Dynamics of Personality-Engler Chapter 2

D

39. Which defense mechanism did Freud believe was crucial to the development of culture and civilization? a) Rationalization b) Reaction formation c) Identification d) Sublimation

B

According to Freud, the nature of our repressed wishes is best described as a) manifest. b) erotic. c) trivial. d) immoral.

B

Ana wakes up with a vivid memory of a dream. She writes down a summary of the plot of the dream. Later, while reading this summary, she speculates about the meaning that may underlie the dream. The summary she has recorded is best described as ____________; the underlying meaning is best described as __________. a) the latent dream; the manifest dream b) the manifest dream; the latent dream c) free association; unconscious process d) psychosexual; conscious

B

Antonio is a boy who, according to Freudian theory, is experiencing the Oedipus complex. Which of the following is most likely to be true about Antonio? a) He is less than three years old. b) He has a strong desire to have a special relationship with his mother. c) He views his father as an ally or teammate. d) He is in the genital stage of psychosexual development.

C

Brian, who feels sexual stirrings whenever he looks at his next-door neighbor, has convinced himself that she is actually aroused by him. Brian's belief reflects which of the following defense mechanisms? a) Displacement b) Identification c) Projection d) Reaction formation

A

Cahlil is angry at his mother but, rather than taking his anger out directly on her, he takes it out on his younger sister. Cahlil's behavior exemplifies a) displacement. b) projection. c) regression. d) sublimation.

C

Dr. Joseph Breuer, a forerunner in the development of psychoanalysis, treated Anna O. by a) forcing her to admit that she was feigning the illness. b) discovering the physiological basis of her problem. c) asking her to verbalize associations under hypnosis. d) preventing the development of a catharsis.

D

Dream work a) refers to the process by which a psychoanalyst interprets a patient's dream. b) refers to the process by which an individual interprets his or her own dream. c) occurs when work-related activities are causing significant unconscious anxiety in an individual. d) refers to the process that converts the latent content of dreams into the manifest dream.

C

Ego is to id as the ________ is to the _________. a) life instinct; death instinct b) sexuality; morality c) reality principle; pleasure principle d) unconscious; conscious

D

Freud believed that slips of the tongue a) stand in the way of recovery. b) are meaningless. c) are the result of physiological causes. d) have more than one determining factor.

C

Freud believed that the primary purpose of sexuality is a) to accommodate latent aggression. b) to facilitate interpersonal relations. c) to seek pleasure and reduce tension. d) reproduction.

B

Freud suggested that destructive or socially unacceptable wishes are repressed because they a) are incompatible with the Oedipal stage. b) are in conflict with one's self-image. c) would otherwise find an outlet in hysterical symptoms. d) are in opposition to the id.

C

In Freud's theory, the ego may be described as a) "the beast within." b) the most primitive part of the personality. c) "a rider trying to control a wild horse." d) what we understand to be our parents' moral judgment.

A

Inez is extremely self-critical and evaluates herself very harshly. According to Freudian theory, it is most likely that her ___________ is overdeveloped. a) superego b) id c) ego d) collective unconscious

C

Jennifer knows that she was punished as a child, but she cannot recall why she was punished no matter how much she tries or discusses the matter with other people. According to Freud, Jennifer's inability to remember best illustrates a) fixation. b) sublimation. c) resistance. d) catharsis.

B

Juan is a patient in psychoanalysis. During free association, Juan's psychoanalyst encourages Juan to a) employ logical thought processes. b) verbalize whatever comes to mind. c) employ aesthetic considerations. d) verbalize socially acceptable thoughts.

C

Mark is a twelve-year-old boy who has not experienced bed-wetting problems since he was a preschooler. However, he recently began wetting the bed after he learned that one of his parents had suddenly become seriously ill. Mark's recent bed-wetting is best labeled as which of the following defense mechanisms? a) Projection b) Displacement c) Regression d) Repression

A

Martina is a girl who is experiencing the Electra complex. Martina is most likely a) in preschool. b) in middle school. c) in high school. d) an adult.

D

Michelle is a psychotherapy client who has strong hostility toward her therapist, even though the therapist has done nothing to warrant such feelings. Michelle's reaction exemplifies a) positive repression. b) negative repression c) positive transference. d) negative transference.

A

Prototypes of sadistic and masochistic forms of behavior are present during which stage of psychosexual development? a) Anal b) Genital c) Oral d) Phallic

A

Psychic forces develop that inhibit the sexual drive and narrow its direction during which period of development? a) Latency b) Phallic c) Anal d) Oral

a

Samantha is very optimistic and trusting. These characteristics are most likely to result from issues at which stage of Samantha's development? a) Oral b) Anal c) Phallic d) Genital

B

Scott is a boy who is experiencing the oral stage of psychosexual development. What age is Scott most likely to be? a) Six months b) Two years c) Six years d) Sixteen years

C

Sophisticated neuroscientific tools such as the electroencephalogram, which measures electrical activity of the brain, and functional magnetic resonance imaging, which provides pictures of brain activity, have shown us that dreams a) occur in REM sleep only. b) assist us in destroying painful memories. c) help us understand our experiences and control our emotions. d) are completely meaningless and useless.

