Earthquakes & Disasters Final
Transform
(blank) plate boundaries are most common within oceanic crust, but a very well-known continental one is the San Andreas in California
The period of interest (past few centuries to 1000 years ago) is the one that is the most difficult to collect climate data.
Which is a main reason it is difficult to apply uniformitarianism to understand the current climate processes?
creating unique ecosystems
Which is a natural service function of subsidence and soil volume change?
All of these are principles of coastal zone development.
Which is a principle of coastal zone development?
Tsunamis
Which is a serious coastal hazard?
Preignition processes absorb energy
Which is a true statement about wildfires?
Larger than MCS or a squall line
Which is not a characteristic of a Supercell thunderstorm?
Average daily temperature
Which is not a component of the climate system?
The time between floods
Which is not a factor that affects the damage caused by floods?
Tsunamis
Which is not a glacial hazard?
High waves hitting the cliff/bluff
Which is not a human activity that increases the erosion of sea cliffs and lakeshore bluffs?
Subduction zones created from coastal erosion
Which is not a linkage between coastal processes and other natural hazards?
Tornadoes from storms that do not make landfall
Which is not a linkage between cyclones and other natural hazards?
Wash away fertilizer used in farming
Which is not a natural service function of a flood?
Bleaching of coral reefs
Which is not a potential consequence of sea level rise?
Very few meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere.
Which is not a reason craters are more common on the moon than the Earth?
Ground shaking
Which is not a secondary effect of earthquakes?
Australian
Which is not a sinking plate in the "Ring of Fire"?
Ground wave
Which is not a type of seismic wave?
clearing all coastal vegetation
Which is not a way a tsunami hazard can be minimized?
Do not spend money on expensive preventative measures
Which is not a way an individual can minimize their landslide hazard?
Decreasing the availability of natural fuels
Which is not a way climate change may increase the number and intensity of wildfires?
Growing seasons will be shortened
Which is not a way ecosystems will be impacted by global warming in the next 100 years?
All of these behaviors can make cyclones more dangerous
Which is not a way human behavior has made cyclone hazards more dangerous?
Improperly attaching building materials
Which is not a way human interference with natural shore processes has caused considerable coastal erosion?
Evacuate the area immediately when a watch is issued
Which is not a way individuals can make adjustments for hurricanes?
Create more green spaces in a city
Which is not a way that humans can increase the frequency and magnitude of flooding?
Replace vegetation with sand
Which is not a way to minimize the effects of coastal hazards?
Glacier ice in greenland
Which is not a way to sequester carbon?
National adoption of strong floodplain regulation policies
Which is not a way we have tried to minimize flood hazards?
All of these are ways that wildfires affect vegetation
Which is not a way wildfires affect vegetation?
Rapid release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere
Which is not an abrupt climate change that could cause a serious risk to humans and the natural environment?
Fire insurance so you can live in fire-prone areas
Which is not an adjustment you should make to fire hazards?
Cutting trees increases the aesthetics by permitting better views of the streams
Which is not an argument by opponents of natural stream modification?
Land subsidence
Which is not an effect of cyclones?
earthquake
Which is not an effect of flooding?
increased groundwater-table levels to use during droughts
Which is not an effect of subsidence and soil volume change?
Earthquakes
Which is not an effect of tsunamis?
modeling future human behavior
Which is not an example of paleoclimate proxy data
ocean temperatures
Which is not an example of paleoclimate proxy data?
upward movement of land surfaces
Which is not an indication that there are expansive soils in an area?
They are all impacted by the internal processes
Which is not impacted by the Earth's internal processes?
South Carolina
Which of the following U.S. states has the highest risk for hurricanes?
Beach nourishment
Which of the following is a form of soft stabilization?
The winters here are dry and warm
Which of the following is a statement of climate as compared to weather?
Water vapor
Which of the following is considered a variable gas?
Increase microorganism populations in the soil
Which of the following is not a natural service function of wildfires?
fire suppression
Which of the following is not a primary approach of fire management?
Melting sea ice can lead to a rise in sea level
Which of the following is not a problem associated with glacial and sea ice melting?
Increase in years between successive fires at a given location
Which of the following is not expected to be caused by global warming?
Louisville, KY
Which of the following locations have climates that are favorable to cave formation?
Maine
Which of the following locations in the United States has the lowest risk of wildfires?
P waves cause the most of the damage at the epicenter
Which of the following statements is false about P waves?
