DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE
The gastric fundic glands consist of the following cells, EXCEPT: A - chief cells; B - parietal cells; C - mucous neck cells; D - enteroendocrine cells; E - goblet cells.
E
The amplification of the small intestine mucosa surface for digestion and absorption is provided by: (1) plicae circulares (2) intestinal villi (3) microvilli of enterocytes (4) goblet cells
1,2,3
The epithelium of the small intestine villi contains the following cells: (1) absorptive cells (2) goblet cells (3) endocrine cells (4) Paneth cells
1,2,3
The following statements regarding the intestinal goblet cells are true: (1) contain mucinogen granules in the apical distended portion (2) contain organelles and nuclei in the narrow basal portion (3) produce mucus (4) are located only in intestinal villi
1,2,3
The stomach functions are: (1) chyme formation from the food bolus (2) passage of chyme into the duodenum (3) protein digestion by pepsin (4) neutral fat absorption
1,2,3
The gastric pits are: (1) glands (2) crypts (3) villi (4) invaginations of the epithelium into the mucosal lamina propria
4
The gastric surface epithelium is called mucous, because: (1) it is covered with thick mucus layer (2) gastric mucosa contains glands (3) gastric glands possess mucous cells (4) each cell of this epithelium produces mucus
4
Each of the following statements concerning the enterocytes of the small intestine epithelium is true, EXCEPT: A - are tall columnar; B - lack microvilli; C - are specialized for absorption and transport of substances from the gut lumen to circulation; D - enterocyte junctions establish a barrier between the lumen and the intercellular compartment; E - produce enzymes needed for terminal digestion and absorption.
B
Each of the following statements concerning the parietal cells of the gastric glands is true, EXCEPT: A - secrete hydrochloric acid; B - secrete pepsinogen; C - their activity is stimulated by gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine; D - secrete an intrinsic factor; E - their intrinsic factor is essential for vitamin B12 absorption.
B
Each of the following statements concerning the undifferentiated cells of the gastric glands is true, EXCEPT: A - are located mainly in the neck region of the glands; B - are absent in the pyloric glands; C - give rise to all glandular cell types; D - serve for renewal of gastric surface epithelium; E - their descendants migrate upwards along the pit and are shed at the luminal surface.
B
1. Each of the following statements concerning the gastric mucosa is true, EXCEPT: A - gastric pits form its microrelief; B - is covered with simple columnar mucous epithelium; C - possesses its own nerve plexus; D - its lamina propria contains simple tubular glands; E - its muscularis mucosae consists of three muscle layers.
C
Each of the following statements concerning the lipid absorption in the small intestine is true, EXCEPT: A - enterocytes absorb fatty acids and glycerol from the lumen; B - enterocytes resynthesize neutral fat; C - neutral fat is transported into the lacteal; D - neutral fat is transported into the blood capillaries; E - contractions of the villus muscle cells drive away chyle from the lacteal.
D
Each of the following statements concerning the pyloric region of the stomach is true, EXCEPT: A - pyloric gastric pits are deep and occupy about half of the mucosa thickness; B - pyloric glands are tubular branched; C - mucous cells are predominant in pyloric glands; D - pyloric glands contain parietal cells; E - its muscularis externa is very thick.
D
There are two slides of different parts of the stomach. One of them reveals branched glands mainly consisting of mucous cells. In the second slide, the gastric glands look like tubules and contain the chief and parietal cells. What divisions of the stomach are seen in the slides? What components of gastric juice do the cells revealed secrete? What gastric tunic are the glands found in?
In the first slide, the pyloric region of the stomach is seen; in the second slide, the fundic part. Gastric glands produce gastric juice and are found in the mucous membrane. Glandular mucous cells secrete mucus, the chief cells secrete enzymes, mainly pepsinogen, and the parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid and the intrinsic factor.
The epithelium of the small intestine villi is completely renewed every 5 days. What cells in the small intestine epithelium are cambial and where are they located?
The cambial epithelial cells in the small intestine are called intermediate cells located in crypts.
Among the microphotographs of different parts of the small intestine, it is necessary to select the duodenum. What structural features are indicative of the duodenum?
The duodenal glands located in the submucosa. These glands are called Brunner's glands
The patient was diagnosed as having poor gastric digestion of proteins. His gastric juice had low acidity. What cells of the gastric glands were functionally incompetent?
The hypoacidity of gastric juice results from functional inhibition of the parietal cells of gastric glands. Hydrochloric acid converts the inactive enzyme pepsinogen to active pepsin- digesting proteins. The patient's poor protein digestion is due to low acidity of gastric juice.
The histological slides of different digestive organs were treated with the method staining mucous cells bright crimson. What cells were revealed in the stomach and in the small intestine? Name the tunics where the cells are found.
