earth science unit 3/4

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Physical weathering rates are highest in areas with

constant freezing and thawing

Volcanoes that form far from plate boundaries form as the result of __________.

hot spots

What is a farming method that can reduce the effect of erosion?

planting wind barriers

What are most earthquakes associated with?

plate boundaries

Where do most volcanoes form?

plate boundaries

When a divergent plate boundary forms on continents, a ______ forms.

rift valley

What causes the seafloor to spread?

rising magma

When magma reaches Earth's surface it is called __________.

lava

Which wave arrives at a seismic facility first?

P wave

What is the rating from the Richter scale based on?

amplitude-size of the largest waves

How is a volcanic crater connected to a magma chamber?

by a vent

Which of the following could increase the rate of chemical weathering of a rock? a. moving it to a location with few plants and animals b. moving it to a drier climate c. increasing its total surface area d. moving it to a colder climate

c

What is the name of a large volcanic crater over 1 km in diameter?

calderas

The subduction of an oceanic plate beneath a continental plate produces a(n) ________.

chain of volcanos

The process by which rocks and minerals undergo changes in their composition as the result of chemical reactions is known as

chemical weathering.

What is formed by the deposition of large amounts of sediment into a body of water by a river?

deltas

In a process known as __________ , eroded materials are dropped in another location.

deposition

What are shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquake classifications based on?

depth of focus

Places where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other are called

divergent boundary.

______________ is the removal and transportation of weathered material from one location to another.

erosion

The process by which outer layers of a rock are stripped away is called

exfoliation

What evidence did Wegener use to estimate the time of Pangaea's break up?

fossils

The repeated thawing and freezing of water in the cracks of rocks is known as

frost wedging

The breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces is known as

mechanical weathering

Where are the youngest rocks on the seafloor located?

mid-ocean ridge

What is the polarity of a magnetic field that has the same polarity as the present magnetic field?

normal polarity

What type of instrument can measure the vibrations of an earthquake?

seismograph

A wide, dome-shaped volcano built from thin, freely flowing lava is called a(n) _______ volcano.

shield

How are the convection currents set in motion?

slab push and ridge pull

What is the process called when one plate is forced beneath another at a convergent plate boundary?

subduction

The rate of chemical weathering is less in Antarctica than in the rain forests of Brazil because of _______.

temps are lower; drier

Which type of stress pulls a material apart?

tension

Rock fragments thrown into the air during a volcanic eruption are called __________.

tephra

A place where two plates slide laterally past each other is called a __________.

transform boundary

A large ocean wave that is generated by vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake is called a(n) ____________.

tsunami

What is a rating for an earthquake from the modified Mercalli scaled based on?

used to measure intensity; damage caused

In what type of climate does chemical weathering readily occur?

warm lush areas

The process by which rocks on or near Earth's surface break down and change is

weathering

When does magma form?

when temperatures are hot enough to melt rock (1000 degrees)

What type of volcano forms alternating layers of tephra and nonexplosive lava?

composite

What is the name of Alfred Wegener's hypothesis about moving landmasses?

continental drift

What is thought to be the driving mechanism of plate movement?

convection currents in the mantle

The ____________ the total surface area, the _________ chemical weathering that can occur.

greater; more

_______________ is the erosion by running water of a small channel on the side of a slope.

Rill erosion

What is the study of Earth's magnetic record?

Paleomagnetism

Which of the following happens when a river enters a large body of water? a. The river water slows down and deposits large amounts of sediments. b. The river water increases its speed and carries out gully erosion. c. The river water flows over the delta, causing exfoliation. d. The river water erodes the shoreline and deposits barrier islands.

a

Which of the following is most likely to break apart a rock? a. Oxidation b. Frost wedging c. Dissolving products d. Feldspar weathering

b

Which of the following characteristics of water can be responsible for mechanical weathering? a. Water flows downstream under gravity. b. Water expands when it freezes. c. Water combines with atmospheric gases to form acid precipitation. d. Water reacts with and can dissolve many kinds of minerals.

b.

How does temperature affect chemical weathering?

it affects the rate of weathering

Why does magma move up to and through Earth's crust?

it is less dense then the surrounding rock


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