ENVS Chapter 7

Salinization, or the accumulation of mineral salts in the soil, occurs particularly when soils in ______ climates are irrigated with saline water. cold dry wet

dry

One simple and practical way to protect soil is to ______ when harvesting. leave behind more than half of a crop leave a small amount of crop residue behind remove all of a crop from the soil

leave a small amount of crop residue behind

Low-input, organic foods reduce environmental impact by ______. (Choose all that apply.) increasing the loss of soil nutrients lessening the use of artificial fertilizers lessening the use of pesticides

lessening the use of artificial fertilizers lessening the use of pesticides

Hypertension, diabetes, heart attack, gallbladder disease, respiratory problems, and other health risks are elevated with ________

obesity

Chlorinated hydrocarbons, fumigants, inorganics, and botanicals all are used as _______.

Pesticides

True or false: It is impossible to farm land for thousands of years without losing soil fertility.

false

True or false: Modern increases in crop yields stem mainly from expansion of farmlands.

false

Intensive _______ practices are the primary culprit in desertification.

farming

Living organisms, including soil bacteria, worms, fungi, roots of plants, and insects, that recycle organic compounds and nutrients are called soil ________ and flora.

fauna

There exist rice paddies in Southeast Asia that have been farmed for thousands of years, showing that ______. fertility can not be controlled fertility can be maintained through conservation natural fertility lasts a long time

fertility can be maintained through conservation

___________-supported agriculture projects are supported by local residents who pay ahead of time for shares of the farm's products.

community

Important elements of soil __________ include land terracing, ground cover, and reduced tillage.

conservation

What is the correct order of soil horizons from top to bottom? *A, B, E, O *O, E, B, A *A, O, B, E *O, A, E, B

*O, A, E, B

In what layer of soil are most soil fauna located? *The "A" horizon *The "B" horizon *The "C" horizon *The "O" horizon

*The "O" horizon

When lots of food is produced, ______, causing hunger levels around the world to remain high. *a large amount spoils in storage and transit *people purchase more *distribution to the developing world ceases

*a large amount spoils in storage and transit

Derived from groundwater or rainfall, and occurring in pockets in small spaces in soil, ______ are essential to soil fauna. *gravel and silt *dead organic matter *air and water

*air and water

With new policies in the United States and Europe promoting biofuels, corn and sugarcane production ____. *stabilized *decreased *increased

*increased

Regions such as forested watersheds, wetlands, and grasslands could be converted to agricultural lands, but they shouldn't because these lands ______. (Mark all that apply.) *provide us with crops of hardwood trees *may support insect pollinators that ensure product crops *may be important in regulating water supplies

*may support insect pollinators that ensure product crops *may be important in regulating water supplies

A healthy grassland is capable of producing a few ______ of topsoil in a few years. *millimeters *meters *centimeters

*millimeters

The ______ of antibiotics in meat production is leading to resistant bacteria and health problems in humans. *under use *lack *overuse

*overuse

Food insecurity and ______ can lead to obesity as high-calorie food often is cheaper and easier to prepare. *poverty *ignorance *wealth

*poverty

Most of our food needs are met with a _____ list of food sources. *moderate *relatively short *large

*relatively short

Externalized costs of raising large numbers of hogs on small feedlots are _____. *large amounts of manure that can contaminate soil and water *major contributions of greenhouse gases, influencing climate change *rising levels of resistant strains of bacteria as a result of the heavy use of antibiotics

*rising levels of resistant strains of bacteria as a result of the heavy use of antibiotics *large amounts of manure that can contaminate soil and water

The characteristics of ______ soils include rapid drainage and the potential of depriving plants of needed moisture. *sandy *silt *clay

*sandy

The best soils for farming in the United States are glacial and flood deposits rich in ______. *fungus *silt and clay *sand and gravel

*silt and clay

Farms used to be ____ and now many are ____. *small scale; vast operations *focused on growing one crop; focused on growing multiple *crops in a small area *vast operations; small scale

