digestive system/intro to nutrition

majority of nutrients are absorbed into?

bloodstream

areas of the stomach in order:

1. cardia 2. fundus: forms a distensible pouch that expands 3: body: forms a distensible pouch in the middle of body 4: antrum: grinds up the food & regulates hydrochloric acid 5: pylorus: regulates movement of chyme (digested stomach contents into the duodenum) and the production of hydrochloric acid

5 functions of the digestive tract?

1: prehension (mouth grabbing, holding) 2: mastication (chewing) 3: chemical digestion (breaking down) 4: absorption of nutrients & water 5: elimination of wastes

what organization sets the nutritional assessment guidelines?

AAHA (American Animal Hospital Association)

what do guinea pigs need?

Vitamin C

rectrum:

acts as a reservoir for feces

nonenergy, non-nutrients purposely?

add to good for the purpose of enchanting, makes them want to eat it more

what affects a dog or cats daily nutritional needs?

age, breed, gender, life style, individual metaeslim & disease prone

what are the names used for digestive tube?

alimentary canal, gut, gastrointestinal tract (GI)

the layers of GI wall

all is suspended from dorsal body wall by sheets of mesentery

how does weather affect the daily nutritional needs of dogs & cats?

an animal in the hot will need more water to keep hydrated, an animal in the cold will need more bulk to keep warm

nutritional excesses?

as harmful as, and more common than nutritional deficiencies, lifestage nutrition aids in avoiding nutritional excesses (well balancing)

colon:

ascending, transverse, descending

what is the cecum?

blind sac at ileocecal junction, poorly developed in carnivores

What does the digestive system do?

break complex food down into simple nutrient that the body can use, body absorbs the simple nutrients into the bloodstream

the monogastric stomach is generally divided into how many different areas? what are they?

caradia, fundus, body, antrum pylorus

what must be chemically absorbed?

carbohydrates, proteins, fats

what are absorbed intact across the small intestine wall?

carbohydrates, water, vitamins

where does the esophagus enter the stomach?

cardiac sphincter

how can we increase palatability?

changing what kind of food it is, raising the fat level, or heating it up

sphincter

circular muscle opening & closing

mucins:

complex molecules produced by goblet cells, main constituent of mucous coating

layer of GI wall: submucosa

contains glands & dense connective tissue

ileus:

decreased movement of ingesta

nonessential means?

doesn't have to be obtained from your diet, your body provides it

3 segments of the small intestine in order?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

what are 2 ways to fulfill the responsibilities of the RVT in regards to nutrition?

educate patients on nutritional needs of the pet, give clients instructions (what, how much, how often)

pepsin:

enzyme break down proteins into chains of amino acids; chains are broken down further in the small intestines

glands in stomach produce?

enzymes, mucus, hydrochloric acid & proteins

palatability?

essential component of an animals acceptance of a food, sensory factors such as smell, taste, color, texture, moisture, fat & protein levels, temperature, shape (cats)

fundus:

forms a distensible pouch that extends

amylase:

found in salvia of arnivores, breaks down amylose (sugar compound of starch), not found in carnivores (cats & dogs)

what are the key structures in the mouth?

hard palate, soft palate, tongue, tactile hairs, vestibule, palatine tonsil, philtrum

essential means?

has to be obtain from your diet

how has the small intestine adapted to increase surface area?

increase nutrient absorption - vili

enteritis-

inflammation of the intestine

antioxidants

inhibit oxidation of fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins, protects them from becoming rancid and losing potency, vitamin C & E

most cases of diarrhea are caused by what?

lack of segmental contractions

layer of GI wall: mucosa

lining layer and consists of lining epithelium & some loose connective tissue, inside & out

what does lipase break down?

lipids (fats) milk

list the accessory digestive organs

liver, gall bladder, pancreas, salivary gland

what are the goals of nutrients for companion animals?

maintain health and maximize the length & quality of life by reducing nutrition risk

bicarbonate ions:

makes mucous cost more alkaline, neutralizing hydrochloric acid; protects stomach wall

what are the goals of nutrition for large animals?

maximize meat & milk production, rapid meat production, increased quality of milk production (more product, less life)

lipase:

maybe found in saliva of some young animals while nursing

type of diet: carnivores

meat eaters (cats)

what is the connective tissue that suspends the digestive tube in the abdomen called? what does it contain?

mesentery: blood vessels, nerves & connective tissue

main difference between monogastric & ruminant digestive system?

monogastric a simple/one chamber stomach (cat & dogs) ruminant a four chamber stomach (cows & goat)

reflux:

movement of ingesta back up the esophagus (vomit)

rugae (rugal folds)

multiple, long folds line all parts of the stomach

esophagus:

muscular tube that extends from pharynx (throat) to stomach *transport tube only*

what does conditionally essential mean?

must be obtained from the diet during certain stages of life or diseases

layer of GI wall:

outermost layer that consists of a thin, tough layer of connective tissue

4 pairs of salivary glands (PMSZ)

parotid, mandibular, sublingual, zygomatic

how do peristaltic and segmental contractions work?

peristaltic move in waves that propel contents through the tube segmental move back & forth which allow more time for absorption & digestion

enteric-

pertaining to the intestines

type of diet: omnivores

plant & meat eaters (dog)

type of diet: herbivores

plant eaters (rabbits)

humectants?

preservative additives that bind to water to inhibit mold and fungal growth

lists the nutrients that are energy producing?

protein, fat, carbohydrates

What do digestive enzymes do?

proteins that catalyze chemical reactions that break up food molecules

gastro-

stomach

nutrient:

substance that provides nutrientment to an organism

preservatives?

substances capable of inhibiting food deteriorating microbes

5 vital assessments:

temperature, pulse, respiratory (TPR), nutrients, pain

dehydration?

temperature, shape structure decrease in the water in the body

layer of GI wall: muscle

thick muscle

vili:

tiny, finger like projections that line the muscosa of the intestines

what are responsibilities of the RVT in regards of nutritions?

to increase equity of care to patients, helps establish a valuable personal professional relationship, increase profit

list the nutrients that are non-energy?

vitamins, minerals, sublements

3 categories of nutrients?

water, macronutrients, and micronutrients