EPPP
AD/HD symptoms must be presnt before what age
12
Hiskey-Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude
12 subtests; designed and standardized for deaf and hearing impaired children between 3 and 16
Effexor, Cymbalta, Pristiq
SNRI
Functional techniques: Single Proton Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
SPECT is similar to PET but is easier and less expensive to use but produces less detailed images
-pram or -ine
SSRI
Prescription for premature ejaculation
SSRI Paxil (paroxetine) and tricyclic anafranil (clomipramine)
Marfan and Von Willebrand's disease caused by
autosomal dominant gene
transcortical aphasia
cannot use or understand spontaneous speech, but can repeat
Witholding records without payment
cannot withold records when emergency treatment required
In their revision of the learned helplessness model of depression, Abramson, METALsky, ALLOY (1989) emphasized the role of...
Feelings of hopelessness Newest model, has the most components in it. Alloy = newer form of earth-based metals.
High amounts of self disclosure in what type of therapy
Feminist psychotherapy
Utilization of mental health servicces by race/ethnicity
Hispanic and asian-americans underutilize mental health services, while african-americans overutilize them.
DSM-5 Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Hoarding disorder
Discriminant Validity (aka divergent validity)
Low correlations with measures of unrelated characteristics provide evidence of the test's discriminant validity Measures of discriminant validity: heterotrait-heteromethod, heterotrait-monomethod
Gender effects on crowding
Men are more affected by crowding than women
Men have advantage on these skills
Mental rotation, target directed motor skills, mathematical problem solving.
Gifted and talented children best with
Metacognition
Demographics most commonly associated with suicide
Middle to high SES, white, male
Proportion of reported incidents of child abuse highest in what ethnicity
Native american
Best medications for MDD with atypical features?
MAOIs or SSRIs (response rate = 55-75%)
Voyeuristic Disorder
Must be at least 18 At least 6 months Intense sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting individual who is naked, disrobing, etc.
Types of schemas
Person, event, self, and role
Problems with rational economic model
Places too many demands on the organization and the individual
Characteristics of criterion measures: deficiency
Refers to the degree to which and actual criterion does NOT measure all aspects of the ultimate criterion, limits of relevance.
Incremental validity
Refers to the increase in decision-making accuracy an employer will achieve by using the predictor to make selection decisions. An important contributor to a measure's incremental validity is its validity coefficient.
Threat to internal validity in time series
history
standard error of measurement
how close an obtained score is a true score
Simultaneous conditioning
involves presenting the CS and the US at the same time (complete overlap). Even less effective than delay and trace conditioning.
Delay conditioning
is most effective and involves presenting the CS so that it precedes and overlaps presentation of the US (.5 seconds)
Stages of neural development
proliferation, migration, differentiation, and myelination
Dichotic listening task
patient is presented with different content in each ear, testing selective attention.
Hawthorne effect
people improve performance when they are aware they are being watched
The more I yell at her the worse she gets
positive reinforcement
Kubler Ross 5 stages of greif
denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance (DABDA)
Schizoid personality disorder
detachment/indifference to relationships, restricted range of emotions
Larry v Riles
found intelligence testing unfair to minorities and too many put in special ed; intelligence testing can no longer be used alone in assigning minority students to special ed.
Caucasians therapy considerations
future time orientation, autonomy, prefernece for doing
first stage of alzheimers
short term memory loss (2-4 years)
Signs of moderate ID
significant motor delays
Clustering, dynamic social impact theory
subgroups that emerge and hold differing opinions than the over-arching population
Negatively skewed distribution
the mode has the largest value, the median has the middle value, the mean has the smallest value
Super ordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome
three-stage process which describes the body's reaction to stress: 1) alarm reaction, 2) resistance, 3) exhaustion
Idiopathic
unknown cause
Chaining
using operant conditioning to teach a complex response by linking together less complex skills
Differential Validity
when it is a valid predictor of outcome for one subgroup of examinees, but invalid or significantly less valid for another group
Operant extinction
A person does a behavior and there is no response. Removing reinforcement from a previously reinforced behavior in order to eliminate the behavior (extinction burst happens before behavior decreases) Ex: parent ignores child during a temper tantrum. Differential reinforcement (of other behaviors): combines extinction with positive reinforcement for other (alternative) behavior. Completely ignore the tantrum, reinforce the desired behavior.
Seperation (acculturation)
A person withdraws from the dominant culture and accepts his or her own culture
Schein's career anchor model
A person's self-concept acts as an achor and stabilizing force in determining future occupational decisions
Hardiness
A personality characteristic associate with less negative effects of stressful life events and transformational coping Three primary characteristics 1) Commitment - a sense of purpose and involvement in one's relationships and life events 2) Challenge - an openness to new experiences and change 3) Control - the belief that one has the ability to influence or manage life events
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
AKA - Mini-stroke. No loss of consciousness. Just one side of the brain. Does not usually require a hospitalization.
Triangulation (Minuchin and Structural Family Therapy)
AKA Unstable coalition When each parent demands that the child side with them against the other parent. Child constantly pulled in two directions
type 1 error =
ALPHA increasing likelihood of making type 1 error if you increase alpha from .01 to .05
Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development (Anal Stage)
ANAL STAGE = 1-3 YEARS Conflict stems from issues related to toilet training. Primary task is control of bodily waste. Fixation = anal retentiveness or anal explusiveness (cruelty, destructive, messiness)
Positive reinforcement: Chaining
Chaining is used to establish complex behaviors that consist of responses that must be linked together to form a "behavior chain" (Complex/combined behaviors are the outcome) Ex: child learning steps to brush their teeth REMEMBER "C": CHAINING > COMPLEX > COMBINED
Self-instructional training of impulsive children
Change self-statements to increase task-oriented behavior
Humanistic Therapies
Characteristics: - adopt a phenomenological approach - emphasizes the here-and-now - propose an innate capacity for positive growth - focus on awareness and responsibility - therapy is an authentic, collaborative, and egalitarian relationship between therapist and client - rejection of traditional assessment techniques and diagnostic labels PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY, GESTALT THERAPY, EXISTENTIAL THERAPY, REALITY THERAPY
Single-subject designs
Characteristics: Case study. Has at least one "A" phase (baseline) and one "B" (treatment) phase and repeated measurement of the DV during each phase. Examples: AB design, Withdrawal/Reversal design (ABA, ABAB)
Psychomotor skills interdepence
Psychomotor ability does not seem to have an underlying "g" factor. They are relatively independent
Secondary Prevention
Reduce prevalence or severity of disorder by providing interventions to identified individuals (e.g., students at Jollity High who have been identified by teachers as being high-risk, walk-in clinics, suicide hotlines). The person is identifiable and is known to have a problem.
Orbitofrontal Region
Involved in INHIBITION Damage may cause: - disinhibition - impaired social insight - inappropriate affect
Primary Prevention
Reduce prevalence of disorders by providing interventions to groups (e.g., all students at Jollity High, Head Start). For high risk groups, no individual in particular.
Termination of animal in research
It is done rapidly, with an effort to minimize pain, and in accordance with accepted procedures
Psychologists and evaluator for parole violations
It is ethically acceptable for correctional psychologists to make parole recommendations for incarcerated psychotherapy patients
Turner Syndrome
Sex chromosome defect. Occurs in females and is caused by the presence of a single X chromosome (X). Not enough female genetic material.
Stable coalition (Minuchin)
Child and parent "gang up" on the other parent
Hyperthyroidism symptoms
Speeded-up metabolism, elevated body temp, weight loss, general excitability, nervousness, insomnia, accelerated heart rate
MMPI:
K - guardedness, adjust scores; L - naïve attempt to present well; F- fake bad, random responses, severe distress; VRIN/TRIN - response inconsistency, random responding.
Theta waves
Stage 1 sleep
Transformational versus transactional leaders
Transformational leaders: typically geared towards change, innovation, looking ahead, visionary. Bottom up communication. Transactional leaders: focused on stability, production. Top down communication.
Overextension
Occurs when a child applies a word to a wider range of objects or events than is appropriate (child calls anything with 4 wheels a car)
Underextension
Occurs when a child applies a word too narrowly to objects or events (child only thinks bike means their own bike)
Response polarization
Tendency for people in groups to become more extreme in their views
Barnum effect
Tendency for people to identify with vague descriptions of themselves (horoscopes)
sampling error
Tendency of sample statistics to differ from population parameters
Fundamental attribution error
Tendency to overvalue personal/dispositional explanations for behavior while undervaluing situational explanations
Forward conditioning
Translates as CS occurs before the US
Transference and Countertransference
Transference: displacement that occurs in therapy to the therapist (instead of feelings towards another object) Countertransference: feelings the therapist has towards the patient. Some feelings come from our own displacement.
Eysenck psychotherapy outcome research
Treated patients are consistently better off than untreated patients in terms of symptom improvement
Chronic pain
Treated with hyponotherapy and CBT; reponds well to anti-depressant medications; narcotic pain killers are preferred for acute pain
Ecological asssesment
Uses primarily observational methods to examine and understand the physical and psychological variable that impact behavior in a given setting
Psychological Reactance
Occurs when an attempt at social control causes a person to feel a loss of freedom, and, in response, reacts in a way that is the opposite of what is requested or desired
intercept bias (unfairness)
Occurs when the validity coefficients and criterion performance for different groups are the same, but their mean scores on the predictor differ. As a result, the predictor consistently over - or under predicts performance on the criterion for members of one of the groups. This is called intercept bias because, in the scatter plot, the regression lines for different groups cross the Y intercept at different points.
Capitated Fee
Providers receive a fixed dollar amount over a specific period of time to cover the service needs to a fixed number of clients
Leaderless group discussion at an assessment center
Provides information about a manager's communication, decision-making, and leadership skills
Resolving Ethical Issues: Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations
Psychologists "attempt to resolve the issue [possible ethical violation] by bringing it to the attention of that individual if an informal resolution appears appropriate and the intervention does not violate any confidentiality rights that may be involved"
Using outdated test materials
Psychologists competence is in question. Code 9.08
Ethics complaint impact on promotion
Psychologists do not deny persons employment, advancement, admissions to academic or other programs, tenure, or promotion based solely upon their being an ethics complaint
Bartering with clients
Psychologists may barter with clients only if it is not clinically contraindicated and the resulting arrangement is not exploitative
Limbic system
group of interconnected structures (including the amygdala and septum) involved with emotional behavior, specifically aggression
High risk baby leask likely to suffer long-term negative consequences if
he or she is socially responsive/has positive temperament (Weiner and Smith)
p-value =
indicates the level of significance (the probability that the null hypothesis is false)
Protective triad of factors that increase resilience among disadvantaged children
individual, family, community
probands (index cases)
individuals manifesting the characteristic of interest or disease
theta waves
light sleep
mood stabilizers
lithium, depakote, tegretol
disorganized/disoriented attachment
relationship in which infants don't seem to understand what's happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers. Associated with later hostility.
Paresis
slight or partial paralysis
Dopamine and movement
too much or not enough movement? Tourettes: too much movement, too much dopamine. Will want to block dopamine. Parkinson's: not enough movement, not enough dopamine. Will want to increase dopamine
avoidance conditioning
training of an organism to withdraw from an unpleasant stimulus before it starts; provides a cue
cultural empathy
the learned ability to accurately understand the experiences of people from diverse cultures and to convey that understanding responsively
Heredity and Intelligence
Correlations between the IQ scores of people with varying degrees of genetic similarity are used to demonstrate the impact of heredity on intelligence. The studies have found that, the closer to genetic similarity, the higher the correlation (e.g., identical twins reared together, r = .85; identical twins reared apart, r = .67).
Halo effect
Tendency to be influenced by only one attribute when giving an overall rating of an individual
Ultimate attribution error
make dispositional attributions about an entire group
Murray Bowen
Family Systems Therapy
Schizophrenia 2 (Timothy Crow)
Onset in adolescence, poor prognosis, will not respond to antipsychotic meds; due to brain structure abnormalities
Biofeedback from a conditioning perspective involves
Operant condition and the sympathetic nervous system
Random sampling required for
Parametric and nonparametric tests
Marginalization (acculturation)
Person does not identify with either his or her own culture or the majority culture
Resolving Ethical Issues: Reporting Ethical Violations
"If an apparent ethical violation has substantially harmed or is likely to substantially harm a person or organization and is not appropriate for informal resolution, or is not resolved properly in that fashion, psychologists take further action appropriate to the situation"
Minuchin structural family therapy
"Joining" the family is a prerequisite to changing it.
Generalized seizures
-Affect both hemispheres -Starts with a loss of consciousness -Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure: involves a loss of consciousness and include a tonic stage in which the muscles contract and the body stiffens and a clonic stage that involves the rhythmic shaking of the limbs. -Absence (petit mal) seizures: Brief. Involve a loss of consciousness without prominent motor symptoms.
Rates of bipolar 1
.4 to 1.6
Federal law requires HMOs to provide what mental health services
1. Short term outpatient crisis intervention services
Most common precipitants of smoking relapse are
1. Smoking related cues
% of children continuing to meet ADHD diagnostic criteria in adulthood
15%; 60% continue to have impairing symptoms, although not full criteria
Infants respond to their reflections by what age
15-18 months
Stimulus control
A behavior is brought under stimulus control when cues signal whether or not the behavior will be reinforced 2-Factor learning: Discriminative stimuli versus S-Delta Discriminative stimuli: a patient in a hospital learns they can talk to a staff wearing a green button. They are reinforced when staff talks with them. S-Delta (S = SITUATION, DELTA = CHANGE): A patient in a hospital learns they cannot talk to a staff wearing a red button. Staff will walk away and ignore.
Survey feedback
A consultant focuses on employees' attitudes and perceptions and consists of three phases - data collection - feedback meeting -action plan
Holland's theory of career choice
A good personality-job environment match leads to satisfaction, persistence, and productivity (especially for those who are highly differentiated). Highly differentiated means you are more likely to be satisfied with a social job if you are also high in social personality trait. He distinguishes between six personality/job environment types (RIASEC) 1) Realistic (outdoors, park ranger, hands on) 2) Investigate (sciences, looking for answers) 3) Artistic (dancing, painting, writing) 4) Social (do you need to interact with others, clinical psych) 5) Enterprising (do you have an eye for business and growth) 6) Conventional (accountants, sameness from day to day, matching, organization)
Ainsworth Secure Attachment
A securely attached baby explores the room and plays with toys while mother is present. Baby becomes MILDLY UPSET when mother leaves and ACTIVELY SEEKS CONTACT when she returns. Mother is EMOTIONALLY SENSITIVE and RESPONSIVE to baby's cues
Linear Regression
A single predictor will be used to predict or estimate a score on a single criterion
Symbolic Racism
According to research, symbolic racists believe that minorities violate traditional American values (individualism, work ethic, self-reliance). They also deny their prejudice and attitude. Social and economic problems of minority groups to internal factors (lack of effort or discipline). Symbolic racists usually reject obvious forms of prejudice and discrimination but oppose busing, welfare, affirmative action, and other programs designed to assist those who are targets of discrimination.
Tolerance for valium causes tolerance for
Alcohol
Healthy racial identity in whites linked to
Amount of racism in the community
Respondent conditioning
Another name for classical conditioning
Adverse impact
As defined in the Uniform Guidelines, a selection test or other employment procedures discriminates against members of a legally protected group (i.e., has an adverse impact) when use of that procedure results in a substantially different selection, placement, or promotion rate for members of that group.
General ethical principles presented at beginning of code are:
Aspirational in nature. Intent is to guide and inspire psychologists.
SNRI side effects: BAD SNRI
B: body wt increase
Continuing diversity, dynamic social impact theory
Because there is clustering that causes subgroups to emerge, consolidation will not be able to wipe out minority opinion
and selective abstraction
Beck
Well supported assessment tools for suicide risk
Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Beck scale for suicidal ideation, suicidal ideation questionnaire, suicidal behavior history form
Dysruptive mood dysregulation disorder age of onset
Before age 10
Lithium
Bipolar; side effects are tremors, weight gain, fatigue, gastric issues, and cognitve impairment. Severe tremors can indicate toxicity
DSM-5
Categorical, non-axial assessment system, diagnostic uncertainty is indicated using: other specified disorder or unspecified disorder
Bystander Apathy
Bystanders are less likely to intervene in the presences of others than when alone. The greater the number of bystanders, the greater the bystander apathy. Due to three factors 1) Pluralistic Ignorance: bystander concludes that assistance is unnecessary because others are not helping 2) Evaluation Apprehension: Bystanders do not help because they fear social disapproval 3) Diffusion of Responsibility: not accepting personal responsibility for helping
Meichenbaum
CBT; positive self-statements, self-instructional therapy - used with hyperactive and impulsive children; key elements are repetition, graded practice, and cognitive restructuring
-phetamine
CNS Stimulants
Temperament (Thomas and Chess, 1977)
Categorize infants as easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm on the basis of nine temperament traits (activity, rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal, adaptability, intensity of reaction, threshold of responsiveness, mood quality, distractibility, and attention). Mix of genetics and environment According to their goodness of fit model, maladjustment is children is due to mismatch between parent and child's temperament
subjective criterion measures
Categorized as either relative or absolute. 1) relative (comparative) techniques: rater compares performance of two or more employees to each other. Advantage = alleviates rater biases. 2) absolute techniques: provides information on the ratee's performance without reference or comparison to another.
