Document Based Questions

Which of the following pieces of evidence best illustrates a late nineteenth-century effect of the actions shown in the cartoon above? A - Non-Europeans led successful nationalist uprisings, which led to independence for most before 1945. B - Extreme nationalist parties in Europe rose to prominence and focused on anti-immigration policies. C - Diplomatic tensions and competition among European states strained the alliance system. D - The exchange of goods shifted the center of economic power in Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic states.

C - Diplomatic tensions and competition among European states strained the alliance system.

Which of the following most directly prompted the Reichstag (the German legislature) to pass the above law? A - internal political disagreement over the definition of Jewish identity B - the German Nazi party's attempts to establish a new racial order in Europe C - the early success of Germany's Blitzkrieg warfare in Europe D - the German Nazi party's use of terror and manipulation to exploit postwar bitterness

C - the German Nazi party's attempts to establish a new racial order in Europe

When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organise itself as a class, if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class. In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." —Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto 1848What specific economic and social conditions were Marx and Engels referring to in this selection? A. the social order that developed following the French Revolution B.the impacts of the revolutionary upheaval of 1848 C. the social and economic order that emerged with the Industrial Revolution D. the societal concerns created due to Irish immigration after the potato famine

C. the social and economic order that emerged with the Industrial Revolution

"The wealth of China is used to profit the barbarians... By what right do they then in return use the poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people?... Since it is not permitted to do harm in your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries - how much less to China! Of all that China exports to foreign countries, there is not a single thing which is not beneficial to people... Now we have set up regulations governing the Chinese people. He who sells opium shall receive the death penalty and he who smokes it also the death penalty... [I]n the new regulations, in regard to the barbarians who bring opium to China, the penalty is fixed at decapitation or strangulation. This is what is called getting rid of a harmful thing on behalf of mankind..." —Letter from Lin Tse-hsu (Chinese official) to Queen Victoria of England, 1839 What motivated the British trade discussed by Lin Tse-hsu? A. retaliation for overpriced goods like silk and tea B. concern over the closure of Chinese markets to British textiles C. fear that the Chinese market would be taken over by other European nations, as well as the United States D. desire of merchants to use goods secured in India to improve their trade position in China

D. desire of merchants to use goods secured in India to improve their trade position in China

Monet's painting above best reflects which of the following nineteenth century artistic trends? a. breaking from classical artistic forms to emphasize intuition, the spirit, individuality, emotion, and natural histories b. the notion that science alone provides knowledge c. the desire to depict the life of ordinary people and to draw attention to social problems d. a move beyond the representational to the subjective and expressive

d. a move beyond the representational to the subjective and expressive

The passage above most directly reflects which of the following developments?

economic stagnation throughout the Soviet Union

"Great Britain will guarantee the Holy Places against all external aggression and will recognize their inviolability...On the other hand, it is understood that the Arabs have decided to seek the advice and guidance of Great Britain only, and that such European advisors and officials as may be required for the formation of a sound form of administrations will be British." —Sir Henry McMahon, Letter to Ali Ibn Husain, 1915 The focus of this suggestion of an agreement between the British and Arabs during World War I was focused on one of Britain's main enemies at that time, A. the Ottoman Empire. B. France. C. Germany. D. Syria.

A. the Ottoman Empire.

—Jonathan S. Perry, Lives and Legacies - Biographies in Western Civilization, Vol. 2, "The Age of Nationalism - Otto von Bismarck" Jonathan Perry suggests that Bismarck's political loyalties were most closely associated with the A. traditional noble landlords. B. rising industrial middle class. C. France lost the Franco-Prussian war and had paid a large war indemnity as a result. D. Germany seized several French ports and the fleets in order to expand German naval presence.