*small scale; vast operations

In order to mass produce crops, forests and grasslands are converted to crop fields, which increases ______. *soil erosion *biodiversity *antibiotic resistance of bacteria

*soil erosion

In comparing modern-day farms to those of the past, today's farms _____. (Mark all that apply.) *use higher amounts of fertilizer *are smaller *use more fuel to operate *plant many diversified crops on the land

*use higher amounts of fertilizer *use more fuel to operate

Raising carnivorous fish populations via aquaculture is still a problem for wild fish populations because _____. *the carnivorous fish are released into the ocean *people only care about species they could consume *wild fish are caught to feed the farm-raised fish

*wild fish are caught to feed the farm-raised fish

Match the pesticide type to the correct description. 1. Chlorinated hydrocarbons 2. Fumigants 3. Inorganic pesticides

1. They are persistent and highly toxic to sensitive organisms and are used extensively on U.S. corn. 2. They are highly toxic gases used to kill fungus on low-growing crops. 3. These include arsenic and copper.

Which of the following are dangers associated with overuse of phosphate and nitrate fertilizer? (Select all that apply.) Increased crop yields Aquatic ecosystem pollution Groundwater contamination Stimulation of plant growth

Aquatic ecosystem pollution Groundwater contamination

______ farming involves planting different kinds of crops in alternating strips along the land contours.

Strip

Choose all the health risks that increase with obesity. *Stroke *Gingivitis *Hypertension *Athlete's foot *Diabetes

Stroke Hypertension Diabetes

Which of the following are examples of malnourishment? (Mark all that apply.) *Vitamin A deficiency *Calorie deficiency *Iodine deficiency

Vitamin A deficiency Iodine deficiency

Which of the following are examples of malnourishment? (Mark all that apply.) *Vitamin A deficiency *Iodine deficiency *Calorie deficiency

Vitamin A deficiency Iodine deficiency

Leaving crop residues on a field after harvest _____. (Mark all that apply.) reduces water infiltration helps to reduce evaporation of moisture reduces erosion by protecting soil from exposure to wind and rain

helps to reduce evaporation of moisture reduces erosion by protecting soil from exposure to wind and rain

People in wealthy countries may suffer from hunger as a result of ________. (Select all that apply.) *political instability *problems in developing nations *lack of social services *poverty *job loss

lack of social services poverty job loss

Organophosphates are the ______. least used pesticides because they have lost their effectiveness most abundantly used synthetic pesticides least used synthetic pesticides because they cause extreme harm to humans

most abundantly used synthetic pesticides

The ______ aspects of leaving crop residue on fields include increased use of chemicals to deal with pests, weeds, and disease. positive negative

negative

The use of GMOs in ______ countries may have more benefits than downsides by delivering needed nutrients to more people, and allowing farmers to use farmland more efficiently. poor and wealthy wealthy poor

poor and wealthy

The use of GMOs in ______ countries may have more benefits than downsides by delivering needed nutrients to more people, and allowing farmers to use farmland more efficiently. poor and wealthy wealthy poor

poor and wealthy

Rotational grazing is just one example of a low-cost, beneficial activity that can be implemented ______. with the help of computers on large industrial farms relatively easily on a small-scale farm

relatively easily on a small-scale farm

True or false: GMOs are only used and developed for industrialized rich nations.

False

What two components of soil are located in the pore spaces between solid grains? *Gravel *Sand *Air *Water

*Air *Water

_____ is nutrient imbalance caused by a lack of specific dietary components. *Anemia *Obesity *Food insecurity *Malnourishment

*Malnourishment

Eight kilograms of grain are required to produce 1 kilogram of ______. *chicken *pork *beef

*Beef

What is the greatest threat to food security? *Wildfires *Being poor *Earthquakes and tsunamis

*Being poor

What group of people are most at risk from malnourishment? *Adult men *Elderly women *Children

*Children

One of the ways large amounts of meat may be produced is with a _______ animal-feeding operation. *range *farm *confined *wild

*Confined

What two products together make up 85% of commodity crops in the United States? *Corn *Wheat *Rice *Soybeans

*Corn *Soybeans

In developing countries, the production of biofuel plant species such as soy and palm oil ______. *displaced food production *allowed people to eat better and produce crops needed for *export to the biofuel market *never became profitable because the people needed food, not biofuels

*Displaced food production

The only worldwide major source of animal protein that is still wild-caught is _______. *pork *cattle *deer/antelope *fish

*Fish

For the past 50 years, how has the rate of food production kept up with population growth? *Food production has grown at the same rate as population. *Food production has grown more than population has. *Population growth has outpaced food production.