Race and locus of control in children
Caucasian children typically have more of a sense of internal control compared to african american children
Brain structures associated with ADHD
Caudate, globus pallidus, prefrontal cortex.
Prosopagnosia
Caused by lesions at the junction of the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes - The inability to recognize familiar faces
Patterson's coercive family environments
Children initially learn aggressive behavior from parents
Gay and Lesbian Parents
Children of same-sex couples are similar to children of heterosexual parents in terms of emotional, adjustment, cognitive functioning, gender identity, sexual preferences, etc.
Dimensional model of emotion
Considers emotions to be a combination of several dimensions of physiological and psychological phenomena.
James Marcia; foreclosure identity staus
Commits self to a goal without exploring alternatives - commitment with an absence of crisis
Work samples
Constructed activities meant ot simulate on-the-job situations.
Early babbling from infants in different cultures
Contains full range of phonemes that comprise all languages
Parental Conflict
Continuing open conflict between parents following divorce is a strong predictor of maladjustment in children
Scores on extraneous variable correlate with
DV
Language/Aphasia
Damage to language areas of the brain can produce aphasia (Broca's aphasia/Wernicke's aphasia) which involves impaired language production and/or comprehension
Structured/Semi-Structured Interviews
Data collection methods that typically involved a fixed number of closed-ended questions. They are generally easy to replicate, however they require training to administer and can be time consuming
Benefits of flextime on workers
Decreased tardiness and absenteeism
Acculturation (Berry, 1987)
Defined level of acculturation in terms of level of identification with minority and majority cultures: TWO VARIABLES 1) CONTACT AND PARTICIPATION - with new (majority) culture (how much do they involve themselves in majority culture?) 2) MAINTENANCE- of culture of origin (minority) (how much do they maintain their connection with their original culture?)
Incremental validity
Degree to which a test will increase decision-making accuracy
summative evaluation
Did the program meet its goals
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
Disturbance in the normal fluency and time patterning of speech that is inappropriate for their age Usually begins between ages 2-7. About 65-85% of children recover. - Treatment: HRT (awareness training, competing response training {regulated breathing}, social support)
Sleep patterns over the lifespan
During the first 2-3 months of life, infants begin a sleep period with REM sleep which gradually changes to non-REM sleep. The sequence of REM and non-REM sleep begins to reverse by about 3 months of age. Newborns get more sleep and more time in REM. Total sleep time, stage 4 sleep, and REM sleep decrease from childhood to adulthood. Older adults awaken more often during the night, spend more time in stage 1 and 2, and experience sleep shift that involves going to sleep and waking up earlier.
Most sever ephysical and emotional symptoms from PMS occur when
During the week prior to and the first few days of menses
Primary ethical principle guiding professional practice
Duty to the client
Tiedeman and O'Hara's theory of career development =
EGO IDENTITY
Triangulation (Minuchin)
Each parent demands that the child side with him/her
Early and late sexual maturation (different consequences for boys and girls)
Early Maturing Boys: have more self-confidence and greater popularity but are higher risk for drug and alcohol use and depression Late Maturing Boys: have less self-confidence and are also susceptible to depression Early Maturing Girls: are more likely to exhibit emotional instability or depression, have low self-esteem, use drugs and alcohol, and have academic problems Late Maturing Girls: may experience dissatisfaction with the physical appearance but tend to outperform peers in academic achievement
Most series medical side effect of bulimia
Electrolyte imbalance
Industry vs. inferiority
Erikons's 4th stage of psychosocial development (6-12 y.o). Development of industry and confidence. Virtue - competence; negative outcome - inferiority
Identity vs. role confusion
Erikson's 5th stage of psychosocial development (12-18 y.o.). Virtue - fidelity (see ones self as unique); negative outcome - rebellion
Generativity vs. stagnation
Erikson's 7th stage of psychosocial development (40-65 y.o.). Develop sense of care for others; virtue - care; negative outcome - unproductive
Integrity vs. despair
Erikson's 8th stage of psychosocial development (65 y.o. + ). Virtue - wisdom; negative outcome - dissatisfaction
Trust vs. mistrust
Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development (1 y.o.). Developing sense of security with parent. Virtue - hope. Negative outcome - fear/suspicion
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Erikson's second stage of psychosocial developnent (2 y.o.) Development of autonomy - exploring limits. Virtue - will. Negative outcome - shame
Initiative vs. guilt
Erikson's third stage of psychosocila development (3-5 y.o.). Development of drive/initiative/purpose. Virtue - purpose; negative outcome - inadequacy
Conduct Disorder Etiology and Treatment
Etiology: Life-Course Persistent Type: begins as early as three years old and persists into adulthood. Attributable to neurological impairments (deficits in verbal skills, executive functioning, memory), difficult temperament, and adverse environmental circumstances Adolescence-Limited Type: Temporary. Reflects a "maturity gap" between the teen's biological maturation and lack of opportunities for adult privileges and rewards. Antisocial acts are usually done with peers, not consistent across settings. Treatment: - Most effective when targeting preadolescents - Most effective when including family interventions - Parent Management Training (PMT) and Multisystemic Treatment (MST)
Schemas function as: (four ways)
Evaluation, prediction, role playing, identification
Rotating shift
Even worse than the night shift. Associated with the poorest work quality and highest accident and injury rates. Can alleviate by "following the clock" (start with a day shift, swing, night). Have rotations be less than 3 days or very long. This will be least disruptive to the body.
Engineering psychologist
Fit the job to the worker
Best treatment for agoraphobia
Flooding
Opiod withdrawal presents as
Flu-like symptoms
Consultee-centered case consultation
Focus is on the skills, objectivity, and knowledge of the consultee. Goal is to improve functioning of the consultee so that he/she can work more effectively with members of a target group or population in the future.
Neo-freudians
Focus on how social and cultural factors influence and shape personality
Lewin's field theory focus on group vs. individual
Focused on the individual case in the immediate present. Not interested in large-scale studies or identifying the "average" or "typical" case
Caplan - client-centered case consultation
Focuses on helping consultee with a particular client.
Spontaneous recovery
Following the apparent extinction of a CR, the CR may return when the CS is subsequently presented alone. This spontaneous recovery suggests that extinction suppresses (rather than eliminates) a CR
Gestalt Therapy (Fritz Perls)
Form of therapy where the therapist emphasizes the wholeness of the personality and attempts to reawaken people's emotions in the here-and-now. Integration of thoughts, feelings, actions.
Hypothetical deductive reasoning
Formal operational stage
Hiltonsmith & Keller (1983)
Framework for organizing data from ecological assessment: 1. Setting appearance/contents 2. Setting operation (interactions) 3. Setting opportunities (opportunities to develop cognition/language)
Social impact theory
Framework for understanding outcomes in social situations. The effect of any information source on an individual will increase with three factors: strength of the source of impact, immediacy of the event, number of sources imposing the impact
Matching law
Frequency of responding matches the frequency of reinforcement
Individual differences in elderly
Greater than seen in youner patients
False recollections associated with lesions in what area of the brain
Frontal (prefrontal)
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SNA)
Functions as the circadian clock
Memory changes in normal aging
Greatest deficits are in recent long-term memory due to reduced encoding strategies
Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development (Genital Stage)
GENITAL STAGE = 12+ YEARS Libido is again focused on genitals. Sexual desire is blended with affection to produce mature sexual relationships
Gender of teacher impact
Gender of teacher doesn't matter. Gender of student does. Both male and female teachers interact more with male students
Swing shift
Generally 3-11pm. Mostly impacts social life.
Group norms
Group members can occasionally deviate from group norms when they have accumulated idiosyncrasy credits (meaning they earned their way in and had a history of conforming to group norms, are the leader, or add something valuable to the group). Example: someone who worked at a company for a long time and always worked the mandatory 8-5pm is later able to negotiate working 8-4:45pm to pick up their kids
Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership
Hersey and Blanchard = EMPLOYEE'S ABILITY AND WILLINGNESS Optimal leader style depends on the employee's JOB MATURITY which is determined by their ability level and willingness 1) Telling leader: Has a high task and low relationship style. Best for employee who is low in ability and willingness. (Think of a teenager and his first job) 2) Selling leader: Has a high task and high relationship style. Best for employee who is low in ability and high in willingness. (Think of a young adult who is eager to move up the ranks at entry-level job) 3) Participating leader: Has a low task and high relationship style. Best for employee who is high in ability and low in willingness. (Think of a parent and an older child who is capable of tying shoes but wants parent's help) 4) Delegating leader: Has a low task and low relationship style. Best for employees who are high in ability and high in willingness. (Think of clinical psychologists who work at a college counseling center, boss is hands-off)
(Kahnemann and Tvsersky) Four Heuristics
Heuristics = mental shortcuts The four heuristics are used to quickly form impressions, make decisions, or derive estimates about the likelihood that a certain event will occur
Fiedler's LPC theory
High LPCs do best in moderately favorable situations, while low LPCs do best at the extremes
Correlated with successful aging
High activity level
High vs. low context information
High-context communicatoin helps to unify cultures and changes slowly. Low context communication can change quickly and easily and is a less unifying form of communication.
Rates of depression in women by relationship status
Higher in married women than single, divorced, or widowed women. Opposite for men.
Suicide rates by relationship status
Highest among divorced. Greater than widowed.
Disparate Impact of hiring
Hiring rate of a protected group is less than 80% of the hiring rate of another group
5 stages of burnout
Honeymoon, fuel shortage, chronic, crisis, hitting the wall
Predicts cardiovascular concerns in Type A individuals
Hostility
Freud (genital) Erickson (X)
Identity v. role confusion (12-18)
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development (Identity vs. role confusion)
Identity vs. role confusion = adolescence Peers are most influential. A positive outcome is a sense of personal identity and direction for future. Maladaptive outcome is repudiation.
Competence: Boundaries of Competence
If trying to expand boundaries of competence, need to do that in a way that minimizes harm (coursework, supervision). Do not practice beyond boundaries of competence
Halstead-Reitan outcome score
Impairment Index, which can be used ot determine if an examinee has brain damage
Presence of others on a simple and familiar task impacts performance how:
Improves performance
misery loves miserable company (Schachter)
In a study where participants learned they were going to get a painful shock (high-anxiety condition) or a non painful shock (low-anxiety condition), the high-anxiety participants chose to wait with others versus wait alone. High-anxiety participants also preferred to wait with other high-anxiety participants rather than low-anxiety participants.
Avoidance vs. escape conditiog
In avoidance conditioning the organism can avoid the aversive stimulus but in escape conditioning they cannot (press level to
Communality
In factor analysis, communality is the proportion of a test's total variance that is accounted for by the common (identified) factors. Each test included in a factor analysis has a communality, which indicates the total amount of variability in test scores that has been explained by the factor analysis (i.e., by all the identified factors).
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development (Intimacy vs. isolation)
Intimacy vs. isolation = young adulthood Main task is to develop intimate bonds of love and friendship. If not achieved, self-absorption and isolation results.
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Region
Involved in EXECUTIVE COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING Damage may cause deficits in: - attention - planning - problem solving - reduced sexual interest - apathy
Emic
Inside culture
Classical Test Theory (Item Difficulty)
Item difficult is measured by calculating an item difficulty index (p) p = total number of examinee's passing the item/ total number of examinees A p value of .50 means 50% of examinees answered the item correctly. Generally, a p value of .50 is preferred.
Classical Test Theory (Item Discrimination)
Item discrimination refers to the extent to which a test item discriminates (differentiates) between examinees who obtain high versus low scores on the entire test. It is measured with the item discrimination index (D). This involves identifying the examinees who obtained the highest and lowest scores on the test, for each item, subtracting the percent of examinees in the lower scoring group (L) from the percent of examinees in the upper-scoring group (U) who answered the item correctly D = U - L D ranged from -1.0 to +1.0. If all examinees in the upper group and none in the lower group answered the item correctly, D = +1.0
Greek/Latin prefix, suffix, root words
KINES - movement (kinesthesiology) NOM - naming PHAS - language "phrase" SOMA - body GNOS or NOS - knowledge in Greek BRADY - slow ESTHE - involving the senses (synesthesia) A- something is missing AN- highly compromised AB- compromised DYS - not functional SYN - to combine (synthesis) CONTRA (opposite) IPSI (same) IA - a condition (schizophrenia) IC - an action (automatic, symptomatic) IS - something is going on/moving around ISM - characteristic of
Loss aversion
Kahneman and Tversky. People experience losses more intensely than gains.
Scripts
Knowledge about the appropriate sequence of behaviors in special social situations. Ex: script for "workplace" informs you how you should behave in that setting and how you expect others to behave
Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development (Latency Stage)
LATENCY STAGE = 6-12 YEARS Libidinal energy is diffused. Emphasis on developing social skills.
Lewin's Force-Field Model of Planned Change
LEWIN'S = FREEZING METAPHOR When driving forces become stronger than restraining forces, change is likely to occur. The change process involves three stages 1) Unfreezing (need for change is recognized) 2) Changing (moving organization in that direction, helping employees learn new skills, etc.) 3) Refreezing (supporting changes that were made, help stabilize organization after new changes were implemented).
Language Characteristics
Language can be described in terms of PHONEMES and MORPHEMES Phonemes: smallest units of sound understood as part of language (ex: "a") Morphemes: smallest units of sound that convey meaning. M = MEANING (Ex: do, go, un, ed, ing)
Chronic middle ear infections impacct on cognitive ability:
Language capacities, such as vocabulary
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Language people use shapes how they think
Tolman
Latent learning
Low LPC leader works best in
Low LPC leader is task-oriented. Work best in situations that are very favorable or unfavorable
Vicarious learning
Learn by watching and imitating others; Bandura
Law of Contiguity
Learning depends on the proximity of stimuli in space and time
Tolman
Learning without reward - rats in maze without food
Gerstmann's syndrome
Lesions in parietal lobe; agraphia, acalculia, right-left disorientation, and finger agnosia, sometimes observed in stroke victims
Children whose mothers work demonstrate
Less rigid sex roles
Theory Z
Lifelong employment, slow promotion, and group decision are critical
Characteristics of criterion measures: criterion contamination
Limits relevance and occurs when an actual criterion assess factors other than those it was designed to measure.
Converting total number of errors to percent correct is what type of transformation
Linear
Tiedeman and O'Hara
Link career identity development to Erikson's stages of ego (personality) identity development
Gender differences in leadership style
Little difference in style, emergence, or evaluation
Mediator variable vs. Moderator variable vs. Confounding variable
MEDIATOR VARIABLE: A mediator variable is responsible for the impact of the IV on the DV. The IV causes the mediator which then causes the DV. MODERATOR VARIABLE: affects the strength of the relationship between the IV and the DV. Does not explain how the IV affects the DV. CONFOUNDING VARIABLE: makes it appear that there is a strong relationship between variables when there is actually a weak or no relationship.
Structural techniques: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce cross-sectional images of the brain. It provides clearer images than a CT scan
When ethics code and law conflict
Make commitment to ethics code and take steps to resolve the conflict
When the law conflicts with ethics code, psychologists should:
Make known their commitment to the Ethics Code and take steps to resolve the conflict
Minuchin structural family therapy
Manipulative, unyielding, and crisis provoking. Marking boudnaries, escalating stress, utilizing symptoms, and manipulating mood
Berry; when a member of a minority group is uninvolved in both cultures
Marginalization
Psychiatric Hospitalization
Marital Status: lowest admission rates among the widowed, intermediate for those who are married or divorced/separated, highest for never married Race/Ethnicity: Whites represent highest number of admissions, but when population proportions are taken into account, patients from other races are overrepresented. Age: largest proportion is 25-44 years old Diagnosis: Schizophrenia is most common diagnosis in 18-44 age range, for 65+ organic disorder is the most common followed by affective disorder
Agoraphobia
Marked fear or anxiety about at least two of five situations: - public transportation - enclosed space - open space - standing in line or being in a crowd - outside of the home alone - Fear and anxiety is due to concern that escape will be difficult or help is unavailable in case of panic like symptoms. Treatment: in vivo exposure with response prevention
Testimonials are allowed according to APA ethics code when
May be used and solicited as long as they are not solicited from current patients or those vulnerable to undue influence
Realistic job preview
May include a written description of the job, a video, discussion with current workers, etc. An assumption underlying the uses of RJPs is that disillusionment with the job (that is, a mismatch of expectations and reality) is a primary cause of turnover. Purpose is to reduce unrealistic job expectations, increase job satisfaction and commitment, lower turnover rates
EPPP best described as
Measure of basic knowledge of psychology
Adolescent experience of psychopathology
Most teenagers don't experience turmoil. Hormones do not have a major influence on behavior
Equity theory
Motivation is affected by comparison between our own input/outcome ratio and then input/outcome ratios of comparable others
Apraxia
Motor disorder characterized by impairmetns in purposeful skilled movements
Nancy Boyd-Franklin
Multi-systems approach to working with African American and minority families; consider meetings outside office to include mebers of pt's support system; discourages victim mentailty; does not emphasize acculturation
Tourette's Disorder
Multiple motor tics and one or more vocal tics - Duration of at least 1 year before age 18 - Motor tics start early, 5-7 years old - Vocal tics are later, 11 years old - Common Co-occurring diagnoses: OCD and ADHD - Differential diagnosis: persistent motor OR vocal tic disorder (just one or the other, not both) Provisional tic disorder (less than a year in duration)
95% confidence interval
Multiply standard error by 2 (1.96) and add/subtract from mean
Norepinephrine
Noradrenergic system Mediates fight-or-flight response. Involved in mania, depression, schizophrenia. Catecholamine hypothesis of depression: when norepinephrine is too low, we see depression. When norepinephrine is too high, we see mania.