A. traditional noble landlords.

Which of the following was most likely employed by Mussolini to influence public opinion? (A) Censorship and control of the press (B) Suppression of traditional public education (C) Positive connections between church and state (D) Creation of Fascist youth organizations

(A) Censorship and control of the press

What historical evidence best supports James Giblin's argument that Hitler's military successes were based most clearly on the French and British aversion to war? (A) Nazi activities confined within Austria (B) European concerns over the rise of Fascism in Italy (C) European distrust for the Soviet Union (D) His tactics of gradual encroachment followed by peace

(A) Nazi activities confined within Austria

What historical evidence best supports James Giblin's argument that Hitler's military successes were based most clearly on the French and British aversion to war? (A) The annexation of Austria (B) European concerns over the rise of Fascism in Italy (C) European distrust for the Soviet Union (D) Invasion of Poland

(A) The annexation of Austria

Based on the argument in the above excerpt, European reaction to Hitler's activities is best described as a policy of (A) intervention through diplomatic channels (B) toleration and pacifism (C) limited military responses (D) imposing economic sanctions

(B) toleration and pacifism

The League of Nations' ineffectiveness against Hitler, as portrayed in the passage above, was most clearly the result of which of the following? (A) Structural issues limiting resolution enforcement (B) Historical affinities and alliances among European states (C) A lack of global representation within the organization (D) The inability to negotiate treaties

(C) A lack of global representation within the organization

Mussolini's theories regarding government and power were most clearly based on which of the following? (A) Social reforms aimed at reducing class struggles (B) Leadership based on a cult like status (C) Policies that provided economic growth through capitalism (D) Universal suffrage and free parliamentary elections

(D) Universal suffrage and free parliamentary elections

Which of these best describes why much of Wilson's plan for restoring peace and stability in the aftermath of World War I was rejected? A - Wilsonian idealism clashed with postwar realities in both the victorious and the defeated states. B - Fascist dictators rejected democratic institutions, instead glorifying war and nationalism. C - The League of Nations was weakened by the nonparticipation of Germany and the Soviet Union. D - Expectations in the non-European world for freedom from colonial domination led to international instability.

A - Wilsonian idealism clashed with postwar realities in both the victorious and the defeated states.

"The policy of colonial expansion is a political and economic system...that can be connected to three sets of ideas: economic ideas; the most far-reaching ideas of civilization; and ideas of a political and patriotic sort.In the area of economics, I am placing before you...the considerations that justify the policy of colonial expansion, as seen from the perspective of a need, felt more urgently by the industrialized population of Europe and especially the people of...France: the need for outlets [that is, for exports]....We must say openly...the higher races have a right over the lower races....I repeat, that the superior races...have the duty to civilize the inferior races...." Jules Ferry, Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, 1884 Which of the following was an unintended consequence of the process that Ferry advocated for in this excerpt? A. Non-Europeans began to challenge European imperialism through nationalist movements. B. Imperialism generated wars among rival European nations. C. Europeans justified imperialism through an ideology of cultural and racial superiority. D. The League of Nations distributed former German and Ottoman possessions to France and Great Britain through the mandate system.

A. Non-Europeans began to challenge European imperialism through nationalist movements.

"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe.... All these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere....The safety of the world...requires a unity in Europe....Surely we should work... within the structure of the United Nations....In a great number of countries...Communist fifth columns are established and work in...absolute obedience to the directions they receive from the Communist center.... The Communist parties or fifth columns constitute a growing challenge and peril to Christian civilization....The agreement which was made at Yalta...was extremely favorable to Soviet Russia....But what we have to consider here today while time remains is...the establishment of conditions of freedom and democracy...in all countries. Our difficulties and dangers...will not be removed by a policy of appeasement." Winston Churchill, "Iron Curtain Speech," Westminster College. Fulton, MO, March 5, 1946. The concerns expressed by Churchill in the excerpt above were a response to which of the following historical events? A. Countries in Eastern Europe came under the military, political, and economic domination of the Soviet Union. B. American and British industrial, scientific, and technological power and the all-out military commitment of the Soviet Union were crucial to the Allied victory in World War II. C. British fears of another war, American isolationism, and deep distrust between democratic states and the Soviet Union allowed fascist states to expand their territories. D. The newly created United Nations fostered international cooperation.

