Earth science

Order the events that form an angular unconformity from the first event at the bottom (oldest) to the last event at the top (youngest).

1. hor rocks are deposited over eroded tilted beds 2. uplift occurs, and folded rocks are eroded 3. rocks are folded 4. oldest rocks are deposited horz

Place the layers of Earth in order, beginning with the layer with the highest elevation at the top and ending with the layer making up the center of Earth at the bottom. Position 1 of 6 Outer core incorrect toggle button unavailable Outer core

1.cont crust 2. oceanic crust 3. upper mantle 4. lower mantle 5. outer core 6. inner core

The atmosphere extends approximately ______ from Earth's surface. Multiple choice question.

100 kilometers

Which of the following are situations in which distinct layers would likely be formed in sedimentary rock sequences?

A conglomerate is adjacent to a sandstone. A quartz sandstone and a limestone are adjacent to one another.

Which of the following properties of sedimentary rock may create distinct layers or beds? Multiple select question.

Adjacent layers that contain different grain sizes Adjacent layers that are different compositions

Pharmaceutical mineral

Always composed of a single chemical element, potassium (K)

Select the five oceans of Earth from the list below. Multiple select question.

Arctic Ocean Southern Ocean Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean

Which of the following statements about James Hutton are correct?

Argued that the time required for geologic processes was much greater than currently perceived (in the late 1700s) Reasoned that ancient geologic features can be explained by present geologic processes Made many of his observations in Scotland Considered to be one of the founders of geology

Where are the oldest rocks in the column of sedimentary rocks shown in the diagram? Multiple choice question.

At the bottom

Prec streams evaporation groundwater flow ocean waves

Atmospheric water vapor forms drops and falls to the ground. Moving water flows downhill and sculpts the landscape in its path. Energy transformations cause water to collect in the atmosphere from all of Earth's surfaces. Water seeps into the ground and flows through rock and soil. This is motion caused by the transfer of momentum between wind and a body of water.

Select the names of the four main spheres of Earth.

Bio Litho Atmosphere Hydrosphere

After Antarctica, South America, and North America, the other four continents on Earth are

Blank 1: Australia or Oceania Blank 2: Asia or Eurasia Blank 3: Europe Blank 4: Africa

What is true about asbestos?

Chrysotile (white) asbestos does not pose a significant health risk unless breathed in large amounts for a long time. Amphibole (blue) asbestos poses a severe health risk.

Which of the following occur as sediment is transported away from its source area?

Clasts become better sorted. Clasts become more rounded. Clasts become smaller.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of rocks with clastic textures? Multiple choice question.

Composed of crystals with interlocking minerals

nonmineral

Created in a laboratory, organic composition, randomly arranged atoms

Which of the following are hazards associated with volcanic gases? Multiple select question.

Crop destruction Death to humans and animals Poisoned drinking water

Which of the following are attributes that are evaluated to classify crystalline and clastic rocks?

Crystal/clast shape Crystal/clast size Presence/absence of layers Minerals present

Which of the following are criteria that must be fulfilled for a substance to be considered a mineral? Multiple select question.

Crystalline solid Naturally occurring Inorganic

Match the plate boundary type with an example location.

Divergent matches Choice, Mid-Atlantic Ridge Mid-Atlantic Ridge Convergent matches Choice, Along the west coast of South America Along the west coast of South America Transform matches Choice, Along central California coast Along central California coast Need help? Review these concept resources. Feedback Next QuestionReading

Which of the following would be associated with the eruption of a felsic lava? Multiple select question.

Formation of an eruption column of ash Formation of a volcanic dome Pyroclastic flows moving down the slopes of a composite volcano

crystalline

Forms in high-temperature environments; minerals are interlocking

clastic

Forms in low-temperature environments, at or near Earth's surface

Which of the following are characteristics of actively erupting volcanoes? Multiple select question.

Fragments of molten rock blasting into the air Glowing orange lava flowing downhill Billowing clouds of ash rising into the air

Atmosphere Biosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere

Gases Living Organ Water Solid earth

Which of the following are tests we can quickly and easily perform (even in the field) to help us identify a mineral?