The method described reveals mucus-secreting cells in the mucosa of the stomach and the small intestine. In the stomach, these cells are the covering epitheliocytes and the mucous cells in the gastric glands. In the small intestine, these cells are the goblet cells of the intestinal epithelium.
The stomach biopsy revealed numerous gastrin-secreting cells (G-cells) and their increased activity. What gastric cells are the targets for gastrin? What physiological changes are caused by the increase in gastrin production?
The targets for gastrin are the parietal cells of gastric glands. The activation of G-cells and the increased gastrin production result in hyperacidity of gastric juice.
The epithelium of the small intestine crypts contains the following cells: (1) goblet cells (2) intermediate cells (3) Paneth cells (4) endocrine cells
all
The following statements regarding the chief cells of the gastric glands are true: (1) are located in the deepest parts of the fundic glands (2) are typical protein-secreting cells (3) secrete pepsinogen, an inactive pepsin precursor (4) pepsinogen is converted to pepsin after contact with the acid gastric juice
all
The three smooth muscle layers of the gastric muscularis mucosae provide: (1) gastric peristalsis (2) chyme passing into the duodenum (3) plication of the gastric mucosa (4) outflow of gland secretion
4
Each of the following statements concerning the Paneth cells of the small intestine mucosa is true, EXCEPT: A - are located in villus epithelium; B - have large acidophilic apical granules; C - their granules contain the antibacterial enzyme lysozyme; D - their lysozyme digests cell walls of certain bacteria; E - take part in regulation of normal intestinal bacterial flora.
A
Each of the following statements concerning the gastric fundic glands is true, EXCEPT: A - occur in the submucosa; B - are simple tubular and slightly branched; C - secrete gastric juice; D - consist of five cell types; E - open into gastric pits.
A
Each of the following statements concerning the renewal of the intestinal epithelium is true, EXCEPT: A - all mature cells arise from the common stem (intermediate) cells; B - intermediate cells are located in the lower half of crypts; C - epithelial cells, except Paneth cells, migrate from crypts onto villi; D - Paneth cells are stem cells for intestinal epithelium; E - mature cells are shed at tops of villi.
D
Each of the following statements concerning the intestinal villus is true, EXCEPT: A - its core consists of connective tissue; B - contains fenestrated sinusoidal blood capillaries; C - contains a blind-ending lymphatic capillary called the lacteal; D - smooth muscle cells derived from muscularis mucosae extend to the villus and accompany the lacteal; E - lacks the covering epithelium.
E
The distinctive feature of the duodenum is the presence of: A - lymphatic nodules; B - Pejer's patches; C - mucosal villi; D - mucosal crypts; E - submucosal glands.
E
The electron micrographs of the small intestine crypts show cells with secretory granules. Some of the cells contain large dense granules at the apical cytoplasmic pole. The other cells contain smaller granules concentrated at the basal cytoplasmic pole. Identify the secretory cells and their functions.
The cells containing granules at the apical cytoplasmic pole are Paneth cells. These cells secrete enzymes and lysozyme and take part in the regulation of normal intestinal bacterial flora. The basally granulated cells are endocrine cells (cells of the APUD system). These cells produce hormones regulating secretory, proliferative, and contractile activity of the small intestine cells.
The following statements regarding the crypts of the small intestine mucosa are true: (1) are epithelial invaginations into the lamina propria (2) extend through the lamina propria thickness up to the muscularis mucosae (3) are tubular structures (4) open onto the luminal surface at villus bases
all
The following statements regarding the enteroendocrine cells of the gastric glands are true: (1) they are more prevalent at the base of the glands (2) any cells do not reach the gland lumen (3) some cells are in contact with the gland lumen (4) secrete hormones: gastrin, secretin, etc.
all
The following statements regarding the gut-associated lymphoid tissue are true: (1) after antigen stimulation, lymphocytes migrate to lymphatic nodes and differentiate into plasma cells (2) plasma cells secrete IgA (3) enterocytes produce secretory glycoprotein (4) the IgA-secretory glycoprotein complex passes into the lumen to inactivate antigens
all
The following statements regarding the gut-associated lymphoid tissue are true: (1) lymphocytes infiltrate the mucosal epithelium and the lamina propria (2) lamina propria contains lymphatic nodules and Pejer's patches (3) epithelial M cells transport antigens from the gut lumen to lymphocytes (4) antigens stimulate lymphocytes for immune response
all
The following statements regarding the microvilli of the small intestine epithelium are true: (1) are small finger-like projections of the enterocyte apical plasma membrane (2) microvilli appear as a "brush border" (3) provide major surface amplification for digestion and absorption (4) the brush border is broken off over goblet cells
all
The following statements regarding the parietal cells of the gastric glands are true: (1) are located both in the neck and in the deeper gland parts (2) secrete hydrochloric acid and the intrinsic factor (3) their cytoplasm stains intensely with eosin and other acid dyes (4) have an extensive intracellular canalicular system
all