EBP 10-13

The researcher understands that which of the following would be an example of systematic error? A. A thermometer that indicates the body temperature as 0.1°F higher than the accurate temperature. B. The rapport of the subject with the data collector. C. The playfulness or seriousness of the situation during data collection. D. Variations in fatigue in subjects when measures are taken.

A. A thermometer that indicates the body temperature as 0.1°F higher than the accurate temperature.

Which of the following concern measurement reliability? Select all that apply. A. Accuracy B. Consistency of measurement C. Homogeneity D. Systematic error E. Heterogeneity

A. Accuracy B. Consistency of measurement

A nurse was conducting a critique of a quantitative study and identified that the study variables were linked to the study framework. The conceptual definitions for the variables were consistent with the study framework. The conceptual and operational definitions for the variables were logical and consistent. This example demonstrates what step of a quantitative research critique? A. Analysis B. Comparison C. Comprehension D. Evaluation

A. Analysis

Which steps of the critique process focus on the identification of the strengths and weaknesses of a study? A. Analysis and comparison B. Analysis and comprehension C. Comparison and comprehension D. Conceptual clustering and evaluation

A. Analysis and comparison

Critiquing the methodological congruence of a study involves examining all except which of the following types of rigor? A. Analytical B. Documentation C. Ethical D. Procedural

A. Analytical

A publication in nursing that includes just cognitive clustering summaries of important areas of nursing research was initiated in 1983, with a volume being published each year since then. This describes which of the following publications? A. Annual Review of Nursing Research B. Applied Nursing Research C. Nursing Research D. Nursing Research & Health

A. Annual Review of Nursing Research

What criteria would an experienced researcher look for when critically appraising an abstract for presentation at nursing conferences? Select all that apply. A. Appropriateness of the study for the conference program B. Completeness of the research project C. Contribution of the study to medical theory D. Originality of the work that was previously published E. Implication of the study findings for practice

A. Appropriateness of the study for the conference program B. Completeness of the research project E. Implication of the study findings for practice

Which of the following is the comparative evaluation/decision making phase of the Stetler Model of Research Utilization to facilitate evidence-based practice? A. Assesses the overall benefits and risks of using the research evidence in a practice setting B. Focuses on determining what knowledge will be used and how that knowledge will be applied to practice C. Determines the purpose, focus, and potential outcomes of making an evidence-based change clinically D. Evaluates the impact of the research-based change on the healthcare agency, personnel, and patients

A. Assesses the overall benefits and risks of using the research evidence in a practice setting

A qualitative research report should be sufficiently detailed to allow a second researcher, using the original data and the decision trail, to arrive at conclusions similar to those of the original researcher. What does this demonstrate in the study? A. Auditability B. Ethical rigor C. Procedural rigor D. Descriptive vividness

A. Auditability

Critically appraising the research includes which of the following? A. Broaden understanding B. Facilitate ethical practice C. Beneficence D. Justice

A. Broaden understanding

The critical appraisal process for quantitative studies includes which of the following phases? Select all that apply. A. Comprehension phase B. Analysis phase C. Introductory phase D. Comparison phase E. Evaluation phase

A. Comprehension phase B. Analysis phase D. Comparison phase E. Evaluation phase

What research utilization project in nursing was implemented in 1975 through 1980 to facilitate the development of clinical protocols to direct the use of selected research findings in practice? A. Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing B. National Institute of Nursing Research Utilization C. Nursing Research Utilization to Promote Evidenced-Based Practice D. Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education Research Utilization

A. Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing

Evidence of validity of measurement can be obtained from examining which of the following? A. Contrasting groups B. Dependability C. Equivalence D. Stability

A. Contrasting groups

Which of the following terms best describes the documentation of steps taken and decisions made during analysis in a qualitative study? A. Dependability B. Confirmability C. Credibility D. Transferable

A. Dependability

Which of the following recruitment strategies would be the most effective in obtaining the desired number of subjects? A. Direct contact B. Mail contact C. Small groups D. Telephone contact

