Endocrine System

Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland. (Module 16.6A)

anterior lobe and posterior lobe

All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they

are produced by the adrenal medulla.

The hypophyseal portal system

carries neurosecretions to the anterior lobe of the pituitary. does not transport ADH and oxytocin. has two capillary plexuses connected by short veins. All of the answers are correct.

A hormone that promotes glucose formation in the liver is

cortisol.

The primary function of ADH is to

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

All of the following are true of the nervous system, except that it doesn't

function independently of the endocrine system.

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

gene transcription is initiated.

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

gigantism.

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting

glucagon

All target cells

have hormone receptors and can respond to chemical signals.

Which of the following organs does not contain target cells for oxytocin?

heart

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by all of the following except

increase sweat gland secretions.

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

neurohypophysis.

If the pars intermedia of the pituitary is destroyed, the pituitary would no longer be able to secrete which of the following hormones?

MSH

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces

androgens

The release of which pituitary hormone would lead to an increased level of somatomedins in the blood? (Module 16.7B)

growth hormone

The condition known as goiter can result from too

little iodine in the diet.

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the

medulla.

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS), there is

mobilization of energy reserves.

Name the hormones secreted by the heart. (Module 16.15A)

natriuretic peptides

Receptors for all of the following hormones are found in the cell membranes of target cells except

steroid hormones.

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

9

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH.

Define the prefixes hyper- and hypo- in the context of endocrine disorders. (Module 16.18A)

Hyper refers to excessive hormone production. Hypo refers to inadequate hormone production.

Secretory cells of the adenohypophysis release all of the following except

OXT

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

PRL

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except

carbohydrates

The endocrine system works most closely with the ________ system to maintain homeostasis.

cardiovascular

Peptide hormones are

composed of amino acids.

Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which result?

loss of ADH secretion

Which type of hormone diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds to receptors in the cytoplasm? (Module 16.4C)

steroid hormones

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

If a patient is administered a powerful glucocorticoid (such as prednisone) to suppress the immune system, what unintended effects might this have on blood chemistry?

both an increase of insulin and an increase of blood glucose

List three functions suggested for melatonin in humans. (Module 16.12C)

maintain circadian rhythms, control the timing of sexual maturation, protect against damage by free radicals

Regulatory hormones that control secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are released by neurons at the ________ of the hypothalamus.

median eminence

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Hormones

Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?

erythropoietin

Activation of the renin-angiotensin system would result in all of the following except

increased urine production.

Each of the following is true of the pineal gland except that it

is a component of the hypothalamus.

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.

The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.

estrogen

What effect would increased cortisol levels have on blood glucose level? (Module 16.10C)

Increased cortisol levels would increase blood glucose levels.

In a dehydrated person, how would the amount of ADH released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary change? (Module 16.6C)

It would increase.

Identify the hormone-secreting cells of the pineal gland. (Module 16.12A)

pinealocytes

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except

ACTH levels.

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics which of the following hormones?

ADH

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

FSH.

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

MSH.

Why do signs and symptoms of decreased thyroxine concentration not appear until about a week after a thyroidectomy (surgical removal of the thyroid gland)? (Module 16.8C)

Most of the thyroxine is bound to proteins in the bloodstream and the hormones are released gradually.

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH.

Define endocrine system. (Module 16.3A)

The endocrine system includes organs whose primary role is the production of hormones or paracrines.

The hormone oxytocin does all of the following except

X is responsive to osmoreceptors. promotes uterine contractions. rises during sexual arousal. is responsible for milk expression from the mammary glands. peaks at orgasm in both sexes.

List the three phases of the stress response. (Module 16.17A)

alarm phase, resistance phase, and exhaustion phase

Reduction of fluid losses at the kidneys due to the retention of Na+ is the action of

aldosterone

Which of the four hormonal effects are involved in a negative feedback response? (Module 16.14B)

antagonistic effects

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called

antagonists

Hormones that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called

gonadotropins

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

oxytocin

Shelly has a hormone-secreting tumor of the adrenal gland. The tumor is causing her to have a deep voice, grow extensive body hair, and stop menstruating. This tumor probably involves cells of the

zona reticularis.