Hardness Streak Magnetism Effervescence

Which of the following are characteristics of continental rifting? Multiple select question.

If rifting continues, the continent can be split into two pieces. Stretching of the crust causes crustal blocks to drop down. Rifiting begins with a broad uplift as magma ascends.

Which of the items below describe Earth's hydrosphere? Multiple select question.

It includes soil moisture, groundwater, lakes, clouds, and air moisture. It overlaps with every sphere of Earth.

What is true about "white" chrysotile asbestos?

It is made of curved fibers that interlock. Studies have indicated it is less hazardous than blue asbestos. It is a silicate mineral.

mineral

Occurs naturally, inorganic composition, ordered internal structure

Choose all of the components of the hydrosphere.

Rivers Glaciers Clouds Lakes Oceans Groundwater

Which of the following structures are commonly formed by silicon-oxygen tetrahedra? Multiple select question.

Sheets Single and double chains Frameworks Independent tetrahedra

Satellite image topographic map Shaded-relief map Geologic map

Shows the distribution of different types of plants, rocks, and other features by reflecting different wavelengths of light off the land surface Shows the shape of the land, specifically elevation, using contour lines Shows the shape of the land with hills lighter in color than darker valleys Shows the ages and types of rocks and sediment in an area

Which two of the following processes might magma undergo as it cools?

Solidification Crystallization

What is the ratio of a mineral's density to that of freshwater called?

Specific gravity

Which of the following describes the lithosphere?

The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle

According to the principle of cross-cutting relations, which of the following is true regarding the ages of the light-colored granite dikes in relationship to the darker rocks they are cutting across? Multiple choice question.

The lighter rocks are younger than the dark ones.

Which factors largely control what rock types and landforms develop from basaltic magma? Multiple select question.

The total volume of the magma The characteristics of the gas in the magma How fast the magma erupts

Which of the following are true about Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune?

They all have gas surfaces. They are all bigger than the inner planets. They are all farther away from the Sun than all the inner planets.

Which of the following are true about fossils in the rock record? Multiple select question.

They may be remains, traces, or imprints of a plant or animal. They are evidence of ancient life.

Which of the following correctly identifies how a geoscientist would use the term texture?

To describe the way the grains and minerals are arranged in the rock

geologic mineral

Usually composed of two or more chemical elements, halite (NaCl)

Which of the following are the four main components of Earth's landscapes? (Choose all that apply.)

Vegetation Soil Sediment Solid bedrock

Besides Earth, the other three terrestrial planets are ______.

Venus Mercury Mars

Which of the following statements are accurate about volcano distributions on Earth? Multiple select question.

Volcanism occurs along mid-ocean ridges. Many volcanoes along the edge of the Pacific Ocean are associated with earthquakes. There is a large volcanic belt along the west coasts of North and South America.

The biosphere, which extends as high as 10 km above Earth's surface, and deep into oceans and soil, includes ______ life-forms. Multiple choice question.

all

Which of the following statements is true with regards to Earth's four spheres?

all four spheres overlap

When two oceanic plates converge, a curved belt of volcanic islands called an island

arc

We express the steepness of a slope ______. Multiple select question.

as the change in elevation over a horizontal distance in degrees from horizontal as a gradient

Which of the following are erupted by volcanoes? Multiple select question.

ash pumice lava

Rocky fragments left over from the formation of the solar system are called ______.

asteroids

Long, narrow islands composed mainly of sand that rise out of coastal waters are islands.

barrier

Shallow coastal accumulations of sand that rise above the sea as long, narrow islands are called ___.

barrier islands

Which of the following is the most abundant volcanic rock on Earth's surface? Multiple choice question.

basalt

includes all life on Earth, including that in the atmosphere, in the ocean, and within Earth's subsurface.

biosphere

Shield volcanoes, such as Mauna Loa, have ___ slopes. Multiple choice question.

broad, gentle

An unknown mineral sample is scratched by copper wire, but not by a fingernail. Based upon the Mohs Hardness Scale, what is the likely identity of this mineral? Multiple choice question.

calcite

What important rock-forming mineral has the chemical formula of CaC03?