A. Countries in Eastern Europe came under the military, political, and economic domination of the Soviet Union

"The Rhodes Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo."Caricature of Cecil John Rhodes in Punch magazine, December 10, 1892. Which of the following pieces of evidence best supports the criticism of British policy represented in the cartoon above? A. Encounters with non-Europeans sparked debate over the acquisition of colonies. B. The exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases facilitated the destruction of indigenous peoples. C. Increased immigration into Europe altered religious makeup and sparked debates over the role of religion. D. Realist themes influenced art as painters drew attention to social problems.

A. Encounters with non-Europeans sparked debate over the acquisition of colonies.

"In every large works...the following rules shall be strictly observed....(1) The normal working day begins at all seasons at 6 a.m. precisely and ends...at 7 p.m.... Workers arriving 2 minutes late shall lose half an hour's wages....(3) No workman, whether employed by time or piece, may leave before the end of the working day, without having first received permission from the overseer....(7) All conversation with fellow-workers is prohibited....(10) Natural functions must be performed at the appropriate places, and whoever is found soiling walls, fences, squares, etc...shall be fined....(12) It goes without saying that all overseers and officials of the firm shall be obeyed without question, and shall be treated with due deference. Disobedience will be punished by dismissal.(13) Immediate dismissal shall also be the fate of anyone found drunk in any of the workshops....(15) Every workman is obliged to report to his superiors any acts of dishonesty or embezzlement on the part of his fellow workmen. "Factory Rules at the Foundry and Engineering Works of the Royal Overseas Trading Company in Berlin, 1844 The ideas expressed in the excerpt contributed to the conditions that fostered what subsequent event? A. Industrialization in Prussia allowed that state to become the leader of a unified Germany. B. Industrialization promoted population growth and lowered infant mortality. C. Economic motivations for marriage diminished as the notion of companionate marriage was adopted by the working classes. D. Leisure time centered increasingly on the family or small groups.

A. Industrialization in Prussia allowed that state to become the leader of a unified Germany.

"The wealth of China is used to profit the barbarians... By what right do they then in return use the poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people?... Since it is not permitted to do harm in your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries - how much less to China! Of all that China exports to foreign countries, there is not a single thing which is not beneficial to people... Now we have set up regulations governing the Chinese people. He who sells opium shall receive the death penalty and he who smokes it also the death penalty... [I]n the new regulations, in regard to the barbarians who bring opium to China, the penalty is fixed at decapitation or strangulation. This is what is called getting rid of a harmful thing on behalf of mankind..." —Letter from Lin Tse-hsu (Chinese official) to Queen Victoria of England, 1839 What was the British response to this request by the Chinese government? A. The British instigated a war using free trade as the justification. B. The British abandoned the opium trade in order to preserve access to Chinese markets. C. The British negotiated a trade agreement that allowed limited opium trade in the port of Canton. D. The British elected to leave the Chinese market entirely and turned their attention in India.

A. The British instigated a war using free trade as the justification.

"[May 1]...[N]ever...has a war been incited so shamelessly...as the one that Bismarck is currently trying to start against Austria.... Austria is supposed to be mobilizing against Prussia! Any child knows that the opposite is the case.... We...must come down on the side of the unjust cause, because we cannot tolerate the possibility of Austria gaining the upper hand in Germany.[August 19] ...[W]hat enviable luck...to have seen this turning-point in German history.... For years I have envied the Italians that they succeeded.... I have wished for a German Cavour and Garibaldi as Germany's political messiah.... I bow before the genius of Bismarck, who has achieved a masterpiece of political planning and action...how precisely he knew and used all the ways and means—his king, Napoleon, his army, the administration, Austria and her forces." Rudolf von Ihering, a liberal German politician, two Letters on Otto von Bismarck's policy of war with Austria, 1866 What made Bismarck's actions most similar to Cavour's, thus providing evidence to support the comparison made by von Ihering? A. They both used Realpolitik strategies, co-opting nationalist agendas to create a unified state. B. They both attempted to destabilize the balance of power. C. They both employed industrialized warfare and weaponry to unify their country. D. They were both conservatives who attempted to strengthen adherence to religious authorities.