*Food production has grown more than population has.

___ is the ability to obtain sufficient food on a day-to-day basis. *Famine *Anemia *Malnourishment *Food security

*Food security

Match the phrase with the number to describe current rates of overweight and obese people. 1. People who are overweight worldwide 2. Americans who are overweight 3. Americans who are Obese

1. 2 billion 2. 70% 2. 1/3

Match the types of erosion with the correct description of each process. 1. Sheet erosion 2. Rill erosion 3. Gully erosion 4. Streambank erosion

1. A thin layer of soil taken off the land surface 2. Soil loss caused by small rivulets of running water 3. Soil loss that occurs in big channels or ravines 4. Soil loss that occurs on stream edges

Match the type of land degradation to the correct description. 1. Chemical degradation 2. Physical degradation

1. Includes nutrient depletion, salt accumulation, and acidification 2. Includes soil compaction, waterlogging from excess irrigation, and rock-hard solidification due to exposure to sun and rain

Waterlogging is a type of ______ soil degradation, whereas acidification is a type _______ of soil degradation.

1. Physical 2. Chemical

Match the soil order to the correct description. 1. Mollisols 2. Alfisols

1. Thick, organic-rich A horizon that develops from the deep, dense roots of prairie grasses 2. Thin A horizon, forming in deciduous forests where leaf litter is abundant

Approximately _____ of Americans are obese. 1/4 1/2 1/3 2/3

1/3

A person more than _____ percent over the ideal weight for the person's height and sex is considered obese. *20 *1 *50

20

The soil layer that is rich in organic matter and from which most of your food is grown is called the _________ horizon.

A

Which of the following activities may lead to desertification? (Mark all that apply.) Use of fertilizer Deep plowing Heavy application of herbicides

Deep plowing Heavy application of herbicides

Despite mass production of food, _____ people are still malnourished worldwide. *millions of *thousands of *hundreds of thousands of *a few billion

A few billion

Which of the following are components of a healthy, fertile soil? They are commonly referred to as flora and fauna. (Choose all that apply.) *Garbage *Bacteria *Worms *Fertilizer *Fungi

Bacteria Worms Fungi

One of the causes of obesity is that large portions of personal daily diets consist of processed foods rich in ______ and _______.

Blank 1: fats or fat Blank 2: sugars, carbohydrates, or sugar

Increases in greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture come from energy-intense practices (______), large numbers of sheep and cattle (______), and fertilizer production and use (______). N2O; CO2; CH4 CO2; CH4; N2O CO2; N2O; CH4

CO2; CH4; N2O

Silt and ________ are extremely small mineral particles in soil that are sticky and hold water because of their flat surfaces and ionic charges.

Clays

The primary benefit of _________ animal feeding operations is that large amounts of meat may be efficiently produced.

Confined

The photograph shows an example of __________ plowing, as the crops follow the shape of the land surface.

Contour

What process is responsible for the most land degradation and soil loss every year? Desertification Conversion to nonagricultural uses Erosion

Conversion to nonagricultural uses

Too many fish catch operations using destructive technologies have allowed for large amounts of fish harvest with a consequential ________ in the size of fisheries.

Decrease

Every year more than 1 million tons of sand and dust blow from Chinese drylands and the Gobi _______ , often traveling long distances before being deposited.