Widespread wildfires were experienced everywhere
Which of the following was not a result of the K-Pg Boundary mass extinction?
Crown fires
Which of the following wildfire types is dominated by fires transmitted along treetops?
coniferous woodlands
Which of the following would generally have the lowest albedo?
Northern Europe would be cooler
Which of these areas is a consequence if the ocean conveyor belt was not present?
Colorado river
Which of these areas is not at risk for coastal hazards?
the average 1-minute wind speed
A hurricane category on the Saffir-Simpson Scale is determined by
Environmental unity
A landslide resulting from the clearing of natural vegetation that in turn causes flooding due to the slide mass damming a stream, which then damages and destroys homes is an example of
can arrive quickly, giving little warning time
A local tsunami
the magnitude-frequency concept
A massive forest fire that causes more damage than a small, contained one but occurs less frequently is an example of
meteorite
A particle from the solar system that strikes the Earth is called a
richer farming soil
All of the following are direct hazards of ash fall except
Close enough to the equator so the Coriolis effect is strong enough to cause rotation
Which of these is not a condition needed for a hurricane to develop from a tropical storm?
the lack of knowledge/education on tsunamis and their behavior
Besides the lack of a warning system, a major reason many lives were lost in the 2004 Indonesian Tsunami was
increasing their severity and frequency
Climate change is likely to affect natural hazards in the future by
shape of slope
Downslope movements are classified according to all these variables except
Education of the hazard and what to do in a watch or warning
Even if a community is "tsunami ready," what is still a potential problem?
All of these are ways that scientists have used soils in evaluation of natural hazards
How does the study of soils help evaluate natural hazards?
building of levees and dams that prevent sediment to reach the delta
How has human activity lead to an amplification of natural delta subsidence?
Sudden loss of large numbers of plants and animals relative to the number of new species being added
How is mass extinction characterized?
People's perception of shaking and extent of damage
How is the intensity for an area determined on the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale?
Determining the relationship between driving forces and resisting forces
How is the stability of a slope assessed?
5 billion years old
How old is the sun, approximately?
building over fault lines
Human activity can cause earthquakes through all these ways except
Right forward quadrant
In what part of a hurricane can you usually find the strongest winds, precipitation, and storm surge for storms making landfall in the northern hemisphere?
the theory of seafloor spreading
In the figure of the Age of the Ocean Floor, the distribution of age is consistent with
latent heat being absorbed or released
In the figure, the change in water phases water shown are a result of (BLANK) (red arrows pointing down)
due to the urban heat island effect
In the figure, the temperature profile demonstrates the difference in temperature (picture of a city skyline)
normal dip-slip fault
In which of the following faults does the hanging-wall move down relative to the footwall?
Located 4 miles from the epicenter, on mud, on the path of greatest rupture, M 3.5
In which situation would you expect to experience the most shaking from an earthquake?
New vegetation has been planted on the bare slopes, adding weight to the slopes
Which of these is not a factor in why Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has more slope-stability problems than any other city of its size?
Planting of native grasses on a previously bare hillside
Which situation would be the least likely to contribute to a potential soil slip?
A south-facing slope in the Northern Hemisphere
Which situation would result in a wildfire to burn more easily?
60 degrees F and 90 degrees F
Which situation would result in the fastest jet stream flow?
Foreshock
Which stage of the earthquake cycle may occur only hours or days prior to the next large earthquake but may not always occur?
Steepness of slope, weather, stability of snowpack
Which variables interact to create unstable conditions for snow avalanches?
Landfall of a hurricane during low tide
Which would create a greater storm surge?
An informed public is better able to act responsibly than an uninformed public
Why are warnings issued even if the forecast is not 100% for a predicted hazard?
Improved warning systems, disaster preparedness and sanitation post-disaster
Why do high-income countries suffer the lowest number of deaths in natural disasters despite having relatively high populations?
They do not think it will happen on their hillside since they are so infrequent
Why do people choose to live in landslide areas?
Tsunamis are too small in amplitude in the open ocean, and the distance between crests is too large to notice its passing.
Why do sailors rarely notice a tsunami passing in the open ocean?
The recent warming greatly exceeds the natural variability
Why do scientists believe human activities are contributing to global warming?
There is a high benefit-to-cost ratio and not doing so could be detrimental
Why do we still put in efforts to prevent landslides even though it is so expensive?
The population has doubled in the past 50 years.
Why have large wildfires in Southern California become more hazardous in the past few hundred years?