Kohut; narcissm develops from
Normal development of the self is interrupted by the consistently unempathic responses of the mother
Degrees of freedom in paired t-test
Number of pairs - 1
Operant extinction
Occurs when reinforcement is consistently withheld from a previously reinforced behavior to decrease or eliminate that behavior. - Experiments on operant extinction demonstrated that withdraw of a reinforcer does not usually cause an immediate cessation of the response. The response disappears gradually after an initial phase of increased response (extinction response burst).
Stimulus generalization
Occurs when stimuli similar to the original CS also elicit a CR The strength of the CR diminishes as the similarity between the stimuli and the original CS decreases
Diagnostic Overshadowing
Occurs when the presence of one diagnosis (e.g., intellectual disability, Learning d/o) causes a clinician to attribute all of a client's symptoms to that diagnosis and overlook the possibility of a co-diagnosis.
Approach-approach conflict
One in which the person must choose between two desirable alternative, and, subsequent to choosing, slightly devalues the alternative not chosen
When to take action if psychologist learns of ethical violation of another psychologist
Only after consideration the client's confidentiality.
Types of Criterion Measures
Organizations use a variety of criterion measures to assess employee performance. 1) objective (direct) measures: quantitative measures of production. Units produced, sold, etc. can also be things like tardiness, accidents, absenteeism. Can be inadequate. May be biased to situational factors. Also does not assess things like cooperating with coworkers or motivation. 2) subjective measures: most frequently used. Usually takes form of ratings that reflect judgement of the rater. Ratings by employee's immediate supervisor are most common. Self ratings are most lenient but less susceptible to halo bias. Supervisor ratings are generally most reliable. Peer ratings are good at predicting training success and subsequent promotions.
Bender-Gestalt test
Originally designed as a measure of visual-perceptual ability, it is now used to brain damage, estiamte intelligence, and diagnose learning disabilities
Equity Theory
Our perception of equity (fairness) in the relationship is more important than the absolute magnitude of the inputs (contributions or costs) and outcomes (rewards). When a person perceives a relationship to be inequitable in terms of input/outcome ratios, they experience distress and may decide to leave.
Remarriage
Outcomes for children: overall, children living with bio parent and stepparent tend to have worse outcomes than children living with two bio parents, but difference is small. Child's age: younger adolescents have more trouble adapting to remarriage than do younger children or older adolescents. Child's gender: girls may have trouble adjusting to stepfather, while having a stepfather may be beneficial to preadolescent boys. Stepparent Behavior: stepfathers are often distant and disengaged from stepchildren.
Raven's progressive matrices thought to be one of the best tests
Overall "g"
Buckley Amendment
Parents have the right not only to inspect and review their children's school records but also to challenge the contents of records
Cutaneous sensation neuroanatomical correlate
Parietal lobe
Group therapy confidentiality
Participants do not have clearly defined ethical/legal obligation to maintain confidentiality. Group should discuss the benefits of confidentiality.
James-Lange theory
Physiological sensations are the primary element of emotional experience
Piaget's Constructivist Approach
Piaget's theory proposes that cognitive development involves a process of ADAPTATION (strive for equilibrium) which consists of assimilation and accommodation (play facilitates this) -ASSimilation occurs when a child applies an existing schema to a new object (SS = same schema) -ACCommodation occurs when a child modifies an existing schema to fit a new object (CC = change cognitions or categories)
GABA
Plays a role in sleep, eating, seizures, anxiety disorders, Huntington's disease. Inhibitory NT. GABAergic System
Homoscedasticity
Points are equally distributed along regression line
Multiple Regression
Predictors and criterion must be measured on a CONTINUOUS SCALE - MULTIPLE PREDICTORS, ONE CRITERION 2+ predictors and 1 continuous outcome/criterion. Used to predict status on a single continuous criterion from two or more predictors. Example: SAT Verbal, SAT Math, and high school GPA used to predict college GPA
elaboration likelihood model
Predicts we are more likely to use the central route when we're in a neutral or slightly negative mood but the peripheral route when we're in a positive mood
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Presence of at least one somatic symptom that causes distress or significant disruption in daily life with excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to symptoms. No known medical cause.
Four stages of perception
Presensory, focal attention, comprehension, elaboration
Backward conditioning
Presenting the US before the CS. This does not work!
Correlation, dynamic social impact theory
Previously disconnected ideas become connected in some way
Proactive interference
Previously learned material interferes with the recall of newly learned information
Primary versus secondary reinforcers
Primary reinforcers: Unconditioned. Inherently desirable and do not depend on experience to acquire reinforcing value (food, water) Secondary reinforcers: Conditioned. Acquire their value only through repeated association with primary reinforcers (tokens, applause, gold stars). Generalized secondary reinforcer: MONEY. When a secondary reinforcer is paired with several different primary reinforcers.
Chromosomal Defects
Problems with altered number or composition of genes Autosomal: not involving the sex chromosomes Sex Chromosome Differences: with alteration in number of chromosomes
Adolescent Identity Development (Marcia, 1984)
Proposes four identity statuses that represent different combinations of identity crisis and identity commitment D.F.M.A. 1) Identity diffusion: no crisis and no commitment (decides to be a doctor one day, a farmer the next day) 2) Identity foreclosure: commitment with no crisis (decides early on to become a dentist, just like parent) (cultural interaction in some communities with strong identifications based on careers and community contribution) 3) Identity Moratorium: crisis but no commitment (i have to figure out who i need to be) 4) Identity achievement: crisis leads to commitment
Rational-economic model (Simon, 1979)
Proposes that decision makers maximize benefits by considering all possible alternatives before choosing the optimal one. Rational = logic, economic = money. It is worth the time and money to make the best decision
M'Naughton Rule
Provides the basis for the insanity defense
Ellis
REBT; irrational beliefs
Beta, alpha, theta, and delta waves
REMEMBER B.A.T.D. awake and alert = beta waves awake and relaxed = alpha waves deep relaxation, light sleep = theta waves deep sleep = delta waves ODD NUMBER SLEEP STAGES (1 + 3) are transitional: stage one is alpha and theta waves, stage 3 is theta and delta waves EVEN NUMBER SLEEP STAGES (2 + 4) are dominated by one wave. stage 2 = theta, stage 4 = delta
Holland's vocational interest Hexagon
RIASEC - Realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional
Pre-encounter stage
Race and identity have low salience. In assimilation stage adopt mainstream identity. In anti-black substage accept negative beliefs about black people and as a result have low self esteem
Immersion-emersion stage
Race and racial identity have high salience. Idealize black culture and feel rage towards whites. During emersion substage intense emotions subside but individuals reject all aspect of white culture
Internalization stage
Race continues to have high slaience. Have adopted one of three identities: pro-black, nonracist; biculturist - integrate black and white; multiculturalist - integrates black with two or more salient cultural identities
Deep dyslexia
Reading errors including semantic paralexia, characterized by substition uf words with similar meanings (e.g. cold for hot).
Abrupt cessation of benzodiazepines lead to
Rebound anxiety, autonomic hyperactivtity, hand tremor, insomnia, nausea/vomitnig, psychomotor agitation, grand mal seizures
Propensity to be influenced by a persuader affected by
Reciprocity, commitment and consistency, social proof, authority, liking, and scarcity
Panic Disorder
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks - At least one attack followed by one month or more of persistent concern about having an additional attack or their consequences and/or significant maladaptive behavior changes related to the attacks - Must rule out hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, cardiac arrhythmia Treatment: CBT that includes exposure with response prevention. Interoceptive exposure (exposure to the physical sensations associated with panic attacks). Imipramine and other TCAs, SSRIs, and benzodiazepines.
Marlatt substance abuse treatment
Relapses are inevitable experiences which can be learned from
Dopamine
Schizophrenia and pyschosis; parkinson's disease
Bandura
Social learning; vicarious learning
Panic attacks while public speaking
Social phobia
Protocol analysis
Subjects verbalizing their thought process as they perform a task.
Early Compensatory Education (A type of Primary Prevention)
The effects of Head Start and other early compensatory programs on IQ and achievement test scores tend to be short-term, but these programs are associated with a number of long-term benefits including better attitudes toward school, higher self-esteem, and increased likelihood of graduating from HS.
Main effects
The effects of each IV without considering the effects of the other IV(s)
Fees
The ethics code requires that a psychologist discuss with a new therapy client the issue of fees and policy regarding the provision of information to an insurance company AS EARLY AS FEASIBLE
FI scallop
The gradually increasing rate of responding that occurs btwn successive rein. on a fixed-interval schedule.
Binet-Simon
The first standardized measure of assessment
id (freud)
The id is the impulsive (and unconscious) part of our psyche which responds directly and immediately to the instincts. The personality of the newborn child is all id
The correction for attenuation formula is used to measure...
The impact of increasing the reliability of the predictor (test) and/or the criterion on the predictor's validity.
Kelly's definition of anxiety
The inability to "construe" an event
Freud's definition of anxiety
The inability to deal with an internal or external threat
Anosognosia
The inability to recognize one's own neurological symptoms
Psychic Blindness
The inability to recognize the meaning or significance of objects or events
Jigsaw Method
The name given to the technique used by Aronson to reduce prejudice within a group of mixed-race students. Increases self-esteem, cooperation, and reduces ethnic stereotyping. Improves academic achievement of minority group children.
Distinction between Freud and neo-freudians
The neo-freudians placed greater emphasis on the ego functions and the impact of social influences
Physical Maturation in Adolescence
The onset of adolescent "growth spurt" is earlier for girls than boys (about 11-12 for girls and 13-14 for boys)
Schemata
The organized interconnected mental networks of information that are based on our previous personal and social experiences and help us organize and process information. Research shows: - people typically pay more attention to evidence that confirms their schemata - people interpret new information in ways consistent with their schemata - people have better recall for schema-consistent information
Shrinkage in multiple regression
The original strong correlation often results from the selection of weights of the predictors, which relied on chance within the particular sample
Competence
The person's mental state at the time of the trial A person is competent to stand trial when hey have "sufficient ability to consult with their lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational and factual understanding of the proceedings against them"
Pooled variance assumption in t-test
The population variances are about equal
Presentation of major depression in children vs. adults
The presentation in children is more likely than in adults to involve the prominence of somatic complaints
Total Quality Management (TQM)
The primary focus of TQM is on the continuous improvement of the quality of the organization's good and services and employees' quality-of-work-life. Example: surveys given after seminars, surveys from USPS.
True Experimental Research
The researcher can randomly assign participants to different levels of the IV There is a treatment and random assignment
Brain lateralization
The right and left hemispheres are dominant for different functions
Norm-, Criterion-, and Self-Referenced Scores
The scores provided by most tests can be categorized as norm-, criterion-, or self-referenced. 1) Norm-referenced scores permit comparisons between and examinees test performance and the performance of individuals in a norm group 2) Criterion-Referenced scores permit interpreting an examinee's test performance in terms of what the examinee can do or knows with regard to a clearly defined content domain or in terms of performance or status on an external criterion 3) Self-Referenced scores are provided by i-dative scales and permit intraindividual comparisons (i.e., comparisons of an examinees score on one scale with his/her score on other scales
Blocking in Classical Conditioning
The second CS does not become associated with the US. Possibly due to the second CS not providing information beyond what is lareayd provided by the original CS.
Sexual Stigma
The shared knowledge of society's negative regard for any non heterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or community. This creates power dynamic where homosexuality is viewed as inferior to heterosexuality
just noticeable difference (JND)
The smallest difference in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect. Psychologically equal intervals.
Self-Serving Bias
The tendency to blame external factors for our failures and take credit for our successes. Appears to be fairly universal with some exceptions: depressed people (learned helplessness)
Predictors used in organizations: biodata (biographical information)
The validity is only somewhat lower than that of cognitive ability tests the items are empirically derived.
Gottfredson
Theory of Circumscription and Compromise
collaborative empiricism (beck)
Therapist and client working together to gather evidence and test the logic, or hypotheses, of the client's thoughts and beliefs
MANOVA (Multivariate analysis of variance)
Used to test the effects of one or more IVs on more than one DV without increasing the experiment wise error rate. - Interval or ratio scale EXAMPLE: A psychologist randomly assigns 30 6th graders with ADHD to the experimental (self-control procedures) group or control (no procedure) group. After children in the experimental group received training in self-control, the psychologist administers three measures of academic achievement to children in both groups (measure of math skills, measure of reading skills, measure of writing skills)
Ohio leadership studies
These studies identified two basic dimensions of leadership 1) initiating structure (task oriented) 2) consideration (person oriented)
Stage 3 of sleep
Theta waves are joined by delta waves (somnambulism/sleep walking)
Main reason for treatment failure with addictive behaviors
They are self-reinforcing - does not depend on any external reinforcement
Benefits of mnemonic devices
They are superior to rote rehearsal in terms of short-term but not long-term retention
MAOIs
Used to treat atypical depression; dietary restrctions to food with tyramine- all aged or fermented foods are not allowed
Predictors used in organizations: Personality tests
Useful as a screening device for high stress jobs. Commonly used is the "Big Five" personality traits (OCEAN). Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism . Conscientiousness correlates most highly with performance across different jobs.
Cuento therapy
Uses puero rican folk tales in therapy
Rosenthal - Pseudopatients
This study demonstrates the impact of the social context on impression formation. In Rosenthal's study, eight pseudo patients (confederates) were admitted to a mental hospital and complained of hearing voices. Once there, they stopped faking symptoms and acted normally. One third of genuine patients suspected the pseudopatients were sane. The staff diagnosed 7 of the pseudopatients with schizophrenia.
Primary mental ability theory
Thurstone's idea of 7 factors, or primary mental abilities, are word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial visualization, number facility, associative memory, reasoning, and perceptual speed.
Medical conditions that can cause an anxiety disorder
Thyroid dysfunction, epilepsy, malignancies
Antidepressants - MAOIs
Uses: "atypical" depression (too much sleeping, too much appetite) Mode of action: inhibit monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that deactivates dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. Side effects: anticholinergic symptoms, insomnia, headaches, and tremor. When taken in conjunction with certain other drugs (antihistamines) or foods containing tyramine, can cause hypertensive crisis.
third stage of alzheimers
Total disorientation to person, place and time
Halstead reitan impairment index
Total number of tests in which examinee scored below criterion score
side effect of lithium
Tremor
Behavioral Contrast
Two behaviors are initially reinforced at equal levels and then one behavior stops being reinforced
Schizophreniform Disorder
Two or more active phase symptoms for at least one month but less than 6 months with at least one being delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech Difference from schizophrenia is duration (at least 1 month but less than 6 months). About 2/3 of people diagnosed with Schizophreniform eventually meet criteria for Schizophrenia
Emic
Understanding a person within the context of their specific cultural background
Responding to adverse impact due to differential validity
Use a different predictor that is equally valid for both groups or don't use that predictor for that specific group.
Responding to adverse impact due to unfairness
Use different predictor cutoff scores for members of the two groups OR Demonstrate that continued use of the predictor is both job-related and a business necessity. For example: gender differences with arm strengths. firefighters need a minimum level of strength to move firehose. it is a necessity of the job to test how well firefighters can move the firehouse (predictor cutoff score) but it does have an adverse impact on females.
Bem's Gender Schema Theory
Use gender as one way of organizing their perceptions of the world
Adler parenting
Use of natural, logical, consequences and a focus on the goals of misbehavior (STEP; systematic Training in Effective Parenting)
Gain-loss theory
We tend to like others whose initially negative feelings towards us change to positive feelings more than we like those who have positive feelings towards us from the beginning We tend to dislike others whose initially positive feelings toward us change to negative feelings more than those who have negative feelings towards us from the beginning
Satisfaction and performance correlation
Weak (.15)
Atypical antidepressants side effects
Weight changes:
atypical antipsychotic side effects
Weight gain, DM, dyslipidemia,
Over-justification Hypothesis
When a person is given a reward for performing an intrinsically rewarding activity, the person's intrinsic interest in the activity decreases
Slope bias
When a predictor has different validity coefficients for different groups (differential validity). Produces regression lines with different angles
Rater biases: Halo Bias
When a rater's evaluation of an employee on one dimension of job performance affects his/her evaluation of that employee on other unrelated dimensions or when the rater's general impression of an employee influences how the rater rates the employee on all dimensions of job performance. Can be either positive or negative halo effect.