Desert

Which of the following are undesired effects of widespread pesticide use? Destruction of nontargeted organisms Creation of new species from overuse of pesticides Creation of pesticide-resistant populations Need for stronger and greater amounts of pesticides

Destruction of nontargeted organisms Creation of pesticide-resistant populations Need for stronger and greater amounts of pesticides

Meat consumption per person has more than doubled in ______ countries in the past 50 years. industrial developing

Developing

Which of the following demonstrate why, amid high food production levels, global hunger levels are not reduced? (Mark all that apply.) *Human population growth is so high. *Distribution of food can be corrupt and/or lacking. *Speculation on food commodities leads to food crises. *Much of the food produced is wasted.

Distribution of food can be corrupt and/or lacking. Speculation on food commodities leads to food crises. Much of the food produced is wasted.

In addition to soil, agriculture is dependent upon water, nutrients, favorable climates to grow crops, productive crop varieties, and upon the mechanical ______- to tend and harvest them.

Energy

As reflected by the fact that the average food product in the United States travels over 2,000 km from farm to table, food processing and distribution also are _________-intensive.

Energy or Fuel

Mark the goals of sustainable agriculture. (Mark all that apply.) Ensure that farming and food production can continue far into the future. Ensure that farming and food production do not expand into any more lands. Ensure that farming and food production are equitable.

Ensure that farming and food production can continue far into the future. Ensure that farming and food production are equitable.

Every year, about 3 million hectares of cropland are made unusable by this process, which takes soil away from the surface via wind and water. Erosion Urbanization Conversion

Erosion

What is agricultural waterlogging? Keeping track of how much water is used by crop and season Excessive watering of crops that leads to roots dying from lack of oxygen Selective overwatering of cropland when water is abundant

Excessive watering of crops that leads to roots dying from lack of oxygen

____________ can be caused by natural disasters; a population may be forced to eat their seed grain and breeding stock to avoid starvation.

Famine

Nitrogen can be made available by rotating or interplanting beans or other legumes with other crops so that ________ is no longer needed to enrich the organic nature of soils.

Fertilizer

Genetically engineered __________ are more attractive to the opposite sex, so they are likely to outcompete their wild relatives if they escape from aquaculture pens.

Fish or salmon

Removing the genes from one organism and splicing that sequence into another species' genetic code is called _______ _______.

Genetic Engineering

Transgenic organisms are also known as _______ modified organisms.

Genetically

Monsanto's Roundup-Ready® crops are tolerant of treatment by the ________ Roundup®.

Herbicide

Which of the following is a potential threat caused by genetically modified Atlantic salmon? If the fish were to escape, they could outcompete their endangered wild relatives. They require a specialized diet that includes another species of endangered fish. They are weakening the market for farm-raised fish.

If the fish were to escape, they could outcompete their endangered wild relatives.

Which of the following are negative aspects of using crop residues? (Mark all that apply.) Increase in pest problems Increased use of pesticides Increase in disease problems Increased erosion

Increase in pest problems Increased use of pesticides Increase in disease problems

Which of the following are benefits of genetically modified organism (GMO)? (Select all that apply.) Increased ability to withstand diseases that reduce yield The new genes getting into the wild and improving those populations Increased pest resistance Providing vitamins, minerals and vaccines

Increased ability to withstand diseases that reduce yield Increased pest resistance Providing vitamins, minerals and vaccines

________ deficiencies, a form of malnourishment, can cause goiter, which is a swelling of the thyroid gland.

Iodine

What are the benefits of shade-grown coffee? (Choose all that apply.) Birds tend to stay away from the crops. It requires less pesticides. It rarely needs irrigation. It requires less fertilizer. It is cheaper to grow.

It requires less pesticides. It rarely needs irrigation. It requires less fertilizer.

Which of the following are examples of activities that might be observed on a low-input, agroecological farm? (Mark all that apply.) Keeping livestock outdoors even during winter Rotation of cows to new paddocks every day Frequent use of antibiotics to prevent the spread of disease

Keeping livestock outdoors even during winter Rotation of cows to new paddocks every day

What are the advantages of sustainable farming techniques? Multiple select question. Lower operating costs Easier to implement Less ecological damage Higher crop yield

Lower operating costs Less ecological damage

A young boy has plenty of rice to eat but lacks a regular protein source and other dietary components such as fruit and vegetables. This child suffers from ________.