A. They both used Realpolitik strategies, co-opting nationalist agendas to create a unified state.

"The wealth of China is used to profit the barbarians... By what right do they then in return use the poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people?... Since it is not permitted to do harm in your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries - how much less to China! Of all that China exports to foreign countries, there is not a single thing which is not beneficial to people... Now we have set up regulations governing the Chinese people. He who sells opium shall receive the death penalty and he who smokes it also the death penalty... [I]n the new regulations, in regard to the barbarians who bring opium to China, the penalty is fixed at decapitation or strangulation. This is what is called getting rid of a harmful thing on behalf of mankind..." —Letter from Lin Tse-hsu (Chinese official) to Queen Victoria of England, 1839 What nineteenth century liberal idea about free trade was challenged by this disagreement with China? A. Tariffs on trade were the best way to secure a nation's economic interests. B. Free trade led to peaceful relationships with other countries. C. Opening foreign markets in East Asia would prove to be an impossible task for European nations. D. Rising nations like the United States would not be able to challenge European trade interests in Asia.

B. Free trade led to peaceful relationships with other countries.

Excerpt from "The Doctrin of Fascism," an essay attributed to Benito Mussolini, 1931 Fascism attacks the whole complex of democratic ideologies and rejects them both in their theoretical premises and in their applications or practical manifestations. fascism denies that the majority, through the mere fact of being a majority, can rule human societies; it denies that this majority can govern by means of a periodical consultation; it affirms the irremediable, fruitful and beneficent inequality of men, who cannot be leveled by such a mechanical and extrinsic fact as universal suffrage. By democratic regimes we mean those in which from time to time the people is given the illusion of being sovereign, while true effective sovereignty lies in other, perhaps irresponsible and secret forces. If it is admitted that the nineteenth century has been the century of Socialism, Liberalism and Democracy, it does not follow that the twentieth must also be the century of Liberalism, Socialism and Democracy. Political doctrines pass; peoples remain. It is to be expected that this century may be that of authority, a century of the "Right," a Fascist century. If the nineteenth was the century of the individual it may be expected that this one may be the century of "collectivism" and therefore the century of the State. The keystone of Fascist doctrine is the conception of the State, of its essence of its task, of its ends. For Fascism the State is an absolute before which individuals and groups are relative. According to this piece, Fascism can best be described as A. A source of hope following the end of WWII B. An excess of nationalism in period leading up to WWI C. Bitterness stemming from the disillusions of WWI D. Optimism after the Russian Revolution

C. Bitterness stemming from the disillusions of WWI

"There is considerable debate among historians as to Bismarck's ultimate motivations in establishing a united German empire. Some suggest that he always remained at heart a Junker and a Prussian patriot who simply concluded that, if German unification was inevitable, it was best that the Prussian kingdom play the central role and ensure the creation of a conservative empire. Having presided over unification, Bismarck, as imperial chancellor, was determined to forge an imperial national identity. If the Second Reich was to be internally cohesive, he believed, Germans would have to subordinate their regional, political and religious loyalties to a new national allegiance. During these same years, Bismarck devoted considerable energies to diplomatic affairs, with the intention of establishing a peaceful European order in which the greatest threats, in Bismarck's estimation, came from a vengeful France and from the potentially volatile Balkan, where Austria and Russian interests might well collide as the decaying Ottoman Empire declined further." —Jonathan S. Perry, Lives and Legacies - Biographies in Western Civilization, Vol. 2, "The Age of Nationalism - Otto von Bismarck"Why would France be seeking revenge against Bismarck and Germany? A. France lost an important iron-producing colony in central Africa to Germany. B. Germany allied with Britain in the Crimean War against France, leading to a French loss. C. France lost the Franco-Prussian war and had paid a large war indemnity as a result. D. Germany seized several French ports and the fleets in order to expand German naval presence.