The increase in coastal populations have put more property in the hazard areas
Why have property damage costs associated with hurricanes increased so dramatically if there is better forecasting?
It pulls swimmers out to sea in the fast current.
Why is a rip current so dangerous?
All of these are reasons why fires are a major hazard
Why is fire such a major hazard linked with earthquakes?
Success of hazard reduction programs depends on their attitudes
Why is it important to understand the preceptions of those affected by the hazard?
It is based on a combination of science, custom, and politics.
Why is the classification and naming of cyclones often debated?
They generally cause environmental and aesthetic degradation.
Why may seawalls not be the best way to minimize the effect of coastal hazards?
It is complex and multi-faceted, all of these are reasons
Why was Hurricane Katrina so devastating to New Orleans even though there was ample advance warning and scientists had widely predicted a major hurricane would hit?
coastal flooding
Rapid changes in relative seal level can contribute to hazards from
It is usually cooler at night and cold air has the capacity to hold less water vapor than warm air
Relative humidity normally increases at night because
there is a 1 percent probability that this size of flood will occur in any given year
Saying that a flood is a 100-year flood means that
San Andreas
Scientific investigations of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake led to the identification of which fault?
By composition and diameter
Scientists classify particles in the solar system by
dissolution of soluble rocks beneath the surface
Subsidence is commonly associated with
global cloud of sulfuric acid droplets
The "year without a summer" in New England was a result of the Tambora volcano creating what?
pyroclastic flow
The Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum were destroyed from the _______ of Mount Vesuvius
moment magnitude scale
The most appropriate scale to use to compare earthquakes around the world is the
in the eye-wall
The most intense rainfall of a hurricane occurs
longshore drift
The parallel transport of sediment by ocean currents is referred to as
seafloor spreading was discovered
The plate tectonic theory was not taken seriously until
Many more human-made structures in the area
Why was the 1994 Northridge earthquake (M 6.7) in California 20 times as costly as the 1964 Prince William Sound, Alaska earthquake (M 9.2)?
The areas of wetlands is decreased
With the addition of levees (see figure), how does the natural floodplain change?
Geologic cycle
The processes that produce the earth materials, land, water, and atmosphere necessary for survival are collectively known as the
Northern hemisphere
Where is the cyclone in the figure located?
Punctuated uniformitarianism
Which concept is now used to explain the processes that form the Earth's landscapes?
Population
Which does not affect coastal topography?
Swell
Which does not describe the size and movement of a wave?
The amount of humidity in the atmosphere
Which does not play a role in flooding?
Flooding from tsunami
Which has not been a cause of mass extinction?
cutting channels through levees
Which has not been a cause of subsidence in the Mississippi Delta?
Who will need to evacuate
Once a hurricane has formed, which is not a prediction that must be made by meteorologists?
Population of the site of airburst or impact
Which has the most influence on the consequences of an airburst or direct impact?
Glowing/smoldering combustion does not require rapid pyrolysis for its growth
Which is a difference between flaming and glowing/smoldering combustion?
climate warming in the past 5 decades
Thermokarst has formed in the Arctic due to
earthquakes
Tsunamis are most commonly produced by
secondary effects
Tsunamis, fires, landslides, and debris flows are all examples of ________ of volcanic activity.
They could lead to a false sense of security if not high enough
What is a problem with building seawalls to protect against a tsunami?
Buildup of fuel means potential for larger, high-intensity fires
What is a problem with fire suppression?
All of these are problems
What is a problem with those that live or work in the wildland-urban interface not adequately perceiving the risk from wildfires?
The impervious surfaces can increase the frequency of low and intermediate floods
What is a problem with urbanization when it comes to flooding?
construct buildings on a compacted fill layer
What is a realistic way to minimize hazards from subsidence and soil volume change?
Producing large amounts of rain in a relatively short time
What is not a benefit of severe weather?
Predict time and place of earthquakes
What is not a major goal of the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program?
Shutting down all electric and water-waste systems.
What is not a mitigation technique?
Destroy natural underground dams that slow or redirect flow
What is not a natural service function of earthquakes?
Rebuild in the hazard area
What is not a way to minimize or avoid the effects of natural hazards?
Triggering an earthquake
What is not an effect of landslides?
Develop on vegetated coastal areas
What is the best adjustment for shorelines with strong currents?
Decrease in temperature with increasing altitude
What is the defining characteristic of the troposphere?
watch - an earthquake that can cause a tsunami has occurred; Warning - a tsunami has been detected and is spreading across the ocean towards the area.