Malnutrition

____ is an alternative to the use of synthetic fertilizer because it is a natural source of soil nutrients. Manure Water Salinization

Manure

The annual consumption of _________ in the United States is currently about 136 kg per person; in the 1960s it was 90 kg.

Meat

Both mollisols and alfisols are rich in organic matter. What are the differences between the two? (Choose all that apply.) Mollisols develop in deserts. Alfisols have more organic matter. Mollisols have a thicker A-horizon. Alfisols develop in deciduous forests.

Mollisols have a thicker A-horizon. Alfisols develop in deciduous forests.

Which of the following are examples of GMOs engineered to be herbicide resistant? (Select all that apply.) Bacillus thuringiensis or Bt crops Monsanto's Roundup-Ready® crops AgrEvo's "Liberty Link" crops

Monsanto's Roundup-Ready® crops AgrEvo's "Liberty Link" crops

________ a component of all living cells, is the most common limiting factor for plant growth. Its use in fertilizers stimulates plant growth.

Nitrogen

The most apparent human impact of cheap food policies in the United States, and now extending to other nations, is the number of people who are _______.

Obese

_______ is generally considered to mean an individual is more than 20 percent over the ideal weight for the person's height and sex.

Obesity or Obese

______ can be designed to prevent growth of broadleaf weeds or to attack the nervous systems of insect pests. Biological controls Crop rotation Organophosphates

Organophosphates

Which of the following elements are commonly used as fertilizer? (Mark all that apply.) Phosphorus Oxygen Potassium Nitrogen

Phosphorus Potassium Nitrogen

Nearshore aquaculture can release large amounts of _______ such as antibiotics, feces, and diseases into the marine environment.

Pollutants

The largest threat to food security is _____________.

Poverty

Which of the following are negative impacts of cheap-food policies? (Mark all that apply.) Prices are so low, people can afford to overeat and obesity is on the rise. Global nutrition levels are worsening. The U.S. government spends billions of dollars to support prices or repay farmers for crops whose value is lower than the cost paid to produce them.

Prices are so low, people can afford to overeat and obesity is on the rise. The U.S. government spends billions of dollars to support prices or repay farmers for crops whose value is lower than the cost paid to produce them.

Which of the following is a traditional strategy (used for thousands of years) to evade pest damage to crops? (Mark all that apply.) Rotating crops Planting a mix of crops Using synthetic pesticides

Rotating crops Planting a mix of crops

The mineral components of soil that are derived directly from bedrock are gravel and _______.

Sand

The ability to obtain sufficient food on a day-to-day basis is food ________.

Security

Soils that contain a high amount of ________ , are the best for growing crops. (Hint: We are looking for a mineral grain size here.)

Silt

The pesticide ________describes the ever increasing use of pesticides as pests become resistant to them.

Treadmill

What are valid reasons that we will not expand farmland in the future to currently uncultivated regions? (Choose all that apply.) *There would be no people to cultivate the land. *Tropical soils are infertile, and expensive to make fertile. *The uncultivated land is already serving another important ecological role. *Much uncultivated land is in too steep or too cold areas.

Tropical soils are infertile, and expensive to make fertile. The uncultivated land is already serving another important ecological role. Much uncultivated land is in too steep or too cold areas.

True or False: Modern farming is an energy-intensive process that uses fossil fuels for both fuel and fertilizers.

True

True or false: Most of the world's food needs are met with a relatively small list of food sources.

True

True or false: The majority of the world's food is produced on small farms.

True

Which of the following have contributed to modern-day increases in crop productivity? (Mark all that apply.) Use of irrigation Use of synthetic fertilizers Expansion into new land areas Improved crop varieties

Use of irrigation Use of synthetic fertilizers Improved crop varieties

In areas with food security issues, ________ and ________ are at the most risk of malnourishment.