Emotional Triangle (Bowen and Extended Family Systems Therapy)
When a two-person system such as husband-wife or parent-child experiences instability or stress, a third person may be recruited into the system to increase stability and reduce tension. Lower levels of differentiation in family members increases likelihood of an emotional triangle forming.
Covert Sensitization
When aversive counterconditioning is conducted in Imagination, it's referred to as COVERT SENSITIZATION.
Vicarious Liability
When supervisors and employers are legally responsible for the actions of their supervises and employees
Foreclosure
When the individual has accepted a career goal or other aspect of identity that has been recommended by a significant other
Stable Coalition (Minuchin and Structural Family Therapy)
When the mother and daughter gang up against the father consistently
Detouring (Minuchin and Structural Family Therapy)
When the parents focus on their child either by overprotecting or blaming (scapegoating) the child for the family's problems
Functional techniques: Positron-Emission Tomography (PET)
When using PET, the individual is injected with a radioactive tracer that is taken up by active brain cells. PET scans provide information on regional cerebral blood flow, glucose metabolism, and oxygen consumption, which are presumed to correlate with level of neural activity
Ethnicity that benefits the most from authoritative parenting style
Whites
Highest level of alcohol abuse among what race
Whites
Primacy and recency effects
Will always have primacy effect (first impressions)! Will only have recency effect if the recall is immediate and there are no distractions
Minimize discrimination in employment testing
Work samples
Theory y
Workers are industrious, creative, and seek responsibility
Theory X
Workers are lazy and must be coerced
Caplan - program-centered administrative consultation
Working with one or more administrators (the consults) to resolve problems related to an existing program
Worldview (Sue, 1978)
Worldview refers to how a person perceives their relationship to nature, other people, etc. and involves two dimensions -locus of responsibility - locus of control The worldview of the therapist and client can impact the therapeutic process Locus of control: where do the reinforcements come from? Locus of responsibility: When things go wrong, whose fault is it? White middle-class therapists typically have internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility (IC-IR). As a result, are likely to interpret the behavior of an AA client with an external locus of control and external locus of responsibility (EC-ER) as being due to low ego-strength and excessive passivity
Oblique rotation
Yields factors that are correlated (dependent)
Campbell Interest and Skill Inventory
Yields scores related to occupational orientation - similar to Holland's theory. Also has basic and occupational scales.
Z-Scores
Z-scores are interpreted directly in terms of standard deviation units. For example, a z-score of +2.5 is 2.5 standard deviations above the mean
Task cohesion vs. interpersonal cohesion
Zaccaro. Found task cohesion to have a greater impact on role uncertainity, absenteeism, and individual performance. Interpersonal cohesion had greater impact on group performance processes
interoceptive exposure
a behavioral therapy method in which patients intentionally elicit the bodily sensations associated with panic so that they can habituate to those sensations and not respond with fear
Rescorla-Wagner model
a cognitive model of classical conditioning; it holds that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected
habit reversal training
a cognitive-behavioral treatment used for hair pulling, skin picking, tics, or other problem habits and that involves awareness training, competing response training, and social support
Theory Z
a management philosophy that stresses employee participation in all aspects of company decision making
standard error of estimate
a measure of variability around the regression line - its standard deviation
source confusion
a memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten
Myasthenia Gravis
a neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness. translates to "grave muscle weakness" - weakness in the eye and facial muscles - difficulty swallowing - slurred speech
Raynaud's disease
a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress. Biofeedback better than relaxation training in treatment.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)
a potentially fatal, idiosyncratic reaction to an antipsychotic (or neuroleptic) drug
Steven's Power Law
a principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the magnitude of subjective sensation is proportional to the stimulus magnitude raised to an exponent
stress inoculation training
a reframing technique that helps people to cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation. Cognitive preparation --> skills acquisition --> application
cluster sampling
a sampling technique in which clusters of participants that represent the population are used
ICC slope
ability to discriminate between high and low scorers
Morita therapy
accept feelings, change behavior
Stage 1 of sleep
alpha waves are joined by theta waves (Lucid dreaming)
Extrapyramidal symptoms
also known as extrapyramidal side effects (EPSE), are drug-induced movement disorders that include acute and tardive symptoms. These symptoms include dystonia (continuous spasms and muscle contractions), akathisia (motor restlessness), parkinsonism (characteristic symptoms such as rigidity), bradykinesia(slowness of movement), tremor, and tardive dyskinesia (irregular, jerky movements).[1] Antipsychotics are often discontinued due to inefficacy and intolerable side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms.[2]
Heteromodal cortex/association area
are not restricted to any single motor or sensory function but receive convergent information from multiple sensory and motor areas of the brain. Heteromodal association areas in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes integrate sensory data, motor feedback, and other information with instinctual and acquired memories. This integration facilitates learning and creates thought, expression, and behavior.
Stroop color inference test
assess frontal lobe deficits; assess cognitive process that involves effort and not automatic processing.
Theory Y
assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity.
Normative-reeducative
change strategy; focuses on the relationship needs of workers, peer pressure; assumes employees are interested in preserving relationships; assumes people respond to social norms and values
Watson
classical conditioning
Sensate focus
classical conditioning intervention that involves counterconditioning. Learning a new response (e.g., pleasurable feelings) that is incompatible with a problematic response (e.g., performance anxiety)
Beck
cognitive therapy; automatic thinking and logical errors; negative thinking happens automaticalaly and sometimes without awareness
Akinesia
complete or partial loss of muscle movement
Short term memory stores
concept associated with sensation, and not perception. Information is first represented there very briefly.
Pons
coordinates movement of the two sides of the body; in hindbrain
Usefulness of job selection test best when:
correlation between test scores and job performance is high, the base rate is moderate, and the selection ratio is low
heterosexism
discrimination or prejudice against homosexuals on the assumption that heterosexuality is the normal sexual orientation
Major differences between freudian psychodynamic and object relations
diverges from Sigmund Freud's belief that humans are motivated by sexual and aggressive drives, suggesting instead that humans are primarily motivated by the need for contact with others—the need to form relationships.
Lithium side effects
dizziness; impaired vision;fine hand tremors; reversible leukocytosis; signs of intoxication: V, diarrhea, drowsiness, muscular weakness, ataxia
Confluence model
each succeeding child has less of the family's resources available to him or her
Rancho Los Amigo Scale
evaluates cognitive functioning on eight levels; used in acute rehabilitative settings before discharge.
Eta correlation coefficient
for curvilinear relationship
Gestalt therapy
form of directive insight therapy in which the therapist helps clients to accept all parts of their feelings and subjective experiences, using leading questions and planned experiences such as role-playing. Thoughts, feelings, actions.
hypnagogic hallucinations
hallucinations that occur when going to sleep; seen in narcolepsy
Single subject approaches are
idiographic
autokinetic effect
illusion, caused by very slight movements of the eye, that a stationary point of light in a dark room is moving
Reactive Attachment Disorder
in children, a pattern of inhibited, withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers
Protocol analysis
involves placing a person in a decision-making situation and asking him or her to verbalize everything he or she considers when making a decision.
Lateral geniculate nucleus
is a relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway. It receives a major sensory input from the retina. The LGN is the main central connection for the optic nerve to the occipital lobe, particularly the primary visual cortex. In humans, each LGN has six layers of neurons (grey matter) alternating with optic fibers (white matter).
Pick's disease
is a term that can be used in two different ways. It has traditionally been used as a term for a group of neurodegenerative diseases with symptoms attributable to frontal and temporal lobe dysfunction. Common symptoms that are noticed early are personality and emotional changes, as well as deterioration of language. This condition is now more commonly called frontotemporal dementia by professionals,
ICC position of curve (left vs. right)
item's difficulty
Comorbidity with tourette's disorder
obsessions and compulsions
Geschwind-Galaburda
proposed to explain sex differences in cognitive abilities by relating them to lateralization of brain function
Glasgow Coma Scale
rates degree of nervous system or brain impairment from 3-15 on three categories- eye opening, best motor response, and best verbal response.
Disability Rating Scale(DRS)
rates general level of disability from "none" to "extreme vegetative state."
Outcome of fetal malnutrition
reduced number of brain cells and neurons
Catecholamine hypothesis
standard theory of mood and depression until 1980s; depression is due to a lack of norepinephrine in the brain, one of the major catecholamine systemics in the brain, based on evidence that reserpine (depletes dopamine and norepinephrine and isued to treatment hypertension), MAO inhibitors, and tricyclics work
Hyperthyroidism
sweating, anxiety, trembling, restlessness, and dizziness.
t-test
t = tiny Can only handle max of one IV with one level, used to compare two means For interval and ratio data
belief in a just world
tend to blame the victim for crimes, out of a need to believe that bad crimes should not occur to good people
"Sleeper effect" in divorce
tendency of girls who do not initially show negative effects of the divorce to develop a number of problems in adolescence
Beck's cognitive profile of depression
the "cognitive triad" A negative view of oneself, the world, the future
Spearman's rho
the equivalent of a correlation coefficient for rank-ordered scores
Base rate
the percent of employees who are performing satisfactorily without the use of proposed predictor and ranges in value from 0 to 1.0. Moderate base rates (close to .50) are associated with the greatest incremental validity
lattitude of rejection
the range of ideas that a person sees as unreasonable or objectionable
Frame-of-reference (FOR) training
A training method to improve rating accuracy that involves providing raters with a common frame of reference to use when rating individuals
Correlation in IQ for biological siblings reared together
.40-.45
Correlation of IQ among siblings
.50 (raised together), .25 (raised apart), twins .75
Seperation from caregiver least likely to have effects during what age
0 - 6 months
The minimum and maximum values of the standard error of estimate are...
0 and the standard deviation of the CRITERION.
Opimal difficulty level for T/F item
0.75; reduces impact of guessing
Alarm reaction > Resistance > Exhaustion (Salye's General Adaptation System)
1) ALARM REACTION: The hypothalamus activates the adrenal medulla to increase release of epinephrine. As a result, the body's glucose level rises and the heart and respiration rates accelerate, then increasing the body's energy level. 2) RESISTANCE: If stress persists, breathing and heart rate return to normal, but hypothalamus signals the pituitary glands to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH activates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol, which maintains high blood glucose levels and increases the metabolism of fats and proteins. 3) EXHAUSTION: With prolonged stress, pituitary gland and adrenal cortex loose their ability to maintain elevated hormone levels, and physiological processes begin to break down. Fatigue, depression, and illness (ulcers) or death may occur.
Personality Development
1) Age = 0-1 (Freud = Oral) (Erikson = Trust v. Mistrust) 2) Age = 1-3 (Freud = Anal) (Erikson = Autonomy v. Shame) 3) Age = 3-6 (Freud = Phallic) (Erikson = Initiative v. Guilt) 4) Age = 6-12 (Freud = Latency) (Erikson = Industry v. Inferiority) 5) Age = Adolescence (Freud = Genital) (Erikson = identity v. identity confusion) 6) young adulthood (Erikson = intimacy v. isolation) 7) Middle adulthood (Erikson = generatively v. stagnation) 8) Late adulthood (Erikson = ego integrity v. despair)
Intraindividual Conflict
1) Approach-Approach Conflict: easiest to resolve. Choosing between two equally positive or attractive goals 2) Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: difficult to resolve, leads to indecision, inaction, or removing oneself from the situation. Choosing between two equally negative or unattractive goals. 3) Approach-Avoidance Conflict: When a single goal has both positive and negative qualities (deciding whether or not to accept a promotion that comes with an increased salary but also an increase in stress). When we move closer to the goal (decision to accept the job), the avoidance force becomes stronger. 4) Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict: When we have to choose between two goals that have both negative and positive qualities. Usually the most difficult to resolve.
Major Reflexes in Newborns
1) Babinski - toes fan out and upward when soles of feet are tickled 2) Rooting- turns head in the direction of touch applied to the cheeks 3) Moro (Startle) - Flings arms and legs outward and then toward the body in response to loud noise or sudden loss of physical support.
Average effect size for pyschotherapy
Around .85
Motivation three components
Arousal, direction, and intensity
EPPP and the Licensing Board
As described by the ASPPB, the EPPP is designed to assess the "knowledge base required for the various responsibilities psychologists are expected to assume in professional practice". The function of the Licensing Board is to protect the public from "grossly unqualified practitioners"
coefficient alpha is used to...
Assess internal consistency reliability
Frotteuristic Disorder
At least 6 months Intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a non-consenting adult. History of acting on these urges Causes significant distress or impaired functioning.
Transvestic Disorder
At least 6 months Sexual arousal from cross dressing. Causes significant distress or impairment in functioning
Bipolar 2 Disorder
At least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode Hypomanic Episode: "a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy" At least 4 consecutive days. Symptoms are present most of the day, nearly every day. At least three characteristic symptoms (e.g., inflated self esteem, flight of ideas) Hypomanic episodes are not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or require hospitalization
Sources of sex hormones
Gonads and adrenal glands (pituitary gland releases hormones to cause gonads to releae hormones)
REM sleep greatest during what developmental period
Infancy
Negative punishment: Response cost
Involves withdrawing a desirable activity or other stimulus following an undesirable behavior Ex: parent takes away teen's cell phone
Hallmarks of narcolepsy
Irresistable attacks of sleep, bilateral loss of muscle tone triggered by intense emotion, recurrent intrusions of REM sleep, hypnogogic/hypnopompic hallucinations
Scores from non-parallel measures can be equated through the use of
Item response theory
First step in creating a selection test for employment
Job analysis - determine the skills, knowledge, and abilities required for the job
JOB ANALYSIS VERSUS JOB EVALUATION
Job analysis: goal is to clarify the requirements of the job Job evaluation: goal is to determine the relative worth of jobs in order to set salaries and wages.
To calculate the F-ratio for a one-way ANOVA
MSB is divided by MSW F = MSB/MSW = (treatment + error)/ error Between group differences is divided by within group differences B/W (B comes before W in the alphabet) Hints: ratio means a fraction/division When the null hypothesis is true, MSB and MSW are the same and F = 1. When the null hypothesis is false, MSB is larger than MSW and F > 1. The larger the F value, the more likely that it will be statistically significant
Autism Spectrum Disorder
MUST HAVE THE FOLLOWING 1) Persistent deficits in social communication and interactions across multiple contexts as manifested by deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and the development/maintenance/understanding of relationships 2) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, activities as manifested by at least two symptoms (stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech; insistence on sameness) - shows up by 2 years old (early developmental period) - differential diagnosis: social pragmatic communication disorder Treatment: parent management training, special education, training in self-care and social interaction skills, vocational training, shaping and discrimination training
Intellectual Disability
MUST HAVE THE THREE FOLLOWING CRITERIA 1) Deficits in intellectual functioning (reasoning, problem solving, abstract thinking) 2) Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in a failure to meet community standards of personal independence and social responsibility and impair functioning across multiple environments in one or more activities of daily life (communication, social participation, etc.) 3) Onset is during developmental period (before 18) - severity can be mild, moderate, severe, profound. This is based on adaptive functioning in conceptual, social, practical domains - need to have 70 or less or 2 SDs below population mean on IQ test
Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorder
Major: significant decline from previous level of functioning in at least one cognitive domain that interferes with independence in every day activities Mild: modest decline from previous level of functioning in at least one cognitive domain that does not interfere with independence in everyday activities but may require greater effort or compensatory strategies.
Therapy following instrumental domestic violence
Make sure husband/wife are physically seperated and provide separate therapy
Smith, Glass, and Miller (1980 meta-analysis) - psychotherapy research
Mean effect size of .85 across therapies - i.e., the average therapy client is better off than about 80% of those who need therapy but are untreated
Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)
NLP practitioners focus on the hidden effects of language, the meaning of non-verbal behavior, and the utilization of communication and trance to create change.
Cyclothymic Disorder
Numerous periods with hypomanic symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a hypomanic episode and numerous periods with depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode -At least 2 years for adults - At least 1 year for children and teens - Symptoms present at least half the time - No more than 2 months at a time of being symptom-free
Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development (Oral Stage)
ORAL STAGE = BIRTH - 1 YEAR Weaning is primary source of conflict Fixation = dependence, passivity, gullibility, sarcasm, orally-focused habits (smoking, etc.)
Two types of rotations in a factor analysis
ORTHOGONAL: when the rotation is orthogonal, the resulting factors are uncorrelated. OBLIQUE: when the rotation is oblique, the resulting factors are correlated. ORTHOGONAL = UNCORRELATED OBLIQUE = CORRELATED EXAMPLE: if a psychologist believes that interpersonal assertiveness is unrelated to aggressiveness, she would chose and orthogonal rotation.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
OUTSIDE OF HARD BONY PROTECTIVE COATING Somatic nervous system (SNS): contains sensory and motor neurons that link the CNS to the skeletal muscles. Voluntary activities. Autonomic nervous system (ANS): consists of sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS with the smooth muscles of the internal organs and glands (heat beat, breathing) UNDERNEATH THE ANS THERE ARE TWO BRANCHES Sympathetic branch: mediates the fight-or-flight response and energy output Parasympathetic branch: regulates "housekeeping" functions, relaxation and recuperation, and energy conservation
First words of children related to
Objects that move or change
When working with a new population, best course of action is to
Obtain supervision or consultation
Bipolar 1 requires at minimum
Occurrence of one or more manic/mixed episodes
Klinefelter's syndrome
Only in men; 1/500 XXY instead of XY; taller, less intelligent, abnormal secondary sex characteristics (high voice, breasts, etc.) unable to have children
Turner's syndrome
Only in women; 1/2500; caused by having only X chromosome (XO); normal intelligence, but abnormal secondary sex characteristics (no menstruation or ovulation, etc.)
