ENT 201 Final
what are good precautions to take to prevent ticks and tick borne diseases?
-recognize tick habitat -wear long sleeve shirts and long pants -wear light colored clothing - repellant -frequently check yourself for ticks
any population over ______ we will treat because we will get more money back than it cost us
1
about how many insects are pests?
1,000
_________ of all insect species are plant feeders and are found in 9 orders out of 30.
1/2
insects get ________% of what we make after harvesting
10
what % of people can die if they aren't treated for typhus?
5-50%
what is the number one state rocky mountain spotted fever is seen in?
NC
what is an agent?
a living organism causing disease in an arthropod
what is a disease?
a negative consequence of acquiring that agent in an affected host
what is keratin?
a protein polymer that animals are covered with
what do dog heartworms look like?
adults are large and are as round as spaghetti
what is the life cycle of a heartworm in a dog?
after introduced, tiny larvae go to the bite channel, settle in tissue and over months they grow and migrate to the heart and lungs to finish development, mate and produce infested larvae for a mosquito to pick up
what is a monoculture?
agricultural production or storage of a single crop or livestock over a large area
what is the most important industry in NC?
agriculture and it touches a quarter of the economy
what life stages do the lone star tick bite in?
all three
what is alphagalactos sensitivity?
an allergic reaction to sugars in mammals muscles except primates, it is the result of a lone star tick bite that has fed on other animals
what is a vector?
an organism that transmits that agent from an infected reservoir/host to a non-infectedhost
what is the vector for malaria?
anopheles mosquitoes
what can lyme be treated with?
antibiotics
what can rocky mountain spotted fever be treated with?
antibiotics
what is the vector for lyme disease?
black leg deer tick
how can we conquer malaria?
by attacking the vector or treating the protozoan parasite in infected people (mosquitoes and protozoans are becoming resistant)
what is the reservoir for heartworms?
canines, foxes, coyotes
what insects are the last to attack a dead animal?
carpet beetles and clothes moths
what insects are pests of keratin?
carpet beetles, clothes moths (adult and larval)
what are fiber products?
cellulose fiber, keratin, and wood
what are pests of stored grains?
coleoptera (beetles) in the adult and larval stages, lepidoptera (moths at larval stage)
what can bots cause in a horse?
colic and death
what are some examples of monoculture?
corn field, hog house, grain bin
what is the reservoir for ehrlichiosis?
deer
what is the reservoir for lyme disease?
deer mice
what insect order is an important pest to livestock?
diptera (mosquitoes and black flies)
where was the plague most prevalent?
dry areas of western asia and it migrated all over the world
what bacteria is ehrlichiosis caused by?
ehrlichia
insects that attack crop plants are _________ not ____________ and about ______% are from somewhere else because wheat is imported
exotic, native, 40
what do screwworms do?
females lay eggs on open wounds and larvae enlarge wounds till death
what are symptoms of malaria?
fever, chills, anemia, bad bad feeling, depending on species it could be more dangerous
what are the symptoms of lyme?
fever, muscle aches, joint pain, bulls eye rash
what famous people were infected by malaria?
ghangis kahn, presidents, and ghandi
where is keratin found?
hair, nails, feathers, skin, cow horns
what are other orders of pests?
hemiptera (stink bugs), dyptera (flies), and orthoptera (grasshoppers)
what are symptoms of typhus?
high fever, muscle aches, flu like, pin-point rash (starts on trunk and goes to limbs)
what are symptoms of rocky mountain spotted fever?
high fever, severe headache, pinpoint rash (tiny red spots that start at wrist and go onto the trunk)
what are symptoms of the plague?
high fever, subcutaneous lumps, bubo (grossly impacted lymph node near a flea bite)
What are Africanized honey bees?
honey bees that demonstrate aggressive nature and other undesirable characteristics of African honey bees. Dominantly inherited when these bees mate with European strain honeybees. First released (accidentally) in Brazil in 1956, they are now found on the Southern border of the US.
what is the vector of epidemic typhus?
human body louse
what is the reservoir for malaria?
humans
what is the reservoir of epidemic typhus?
humans and lice
what class doesn't eat wood but excavates it to live in?
hymenoptera (ants and bees)
when is epidemic typhus seen the most?