Women and Children

Contour plowing is done ______ a hill and is one of the main strategies for controlling soil loss and water runoff. across on top of down

across

Many types of pesticides ______ when applied to crops, so humans and animals consuming these plants may be exposed to their toxic effects. are not completely used are not used at all are completely used

are not completely used

All of the following are advantages of sustainable farming techniques except ______. ecological health crop prices crop yield operating costs

crop yield

All of the following are advantages of sustainable farming techniques except ______. ecological health crop prices operating costs crop yield

crop yield

Land ______ is the process by which land gradually becomes less fertile as soil washes and blows away, salts accumulate, and organic matter is lost. degradation erosion loss restoration

degradation

The conversion of productive land to desert, and the blowing of sand out of drylands and deserts to other places, is defined as __________

desertification

Streambank _______ , or soil loss, can occur as a result of removing trees near streambanks and by damage to banks caused by grazing cattle.

erosion

Most GMOs are developed _______. to increase yield for herbicide resistance to deliver medicines through food

for herbicide resistance

The dramatic increase of yield from newly developed crop varieties that spread around the world in the 1950s is called the ________ Revolution. Green Varietal Chemical Breeder

green

Genetic engineering involves _____. inserting a gene from one organism into the chromosome of another creating new species by breeding closely related species together discovering new species of rainforest plants based on DNA analysis

inserting a gene from one organism into the chromosome of another

_______ deficiencies, a form of malnourishment, can cause goiter, which is a swelling of the thyroid gland

iodine or I

Community-supported agriculture involves ____. local residents paying ahead for a share of a farm's products buying fruits and vegetables from farmer's markets growing your own food in a home garden

local residents paying ahead for a share of a farm's products

The use of GMOs ______. will only benefit poor countries will certainly benefit richer countries more than poorer countries may benefit both poor and wealthy countries in different ways

may benefit both poor and wealthy countries in different ways

Strip farming is the planting _____. of crops in long rows without following the land contours of crops in rows that are interspersed with native vegetation of different kinds of crops in alternating rows along the land contours

of different kinds of crops in alternating rows along the land contours

The B horizon, or subsoil, is located just below most ______ activity in the soil. faunal organic floral agricultural

organic

The B horizon, or subsoil, is located just below most ______ activity in the soil. floral agricultural faunal organic

organic

The ideal farming soil has a deep A horizon that is thick and rich ________ matter.

organic

Small-scale family farms help to ____. (Mark all that apply.) reduce the price of crops and meat because of rapid production and efficiencies preserve rural culture maintain environmental quality

preserve rural culture maintain environmental quality

Antibiotic use aids in mass food production, but its widespread use may lead to antibiotic , _________ which may impact human health. (Use just one word for your answer.)

resistance

Most soil fauna occur in the uppermost layer of soil because this layer is ______. rich in organic materials very cohesive largely mineral-based

rich in organic materials

The rich agricultural lands in the upper Midwest and along the Mississippi River are glacial and flood deposits, respectively, and are both rich in ________

silt

The B horizon, which tends to be richer in clays than the A horizon, is also known as ___________

subsoil

Regenerative farming is also known as _________ agriculture, and it aims to reduce or repair the damage caused by destructive practices.

sustainable

Regenerative farming is also known as ____________agriculture, and it aims to reduce or repair the damage caused by destructive practices.

sustainable

When fish are raised in _______ ,or pens, this is known as aquaculture.

tanks, ponds, enclosures, farms, or nets

Used for centuries on steep hillsides, ______ are created to hold earth and water in order to cultivate the land. terraces shelves

terraces

True or false: Small-scale farms can produce a higher net gain in profits than a conventional, intensive farming operation.

true

Growing food, or the practice of agriculture, accounts for the largest single share of global _______ use. Other essentials include climate, nutrients, energy, available land, and the appropriate crops.

water

Terracing is a strategy used to control soil and ________ loss on farmed hillsides.

water

Even people in ________________ countries may experience hunger as a result of job loss, lack of social services, and poverty.

wealthy, developed, or rich