C. France lost the Franco-Prussian war and had paid a large war indemnity as a result.

"Italians! The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy. To help them with money, arms, and especially men, is the duty of every Italian. If the cities do not offer sufficient basis for insurrection, let the more resolute throw themselves into the open country. A brave man can always find a weapon... Let us arm. Let us fight for our brothers, tomorrow we can fight for ourselves. A handful of brave men, who have followed me into battle for our country, are advancing with me to the rescue. Italy knows them; they always appear at the hour of danger. Brave and generous companions, they have devoted their lives to their country; they will shed their last drop of blood for it, seeking no other reward than that of a pure conscience." —General Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1860What was the objective of the "brave and generous companions [who]...will shed their last drop of blood"? A. the overthrow of the leadership of Victor Emmanuel B. the removal of the pope as the spiritual and temporal leader of Italy C. the unification of the Italian states into one nation D. the establishment of a monarchy under the leadership of Camillo Cavour

C. the unification of the Italian states into one nation

Chamberlain's speech best serves as evidence of in which of the following European developments in the late 1930s? A - A policy of appeasement carried out by Western democracies enabled fascist states to re-arm and expand their territory. B - Deep distrust existed between Western democratic, capitalist nations and the communist Soviet Union. C - Western democracies failed to overcome the Great Depression and were weakened by extremist movements. D - New communication and transportation technologies multiplied the connections across time and space.

D - New communication and transportation technologies multiplied the connections across time and space.

Which of the following best describes the reason why, despite efforts to lessen the possibility of another major conflict, World War II began only twenty years after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles? A - After failures to establish functioning democracies, authoritarian dictatorships took power in Central and Eastern Europe during the interwar period. B - The distribution of former German and Ottoman possessions to France and Great Britain through the mandate system led to global war. C - In response to the destructive impact of war, European nations began to reject nationalism. D - The Versailles settlement assigned guilt and reparations for World War I to Germany.

D - The Versailles settlement assigned guilt and reparations for World War I to Germany.

Which of the following most likely influenced Churchill's position regarding European unity? A - The Atlantic Charter B - The Cold War C - The Russian Revolution D - The World Wars

D - The World Wars

Found on p. 662 of A History of Western Society, 11th Edition, since 1300, for AP*. Note: All entries are based on an index value of 100, equal to the per capita level of industrialization in Great Britain in 1900. Data for Great Britain includes Ireland, England, Wales, and Scotland. What best explains the patterns of declining industrialization in China and India during the nineteenth century? A - Mechanization and the factory system became the predominant modes of production by 1914. B - The persistence of pre-industrial agricultural practices and traditional land-owning patterns provoked famine, debt, and land shortages. C - As non-Europeans became educated in Western values, they modernized their own economies. D - The search for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods drove Europeans to colonize Asia.

D - The search for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods drove Europeans to colonize Asia.

The ideas expressed in the excerpt most strongly reflect which of the following interwar factors? A - French and British fears of another war B - weaknesses in economies worldwide C - postwar bitterness and economic instability in Germany and Italy D - Wilson's principle of national self-determination

D - Wilson's principle of national self-determination

"Italians! The Sicilians are fighting against the enemies of Italy and for Italy. To help them with money, arms, and especially men, is the duty of every Italian. If the cities do not offer sufficient basis for insurrection, let the more resolute throw themselves into the open country. A brave man can always find a weapon... Let us arm. Let us fight for our brothers, tomorrow we can fight for ourselves. A handful of brave men, who have followed me into battle for our country, are advancing with me to the rescue. Italy knows them; they always appear at the hour of danger. Brave and generous companions, they have devoted their lives to their country; they will shed their last drop of blood for it, seeking no other reward than that of a pure conscience." —General Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1860What two ideologies motivated Garibaldi? A. Marxism and liberalism B. Romanticism and conservatism C. conservatism and nationalism D. nationalism and republicanism