A. Direct contact

Which of the following is a process that incorporates healthcare research evidence from a variety of disciplines, clinical expertise of healthcare providers, views of patients and families, and resources available to deliver health care? A. Evidence-based practice B. Professional practice C. Research utilization to change practice D. Summary of research findings for practice

A. Evidence-based practice

The nurse understands that homogeneity includes which of the following? A. Examines the correlation of various items within a scale B. Is measured by Cronbach's â-coefficient C. Splits the items in a scale and examines only the first half of items D. All the above

A. Examines the correlation of various items within a scale

Which of the following is the translation/application making phase of the Stetler Model of Research Utilization to facilitate evidence-based practice? A. Focuses on determining what knowledge will be used and how that knowledge will be applied to practice B. Determines the purpose, focus, and potential outcomes of making an evidence-based change clinically C. Performs a critical appraisal of the research reports to determine their scientific soundness D. Evaluates the impact of the research-based change on the healthcare agency, personnel, and patients

A. Focuses on determining what knowledge will be used and how that knowledge will be applied to practice

Which of the following is true about a systematic review? A. It is a structured, comprehensive synthesis of the research literature to determine the best research evidence available to address a healthcare question or problem. B. It is a semi-structured, comprehensive analysis of the research literature to determine the best research evidence available to address a healthcare question. C. It is the systematic compilation and integration of qualitative studies to expand understanding and develop a unique interpretation of study findings. It is often conducted by an individual researcher in a selected healthcare area to determine the best research knowledge in that area

A. It is a structured, comprehensive synthesis of the research literature to determine the best research evidence available to address a healthcare question or problem.

Which of the following are accurate EBP competencies that nurse educators are assisting students in achieving? Select all that apply. A. Participate effectively in appropriate data collection and other research activities. B. Base standardized care plan on patient values, clinical experience, and evidence. C. Read original research and evidence reports related to area of practice. D. Locate evidence reports related to clinical practice topics and guidelines. E. Question rationale for routine approaches to care that result in more-than-desired outcomes or adverse events.

A. Participate effectively in appropriate data collection and other research activities. C. Read original research and evidence reports related to area of practice. D. Locate evidence reports related to clinical practice topics and guidelines.

Which of the following models includes a comprehensive framework to enhance the use of research evidence by nurses to facilitate an EBP through five phases? A. The Stetler Model of Research Utilization to facilitate evidence-based practice B. Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice C. Grove Model D. PICO/S Format

A. The Stetler Model of Research Utilization to facilitate evidence-based practice

Which of the following best describes physiological measures? A. They are described in detail in well-written research reports. B. They are easier to obtain than psychosocial measures. C. They are more valid than psychosocial measures. D. They are reliable when obtained from the patient's record.

A. They are described in detail in well-written research reports

For what reason is it important to describe the sample? Allow readers to determine if the sample is similar to persons in their clinical setting Determine if groups being compared are equivalent Determine if the sample is representative of the target population All the above

All the above

Which of the following describes the purpose of the Chi-square test of independence? Determines whether two variables are independent or related Has a high risk of a type II error Is a very weak statistical test All the above

All the above

Which of the following describes the tails of the normal curve? They are defined by the level of significance selected by the researcher. They are representative samples that may not belong to the same population. They are the extreme statistical values on the peripheral ends of the normal curve. All the above

All the above

The researcher understands that sensitivity of physiological measures is related to which of the following? A. Ability to distinguish the measure from other signals B. Amount of change that can be measured precisely C. Amount of variation in the equipment D. Evaluation of the adequacy of the operational definition

B. Amount of change that can be measured precisely

A practicing nurse critiqued the purpose statement of a study and found that the purpose: (1) identified the goal of the study; (2) included the variables, population, and setting of the study; and (3) was feasible to research. This example demonstrates what level of quantitative research critique? A. Analysis B. Comparison C. Comprehension D. Evaluation

B. Comparison

Critiquing the design in a quantitative study to determine if there were threats to the design validity is an example of what step in the critique process? A. Analysis B. Comparison C. Comprehension D. Evaluation

B. Comparison

How has the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research promoted the use of research findings in practice? A. Coordinating the collaboration of researchers in the generation of healthcare knowledge B. Developing practice guidelines based on research C. Funding studies of pressing clinical problems D. Identifying practice problems requiring investigation

B. Developing practice guidelines based on research

Which is an accurate statement about the benefits of evidence-based practice (EBP)? A. All chief nurse executives (CNEs) and healthcare agencies are supportive of EBP. B. EBP improves outcomes for patients, providers, and healthcare agencies. C. There is an abundance of resources available to support nurses to implement evidence-based practice. D. To emphasize patient care outcomes achieved through EBP, the Joint Commission is reviewing their accreditation criteria.

