain homeostasis.
The digestive system plays a critical role in many physiological processes that contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis, including supplying dietary nutrients, absorbing water, minerals, and vitamins for healthy body tissues, and eliminating wastes;
Why does peritonitis, inflammation of the peritoneal membrane, affect multiple digestive organs? -The peritoneal membrane surrounds the stomach only, so inflammation of the membrane will affect those not protected by it. -The peritoneal membrane surrounds many abdominal organs, so inflammation of the membrane will affect multiple organs rapidly. -The peritoneal membrane does not surround the accessory organs of the digestive system and so inflammation of the membrane will spread to these organs rapidly. -The peritoneal membrane surrounds the accessory organs of the digestive system so inflammation of the membrane will rapidly affect all the other abdominal organs.
The peritoneal membrane surrounds many abdominal organs, so inflammation of the membrane will affect multiple organs rapidly; The abdominopelvic cavity houses the largest serous membrane in the body, the peritoneal membrane. The peritoneal membranes surround several abdominal organs, including the stomach, small intestines, spleen and the liver, and partially surrounds others like the pancreas. Peritonitis is an inflammation of the peritoneum. Peritonitis results when substances such as blood or the contents of an abdominal organ leak into the peritoneal cavity. Usually, this is due to abdominal trauma that ruptures a blood vessel or abdominal organ and often involves a bacterial infection. For this reason, it is quite easy for an infection to spread rapidly from one organ to another.
Splanchnic circulation involves the blood supply that feeds and drains: -abdominal digestive organs. -thoracic digestive organs. -thoracic cardiovascular organs. -abdominal reproductive organs.
abdominal digestive organs.
The portion of a tooth that is visible above the gum line is known as the: -root -.cementum. -crown. -pulp.
crown
A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would: -increase gastric secretion. -increase the motility of muscularis externa. -decrease the motility of muscularis externa. -decrease gastric secretion.
decrease the motility of muscularis externa.
Mary's stroke left her unable to swallow. What specialized type of propulsion was affected? -segmentation -salivation -mastication -deglutition
deglutition
The crown of a tooth is covered by: -dentin. -enamel. -pulp. -cementum.
enamel
Which of the following is an organ of the alimentary canal? -esophagus -liver -pancreas -spleen
esophagus
Which tongue papillae lack taste buds? -foliate -circumvallate -filiform -fungiform
filiform
Which of the following tongue papillae do not contain taste buds? -fungiform -foliate -filiform -circumvallate
filiform; Filiform papillae play no role in taste, and are instead covered with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium, which assists in mechanical digestion.
What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity? -extrinsic and intrinsic muscles -labial frenulum and lingual frenulum -periodontal ligament -hard palate and soft palate
hard palate and soft palate
Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's white blood cells attack and destroy exocrine glands, specifically the salivary glands. What could a patient with this syndrome expect? -increased risk of dental cavities, or caries -increased production of salivary amylase -increased saliva production -impaction of the wisdom teeth
increased risk of dental cavities, or caries
What region of the esophagus is composed of smooth muscle only? -middle third of the esophagus -superior third of the esophagus -entire length of the esophagus -inferior third of the esophagus
inferior third of the esophagus
What is the first process to occur in the digestive system? -ingestion -defecation -peristalsis -absorption
ingestion
The sympathetic nervous system: -is the primary regulator of digestive processes. -has no effect on digestive processes. -stimulates digestive processes. -inhibits digestive processes.
inhibits digestive processes.