What is the difference between a tsunami watch and a tsunami warning?
collapse sinkholes develop when the surface or near-surface material falls into an underground cavern
What is the difference between solutional sinkholes and collapse sinkholes?
Trapping of heat by water vapor and several other atmospheric gases
What is the greenhouse effect?
Weight
What is the most common driving force of landslides?
Crust
What is the outer rock layer of Earth?
Solar Energy
What is the primary energy source that produces the differential heating that causes air masses to move across the landscape?
Visualize erosion at a particular beach
What is the purpose of a beach budget?
Collect rain and other precipitation to drain into rivers or streams
What is the role of a drainage basin?
Rising hot air in the fire pulls in fresh air to fuel the flames.
What is the role of convection in wildfires?
Large airburst of an asteroid occurred in recent history.
What is the significance of the Tunguska River Valley in Siberia in terms of asteroids?
People live or work near the hazard
What makes a natural Earth process a hazard?
People live or build structures on the floodplain
What makes flooding a natural hazard?
hydraulic chilling
What method was used on the Icelandic Island of Heimaey to deflect the lava flow from the main town?
Monitoring the atmospheric pressure
What type of information is NOT used in forecasting volcanic eruptions?
The small village of Fudai had built a much higher wall than people thought was necessary in the 1960s.
What was not a problem associated with the 2011 Japanese earthquake and tsunami?
Temperatures were cooled at nighttime due to clear skies during the day
What was not an impact of the 2003 European heat wave?
Heavy snowfall trapped many people in their homes
What was not an impact of the Great Northern Ice Storm of 1998?
Assume the area is safe because there have not been any dangerous waves elsewhere
When a tsunami watch or warning is issued, you can take your own personal actions. Which is not an action you should take?
In the past 150 years from proxy evidence
When has the most important evidence for global warming been collected and from what data?
convergent collision
When neither plate is dense enough to sink into the asthenosphere, the result is a (blank) plate boundary
epicenter
When reporting to the public where the earthquake originated, new reports give the location of the (blank)
All of these are affects of the dam
How did the building of the Glen Canyon Dam affect the Colorado River?
Moving to the coasts where effects of tsunamis are greatest
How do humans increase the risk of tsunami hazards?
All are natural service functions of volcanoes
What is a natural service function that volcanoes provide?
divergent
A (blank) plate boundary is when two plates move away from each other and molten rock rises up to fill the gap
They have increased and decreased many times.
According to the figure, how have global temperatures changed over the last 800,000 years?
Possibly in the year 2300
According to the figure, if carbon dioxide emissions were reduced and the peak was during years 2000-2050, when could we expect to see temperatures stabilize?
They have been increasing.
According to the figure, what has been the general trend in temperatures over the last 140 years?
Florida
According to the map, which of the following has the least relative hazard from tsunamis?
All of these are needed to predict the movement
After an oil spill, what is needed to predict the movement of the oil along the beaches and in salt marshes?
The discharge will be the same
Along the same river with no additions or deletions of flow, which situation has the greatest discharge?
the bay shore consists of natural deposits of mud and bay fill
Although further from the epicenter than other areas, the darker orange areas in the figure experienced the most severe shaking from the Loma Prieta Earthquake because
10 or more people are killed
An event is considered a natural disaster if
within the Ring of Fire
Approximately two-thirds of all the active volcanoes on Earth are located
mining
As seen in the figure, to describe the rocks that are displaced across faults, geologists use (blank) terminology.
All of these are ways the air temperature can affect the global sea level.
Changes in air temperature can affect the global sea level through
landslides
Convergent collision of two plate boundaries create some of the highest topography in the world which in turn can lead to what natural hazards?
continental caldera
Crater lake (shown in the figure) is an example of a
their place of origin and temperature of their core region
Cyclones are classified as tropical or extratropical based on
indirect effects
Emotional distress, donation of money or goods, and payment of taxes levied to finance recovery are examples of (blank) of a disaster
Northwest Pacific Ocean
From the given areas, which experiences the highest number of hurricanes?
Divert water away from the slope
How does the landslide hazard minimizing strategy shown in the figure help prevent landslides?
All of these increase wildfire incidence or intensity.
How does the presence of mountains increase wildfire incidence or intensity?
Global warming is the primary cause of permafrost melting in the Arctic, which in turn releases greenhouse gasses that could speed up climate change
How are climate change, subsidence, and soil volume change related?