B. EBP improves outcomes for patients, providers, and healthcare agencies.

Which of the following should the researcher do when recruiting subjects for a study? A. Avoid difficult or unpleasant individuals. B. Follow the sampling criteria. C. Obtain large groups rather than individual contacts if direct contact is necessary. D. Use the telephone or mail whenever possible rather than direct contact.

B. Follow the sampling criteria.

Which of the following provides direction for the development of EBP in a clinical agency and was initially developed by Titler and colleagues in 1994 and revised in 2001? A. The Stetler Model of Research Utilization to facilitate evidence-based practice B. Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice C. Grove Model D. PICO/S Format

B. Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice

The nurse understands that reliability includes which of the following? A. Can be generalizable B. Is concerned with the consistency of measurement C. Measures the amount of systematic error D. All the above

B. Is concerned with the consistency of measurement

Who updates their nursing knowledge base by critiquing the research literature for findings to use in the classroom and clinical agencies? A. Administrators B. Nurse educators C. Nurse researchers D. Practicing nurses

B. Nurse educators

The nurse researcher is evaluating the relevance of a study to determine if the research from the study can be used in practice. This is known as what dimension of the study? A. Inductive reasoning B. Deductive reasoning C. Analysis D. Critical appraisal

D. Critical appraisal

Which of the following has been identified as a barrier to using research knowledge in nursing practice? A. Findings are communicated primarily to other researchers. B. Nursing studies have not been adequately replicated. C. Practitioners often do value research. D. Researcher-originated studies often solve pressing clinical problems.

B. Nursing studies have not been adequately replicated.

The researcher understands which of the following pertains to using focus groups? A. Larger groups are desirable. B. People feel free to express their views. C. Recruitment of subjects is easily obtained. D. Segmentation is undesirable.

B. People feel free to express their views.

Which of the following is not an example of a scale? A. Likert B. Questionnaire C. Rating D. Visual analog

B. Questionnaire

A research educator discusses the project implemented to improve prelicensure nurses' "knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) that are necessary to continuously improve the quality and safety of the healthcare system within which they work." This project is known as which of the following? A. The Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice B. The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) C. The Stetler Model of Research Utilization to Facilitate EBP D. The Grove Model for Implementing Evidence-Based Guidelines in Practice

B. The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

Which of the following best describes why the nurse researcher critically appraises a study to determine if the treatment in the study is clearly described? A. This will help identify variables. B. This will be helpful in determining the study design. C. This will be helpful for data analysis. D. This will help determine if the hypothesis is proven or disproven.

B. This will be helpful in determining the study design.

Data collected from previous research and stored in a database are considered ____________ data. A. primary B. secondary C. administrative D. tertiary

B. secondary

The expected level of expertise in the critique process for baccalaureate degree graduates includes which of the following steps? A. Analysis, comprehension, and evaluation B. Analysis, conceptual clustering, and evaluation C. Analysis, comparison, and comprehension D. Evaluation and conceptual clustering

C. Analysis, comparison, and comprehension

What electronic database is an authoritative resource covering the English-language journal literature for nursing and allied health? A. PsycINFO B. CANCERLIT C. CINAHL D. MEDLINE

C. CINAHL

The nurse researcher is critiquing a quantitative research article and is trying to determine if the researcher followed the protocol for an ideal study. This is known as what phase of the critical appraisal process? A. Comprehension phase B. Analysis phase C. Comparison phase D. Evaluation phase

C. Comparison phase

A nurse was conducting a critical appraisal of a quantitative study and noted that a sample size of 100 was obtained using simple random sampling. This example demonstrates what level of a quantitative research critique? A. Analysis B. Comparison C. Comprehension D. Evaluation