calcite

Reactions that affect a rock by breaking down minerals, causing new minerals to form, or by removing soluble material from the rock are called __. Multiple choice question.

chemical weathering

Which of the following is the main characteristic that geologists use to classify loose particles of sediment and the resulting sedimentary rocks?

clast size

Volcanoes that are symmetrical mountains of interlayered lava flows, pyroclastic deposits, and volcanic mudflows, with moderately steep slopes and a crater at the top are called ___. Multiple choice question.

composite volcanoes

There are two main types of crust on Earth; they are ___ and ___. Multiple select question.

continental oceanic

Twenty-eight thousand years ago, Earth was than it is today, and continental ice sheets covered large areas of land as a result.

cooler

The mineral halite (pictured) has a(n) ______ atomic structure, whereas quartz has a(n) ______ atomic structure that includes one Si atom surrounded by four O atoms, and fluorite has a(n) ______ atomic structure that includes two oppositely pointing, four-sided pyramids of Ca and F atoms. Multiple choice question.

cubic; tetrahedron; octahedron

Which of the following is a characteristic of crystals and/or clasts that is not used in classifying a rock?

density

rock composed of various pebbles and sand

does not have a chemically consistent composition throughout

To determine the gradient of a slope you need to know the horizontal distance and vertical ___ over that same distance.

drop

The Moon is the closest object to the planet

earth

The branch of science the includes the study of the solid earth and the oceans, atmosphere, biosphere, and where Earth exists in space is_____science

earth

The inner planets are sometimes referred to as terrestrial planets because of their similarity to

earth

Minerals in vitamins are composed of individual chemical ______, whereas geologic minerals usually consist of two or more.

elements

An igneous rock that solidifies on Earth's surface is a(n) ___ rock. Multiple choice question.

extrusive

True or false: Andesite is the most abundant volcanic rock on Earth's surface. True false question.

false

True or false: The outer planets have a solid surface.

false

The Sun creates heat and light through the process of joining together hydrogen atoms in nuclear

fusion

______ positioning system, or GPS, uses a series of satellites to determine a particular location on Earth with accuracy to a few meters.

global

The ______ of both the Moon and Sun causes the tides in Earth's oceans.

gravity

The existence of a potentially dangerous situation or event is known as a(n) , whereas the likelihood and magnitude of its impact on society is known as its . (Use just one word for each answer.)

hazard, risk

Flowing lava and volcanic flooding are considered ___, whereas the likelihood of fatalities and building damage from these two events are considered ___. Multiple choice question.

hazards, risks

Which of the following is not a required criterion for a substance to be classified as a mineral? Multiple choice question.

human-made

Within the Sun, ______ atoms are joined together in a process called nuclear fusion.

hydrogen

Local and global movement of water and associated energy near Earth's surface is called the cycle.

hydrologic

The movement of water between different reservoirs on Earth and the phase changes that occur that absorb and release energy are all part of the cycle. Listen to the complete question

hydrologic

In a solid, atoms and their bonds are always vibrating. As temperature increases, the vibrations ___, leading to melting. Pressure has the opposite effect, compressing the solid, making it more resistant to melting.

increase

An igneous rock that solidifies below the surface is a(n) ___ rock.

intrusive

An unconformity ___.

is a buried erosion surface that is preserved beneath later deposits may be an angular unconformity, a nonconformity, or a disconformity can represent large intervals of time missing from a rock sequence

When two oceanic plates converge, some magma erupts under the ocean, forming volcanoes that may rise above the sea. These volcanoes form a curved ___.

island arc

List the outer planets from top to bottom, from the Sun outward. Position 1 of 4 Saturn incorrect toggle button unavailable Saturn

jup sat uran nep

If a fault cuts across layers of rock, the principle of cross-cutting relations tells us that the ___. Multiple choice question.

layers of rock had to exist before the fault developed

The carbonate rock made of nearly 100% calcium is

limestone

Sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction and cementation of sediments in a process called ___.

lithification

The term that refers to the uppermost part of Earth and includes the crust and the uppermost mantle is the

lithosphere

Flood-basalt eruptions are fed by ___.