Administrative model
Picking 10 best applicants and only interviewing them; referred to as "satisficnig" usually the way people end up doing things bc they don't have the time or resources to interview everyone
Nathan Ackerman
Pioneer in the assessment and treatment of families and the first to integrate the psychoanalytic approach with a systems approach in assessing and treating families
Jungians view tranference as
Projection of the personal and collective unconscious
Bem's gender schema theory
Proposes that, as the result of social learning and cognitive development, children develop schemas of masculinity and femininity that organize how they think about gender.
Kin Altruism
Prosocial behavior is the result of kin altruism - the biological predisposition to help genetically related others even if it is sacrificial to the self. Critics point out that people do not only help relatives but also friends and strangers who are dissimilar and this theory does not explain why people are more willing to assist in some circumstances than in others
Standard Deviation symbol
S or SD
Variance symbol
S squared or V
General psychiatric symptoms on liekert scale
SCL-90
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
SE for Lamotrigine, swelling face tongue
Super's career development theory =
SELF CONCEPT
Measures blood-flow in the brain using radioactive isotypes
SPECT and PET
Guidelines for child custody evaluations in family law proceedings
STATE LAWS VARY! - Determining the "psychological best interests" of the child is the primary purpose of a child custody evaluation - Avoid engage in multiple relationships when doing so can be expected to result in reduced competence or effectiveness or expose individuals to harm or exploitation. -Cannot agree to assume an evaluative role in custody case when you already have established a therapeutic relationship with a child and/or child's parents
Monotrait-Heteromethod Coefficient
Same trait, different methods (convergent validity) e.g., self-report measure or assertiveness correlated with supervisor rating of assertiveness **CONVERGENT VALIDITY**
Monotrait-Monomethod Coefficient
Same trait, same method (reliability coefficient) e.g, - self-report measure of assertiveness correlated with itself **RELIABILITY**
Mimesis
Adopting a family's communication and affective style. One way of joining the family system in structural family therapy.
Mimesis in family therapy
Adopting family's communication and affective styles
Epinephrine (aka adrenaline)
Adrenergic system Increase heart and respiration in sympathetic system response.
Younger versus older alcohol intoxication
Adult 65+ report stronger subjective feelings and longer feelings of intoxication after having same amounts of alcohol as younger people
Transtheoretical Model - Prochaska & DiClemente (a brief therapy)
Therapy Goal: Primary goal is to help the client move to the next stage of change. Distinguishes between six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination -PCPAMT (PCP Ain't My Thing!) Precontemplation Stage: little insight into need for change, does not intend to change. In denial, uninformed, or previous attempts to change were unsuccessful. Most effective interventions are consciousness raising, dramatic relief, environmental reevaluation Contemplation Stage: Aware of need to change. Intends to take action within 6 months, not committed to change. Aware of both pros and cons, may be ambivalent. Most effective interventions are consciousness raising, dramatic relief, environmental reevaluation Preparation Stage: Plans to take action in the next month. Has realistic plan. Action Stage: Taking concrete steps to change behavior. Often begins with making public commitment to change. Most effective interventions are helping relationships, counterconditioning, reinforcement management, stimulus control. Maintenance Stage: Change is maintained for at least 6 months, taking steps towards preventing relapse. Most effective interventions are helping relationships, counterconditioning, reinforcement management, stimulus control. Termination Stage: Person feels they can resist temptations and is confident there is no risk for relapse.
Coefficient: Point Biserial (correlation)
Variable 1: true dichotomy Example of variable 1: gender (male, female) Variable 2: interval or ratio Example of variable 2: IQ scores
Concurrent Validity vs. Predictive Validity
When criterion data are collected prior to or at about the same time as data on the predictor, the predictor's concurrent validity is being assessed. Used to estimate examinee's current status. This is used when we want to determine if a job applicant's job performance will be acceptable immediately after being hired. When the criterion is measured some time after the predictor has been administered, predictive validity is being evaluated. Used to predict future performance on criterion. Best when wanting to predict a job applicant's future job performance.
Criterion contamination
When criterion is subjectively scored and the rater has knowledge of the predictor scores
Actor-observer bias
When faced with a negative outcome people attribute their own actions to situational factors but attribute the behavior of others to dispositional factors
Self-Perception Theory (Bem)
When internal cues are insufficient or difficult to interpret, people acquire information about themselves by observing their external behaviors and/or the context in which those behaviors occur. In ambiguous situations, people look at cues in the external environment to identify their internal states REMEMBER THE EPINEPHRINE STUDIES
Adverse impact due to unfairness
When members of a group consistently obtain lower scores on the predictor that members of another group, but the difference in predictor scores is NOT related to differences in scores on the criterion. Think of a scatter plot with both shapes for men and women being ellipses. However, the ellipsis for women is to the left, indicating lower predictor scores.
Pattern of memory impairment in moderate to severe head injury
When memories return, remote memories return first and more recent memories return last (Ribot's Law)
Retroactive interference
When newly learned information interferes with the recall of previously learned information
Cognitive dissonance theory
When people behave in a manner that is inconsistent with their values they will change their beliefs to manage the psychological tension created by the mismatch
Brainstorming alone vs. group
When people brainstorm alone they come up with better solutions than when they brainstorm in a group
Age effects and divorce
Younger children display more problems at the time of the divorce, but adolescents display more problems long term
Alternative to antipsychotic for tourette's
antihypertensive drug
Buspar
anxiety
GABA
anxiety and epilepsy
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
also termed Hakim's syndrome and symptomatic hydrocephalus, is a type of brain malfunction caused by expansion of the lateral cerebral ventricles and distortion of the fibers in the corona radiata. Its typical symptoms are urinary incontinence, dementia, and gait disturbance. CSF pressure is usually normal. Ventricles are chronically dilated.
flashbulb memories brain area
amygdala
approach-avoidance conflict
conflict occurring when a person must choose or not choose a goal that has both positive and negative aspects. The closer we get to the goal, the stronger the avoidance motive.
vegetative symptoms of depression
loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, insomnia, loss of libido
Afircan americans therapy considersations
present time orientation, doing, community/interdependence (collateral approach)
Native americans therapy considerations
present, interdependence, mode of activity is being, not doing
ICC y intercept
probability of guessing items correctly
utility analysis
procedure used to translate the cost and benefits of different business alternatives into dollars and cents
Tonotic auditory processing
tonotopy is the spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed in the brain. Tones close to each other in terms of frequency are represented in topologically neighbouring regions in the brain. Processed in heschl's gyri
vestibule training
training done in schools where employees are taught on equipment similar to that used on the job
Amitryptyline (Elavil)
tricyclic antidepressant
Treatment for enuresis
tricyclic antidepressants
Freud (oral) Erickson (x)
trust v. mistrust (first year)
onset of stuttering
typically occurs between 2 and 5 years of age
biserial coefficient
used to determine the correlation between two variables when one is continuous and one is an artificial dichotomy
Discriminant function analysis
used to identify variables that distinguish between two or more existing or naturally occurring groups
Path Analysis
used to test hypotheses about the causal relationships among three or more variables. A causal modeling technique that is an extension of multiple regression. - must be one-way causal flow
Gestalt Therapy (Fritz Perls)
uses conversational techniques (empty chair/2 chair techniques). to allow patient to present interpersonal conflict w/o need for transference. confront "empty chair"
Paralanguage
vocalic behaviors that communicate meaning along with verbal behavior (e.g. rate of speech, pauses, loudness of voice).
Outcomes of Attachment in research
Securely attached: more curious and less dependent on adult at 4-5 years old. More positive social interactions with peers. Perform better in academics in elementary school. Greater empathy. As adults, have higher self-esteem and a strong personal identity. Disorganized/Disoriented attachment: increased risk for hostile and aggressive behavior, low self-esteem, low academic achievement in childhood.
Emsam
Selegiline (first transdermal skin patch for treatment of major depression)
Jung analytical psychotherapy
Self regulating psyche, the unconscious, therapist-patient relationship, stages of self-improvement
Rational emotive behavior therapy
Self-defeating thoughts
Rosenthal effect
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Classification Accuracy
Sensitivity: the percent of people in the validation sample who have the disorder of interest and were accurately identified by the predictor as having the disorder. Specificity: the percent of people in the validation sample who do not have the disorder and were accurately identified by the predictor as not having the disorder of interest.
Split brain patients have most deficits in
Sensory functioning due to difficulties transferring input from left to right brain
Models of memory: Multi-store model (aka information-processing model)
Sensory register is responsible for the storage of incoming sensory events Iconic: Duration = 0.5 seconds, large capacity. Visual. Echoic: Duration = up to 2 seconds. Large capacity. Auditory. Short-Term Memory: When information is focused on, it is transferred to short-term memory (AKA working/primary memory) duration = 30 seconds. Capacity = 7 +/- 2 chunks of information Long-Term Memory: When information is rehearsed or encoded, it is transferred to long-term memory. Duration = >30 seconds (second memory, unlimited capacity)
PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Separate criteria for those 6 and younger. Symptoms need to be present for MORE THAN ONE MONTH Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. 1) INTRUSION SYMPTOMS: distressing memories or dreams 2) AVOIDANCE SYMPTOMS 3) NEGATIVE ALTERATIONS IN COGNITION AND MOOD: inability to remember important aspects of the event, persistent and exaggerated negative beliefs about oneself, others, the world, persistent inability to experience positive emotions. 4) NEGATIVE ALTERATIONS IN AROUSAL: irritable behavior, angry outbursts, reckless or destructive behavior, hyper vigilance, exaggerated startle response, impaired concentration Treatment: CBT with exposure, cognitive restructuring, and anxiety management. SSRI for comorbid anxiety or depression.
Evidence for multi-store model
Serial position studies (primacy and recency effects) Recency effect only happens when there is no delay
Tricyclics impact what neurotransmitters
Serotonin and acteylcholine (causes anticholinergic effects) --- parasympathetic system
Neurotransmitters linked with social phobia
Serotonin and dopamine
Assessment centers
Setting where a standardized evaluaton of behavior based on multiple inputs can occur. Typically several trained observers and techniques are used. Ratings are pooled together.
Klinefelter Syndrome
Sex chromosome defect. Occurs in males and is due to the presence of two or more X chromosomes along with a single Y chromosome (XXY). Male genetic material overwhelmed by too much female material
Beta-blockers side effects
Sexual dysfunction, dizziness, drowsiness, shortness of breath, difficulty sleeping, nightmares, depression/anx, thought disturbance
Most frequent ethics charge filed against psychologists
Sexual misconduct
Spearman-Brown formula =
Split-half reliability Also, used to estimate the effects of lengthening or shortening a test on its reliability
Crowding can have positive effects in certain situations:
Sporting events, rock concerts, attention-grabbing movies. When people are expecting a crowded situation not as bad. No impact on simple tasks
Factor matrix communality
Square values and add
Who is responsible for animal care in research
The supervising psychologist
Gender constancy, identity, and stability established by what age
6
HIPAA says you must keep records for
6 years
Percent of infants securely attached at age 1
60%
Eysenck (1952) - psychotherapy research
66% in eclectic therapy and 44% in psychoanalytic psychotherapy improve versus 72% with similar problems who don't receive therapy. -Sparked movement of studying outcomes of therapies
Children begin to understand the concept of death at what age
7-9 (concrete operational stage)
Bipolar 1 concordance rate for identical twins
75-80%; Bipolar 1 is among the most heavily genetically loaded disorders
Canonical correlation
method used to assess the relationship between two sets of variables--i.e., two or more predictor variables and two or more criterion variables
Fastest schedule to learn
Continuous reinforcement - the reinforcer follows every isntnace of the conditioned stimulus
ADHD prognosis
- 65-80% of children with ADHD continue to meet diagnostic criteria into adolescence - 15% meet criteria in young adulthood - 60% meet the criteria for ADHD in partial remission
Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha
(Method for Estimating Reliability) - internal consistency reliability Involves correlating examinee's scores on all test items to obtain a measure of average inter-item consistency. The test is administered once to a single sample of examinees
Internal consistency (coefficient of internal consistency)
(Method for Estimating Reliability) Indicates the degree of consistency across different test items
Standard scores (z-scores, T-scores)
(test score interpretation) Standard scores indicate the examinee's relative standing in the comparison group in terms of standard deviation from the mean
Generic Names for MAOIs
- Isocarboxazid - Phenelzine - Tranylcypromine
Forebrain subcortical structures
-Hypothalamus -Thalamus -Basal Ganglia - Limbic system - Amygdala - Hippocampus
Solitary play age
0-18 months
Specific phobia types in DSM-5
1. Animal
Depression impact on sleep
1. Decreased slow-wave or non-REM sleep
Intellectual disability criteria
1. Deficits in reasoning / IQ < 70; 2. Deficits in adaptive functiong: conceptual, social, practical 3. Onset of deficits during developmental period.
Male:female ratio for AD/HD
2:1
Percentile rank distributions
A distribution of percentile ranks is flat (rectangular), this indicates that scores are evenly distributed throughout the full range of the distribution. The same number of examinees fall at each percentile rank (the same number of examinees fall between the ranks of 20 to 30 and 30 to 40, etc.)
Beck's cognitive profile of anxiety
A excessive form of normal survival mechanisms and consists of unrealistic fears about physical and psychological threats
Ethics of bartering for goods and services
Bartering is discouraged unless it is not clinically contraindicated and is not exploitative
RELIABILITY COEFFICIENTS
ARE ALWAYS INTERPRETED DIRECTLY!!! EX: A reliability coefficient of .70 indicates that 70% of variability in test scores is due to true score variability, while the remaining 30% is due to measurement error.
Stranger anxiety
Age 1-2
Preoperational stage
Age 2 to 7; egocentric, relies on intuitive thought rather logical or deductive reasoning, uses smybolic activity.
Phallic stage; Freud
Age 3-6, become sexually attracted to parent of oposite sex and fear punishment from same-sex parent
Criterion-Referenced Interpretation (test score interpretation)
An examinee's score is interpreted in terms of a predefined standard Tells you how well an examinees did in absolute terms (how many questions they answered correctly).
Bipolar 1 Disorder
At least one manic episode: "a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy" At least one week, present most of the day nearly every day. Must include three other characteristic symptoms (e.g., inflated self-esteem, decreased need for sleep, excessive talking). Symptoms must also require hospitalization to avoid harm to self and others or include psychotic features May also include one or more episodes of hypomania or major depression. 15x greater risk than general population to complete suicide
SAT and similar tests good predictors for those who score
At the extremes (high or low)
New model of learned helplessness de-emphasizes
Attributions
Bupriopion (wellbutrin), mirtazapine (remeron), trazadone (desyrel)
Atypical antidepressant
Risperidone (risperdal)
Atypical antipsychotic. has more pronounced serotonin antagonism than dopamine antagonism. Less extrapyramidal side effects than other antipsychotics
Episodic memory
Autobiographic memory, everyday experiences. The most automatic of memories
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development (Autonomy vs. shame and doubt)
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt = toddlerhood A sense of autonomy develops out of positive interactions with caregivers. Maladaptive response is compulsion.
Down Syndrome
Autosomal Defect. Due to the presence of an extra 21st chromosome
Ainsworth Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
Baby exhibits fear of mother. Dazed or confused facial expression and a variety of other disorganized attachment behaviors (greeting mother when she returns but then turning away from her). About 80% of infants who have been mistreated by their caregiver exhibit this pattern.
Ainsworth Insecure (Anxious)/Avoidant Attachment
Baby interact very little with mother, shows LITTLE DISTRESS when she leaves the room, AVOIDS or IGNORES mother when she returns. Baby reacts to mother and strangers similarly. Mother is very impatient and unresponsive OR provides too much stimulation.
Guided mastery
Bandura recommends the use of guided mastery, which consists of three components 1) modeling 2) skill mastery 3) self-directed application
Self-directed search
Vocational interest inventory based on Holland's hexagon
Sedative-Hypnotics
Benzos, Barbiturates, and Anxiolytics (and alcohol) Uses: anxiety, insomnia, tremor Mode of action: increases GABA levels Side effects: drowsiness, sedation, confusion, disorientation, paradoxical agitation, rebound excitation. additive with chronic use.
Decisions in child custody cases are based on:
Best interest of the child
Schizophrenia course and prognosis
Better prognosis is associated with 1) Good premorbid adjustment 2) An abrupt and later onset of symptoms 3) Female gender 4) Insight into illness 5) Precipitating stressor 6) No family history of schizophrenia Those in 3rd world developing countries are likely to do better
Fastest rate of vocabulary increase?