C. Comprehension

Which of the following is the preparation phase of the Stetler Model of Research Utilization to facilitate evidence-based practice? A. Assesses the overall benefits and risks of using the research evidence in a practice setting B. Focuses on determining what knowledge will be used and how that knowledge will be applied to practice C. Determines the purpose, focus, and potential outcomes of making an evidence-based change clinically D. Performs a critical appraisal of the research reports to determine their scientific soundness

C. Determines the purpose, focus, and potential outcomes of making an evidence-based change clinically

1. Which of the following is most important for a nurse researcher to do when critiquing a study? A. Apply the findings in the practice B. Determine if the study is applied or basic research C. Discuss the feasibility of replicating the study D. Focus mainly on the results to determine the value of the study

C. Discuss the feasibility of replicating the study

A critique of a qualitative study indicated the researchers had been very cautious to protect the privacy of the informants, and their data were kept confidential. What does this support in the study? A. Analytical preciseness B. Auditability C. Ethical rigor D. Procedural rigor

C. Ethical rigor

Which of the following models focuses on critically appraising national evidence-based guidelines? A. The Stetler Model of Research Utilization to facilitate evidence-based practice B. Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice C. Grove Model D. PICO/S Format

C. Grove Model

1. The careful, complete examination of a study to judge its strengths, weaknesses, meaning, and significance best describes which of the following? A. Analysis of a research article B. Creative critique C. Intellectual research critique D. Synthesis of knowledge for the profession

C. Intellectual research critique

What format is described for generating a clinical question to guide the use of current research evidence in practice? A. PIOC B. IPCO C. PICO D. IPOC

C. PICO

What key principle for critically appraising quantitative and qualitative studies involves examining the quality of all aspects of the research report? A. Examine the organization and presentation of the research report. B. Examine the significance of the problem studied for nursing practice. C. Read and critically appraise the entire study. D. Evaluate the quality of the study.

C. Read and critically appraise the entire study.

Nurses were provided information on a research-based protocol for changing dressings on intravenous (IV) sites that would decrease time and infection rate. This knowledge was used to persuade the nurses to change and is an example of which of the following? A. Compatibility of the protocol with the agency's practice B. Complexity of the protocol C. Relative advantage of the protocol for practice

C. Relative advantage of the protocol for practice

The researcher would like to produce trustworthy data from measurements used in a study. Which of the following would the researcher ensure? A. Measurement error is reduced. B. Rules are provided to guide measurement. C. Values are assigned consistently from one subject to another. D. All the above are correct.

D. All the above are correct.

Which statement accurately describes control in the study design? A. Researchers build controls into their study plan to maximize the influence of intervening forces on the findings. B. Control is very important in observational studies to ensure that the intervention is consistently implemented. C. The research report needs to reflect the controls implemented in a study and any problems that needed to be managed during the study. D. Researchers continually look for previously unidentified, dependent variables that might have an impact on the data being collected.

C. The research report needs to reflect the controls implemented in a study and any problems that needed to be managed during the study.

In a qualitative study, the confidence of the reader about the extent to which the researchers have produced results that reflect the views of the participants is known as A. dependability. B. confirmability. C. credibility. D. transferable.

C. credibility.

Observational measures are used most commonly in _______________ research. A. correlational B. intervention C. qualitative D. outcomes

C. qualitative

Which of the following is not a characteristic of ANOVA? Can be used only with two groups Often requires post hoc tests to identify locations of differences Tests for differences between means F statistic used to report results

Can be used only with two groups

During data cleaning, the researcher will perform which of the following? Select all that apply. Check the data for accuracy Correct all errors Identify missing data points and supply the data Organize according to responses Sort according to demographics

Check the data for accuracy Correct all errors Identify missing data points and supply the data

A researcher wants to conduct a study examining the relationship between gender and heart disease. Which of the following methods would be most appropriate? Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Chi-square Pearson's r Regression analysis

Chi-square

Which of the following is related to inference? Conclusion or judgment based on evidence Logical movement from a general truth to a specific instance Researcher's guess about the outcomes of the study Theoretical application of study findings