Provide a general land use recommendation
How are landslide hazard and land-use maps like the one shown for Santa Clara County, California, used to minimize landslide hazards?
All of these are ways to identify potential landslides
How can areas where landslides are likely to occur be indentified?
Cutting a series of benches or steps into a high, steep slope reduces the overall slope and creates collection sites for small slides
How can grading of slopes be beneficial in preventing landslides?
Logging on weak, unstable slopes
How can humans increase the number and frequency of landslides?
Red soil usually signifies it is poorly drained, which can lead to higher slope instability
How can the color of the soil help in possible hazard risk assessment?
All of these are ways that tsunami waves are deceiving.
How can tsunami waves be so deceiving?
All of these are ways to adjust to an earthquake hazard
How can we adjust to an earthquake hazard?
Locate the areas most likely to be inundated to possibly move critical services outside these areas.
How could a community/state/country best use a runup map to prepare for a tsunami?
distant tsunami
If Kilauea Volcano in Hawaii collapsed into the Pacific Ocean, areas of Oregon may experience a
It takes time to initiate policy changes
If abrupt climate change during the next century is unlikely, why is it important to make changes now?
unusual animal behavior
If predictions of earthquakes were possible, the predictions would be based on all except
ash fall
If the _______ of the Yellowstone and Long Valley eruptions were experienced today, it would devastate the U.S. economy and food production capabilities, as well as have negative impacts on global climate change.
saturated
If the pore spaces in the soil are completely filled with water, the soil is
Circular pattern, staying mostly in the same place
If you placed a small boat in waves in the open ocean (not near the shoreline) what would the motion of the boat be?
Wave period
If you were watching waves from the shore and started counting the seconds between one crest to the next, what would you be measuring?
Vertical wind shear
In general, what indicates how severe a thunderstorm will become?
Basaltic, andesitic, rhyolitic
In order of increasing silica content, the three major types of magma are
carbon dioxide
In order to create and sustain a wildfire, you need all the following except
Glowing/smoldering combustion, flaming combustion, preignition (pyrolysis)
Label the phases of a wildfire from left to right for the three parts shown in the figure.
volcanic vent
Lava and other volcanic materials are extruded on to the surface through a
decompression melting
Magma begins to form if rocks are close to their melting temperature and the pressure from above is decreased in the process called
mountainous/high elevation areas
Many areas at risk for high landslide incidence shown in red on the figure coincide with
Strong winds and heavy rains from extratropical cyclones
Most of the severe weather on the West Coast from San Diego to Vancouver is caused by
continent-continent convergent
Mountain systems such as the Himalayans and Appalachains were formed through (blank) plate boundaries
the scientific method
Natural hazards can be identified and studied using
land-use changes affecting the magnitude and frequency of an event
Possible increases in the flooding of the Yangtze River due to the basin losing about 85 percent of its forest to timber harvesting and conversion of land to agriculture is an example of
Tectonic creep
Slow damage to roads, sidewalks, building foundations, and other structures such as that shown in the figure is a result of a process called
Pineapple express
The band of warm moist air under "Pacific Ocean" in the figure that can feed extratropical cyclones is referred to as the
In the United States and Canada alone, there is a great portion of the land that is affected by at least one of the hazards.
The best adjustment to subsidence and soil volume change is to avoid building in the areas prone to these hazards. Why is this not possible?
earthquakes & volcanoes; plate boundaries
The blue circles and red triangles indicate the location of (blank), and their locations correlate strongly with (blank).
continental erosion of cutbanks and deposition on point bars
The continual migration of meandering rivers is a result of
surface runoff and soil erosion
The creation and movement of a hydrophobic layer in the soil (shown in the figure) can increase the occurrence of ________ after a wildfire.
the Coriolis effect
The deflection of winds shown in the figure is a result of (globe with arrows)
shearing
The fault in the figure is caused by (blank) stress (figure of two blocks of land sliding away from each other)
Hydrologic cycle
The figure demonstrates the (image of the hydrologic cycle)
refraction
The figure demonstrates the process of wave
near its headwaters
The figure is most likely the cross section of a river
cinder cone
The figure shown is an example of a (blank) eruption (dome shaped volcano with a vertical eruption)
Karst topography
The figure shown, with rolling hills and alternating areas of subsidence and undisturbed land, is an example of
The drilling penetrated the mine causing ming flooding, lake draining, and other damage
The figure shows Jefferson Island and the salt mine and nearby oil drilling rig. What was the end result of this particular oil drilling location?