B

Steven is a "neat freak." He maintains very tight control over all aspects of his life. Steven is most likely to be fixated at the _______ stage. a) oral b) anal c) phallic d) latency

A

The Oedipus complex is to the Electra complex as ________ is to ________. a) castration anxiety; penis envy b) identification; sublimation c) phallic stage; genital stage d) secondary love object; primary love object

A

The dream we remember in the morning is known as the ________ dream, whereas its underlying meaning is referred to as the ________ dream. a) manifest; latent b) primary; secondary c) latent; manifest d) secondary; primary

C

The primary purpose of identifying neurological structures associated with Freud's psychoanalytic concepts is to a) apply reductionist methods in order to better understand Freud's theories. b) determine which of Freud's theories are irrelevant to modern culture. c) increase the knowledge base of clinicians and enrich clinical applications. d) identify patients who would not benefit from psychoanalysis.

B

The structure of personality that represents our basic drives, needs, and wishes is called the a) ego. b) id. c) unconscious. d) superego.

D

What did Freud mean when he said that children are polymorphous perverse? a) That their id is not fully developed, but their superego and ego are fully developed b) That they are more likely than are adults to commit perversions c) That they are uneducated when it comes to societal taboos d) That they find bodily or physical pleasure in many activities that have nothing to do with reproduction

B

What does the term libido refer to? a) Repressed aggressive impulses b) The energy derived from the sex drive c) The physical component of sexuality d) The term for "sexual intercourse" in German

D

What is one characteristic that all defense mechanisms have in common? a) They are difficult to observe in preschool-age children. b) They are always maladaptive. c) They always occur on a conscious level. d) They keep threatening impulses from becoming conscious.

C

What is the correct ordering of Freud's psychosexual stages? a) oral, anal, genital, phallic, latency b) oral, genital, anal, latency, phallic c) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital d) oral, phallic, genital, anal, latency

D

What is the status of the efforts undertaken to define Freud's concepts operationally? a) There have not yet been any efforts to define Freud's concepts operationally. b) Almost the entire theory has now been validated. c) So far, only his views on the psychology of females have been affirmed. d) Researchers have oversimplified or distorted many of the concepts.

A

What was the seduction theory that Freud eventually abandoned? a) The belief that adult neurosis is caused by childhood sexual abuse b) The belief that adult neurosis is the product of childhood sexual fantasies c) The belief that children unknowingly trigger adults' sexual fantasies d) The belief that children view their fathers as the seducers of their mothers

B

When Lisa was a child, her parents were negligent when it came to rewarding appropriate behavior and punishing inappropriate behavior. As a result, it is most likely that, as an adult, Lisa would display an a) overdeveloped superego. b) underdeveloped superego. c) overdeveloped ego. d) underdeveloped id.

A

When a patient in psychoanalysis reexperiences emotions and conflicts from his or her past but focuses these feelings on the therapist, he or she is said to be experiencing a) transference. b) identification. c) free association. d) catharsis.

D

Which of the following Freudian ideas has been found by research to have little basis in fact? a) Depression is aggression turned against the self. b) Dream symbolism reflects emotional concerns. c) There is a tendency to repress the memory of negative events. d) Women have a negative self-image because they lack a penis.

A

Which of the following Freudian ideas has been most consistent with research findings? a) The oral and anal personality types b) The notion that dreams fulfill unconscious wishes c) The idea that people protect themselves by projecting their own undesirable traits on others d) The idea that mental disturbance results from conflicting sexual or aggressive wishes

B

Which of the following best describes false memories, as discussed by researchers such as Loftus (1993)? a) Some memories recalled independently are distorted, but all memories recalled during psychotherapy are factual. b) False memories recalled during psychotherapy can lead to lawsuits against the alleged perpetrators of abuse or incest. c) False memories are factual events that people will purposely distort in order to avoid responsibility. d) False memories are the pleasant memories that psychotherapists "plant" in a patient's brain during a therapy session to replace the painful memories.

A

Which of the following is true with regard to Sigmund Freud's personal background? a) He was Jewish. b) He was raised by a single parent. c) He studied cocaine but never used the drug himself. d) He was born in the United States.

D

Which of the following is true with regard to defense mechanisms? a) Studies of Asian Buddhists living in Thailand show that they use entirely different defense mechanisms from those used by Americans. b) The component of the psyche from which defense mechanisms develop is the id. c) Individuals are consciously aware of almost all of the defense mechanisms they develop. d) Defense mechanisms help the individual cope with anxiety.

D

Which of the following is true with regard to the use of technology (for example, brain scanners and monitors of brain electrical activity) in the recent study of Freud's theories? a) Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technology does not confirm the existence of unconscious emotional processes. b) Researchers have not yet used such technology to study Freud's theories, but they may begin to do so in the next few decades. c) Functional MRI technology has identified that the lateral prefrontal cortex is without question the sole location for all unconscious activity. d) Activity in brain regions such as the amygdala and the hippocampus supports the existence of unconscious activity, as suggested by Freud.

A

Which of the following occurs during the genital stage? a) Sexual energies are focused on reproduction. b) Sexual impulses are inhibited as sexual energy is channeled through other outlets. c) The company of same-sex peers is preferred. d) The sexual drive becomes autoerotic.

B

Which of the following would appropriately fit the definition of drive in Freud's theory? a) The envy Lena feels when she looks at Sally's car b) The lust Dennis feels on his wedding night c) The sadness Glenda felt when she lost her dog d) The headache Ron got from straining his vision

A

Which part of the personality is in charge in the well-adjusted adult personality? a) Ego b) Superego c) Ego-ideal d) Id