Conclusion or judgment based on evidence

Which of the following is not a descriptive statistic? Correlational analysis Frequency distribution Mean Standard deviation

Correlational analysis

As an undergraduate student, you are encouraged to critique published studies on relevant clinical topics for which of the following reasons? A. To determine whether the findings are ready for use in practice B. Increase your understanding of the research process C. Promote your interest in reading research articles D. All the above

D. All the above

In a published study, which of the following information should be provided about the data collection process? A. Number of potential subjects who declined to participate B. Strategies used to approach potential subjects C. The timing and settings in which measurements were taken D. All the above

D. All the above

The nurse understands that measurement errors can be related to which of the following? A. A theoretical framework B. Survey tools C. The difference between the true score and what is measured D. All the above

D. All the above

The nurse understands that test-retest reliability includes which of the following? A. Assesses the consistency of repeated measures B. Assumes that the variable to be measured will remain the same at two testing times C. Assumes that variability in values is a result of measurement error D. All the above

D. All the above

The researcher understands the following to be true when data collection forms are used to record A. data from the patient record. B. demographic data. C. information provided orally by subject or family. D. All the above

D. All the above

The researcher understands the precision of physiological measures is related to which of the following? A. Maintained by recalibration of instruments B. Part of quality control testing C. The degree of reproducibility of measurements D. All the above

D. All the above

The use of research findings in practice needs to be implemented by nurses with which of the following degrees? A. Bachelor's degree in nursing (BSN) B. Master's degree in nursing (MSN) C. Doctoral degree (DNS, DSc, and PhD) D. All the above

D. All the above

What is the purpose of critically appraising research? A. To broaden understanding B. To provide a background for conducting a study C. To improve practice D. All the above

D. All the above

Which of the following is the evaluation phase of the Stetler Model of Research Utilization to facilitate evidence-based practice? A. Focuses on determining what knowledge will be used and how that knowledge will be applied to practice B. Determines the purpose, focus, and potential outcomes of making an evidence-based change clinically C. Performs a critical appraisal of the research reports to determine their scientific soundness D. Evaluates the impact of the research-based change on the healthcare agency, personnel, and patients

D. Evaluates the impact of the research-based change on the healthcare agency, personnel, and patients

A nurse was conducting a critique of a quantitative study and observed that the findings from the study being critiqued were comparable with findings from other studies. Thus the nurse thought that the findings were ready to use in his or her practice. This example demonstrates what level of a quantitative research critique? A. Analysis B. Comparison C. Comprehension D. Evaluation

D. Evaluation

A visual analog scale could be used to assess a patient's pain following an injection given according to a research-based protocol. This is an example of what phase of the Stetler Model of Research Utilization to facilitate evidence-based practice? A. Preparation B. Validation C. Comparative D. Evaluation

D. Evaluation

The reliability and validity of physiological measures A. are acceptable in data obtained from the patient record. B. should not be included in research reports. C. can be assumed to be accurate. D. None of the above

D. None of the above

Which of the following could be used as a systematic means of initiating a relevant clinical research question? A. The Stetler Model of Research Utilization to facilitate evidence-based practice B. Iowa Model of Evidence-Based Practice C. Grove Model D. PICO/S Format

D. PICO/S Format

A critique of a qualitative study indicated that insufficient data were gathered and insufficient time was spent gathering data. Which threat is posed for the study? A. Analytical preciseness B. Documentation rigor C. Ethical rigor D. Procedural rigor

D. Procedural rigor

Which of the following is an example of random measurement error? A. Actual measures smaller than the true measure B. Including elements of hope in our measure of self-concept C. Measuring blood sugar immediately after breakfast D. Punching the wrong key when entering data into the computer

D. Punching the wrong key when entering data into the computer

Grades on a multiple choice final examination are an example of which level of measurement? A. Ordinal B. Interval C. Nominal D. Ratio

D. Ratio

Which of the following is a serious threat to the validity of mailed questionnaires? A. Quantitative statistics cannot be generated. B. Questionnaires present a greater opportunity for bias than interviews do. C. A slim spectrum of information can be obtained. D. Thirty percent of potential subjects return them.