Return the much sought after land to the government for their own development
The figure shows a zoning map before and after the implementation of flood regulations. What is most likely not a reason for the regulations?
continual change and relocation of a barrier island
The figure shows an example of (hog island)
Complex impact
The figure shows an example of what type of crater?
There has been an increase in development on floodplains
The figure shows the change in flood damage and flood-control expenditures over the years. What has caused these trends? (both trends going up)
comet
The figure shows what type of particle from the solar system?
Mount St. Helens
The figures on the previous slide show the before and after of what volcano?
Grasses evolved and spread across the land
The first change in wildfire behavior was seen when
a supercontinent called Pangea
The fossil evidence displayed in the figure supports the idea of
rate of some people's hair and fingernail growth
The general speed of plate movement per year is approximately equivalent to
The stages of recovery after a disaster
The given figure shows (figure of stages of recovery after a disaster)
subduction zones
The greatest earthquakes with magnitudes over 9 are usually associated with
hot spots
The hawaiian islands were created from
transfer of atmospheric heat in thunderstorms
The heat-transfer process of convection is important in
flooding
The impact or airburst of an asteroid or comet is not a direct cause of
shield
The largest type of volcanoes - common in the Hawaiian Islands, Iceland, and in the East African Rift - are _______ volcanoes
convection
The lava lamp illustrates the important internal Earth process of
acceptable risk
The risk society or an individual is willing to take depending on the situation is called
ash fallout areas
The shaded areas on the map show the (blank) of the three labeled volcanoes
the speed and duration of the wind and length of the fetch.
The size of waves in the ocean or on a lake depend on
geographic origin and direction of prevailing high winds
The storm tracks shown in the figure are named for the (map of US with colored lines)
Dry descending air masses
The subtropical midlatitude deserts of the world (Sahara, Arabian, Mojave, etc.) are a result of
divergent, convergent, and transform
The three basic types of plate boundaries are
local and distant tsunami waves
The two waves created from a single wave (as seen in the figures) are called the
find the intersection of P and S arrival time data from three seismographs at different locations
To determine the epicenter of an earthquake, scientists
The United States having just the right combination of weather, topography, and geographic location
Tornadoes are more common in the United States than in any other location on Earth due to
Use mitigation techniques and be prepared
What are steps we can take to reduce the death and damage associated with severe weather?
Instrumental, historical, paleo-proxy
What are the three main time periods for which climate data are available for study?
rotational and translational
What are the two basic patterns of movement for slides?
Coastal mangrove forests partly protected villages from the energy of the tsunami where the waves were smaller.
What did scientists discover about tropical ecology after the 2004 Indonesian Tsunami?
Flash floods occur in the upper part of the basin
What distinguishes flash floods from downstream floods
The height of the waves increases due to a decrease in both water depth and tsunami velocity
What happens as a tsunami nears land?
Pumping out the liquid requires support of the earth material
What happens when humans withdrawal subsurface fluids, such as oil, natural gas, and water?
Increasing population and poor land-use planning
What has turned what was once a disaster into a catastrophe?
Identifying and categorizing nearby objects that may threaten Earth.
What have scientists been doing to minimize the impact hazard?
Development of hot towers
What have scientists discovered may help predict hurricane intensity changes?
Extratropical cyclones obtain their energy from the horizontal temperature contrast between air masses on either side of a front.
What is a difference between tropical and extratropical cyclones?
A natural stream has a more diverse aquatic life since there are varying water velocities
What is a difference seen between a natural stream and a channelized stream?
Tsunamis are generally rare events at one particular location
What is a difficulty in the probabilistic approach to tsunami hazard risk?
Westerly winds that encircle the globe and play an important role in creating severe weather
What is a jet stream?
They tend to encourage more people to move into the floodplain
What is a major problem with flood-control measures?
They are events called megathrust earthquakes
What is a major problem with intraplate earthquakes?
Form beaches from coastal erosion
What is a natural service function of coastal processes?
Provide primary source of precipitation in many areas
What is a natural service function of cyclones?
Create a new habitat for fish in landslide-dammed lakes
What is a natural service function of landslides?
age; length of residence near hazard
_____ and _____ are significant factors in a person's knowledge of the hazard and possible adjustments to it.
climate forcing
___________ is defined as an imposed change in Earth's energy balance.
plate tectonics
is responsible for several of the most devastating natural hazards, including earthquakes and volcanoes