in times of war when conditions and hygiene are poor, and populations are high in density
what are wood products pests?
isoptera (termites)
what is different about the plague?
it kills its reservoir, vectors, and about 1/2 the people who contract it and go untreated
what huge impact has malaria had on human history and evolutionary history?
it was brought to the new world very early in European colonization and was endemic in the southern US but was gone in the 40's by using window screens and insecticides
what are the two most important orders of ag crop pests?
lepidoptera (larvae) and coleoptera (adults and larvae)
what are the three types of miasis?
living fly larvae in animal tissue, screwworm, and cattle grub
what are the vectors of ehrlichiosis?
lone star tick and is most common tick in eastern NC
what is a reservoir?
maintains a disease on the landscape over long periods of time
what is the most severe insect vectored disease worldwide?
malaria
what is the vector of heartworm?
mosquitoes
has the plague gone away and when was the last time there was a plague outbreak?
no, 1965
what is the vector for the plague?
original rat flea (black or roof rats)
how is malaria biologically transmitted?
part of life is in mosquito and half is in the human
what are things made of cellulose fiber and who attacks it?
plants, cotton, and termites, beetles, roaches, silverfish
what impact did the plague have on European society?
population was cut in 1/2, break down of futal land system, protestant church reformation, mass genocides of jews
what is the agent of malaria?
protozoans plasmodium
what is the reservoir for rocky mountain spotted fever?
raccoon
what do cattle grubs do to the value of the meat it destroys?
reduce the value, by the holes they dig in the skin and scar tissue
what bacteria causes rocky mountain spotted fever?
rickettsia bacteria
what is epidemic typhus caused by?
rickettsial bacteria
what is the reservoir for the plague?
rodents
what does the economic injury level help do?
save money and protect the environment
what genetic disease protects you from malaria?
sickle cell disease
what does the german cockroach look like?
small, light tan, with two dark marks on it's pronatum and is native to asia or africa
what is lyme disease caused by?
spiraquite bacteria
what is another name for plague?
the black death
how do horse bots affect the horse?
the horse licks itself and the heat and saliva cause the eggs to hatch, they first go to the gums and then migrate to the stomach and small intestine where they finish larval development which damages the horses stomach lining and they go out through the poop, pupate and restart cycle
what environment do household pests need?
the ideal environment is the same environment we live in
what is the economic injury level/threshold?
the pest population level at which the value of lost crop yield EQUALS the cost of controlling that pest population
how do cattle grubs affect cattle?
they lay eggs on the cow, larvae hatch and burrow under the skin, migrate to the diaphragm and to the back where they form an air hole then dig out and fall to the ground and pupate and restart the cycle
how does malaria reach the entire body?
they migrate to the liver and grow then migrate to red blood cells
what happens if someone with malaria goes untreated and lives?
they will experience repeated rounds of illness and they will re-invade the liver
insects eat a ___________ of all our crops despite what we do to prevent.
third
how were screwworms eliminated?
through sterile insect release, a technique used from the 50-90's
what is NC number one in producing?
tobacco and sweet potatoes
what is NC number two in producing?
trout and christmas trees
T/F: NC has transitioned from a crop state to a very divers state with livestock (hogs and poultry)
true
T/F: a grain bin is a perfect environment for insects to reproduce
true
T/F: all tick borne diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics.
true
T/F: beetles will attack anything organic
true
T/F: during world war one and two millions were killed from typhus
true
T/F: if rocky mountain spotted fever goes untreated it can be fatal and cause brain damage?
true
T/F: the plague can be treated with antibiotics.
true
T/F: typhus had more of an impact on killing people than war strategy?
true
how do you remove a tick?
use tweezers and grab as close to skin a possible and pull out slowly, save it for a couple of weeks incase you start getting symptoms
what is biological transmission?
when the agent goes through some part of its life cycle in the vector
what is mechanical transmission?
when the agent hitches a ride
what bacteria causes the plague?
yersinia pestis
does malaria still kill people to this day?
yes despite all our attempts it still kills 500-800,000 people a year and most are kids in Africa
can epidemic typhus be treated?
yes if diagnosed promptly can be treated with antibiotics
what is the vector for rocky mountain spotted fever in NC?
American dog tick