long fissures/dikes

Long, thin lava flows are typically produced by ___. Multiple choice question.

low-viscosity lavas

Volcanic eruptions can produce huge floods by ___.

melting ice sheets

Rocks are composed of ___ and minerals are composed of ___

minerals elements

Soil or sediment is created in ___ environments, transported by ___ and generally deposited in floodplains, lakes or oceans

mountain rivers

Enormous mountain belts and high plateaus are formed when two continental plates collide as ___. Multiple choice question.

neither is subducted

The atmosphere primarily consists of two gases:

nit and oxy

liquid water

not a solid

human-made diamond

not naturally occuring

Isotopes. are different forms of an element that have different ___

numbers of neutrons atomic weights

Earth science is the study of ___.

oceans life the atmosphere outer space the solid earth

Some isotopes of ___ may be unstable through time and change into ___ through a process called ___.

parent atoms; daughter products; radioactive decay

The hydrologic cycle is a complex cycle consisting of ______.

phase changes of water caused by energy transfers

Proximity to certain types of ______ boundaries is the major factor making some places more prone to volcanic hazards than others. Multiple choice question.

plate

In the hydrologic cycle process, rainfall is a type of ____ whereas liquid water is changed to water vapor by ____ which forms clouds.

precipitation evaporation

human tooth

produced by organic/life processes

volcanic glass

randomly arranged atoms

if a rock layer is determined to be older than another based on logic, the strategy of age dating called ___ dating has been used; however, if a rock layer is determined to be 65 million years old, ___ dating has been used. Multiple choice question.

relative; isotopic

If the pressure and bond strength are sufficient to overcome vibrations due to an increase in temperature, a rock or mineral will ___.

remain solid

GPS determines location on the globe using ______.

satellites

Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposed that the oceanic crust in the Atlantic Ocean was spreading apart at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and that this process moved the continents apart from one another. They called this process ___.

seafloor spreading

Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of ___.

sediment size

What type of rock is formed through the process of lithification, which involves compaction and cementation? Multiple choice question.

sedimentary

Which of the following terms refers to the compound SiO2?

silica

The higher a magma's viscosity is, the ___. Multiple choice question.

slower it will flow

At mid-ocean ridges as two plates diverge, ___.

solid mantle in the asthenosphere rises toward the surface and begins to melt due to decompression

The process of crystallization in a magma leads to the ___ of the magma. Multiple choice question.

solidification

What is the ratio of a mineral's density to that of freshwater called? Multiple choice question.

specific gravity

The inner planets of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are also known ______ planets.

terrestrial

Geoscientists use the term_____ to refer not only to the roughness or smoothness of a rock, but also to the way its grains and minerals are arranged.

texture

The hydrologic cycle is best described as ______.

the circulation of water around the globe

Shield volcanoes have low slopes primarily because ___. Multiple choice question.

the low viscosity of basaltic magma allows it to flow downhill for long distances

A ___ profile is created by making an imaginary slice through a terrain; it shows the changes in elevation of the land.

topographic

True or false: Proximity to certain types of plate boundaries is the major factor making some places more prone to volcanic hazards than others. True false question.

true

The general term for a buried erosion surface that represents a large gap in geologic time in a rock sequence is a(n)

unconformity

James Hutton is often regarded to be the father of modern geology. He realized that geologic features present on Earth could be explained by present-day processes, a principle today called ______. Multiple choice question.

uniformitarianism

A magma that does not flow easily is described as ___

viscous

Volcanic domes form from the accumulation of ___ lava over a volcanic vent. Multiple choice question.

viscous

Steep-sided hills of viscous lava that pile up over volcanic vents are known as ___. Multiple choice question.

volcanic domes

Continental ice sheets were more common 28,000 years ago than they are today because Earth ___.

was cooler then than now

All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, but some may vary in the number of neutrons they contain. These varieties have different atomic ___ and are called ___. Multiple choice question.

weights; isoptopes

Gas characteristics, magma volume, and eruption velocity of basaltic magma are the major controlling factors that determine ___.

what landforms it will create what rock types it will form