Between 30-46 months of age. During this period, a child's vocabulary increases from 300-400 words to about 1,000 words.
superego (freud)
Between ages 4 and 5 the superego develops. It is an internalization of society's values and standards conveyed to a child through reward and punishment.
Concern about research study harming participants. Who is responsible?
Both the student and advisor are responsible as they have an ethical obligation
Retroflection
Boundary disturbance in gestalt therapy; turning back onto oneself what one wants to do to others
When to use CT vs. MRI
CT is better for acute intracranial hemmorhage and visualizing bony structures
Maternal emotion during pregnancy
Can impact activity level and birthweight of the fetus
Chronic ottitis media
Chronic middle ear infection; often result in long-term language deficits and poor vocabulary
Who has privilege for court-ordered therapy
Client
Gestalt therapist views transference as
Client's fantasy. They work in the here-and-now and view transference as a misperception of reality.
KR-20 =
Coefficient alpha
Schacter and Singer
Cognitive appraisal model --- must cognitively appraise situation to determine emotional state
Confabulation on Rorschach sign of:
Cognitive impairment
Beck's Cognitive Therapy (aka CBT)
Cognitive schemas: underlying cognitive structures and rules that consist of core beliefs and that determine how individuals codify, categorize, and interpret their experiences Automatic thoughts: surface level cognitions Cognitive distortions: link between automatic thoughts and cognitive schemas -Utilizes collaborative empiricism and socratic dialogue
Stuttering before age 3
Common, no diagnosis
Left (dominant) hemisphere
Controls: 1) spoken language 2) verbal memory 3) logical and rational thought 4) positive emotions Movement commands for right side of body **Remember LLLL (left, language, logical, laughter)
Right (non dominant) hemisphere
Controls: 1) visual-spatial skills 2) creative 3) intuitive thought 4) nonverbal memory 5) negative emotions Movement commands for left side of body
Kohlberg's conventional stage of moral development (kid who was caught stealing from other children)
Conventional stage = good boy/good girl stage, characterized by strong belief in the Golden rule. Most effective to help kid understand how the children she steals from feel about having their things taken
Ethics committee contacts you about a violation
Cooperate without asking other psychologist for consent.
Factor loadings
Correlation coefficients that indicate the degree of association between each test and each factor. INTERPRETATION: one way to interpret a factor loading is to square it to determine the amount of variability in test scores that is accounted for (explained by) the factor: Test A has factor loadings of .78 and .16 with factors I and II. This means that 61% (.78 squared) of variability in Test A is accounted for by factor I and 3% (.16 squared) is accounted for by factor II.
Who has privilege for court-ordered assessment
Court; client has no privelege/confidentiality
Kenneth Clark
Created and performed innovative psychological tests using dolls in Brown vs. Board of Education
CHC 9 Broad Spectrum Abilities
Crystallized, Fluid, Quantitative, Reading/Writing, Short-term memory, long term memory/retrieval, visual processing, auditory processing, processing speed
Intergroup prejudice results from
Cultural, economic, cognitive, historical, and personality factors
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Depressed mood and two additional symptoms - for at least two years in adults -one year in children/adolescents
Depression vs. dementia memory
Depression struggles with free recall while dementia struggles with recall and recognition
Dynamic Assessment/Testing the Limits
Derived from Vygotsky's method for evaluating a child's mental development and involves deliberate deviation from standardized testing procedures to obtain additional information about an examinee and/or determine if he/she would benefit from assistance or instruction. Testing the limits, a type of dynamic assessment, involves providing an examinee with additional cues, suggestions, or feedback and is ordinarily done after standard administrations of the test to preserve the applicability of the test's norms.
Medications for nocturnal enuresis
Desmopressin and imipramine
ego (freud)
Develops at 6 months. The ego develops in response to t the id's inability to gratify all of its needs. Ego strives to mediate the conflicting demands of the id and reality and defer gratification until appropriate
Situations that legally permit a waiver of privelage
Differ from state to state
Transcortical Aphasia
Different from other aphasias because there is no impairment in repeating words, phrases, or sentences spoken by another person
Between-groups design
Different levels of the IV are administered to different groups of participants. Each person gets only one treatment (drugs or therapy)
Heterotrait-Heteromethod Coefficient
Different traits, different methods (divergent validity) e.g., self-report of assertiveness correlated with supervisor rating of aggressiveness **DIVERGENT VALIDITY**
Heterotrait-Monomethod Coefficient
Different traits, same method (divergent validity - don't want a lot of correlation) e.g., self-report measure of assertiveness correlated with self-report measure of aggressiveness **DIVERGENT VALIDITY**
Differentiation (Bowen and Extended Family Systems Therapy)
Differentiation of self refers to a person's ability to separate their intellectual and emotional functioning. The lower a person's level of differentiation, the more the person is at the mercy of their emotions and the more likely they will fuse with emotions that dominate the family
Huntington's disease presenting symptoms
Earliest symptoms - irritability/anhedonia, later: motor disturabcnes such as jerks and spasms that eventually involve the entire body
Most common cause of mental retardation
Embryonic problems
Flex time
Employees choose hours; increasd morale; decreased skipping and lateness; but no better performance
Pro bono work and ethics code
Encouraged by the ethics code
Normal aging most likely to affect what type of memory
Episodic
A test developer would construct an expectancy table to...
Facilitate criterion-referenced interpretation of test scores - An expectancy table provides the information needed to interpret an examinee's score in terms of expected performance on an external criterion and, consequently, is a method of criterion-referenced interpretation.
Concern during ABAB design
Failure of DV to return to baseline
Fielder's Contingency (LPC) Model
Fielder's/LPC = FAVORABLENESS The most effective leadership style depends on the favorableness of the situation, with favorability being determined by the nature of leader-subordinate relations, task structure, and leader's power. Low LPC (task oriented) leaders are best in favorable and very unfavorable situations. High LPC (person oriented) leaders are best in moderately favorable situations Very favorable = highly structured with a lot of oversight, leader has a lot of control Unfavorable = not a lot of delegation or control by the leader
Cass
First nonpathologizing model of homosexuality
Bases of Social Power
French and Raven (1959) distinguish between 6 bases of social power 1) COERCIVE: the influencing agent has control over punishments 2) REWARD: the influencing agent has control over valued rewards and resources 3) EXPERT: the influencing agent is believed to have superior ability, skills, knowledge 4) REFERENT: the target person is attracted to, likes, or identifies with the influencing agent 5) LEGITIMATE: the target person believes the influencing agent has legitimate authority 6) INFORMATIONAL: the influencing agent possesses specific information that is needed by the target person More varied source of power = greater ability to influence others expert + referent power = more successful supervisors and mental health consultants reward + coercive power = most superficial response, compliance referent power = more likely to produce identification (wanting to be liked by influential person) expert, legitimate, informational power = most likely to produce internalization (actual acceptance)
Social learning theory
Gender role development is the result of observational learning and differential reinforcement
Infant and Preschool Tests
Generally considered valid as screening devices for developmental delays and disabilities, but, when administered to children aged two and younger, they have little predictive validity. Examples: Denver Developmental Screening Test, Bayley Scales, Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development (Generativity vs. stagnation)
Generativity vs. stagnation = middle adulthood The people one lives and works with are most important. A generative person exhibits commitment to the well-being of future generations
Huntington's disease
Genetic movement disorder caused by degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia -- particularly the caudate nucleus. Abnormal movements include choreiform movements (frequent, brisk jerks of the pelvis, trunk, and limbs), athetosis (slow uncontrolled movements), and unusual posturing
Genotype versus Phenotype
Genotype: refers to a person's genetic endowment Phenotype: result of genetic and environmental influences
Coping skills boys vs. girls
Girls demonstrate a broader repertoire of coping skills than boys
Hyperthyroidism versus hypothyroidism
HYPERTHYROIDISM - speed up metabolism - elevated body temperature - weight loss - general excitability - nervousness - insomnia - accelerated heart rate HPYOTHYROIDISM - slow metabolism - reduced appetite with weight gain - slow heart rate - low body temperature - lethargy - depression - decreased libido - confusion, impaired memory and concentration
Relationship between half-life of drug and age
Half-life of drug increases with age.
Predictors used in organizations: interviews
Has a low validity (.14 to .23), but validity is improved when interview items are empirically derived and the interview is structured.
Convergent Validity
High correlations with measures of the same and related traits provide evidence of a test's convergent validity Measure of convergent validity: monotrait-heteromethod.
Baumrind - Authoritative Parents
High in both responsivity and demanding ness. Their children are assertive, self-confident, socially responsible, achievement-oriented Sets high expectations and helps them achieve.
Baumrind - Permissive (non-directive) Parents
High in responsivity and low in demandingness. Their children are impulsive, self-centered, easily frustrated, and low in achievement and independence.
D low levels of serotonin and tryptophan
High levels of serotonin
Typical antipsychotic drugs
High potency: haloperidol, trifluoperazine, fluphenazine-neurologic side effects (extrapyramidal symptoms)
Learning and memory structures in brain
Hippocampus: transference of information from short to long term memory (memory consolidation), explicit memory (memory requiring conscience recollection) Amygdala: attachment of emotion to memories, recall of traumatic events, fear conditioning Temporal lobe: encoding, storage, retrieval of long-term declarative memories Prefrontal cortex: short-term memory, episodic memory, and prospective memory Thalamus: processing incoming information and transferring to cortex. Damage can produce anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confabulation (Korsakoff's) Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, Motor Cortex: procedural memory, implicit memory
Risk factors for violence
History of aggressive behavior, substance use, psychosis prior to treatment, anti-social, borderline, personality disorder NOS
Release of gonadotropins in females neuroanatomy
Hypothalamus responds to existing hormone levels and triggers messages that regulate the female hormonal cycle
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
IDEA requires that- a) all disabled people from infancy to 21 years of age must be evaluated by a team of specialists to determine their specific needs b) an IEP must be developed for each disabled child enrolled in the public education system that provides education for the student in the "least restrictive environment" and that has been approved by the child's parents c) while reliable, valid, and nondiscriminatory psychological tests can be used, assignment to special education classes cannot be made on the basis of IQ tests only
EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)
INDEPENDENT agency created in 1964-works to eliminate employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, disability, age or other criteria unrelated to job performance.
Positive manifold
Idea that all variables are positively correlated (cog assessment)
Correlation coefficient of IQ scores
Identical twins reared together: .85 Fraternal twins reared together: .58 Biological parent and child: .39 Biological siblings reared together: .45
Caplan's Mental Health Consultation
In his view, maladaptive behavior and psychological disturbance arise because caregivers, family, friends, and community groups within a social system to do not provide sufficient direction, support and stability when an individual is faced with a stressful life event. He believed that mental health consultation is a service to many different professionals to assist them in dealing with the psychological aspects of a current work problem, and, to deal more effectively with similar problems in the future. This type of consultation was developed as a preventative approach to dealing with mental disorders
Prevent substance abuse among native americans
Increase bicultural competence
Anxiety does what to the desire to affiliate
Increase desire
Mediators in conflict resolution process
Increase disputant flexibility with regard to alternatives
Maternal anxiety during pregnancy
Increased crying in newborn
Aging and Intelligence/Processing Speed
Increasing age is associated with a decline in speed of information processing and fluid (versus crystalized) intelligence but, for some adults, declines may be reversed with relatively simple training and practice
Herzberg two-factor theory
Increasing employees' responsibility (a motivator) will result in increased satisfaction and performance
Rapid brain development in first year of life primarily due to
Increasing myelination of axons
Chi-square assumptions
Independence of observations; cannot be run when repeated observations are made
Wernick'e apashai can also exhibit
Indifference and paranoia
Lesion to right nondominant hemisphere can produce
Indifference or euphoria
WAIS-IV - Considerations for different clinical populations
Individuals with TBI, mild Alzheimer's dementia, and ADHD will obtain their lowest score on PROCESSING SPEED INDEX
Freud (latency) Erickson (x)
Industry v inferiority (6-12): cessation in psychosexual development
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development (Industry vs. inferiority)
Industry vs. inferiority = school age Important influences are people in neighborhood and school. Mastering certain social and academic skills. Maladaptive outcome is interim.
Multiple baseline design
It is important to note that the start of treatment conditions is staggered (started at different times) across individuals Because treatment is started at different times we can conclude that changes are due to the treatment rather than to a chance factor. By gathering data from many subjects (instances), inferences can be made about the likeliness that the measured trait generalizes to a greater population. Does not require treatment to be withdrawn once it has been applied.
Communication/Interaction Family Therapy
Jackson, Satir, Riskin, Haley. Focuses on the impact of communication on family and individual functioning - Since all behavior is communication, people are always communicating even when they are doing nothing - All communication has a "report function" (information and content) and "command function" (nonverbal and makes a statement about the relationship of communicators) Symmetrical Communication: equality between communications but may escalate into competitive "one-upsmanship" in which each participant tries to outdo the other Complementary Communication: inequality and maximizes differences between communicators. One participant assumes dominant role while other is submissive. View of Maladaptive Behaviors: a symptoms is both a cause and an effect of dysfunctional communication patterns. Therapy Goals and Techniques: Alter the interactional patterns. Direct techniques and paradoxical techniques.
Structural family therapy technique
Joining. Blend with the family by adopting its language, behaviors, and style.
Major difference between Freud and Jung
Jung's theory included an emphasis on personality and spiritual developemtn that occurs during mid-life
Extended Family Systems Therapy (BOWEN)
Key Concepts: Differentiation of self, emotional triangles, multigenerational transmission process View of Maladaptive Behavior: caused by multigenerational transmission process that leads to an increasing lack of differentiation. Therapy Goals: increase differentiation of all family members Therapy Techniques: therapist acts as an active coach and relies on rational processes to help family members gain self-awareness; uses a genogram as an assessment tool; may form a therapeutic triangle with the partners or see only the most differentiated family member. Clients talk to therapist rather than to each other. BOWEN = EXTENDING A BOW, BOW IN SHAPE OF TRIANGLE. NEEDS TO HAVE AT LEAST 3 GENERATIONS.
Exner scoring system 4 determinants
Location, determinants, content, and popular
Premature ejaculation linked to what neurotransmitter
Low levels of of serotonin
McClelland's Theory of Needs
McClelland described motivation as being determined by three fundamental needs 1) need for affiliation 2) need for achievement 3) need for power (personal versus socialized power)
Kuder-richardson formula
Measures split half reliability
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Moderate to severe closed brain injury may cause a concussion and, once consciousness is regained, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, other cognitive deficits, motor problems, and personality change. Duration of post-traumatic (anterograde) amnesia is a good predictor of recovery.
ERG theory
Modification of Maslow. People have three needs: existence, relatedness, and growth. Not in hierarchy.
Continuous monitoring
Monitoring all of a subjects behaviors during an interval
In a multitrait-multimethod matrix, the coefficient that indicates a test's reliability is the...
Monotrait-monomethod coefficient. This indicates the correlation of the test with itself and is a measure of the test's reliability.
Prototypes
More abstract than schemata and consist of knowledge about the most representative or ideal example of a particular category of people, objects, or events
LISREL
More complex than path analysis and not only includes two-way paths but also takes into account both observed variables and the latent traits those variables are believed to measure.
Social inhibition
More likely when the task is difficult or new. Presence of others will decrease performance.
Multiple relationships allowed when
Not reasonably expected to cause impairment or risk exploitation or harm
Welfare of client vs. student
Nowhere is it mentioned that client's welfare is more important than the student's welfare. Should take steps to avoid harm for both
Milgram experiment displays what social influence
Obedience
Slope Bias
Occurs when there is differential validity - when validity coefficients for a predictor differ for different groups - and, as a consequence, the predictor is more accurate for one group than another. This is referred to as a slope bias because the regression lines for the groups have different slopes in the scatter plot depicting their predictor and criterion scores.
Group tasks category: conjunctive
On a conjunctive task, the performance of the least competent member places a limit on the group's product or performance. Ex: mountain climbing
Group tasks category: disjunctive
On a disjunctive task, the solution of one member of the group is chosen by the group to be the group's solution
Group task category: Additive
On additive tasks, the coordinated efforts of several people add together to form the group product
Types of training in an organization
On-the-job: most widely used. Advantages are they permit active participation and ongoing feedback. For example, job rotations used in the training of managers. managers do job rotations to learn other peoples' jobs that they will be supervising. Other examples are internships, apprenticeships. Off-the-job: Advantages are more opportunities to focus on and practice specific job elements, provide supplemental information, use professional trainers, tolerable of learning errors. Example, VESTIBULE TRAINING for pilots. pilots use a simulator to learn to fly planes. Other examples are conferences, lectures, computer-assisted instruction. Another example is BEHAVIORAL MODELING, a person watches a skilled worker perform the target behavior and then practices.
Extinction
Once a CR has been established, it eventually disappears when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US.
Bipolar 1 vs. 2
Only bipolar 1 requires history of manic episodes. Bipolar 2 has hypomanic episodes (less severe)
Catecholamine hypothesis
Outdated, simplistic theory of mood disorder etiology stating that norepinephrine (a catecholamine) excess causes mania, and that low levels of it cause some forms of depression.