D. Thirty percent of potential subjects return them.

What is true about translational research to evidence-based practice? A. Translational research has been termed 'bedside to bench' research that involves the translation of practical applications into basic scientific discoveries. B. Translational research is being conducted in nursing to decrease the implementation of evidence-based interventions in practice. C. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) developed the Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) consortium to encourage researchers to conduct translational research. D. Translational research has been termed 'bench to bedside' research that involves the translation of practical application into basic scientific discoveries.

D. Translational research has been termed 'bench to bedside' research that involves the translation of practical application into basic scientific discoveries.

Which of the following scales measures pain with facial expressions instead of numbers? A. Likert scale B. Rating scale C. Semantic differential scale D. Visual analog scale

D. Visual analog scale

In any study in which the data are numerical, data analysis begins with which of the following? Correlational statistics Descriptive statistics Hypothesis-testing statistics Predictive statistics

Descriptive statistics

Which of the following is the purpose of exploratory data analysis? Select all that apply. Check the data for accuracy Correct all errors Determine the nature of variation in the data Identify outliers Obtain a better understanding of the data

Determine the nature of variation in the data Identify outliers Obtain a better understanding of the data

A researcher wanted to study the elements or variables associated with fear. Which of the following would be an appropriate statistical measure? Chi-square Factor analysis Pearson's r t-test

Factor analysis

Types of results from inferential statistical analyses include all except which of the following? Findings Not significant Significant Unpredicted

Findings

The researcher understands that exploratory analysis is used for all except which of the following? Become familiar with the data Examine measures of central tendency and dispersion for each variable Identify outliers Generalize to a larger population

Generalize to a larger population

Which of the following is true of a one-tailed test of significance? Increases the risk of a type II error Indicates that extreme scores on only one tail are considered significant Is referred to as no directional Is weaker than two-tailed tests

Indicates that extreme scores on only one tail are considered significant

What do measures of dispersion indicate? Differences among samples Homogeneity, which indicates wider dispersion Individual differences of the members of the sample The central tendency of the sample

Individual differences of the members of the sample

Which of the following best explains power? It is the amount of variance allowed in the measured scores. It is the capacity of the computer to run complex statistical analyses. It is the degree to which the null hypothesis is false. It is the probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference that exists.

It is the probability that a statistical test will detect a significant difference that exists.

The risk of a type II error increases with which of the following? Select all that apply. Low levels of power Small effect sizes Type I error Small sample

Low levels of power Small effect sizes Type I error Small samples

Which of the following does the normal curve indicate? Distribution of the values of a single sample Illustration of scores from several samples Real distribution of the values of a population Theoretical frequency distribution of all possible values in a population

Theoretical frequency distribution of all possible values in a population

Using decision theory, if the level of significance was set at 0.05, which of the following probability levels from statistical analyses would indicate the greatest significant difference? 0.04 0.01 0.001 None of the above

None of the above

The most common purpose of a Pearson's correlation is to examine which of the following? Differences between groups Differences between variables Relationships among groups Relationships among variables

Relationships among variables

To judge statistical suitability while critiquing a study, the nurse researcher needs to know all except which of the following? Level of measurement Number of groups Reliability of the measures Whether the groups are dependent or independent

Reliability of the measures

When interpreting research outcomes, the type of results that agree with those predicted by the researcher and support the logical links developed by the researcher among the framework, purpose, study questions, hypotheses, variables, and measurement tools is known as? Nonsignificant results Significant and unpredicted results Unexpected results Significant results

Significant results

For what purpose is the t-test used? To describe relationships between two variables To examine differences among three or more groups To test for a significant difference between the means of two samples To test the power of a statistical procedure

To test for a significant difference between the means of two samples

Which of the following leads to a type I error? When data are not measured at the interval level When results are not significant When results indicate a significant difference when there is no difference When wrong statistical procedures are used

When results indicate a significant difference when there is no difference

A researcher wants to compare the results of two tests completed on the same group. Which of the following methods would be most appropriate? Analysis of variance (ANOVA) Chi-square t-test Z-score

Z-score