D. nationalism and republicanism

Summary: To sum up the whole, the British rule has been: morally, a great blessing; politically, peace and order on one hand, blunders on the other; materially, impoverishment, relieved as far as the railway and other loans go. The natives call the British system "Sakar ki Churi," the knife of sugar. That is to say, there is no oppression, it is all smooth and sweet, but it is the knife, notwithstanding. I mention this that you should know these feelings. Our great misfortune is that you do not know our wants. When you will know our real wishes, I have not the least doubt that you would do justice." —Dadabhai Naoroji, The Benefits of British Rule in India, 1871 (from MyHistoryLab)What event occurred in the decade prior to this document that reflected the Indian idea of "Sakar ki Churi"? A. the "Black Hole of Calcutta" rescue B. the assassination of the last Mughal emperor by mercenaries C. the collapse of the Indian pepper market due to unwarranted British influence D. the Sepoy rebellion against the British

D. the Sepoy rebellion against the British

To what is the piece referring when it describes liberalism as the ideology of the 19th century? a. The French Revolution-and the revolutions that followed it shaping the 19th century b. By the end of the 19th century, almost everyone in Europe had the right to vote c. The United States extensive participation European politics during the century d. The formation of the United Nations

a. The French Revolution-and the revolutions that followed it shaping the 19th century

"It would scarcely repay the trouble if we were to treat the historical significance of dreams as a separate topic.... But this only raises a fresh problem so long as a dream is regarded as an alien power in contrast to other more familiar forces of the mind; if a dream is recognized as a form of expression for impulses which are under the pressure of resistance during the day, but which have been able to draw reinforcement from deep-lying sources of excitation." Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900 Which of the following best is most directly reflected in Freud's argument? a. an emphasis on the irrational and the struggle between the conscious and subconscious b. a theory of relativity undermining the primacy of an objective view of nature c. a new model of thought based on the concept of natural rights and the principles of equality d. a belief in the importance of the role of emotions in the moral development of self and society

a. an emphasis on the irrational and the struggle between the conscious and subconscious

"It would scarcely repay the trouble if we were to treat the historical significance of dreams as a separate topic.... But this only raises a fresh problem so long as a dream is regarded as an alien power in contrast to other more familiar forces of the mind; if a dream is recognized as a form of expression for impulses which are under the pressure of resistance during the day, but which have been able to draw reinforcement from deep-lying sources of excitation." Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900 The worldview of which of the following eras was most directly undermined by the Freud's ideas as expressed in this excerpt? a. Romantic b. Nationalist c. Enlightenment d. Impressionist

c. Enlightenment

"That the various forms of epidemic, endemic, and other disease caused, or aggravated, or propagated chiefly amongst the labouring classes by atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the population in every part of the kingdom... That such disease, wherever its attacks are frequent, is always found in connexion with the physical circumstances above specified, and that where those circumstances are removed by drainage, proper cleaning, better ventilation, and other means of diminishing atmospheric impurity, the frequency and intensity of such disease is abated; and where the removal of noxious agencies appears to be complete, such disease almost entirely disappears... The primary and most important measures, and at the same time the most practicable, and within the recognized province, and within the recognized province of public administration, are drainage, the removal of all refuse of habitations, streets, and roads, and the improvement of the supplies of water." —Edwin Chadwick, Summary from the Poor Law CommissionersWhat specific type of reform did Chadwick's Summary from the Poor Law Commissioners help promote? a. hospital reform b. sanitation reform c. medical vaccinations for children d. government-provided medical care

sanitation reform

"When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation, the public power will lose its political character. Political power, properly so called, is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing another. If the proletariat during its contest with the bourgeoisie is compelled, by the force of circumstances, to organise itself as a class, if, by means of a revolution, it makes itself the ruling class, and, as such, sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class. In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." —Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto 1848Marx and Engels' assertion that "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all" is an extension of what other intellectual idea? Romanticism nationalism socialism Social Darwinism

socialism

The scene depicted in the illustration above is most clearly a result of which of the following developments of the late nineteenth century?

the creation of new innovations as a consequence of the Second Industrial Revolution