Most common symptoms associated with seasonal affective disorder
Overeating and weight gain
Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development (Phallic Stage)
PHALLIC STAGE = 3-6 YEARS Primary tasks is resolution of Oedipal conflict. Identification with same-sex parents and development of super-ego. Fixation = phallic character which involves sexual exploitation of others
P.O.R.N.
PO = Proactive is when Old information gets in the way RN = Retroactive is when New information gets in the way
ADHD
POWER OF 6 AND SOMETIMES 5 COMPELS THEM - Onset before 12 - For children and adolescents: at least 6 symptoms of inattention and/or H-I - Adults: at least 5 symptoms - Significant impairment in at least two settings - Duration of at least 6 months -Differential Diagnosis: ODD (ODD characterized as negative, hostile, defiant) Common co-diagnoses: Conduct Disorder, ODD, Anxiety Disorder, MDD, Specific Learning Disorder
Prejudice, Stereotypes, Discrimination
PREJUDICE: the affective component, a negative feeling about someone based on their group membership STEREOTYPES: the cognitive component, beliefs about a person DISCRIMINATION: the behavioral component, unequal treatment of people based on their membership
Panic Disorder Symptoms
Panic attacks typically last for several minutes that can Include:
Subject lease likely to help when paired with
Passive confederate
Hispanic americans therapy considerations
Past and present, interdepndence, doing
Alexia without agraphia
Pathology is usually a stroke in the posterior region of the left hemisphere affecting the posterior region of the corpus callosum, disconnecting the visual centers of the brain from the langauge centers
Basic emotion model
Paul Ekman. There is a small group of specific emotions that can describe all emotions
Social facilitation
Performance will increase when there is the presence of others and the task is well-learned or easy
Ethics code on terminating animal life for research
Permits the practice when it is appropriate and is done rapidly
Premature Ejaculation
Persistent or recurrent pattern of ejaculation during partnered sex within about ONE MINUTE or before the person desires it - At least 6 months Treatment: start-stop technique or squeeze technique. Sensate focus.
Preparation stage of transtheoretical model
Person has clear intent to take action within the next month
schizotypal personality disorder
Person has several traits that causes interpersonal problems, including inappropriate affect, paranoid/magical thinking, off beliefs
Integration (acculturation)
Person maintains his or her own (minority) culture and also incporates many aspects of the dominant culture
Assimilation (acculturation)
Person relinquishes his or her culture and accepts majority culture
Therapy with asian americans
Prefer a more logical and structured approach
Alderfer's ERG Theory
Reduced Maslow's needs to three 1) existence 2) relatedness 3) growth - Alderfer proposed people may be motivated by more than one need at a time, the activation of needs does not always progress from lower - to higher-level needs. People may regress to a lower level when a need is frustrated.
Continuous schedule of reinforcement
Reinforcement is applied each time the response is emitted. Establish response fast/extinguish fast
Type 1 error
Reject the null when you should accept the null The alternative was accepted in error
Most effective treatment for chronic pain
Relaxation and coping skills training
Blocking versus overshadowing
Rescorla and Wagner (1972) Blocking occurs when a new neutral stimulus and an established CS are presented together prior to the US. The new neutral stimulus does not elicit a CR when presented alone because it provides redundant information, thus, an association between that stimulus and the US is not made. Overshadowing: One stimulus is more salient than the other.
Griggs vs. Duke Power Company
Ruled that certain tests, such as the Wonderlic, were unfair to use in making decisions about hiring and promotion
Haloperidol
Schizophrenia and tic disorders
GAD manifested in children often due to excessive worry about
School or sports performance
Strong vocational interest inventory
Scores across four scales: General occupational themes, basic interest scales, personal style scales, and occupational scales
Types of test bias
Slope bias: when there is differential validity, when validity coefficients for a predictor differ for different groups. The predictor is more accurate for one group that another. The regression lines for the groups have different slopes in the scatterplot depicting their predictor and criterion scores Intercept bias (AKA unfairness): when the validity coefficients and criterion performance for different groups are the same, but their mean scores on the predictor differ. The predictor over or under predicts performance on the criterion for members of one of the groups.
Bradykinesia
Slow movement. Bradykinesia is often associated with an impaired ability to adjust the body's position. Bradykinesia can be a symptom of nervous system disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease, or a side effect of medications.
Delta waves
Slow waves, deepest non-dreaming part of sleep, stages 3 and 4
Differential validity typical arises due to
Small sample size
Morphemes
Smallest unit with meaning
Signs of attachment
Social Referencing: By 6 months, infant will look to caregiver to determine how to respond in new or ambiguous situations. Separation Anxiety: begins at 6-8 months, peaks in intensity at 14-18 months, then gradually declines. Severe distress that occurs when a child is separated from caregiver. Stranger Anxiety: By 8-10 months, infant becomes very anxious and fearful in presence of stranger, especially when caregiver is not nearby or when caregiver does not respond positively to stranger. Continues till 2 years old, then declines.
College breaches confidentiality, what do you do?
Speak to the colleague, and take formal measures if speaking to colleague is ineffective
Atkinson, Morten, & Sue: Racial/Cultural Identity Development model
Stages reflect different attitudes toward oneself, one's own minority group, other minority groups, and the majority group Stage 1: Conformity - prefers dominant (majority) group over own group Stage 2: Dissonance - Has conflicting attitudes towards one's own group and dominant group Stage 3: Resistance and Immersion - Prefers own group and rejects dominant group Stage 4: Introspection - is concerned about inflexible attitudes towards one's own group and dominant group Stage 5: Integrative Awareness - Has pride in own heritage; accepts/rejects cultural values based on examination; has multicultural perspective
Standard error expressed in terms of
Standard deviation
It is acceptable to have students participate in a research study as part of a class when...
Students are given the option to do an alternative assignment. CANNOT REQUIRE ANYONE TO PARTICIPATE IN STUDY. Making prior arrangements is not acceptable here (letting students know before registering of requirement to participate in study)
Peer pressure has greatest influence on what adolescent behaviors
Subjective (e.g. choice of music/dress)
Ignoring a subpoena
Subpoena can never be ignored; however, therapist may assert privilege
PTSD
Symptoms must be present for more than a month; otherwise acute stress d/o; prolonged exposure works better than stress inoculation training or both combined
Schizophrenia 1(Timothy Crow)
Symptoms of hallucinations, inappropriate affect, and disorganized thinkking due to a neurotransmitter abnormality
Sue and Zane most important factor in culturally sensitive therapy
Techniques that establish credibility
Solomon four group design.
The Solomon four group test is a standard pretest-posttest two-group design and the posttest only control design. The various combinations of tested and untested groups with treatment and control groups allows the researcher to ensure that confounding variables and extraneous factors have not influenced the results. Purpose of the design is to evaluate the effects of pretesting on a study's internal and external validity.
Group task category: compensatory
The average of the contributions of all members of the group represent the group product
Quasi-Experimental Research
The investigator cannot randomly assign participants to the different levels because they must use intact groups or because the IV is an organismic variable There is a treatment and there is not a random assignment
Super's life-space, life-span theory
The job that fits the person's self-concept (values, interests, personality) leads to satisfaction and success. Super's theory involves the following concepts 1) SELF-CONCEPT: a picture of the self in some role, situation, or position, performing some set of functions, or in some web of relationships. Changes over an individual's life span but becomes more stable with age. 2) LIFE SPAN: Super distinguishes between five life stages in career development. He describes the ability to accomplish the tasks of each stage as "career maturity". - growth - exploration - establishment - maintenance - disengagement 3) LIFE SPACE: the various social roles an individual adopts at different times in their life (Life-career rainbow).
REM Sleep (stage 5 of sleep)
The most vivid dreams occur in this stage. Because of the combination of physiological activity (alpha and theta waves similar to stage 1) and deep sleep; REM sleep is also referred to as paradoxical sleep.
Group think
The suspension of critical thinking. It is most likely to occur in a very COHESIVE GROUP that has a DIRECTIVE LEADER. Groupthink can be reduced by encouraging criticism (having a devil's advocate) and making sure the leader does not recommend a solution early in the decision-making process. Remember Cuban missile crisis and bay of pigs.
Social loafing
The tendency for an individual to exert less effort as a group member than when working alone. More likely to occur with a LARGE GROUP WITH LOW GROUP COHESION. Think of the freeloader when a group of friends pays the bill at a restaurant.
Barnum Effect (aka Forer Effect)
The tendency for people to accept vague or general descriptions as accurate descriptions of themselves. In one study, participants are given a general description in the form of a personal horoscope or a handwriting analysis. Although everyone was given the same description, majority of participants agreed it was a "highly accurate" description of themselves.
Status Quo Bias
The tendency to maintain the status quo because the disadvantages of changing are perceived to be greater than the advantages
The fundamental attribution bias
The tendency to overestimate personality traits as the cause of behavior and underestimate the influence of situational factors
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to pay attention to information that confirms one's beliefs and ignore or invalidate information that does not. Has been used to explain a number of phenomena (paranormal beliefs, hypochondriasis, paranoia, persistence of stereotypes)
Base-Rate Fallacy
The tendency to rely on case-specific information and ignore or underuse base rate data when estimating the likelihood of an event or characteristic. EX: relying on a student's characteristics to determine the likelihood she will take a history class in college versus using overall proportion of college students at a school who do take a history course (between 30-70%)
Kahneman and Tversky (1979) -Loss Aversion
The tendency to weigh losses more heavily than gains. People experience losses more intensely than gains of the same magnitude -Consequence = unlikely to take risks
Thinning versus Fading
Thinning: the process of reducing the proportion of reinforcements (going from continuous schedule of reinforcement to intermittent) Fading: the gradual removal of a prompt. Prompts facilitate the acquisition of a new behavior. THNNING = REINFORCEMENTS FADING = PROMPTS
Privilege/ Holder of Privilege
This is a legal concept that protects a client's confidentiality in the context of legal proceedings. Most jurisdictions now have laws that establish this for communications between licensed mental health practitioners and their clients. The client is ordinarily the "holder of the privilege," but a psychologist can assert this on behalf of a client, and their are exceptions to this that are legally defined. EXCEPTIONS -court ordered evals = no privilege - client brings up their own mental state in legal proceeding - client is suing therapist - client waives privilege (all or nothing)
In Vivo Exposure with Response Prevention (Extinction)
This technique is based on the assumption that an anxiety arousing object or situation is a CS and that repeated exposure to the CS (without the US present) will result in extinction of the CR. It involves exposing the individual to the anxiety-arousing object or situation while prohibiting him/her from making the usual avoidance response Applications of this technique include flooding (often covert) and graduated (graded) exposure (in vivo)
Clomipramine neurotransmitter
Tricyclic that impacts serotonin
quasi-experiment vs. true experiment
True experiment involves random assignment
Alloplastic reactions to stress
Trying to change the external environment or blaming the external environment
Reaction formation
Turning and undesirable impulse into its opposite (e.g. hostility into kindness). One of the defense mechanisms used by the ego to reduce anxiety.
Strongest inverse correlation with job satisfaction
Turnover (-.40)
Logit analysis
Two or more categorical variables to predict another categorical variable
Valence
Value of available outcomes to the individual
Acetylcholine
Voluntary movements and memory; alzheimer's disease
Wernicke's (receptive) aphasia
WERNICKE'S = RECEPTIVE ISSUES Is characterized by impaired production (word salad) and comprehension of language, anomia, paraphasia (the substitution of words related in sound or meaning to the intended words), and problems with repetition. The speech of people with this disorder is rapid and fluent, but is largely devoid of content.
Covariation model of attribution
We assess similarities across situations to help us make causal attributions in a rational and logical fashion
Social Comparison Theory
We have an innate drive to evaluate our own opinions and behaviors. In the absence of objective standards, we do so by comparing our opinions and behaviors to that of other people. Often involves people who are similar. Downward comparisons are also made (especially with undesirable behavior). In judging our own level of anger, we are likely to compare ourselves to others who we consider to be even more angry.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
When people experience incompatible cognition and behavior, they experience discomfort (dissonance), which they attempt to relieve using one of several methods. May change their attitudes or behaviors, add consonant information, or downplay the importance of the inconsistency
-one, -ole, -pine
atypical antipsychotics
Therapists who have sex with their clients are more likely to
be involved in non-sexual dual relationships with their clients
Instrumentality (Expectancy Theory)
belief that a given level of performance will lead to specific outcomes
Lewy body dementia
causes a progressive decline in mental abilities. People with Lewy body dementia may experience visual hallucinations, and changes in alertness and attention. Other effects include Parkinson's disease-like symptoms such as rigid muscles, slow movement and tremors.
Leading cause of infant mortality
congenital malformations
First symptoms of hungington's
depression and forgetfulness
Hypokalemia
deficient level of potassium in the blood (due to vomiting or laxitives used in bulimia)
Griggs v Duke Power Company
found certain tests, like Wonderlic, were unfair to make decisions about hiring.
Day shift
generally 7-3pm or 8-4pm. We as humans are the best match with the day shift. We work best with day shift.
Tay-sachs:
genetic disorder that affects european jews; screened for before marriage or pregnancy
Contemplative stage
has insight into the problem, but not actively ready to change
trend analysis
hypothetical extension of a past series of events into the future
Treatment of premature ejaculation
include stop-start procedure and use of SSRIs (fluoxetine) to reduce sexual arousal and orgasm to help men not ejaculate prematurely.
Triangulation (test construction)
increase reliability by reducing systematic or method error through a strategy in which the researcher employs multiple methods of measurement
Kappa Statistic =
inter-rater reliability
A researcher calculates a kappa coefficient of .90. This provides evidence of...
inter-rater reliability Cohen's kappa = two raters agreeing on categorical data
Reticular activating system (RAS)
involved in sleep; set of cells in medulla, pons, hypothalamus, and thalamus
Anonymity with e-therapy
it is both legal and ethical to allow a client receiving e-therapy to remain anonymous if that's what he or she wants
Concept of privelege
legal concepts that protects client's confidentiality in the context of legal proceedings
When basic survival needs have been met, money as a motivator plays a
less predictable, more complex role.
Key elements of self-instructional therapy
model of response to severe stress consisting of 3 stages alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Criteria for Tourette's
multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic.
Reversibility (Piaget)
one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape. A child masters this concept in the third stage, known as concrete operation or concrete operational thought.
Skinner
operant
Etic
perspectives that involve universal principles underlying personality
Generalized conditioned reinforcers
provide access to other reinforcers, e.g. money or tokens
Sampling error is due to...
random factors that produce a non representative sample
AVPU scale
rates if someone is alert, responds to voice, responds to pain, or is unresponsive; used after injury or pre-hospital.
Thinning (operant conditioning)
reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action
Fluid intelligence Horn-Cattell
reflects a person's adaptability and flexibility in solving novel problems by drawing inferences and understanding relationships between concepts
Correlational design
research design that examines the extent to which two variables are associated post-hoc (data collected after the fact)
constant error
source of error that causes measurements to deviate consistently from their true value
The Actor-Observer Effect
the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others Research shows: - People will make attributions to whatever is most salient to them - For actors, the situation is most salient - For observers, the actor is most salient
General Systems Theory
theory that organizations are a system composed of many subsystems and embedded in larger systems, and that organizations should develop communication strategies that serve both. Negative feedback critical to maintain stability
path analysis
type of research in which a researcher hypothesizes a theoretical causal model and then empirically tests the model. One way causal flow between a set of observed variables.
point-biserial coefficient
used for correlating one continuous and one dichotomous variable
Ventral versus Dorsal in spinal cord
ventral = motor commands coming from brain to body dorsal = motor commands coming from body to brain
Hypothyroidism
weight gain, sluggish, fatigue, sensitivity to cold, impaired memory and thought.
Erotomanic delusions
when an individual believes falsely that another person is in love with him or her
Secondary reinforcers
work through experience; e.g., smiles, nods, compliments
Etic
Across cultures
Strong and Kuder tests developed using what method
Actuarial
Actuarial vs. Clinical Predictions
Actuarial: based on empirically validated relationships between test results and target criteria and make use of a multiple regression equation or similar techniques. Clinical: based on the decisions-maker's intuition, experience, knowledge. Studies comparing the two methods have generally found that the actuarial method alone is more accurate than clinical judgement alone.
Hypoglycemia
Acute phase - panic and anxiety ; Chronic phase - depression, psychosis, and/or personality change
Acute stress disorder vs. PTSD
Acute stress disorder can be diagnosed 2 to 3 days after the event is over, and is a disorder of short-term reactions to trauma. PTSD can be diagnosed beginning one month after the event, and represents chronic, long-term maladaptive coping.
Severity of ID based on
Adaptive functioning
Marlatt and Gordon's relapse prevention therapy (RPT)
Addiction is an overlearned habit pattern Help identify circumstances that increase risk of lapse follow abstinence. Use strategies to help prevent future lapses and cope more successfully when they occur
Adding/subtracting/multiplying/dividing a constant to scores
Adding a constant to each score in the distribution affects the distribution's mean (the new mean is the original mean plus the constant). However, adding a constant does not affect the variability of scores (It does not chance the range, SD, or variance)
Relationship between internal and external validity
Internal validity is a necessary but not sufficient condition for external validity
Final stage of Cross's model of black identity
Internalization - development of inner security
DNA and RNA have an effect on
Memory
Zeigarnik Effect
Memory tends to be better for uncompleted tasks than for completed tasks because uncompleted tasks create greater "psychic tension".
Nondeclarative memory
Memory the knower is unaware of, yet can still demonstrate knowledge of them
Theories of forgetting: Trace decay theory
Memory traces fade over time (debunked: 8 hours of sleep versus 8 hours awake. Time is not a major factor in forgetting) People who slept for 8 hours remembered more. There is more interference when you learn something and then go an do stuff for 8 hours. This theory has largely been debunked unless there is actual physiological decay (Alzheimer's).
Tumor in temporal lobe causes
Memory, auditory perception, possible hallucinations, mood
Kelly - personal constructs
Mental templates that consist of a characteristic or other phenomenon and its perceived opposite (e.g, outgoing-shy, interesting-boring).
Sensate focus
Minimizes performance expectations
Separation Anxiety Disorder duration
Minimum duration in children is four weeks minimum duration and adults is six months
Waving co-payments
Unethical. Insurance company must be aware of the arrangement.
Decalage
Uneveness in development in any area; most commonly applied to cognitive, emotional, and moral development
Scaffolding
Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance
Code switching
Go back and forht betwene languages during the course of a conversation to better express themselves
Crisis theory
People in crisis follow a predictable pattern. Goal is to teach them way to cope.
Mental ability declining before age 60
Processing speed
Inverse agonists
Produces a response opposite the response produced by a NT. Examples: many common antihistamines.
Curriculum-Based Measurement
(CBM) involves periodic assessment of school-aged children with brief standardized and validated measures of basic academic skills that reflect the current school curriculum for the purposes of evaluating instructional effectiveness and making instructional decisions
Dewey
"Learning Through Experience", Project based, free activity, cooperative learning, teach students how to think for themselves, social success, hands-on activities
Thalamus
"Relay station" for all senses except for olfaction. It is involved in memory (damage can produce Korsakoff syndrome, which involves anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, confabulation)
When to discuss fees in therapy
"as early as feasible in the therapeutic relationship"
Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA) requires that any test administered to a job applicant or employee with a disability must accurately measure the skills an abilities the test was designed to measure rather than reflect the examinee's disability. It also mandates that employers make reasonable accommodations when testing disabled examinees.
Inter-Rater Reliability
(Method for Estimating Reliability) Important for measures that are subjectively scored, such as essays and projective tests Can be evaluated using percent agreement or a special correlation coefficient (e.g., Cohen's kappa statistic, coefficient of concORDance) Percent Agreement: calculated by dividing the number of items or observations in which raters are in agreement by the total number of items or observations. For example, if two raters assign the same ratings to 40 of 50 behavioral observations, the percent agreement is 80%.
Split-Half Reliability
(Method for Estimating Reliability) Involves splitting the test in half and correlating examinees' scores on the two halves; is usually corrected with the SPearman-BRown. Provides information on the consistency of items in two halves of the test. "SP BR" = split it in half, bring it back up to size Tends to OVERESTIMATE the reliability of the test if the split is made on the basis of odd versus even numbered items
Kuder-Richardson Formula 20
(Method for Estimating Reliability) Is a substitute for coefficient alpha when test items are scored dichotomosly
Inter-Item Consistency
(Method for Estimating Reliability) Very intricate look at consistency/reliability. Looks at scoring of every item, by every item
Positive predictive value
(Related to classification accuracy) - The probability that a person identified by the test as having the disorder of interest actually has the disorder. It is calculated with the following formula: true positives/(true positives + false positives)
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (S.P.C.F.) Sensorimotor (birth-2 yrs)
(S)ee (P)Piaget (C)reep (F)orward Cognition consists of sensory perceptions and motor actions. - Representational (symbolic) thought (thinking about an absent object or anticipating consequence of an action) - deferred imitation (imitating someone else hours or days later) - object permanence Circular reactions: actions that are performed in order to reproduce events that initially occurred by chance.
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (S.P.C.F.) Concrete Operational (7-12 yrs)
(S)ee (P)Piaget (C)reep (F)orward Conservation and other concrete operations that depend on reversibility and decentration emerge. Metacognitive abilities begin to develop. Decentration - contributes to ability to conserve. Begins during concrete operational stage Horizontal Decalage = gradual acquisition of conservation abilities and other abilities within a specific stage of development
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (S.P.C.F.) Formal Operational (12 - adult)
(S)ee (P)Piaget (C)reep (F)orward The key to accomplishment is abstract and hypothetic-deductive reasoning. Early formal operational thought involves adolescent egocentrism, which is manifested as the "personal fable" and "imaginary audience"
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (S.P.C.F.) Preoperational (2-7 yrs)
(S)ee (P)Piaget (C)reep (F)orward The use of symbols increases but cognition is limited by egocentrism, centration, irreversibility, and precausal (transductive) reasoning. Precausal (transductive) reasoning = incomplete understanding of cause and effect Egocentrism = cannot separate their view from that of others. Magical thinking and animism are manifestations of precausal reasoning
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
(focus on moral reasoning versus conduct) Level 1 PRECONVENTIONAL stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation= obeys rules to avoid punishment. Right course of action is one that avoids punishment. stage 2: Instrumental hedonism= conforms to rules to obtain rewards and satisfy needs Level 2 CONVENTIONAL stage 3: "good boy/good girl" = conforms to rules to avoid social disapproval stage 4: law and order orientation = obeys laws and rules to maintain social order. The right action is the one established by legitimate authorities. Level 3 POSTCONVENTIONAL Stage 5: morality of contract, individual rights, democratically accepted laws= acts in accord with democratically-chosen laws. Stage 6: morality of individual principles of conscience= acts in accord with universal ethical principles
Test-Retest Reliability
(method for estimating reliability) - Test-retest reliability involves administering the same test to the same group of examinees on two different occasions and then correlating the two sets of scores Produces a COEFFICIENT OF STABILITY - gives information on the consistency of a test over time.
Negative predictive value
(related to classification accuracy) - The probability that a person identified by the test as not having the disorder of interest doesn't actually have the disorder. It is calculated with the following formula: true negatives/ (true negatives + false negatives)
SSRI side effects
*BAD SSRI*
Event sampling
, also called frequency counts, involves observation of targeted behaviours or specific events. There is no recording of antecedents or consequences. Event sampling is used to determine how often a specified event or behavior occurs. Usually for rarer behaviors. E.g. gathering information about a target behavior such as hitting peers at school
Specialty guidelines for forensic psychology
- Avoid providing services on the basis of contingency fees - Unless an evaluation is court-ordered, obtain an informed consent from the person being evaluated or their legal representative - Use information about a legal proceeding in publications or other communications only to the extent to which it is included in the public record or when appropriate consent has been obtained
Suicide Risk Factors
- 60-80% who do complete suicide has at least 1 previous attempt - Previous attempt is one of the best predictors of a future attempt - Early Warning Signs: threatening self harm or suicide, writing or talking about death or suicide, seeking means, making preparations - Beck: hopelessness is a better predictor than severity of depression - Beginning in 2004: the rate of suicide for individuals 25-64 began to surpass the rate for 65+. GENDER: Rate of completed suicide: 4x higher for males. Rate of attempted suicide: 2-3x for female. AGE: For most age groups rates are highest for Whites. The exception is American Indian and Alaskan natives age 15-34 are 2.5 more likely than national average MARITAL STATUS: highest rates for divorced, separated, or widowed, followed by those who are single.
ADHD percentages into adolescence and adulthood
- 65-80% of kids with ADHD will continue to meet full diagnostic criteria in adolescence - 15% will meet full criteria in adulthood
MDD prevalence
- 7% of general population - before puberty: rates are the same for male and female - puberty and mid adolescence: 1.5- 3x for females to males - prevalence for people ages 18-29 years old is 3x greater than individuals 60+ years old
Left-handed and right-handed people
- 95-99% of right-handed people are left-hemisphere dominant for language - 50-60% of left-handed people are left-hemisphere dominant for language
Reliability Coefficient
- A correlation coefficient that ranges in value from 0.0 to +1.0. When a test's reliability coefficient is 0.0, this means that all variability in obtained test scores is due to measurement error. -In contrast to other correlation coefficients, the reliability coefficient is NEVER SQUARED TO INTERPRET it but is interpreted directly as a measure of true score variability. When a test has a reliability coefficient of .89, this means that 89% of variability in obtained scores is true score variability.
Agonists
- A helper - Produce a response similar to the response produced by a neurotransmitter Examples: isoproterenol, morphine
Jigsaw Method
- A study designed to look at consequences of superordinate goals - Students in a class were divided into multiethnic teams. Each team member was assigned a particular section of the material to learn and then teach to teammates, each member was dependent on the other members for learning all parts of the material - Results showed a reduction in ethnic stereotyping, increase in students' attraction to members of different ethnic groups, enhanced cooperation, self-esteem, and attitudes toward school.
Centration (Piaget)
- A term related to Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development (SPCF) Centration is the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation or object while ignoring all others. - CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PREOPERATIONAL STAGE
Byrne's Law of Attraction emphasizes the role of...
- ATTITUDE SIMILARITY - People who have similar attitudes to us reinforce our perceptions of the world and, consequently, are associated with positive feelings that increase our attraction to those people
Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
- Aggressive behavior is the result of observational learning - When children were left alone with the Bobo doll, they often displayed aggressive behaviors similar to the model. - Imitation of the model was facilitated by: when the model is powerful, successful, liked, and/or familiar; is the same gender as the child, is rewarded for acting aggressively.
Generic Names for TCAs
- AmiTRIptyline - Doxepin - Imipramine - Clomipramine - NorTRIptyline
Dissociative Amnesia
- An inability to recall important personal information that cannot be attributed to ordinary forgetfulness - Often related to exposure to one or more traumatic events - Localized and selective amnesia are most common Localized Amnesia: inability to remember all events related to a circumscribed period of time Selective Amnesia: inability to recall some events related to a circumscribed period Generalized Amnesia: loss of memory for person's entire life Continuous Amnesia: inability to recall events subsequent to a specific time through the present Systematized Amnesia: inability to recall memories related to a specific category of information (memories about one's spouse)
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
- Angry/irritable mood - Argumentative/defiant behavior - Vindictiveness As manifested by at least four symptoms (often loses temper, often ARGUES with authority figures, often actively refuses to COMPLY with request from authority figures or with rules, often BLAMES others for their mistakes) - At least 6 months - Interactions must be with someone other than sibling
Tourette's Disorder Treatment and Etiology
- Antipsychotic (ex: Haldol) - Behavior therapy: comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics (CBIT). Includes HRT, relaxation raining, and psychoeducation. - Linked to elevated levels of dopamine and supersensitivity of dopamine receptors in caudate nucleus
Separation Anxiety Disorder
- At least four weeks for children and teens - At least 6 months for adults - Developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety related to separation from home or attachment figure - Often manifested as school refusal. - Treatment: CBT, systematic desensitization, immediate return to school.
MDD
- At least one major depressive episode - At least 5 symptoms present nearly every day for at least two weeks - One symptom must be depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in activities Specifiers- With peripartum onset: during pregnancy or 4 weeks after delivery. 80% experience baby blues. 10-20% have symptoms that meet criteria for MDD. 1-2% have psychotic symptoms With seasonal pattern (seasonal affective disorder): presence of a temporal relationship between mood episodes and time of year. Symptoms include hypersomnia, overeating, weight gain, and carbohydrate craving. We see increase in melatonin. Phototherapy is effective.
Alcohol Withdrawal
- Autonomic hyperactivity (e.g., sweating or pulse rate greater than 100 bpm- tacycardia) - Increased hand tremor -Insomnia -Nausea or vomiting -Transient visual, tactile, or auditory hallucinations or illusions -Psychomotor agitation -Anxiety -Generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Sleeper Effect
- The delayed impact of a persuasive message when the message is accompanied by a discounting cue (e.g., is derived by a low credible communicator) People may reject a persuasive message immediately after it is derived by a low credible communicator but accept the message several weeks later
Advertisements and Other Public Statements
- Avoidance of False or Deceptive Statements: Can state anything that is not false, fraudulent, or misleading - Statements by others: you must correct statements by others - Testimonials: "psychologists do no solicit testimonials from current therapy clients or other persons who because of their particular circumstances are vulnerable to undue influence". Can accept a testimonial. - In-Person Solicitation: phone solicitation or ambulance chasing. Cannot solicit to vulnerable people
Observational (Social) Learning
- Bandura and the Bobo doll. Observational learning processes: Bandura concluded that observational learning reflects an alteration in cognition that involves four processes 1) Attentional Processes: the learner attends to and accurately perceives the modeled behavior 2) Retention Processes: the learner symbolically processes the modeled behavior in memory. Retention is maximized through cognitive rehearsal 3) Production processes: the learner must be able to accurately reproduce and rehearse the modeled behavior. 4) Motivation processes: while learning can occur without reinforcement, performance requires motivation. Motivation is enhanced when learner is reinforced.
ADHD treatment
- CNS stimulant (helps with core symptoms of ADHD in about 75% of cases) - Parent and teacher administered behavioral management - Multimodal treatment is best - Neurofeedback: improves 70-80% of children. Targets inattention and impulsivity Research comparing the effectiveness of medication alone, intensive behavioral treatment alone, combined medication and intensive behavioral treatment, and routine community care found that medication management alone and the combined treatment were similar in terms of effectiveness. Both were significantly better than behavioral treatment alone or routine community care.
Use of anatomically correct dolls to assess children for abuse
- Can be a language substitute for children who are lacking adequate verbal skills or are too embarrassed to describe what happened to them - Children who have been sexually abused are more likely than non-abused children to demonstrate sexual activity when presented with the dolls
Privacy and Confidentiality: Disclosures
- Child Abuse - Tarasoff 1: duty to warn (tell the intended victim) - Tarasoff 2: duty to protect (also call police, get person hospitalized) - If client or relative of client threatens psychologist, can disclose information to stay safe
Effects of Divorce on Parenting
- Children exhibited fewer adjustment problems when mothers exhibited a high degree of acceptance and consistency in discipline Diminished capacity to parent: Mothers are frequently socially isolated and lonely, experience a decline in income, tend to be uncommunicative, impatient, less warm. They monitor child's activities less closely and are less consistent but more authoritarian with punishment Custodial fathers have similar problems but may adjust to divorce sooner. Non custodial fathers are overly permissive and indulgent with children. After first few months, visits tend to decline.
Generic Names for Traditional Antipsychotics
- Chlorpromazine - Fluphenazine - Thiothixene - Haloperidol
Generic Names for Atypical Antipsychotics
- Clozapine - Resperidone - Olanzapine - Quetiapine
Tests considered to be culture-fair
- Columbia Mental Maturity Scale (MMS) - Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II) - Leiter International Performance Scale-Third Edition (Leiter-3) - Raven's Progressive Matrices Reduction in verbal format and cultural content.
Ellis's Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
- Conceptualizes emotions and behaviors in terms of chaining events A = external (activating) event B= beliefs individual has about A C = emotion or behavior that results from B D = therapist's attempts to dispute and alter individual's irrational beliefs E = alternative thoughts and beliefs that result from E
Expert Witness
- Court approves (qualifies) expert witnesses (via training and experience) - Professional judgements (evaluations)
Zimbardo's Prison Experiment
- Demonstrates the impact of social roles on aggression - Study discontinued after only 6 days - Guards quickly became hostile and cruel - Prisoners began showing signs of depression, hopelessness, stress
Persistant Depressive Disorder
- Depressed mood on most days (depressed or irritable mood for children and teens) - Duration is at least two years for adults and one year for children/teens - At least two other symptoms: low energy or fatigue, poor concentration, etc. - During two-year or one-year period, person has not been symptom free for more than 2 months Treatment: antidepressants (especially SSRIs) and either CBT or IPT.
Generic Names for Anxiolytics (Benzos)
- Diazepam - Alprazolam - Oxazepam - Triazolam - Chlordiazepoxide - Lorazepam THE PAMs and LAMs
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Disregard for and violation of the rights of others - Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behavior - Deceitfulness - Impulsivity - Irritability and aggressiveness - Reckless disregard for the safety of others - Irresponsible - Lack of remorse - Superficial charm - Lack of empathy - Inflated sense of self -Began by 15 years old - Tends to mellow out in middle age 3x more common with men
Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Distrust of others - Suspicious - Interprets motives of others as malevolent - Suspects others are exploiting, harming, deceiving them - Preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the trustworthiness of others - Reluctant to confide in others - Reads demeaning content into benign remarks or events - Grudges - Quick to react with anger
Schizophrenia
- Duration = at least one month of active phase symptoms - At least two active phase symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, negative symptoms) - At least one symptom must be delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech - Continuous signs of the disorder for at least 6 months - Negative symptoms include affective flattening, avolition.
Opioid Withdrawal
- Dysphoric mood - Nausea or vomiting - Muscle aches - Lacrimation (tears) or rhinorrhea (runny nose) - Pupillary dilation - Piloerection (goose bumps) - Sweating - Diarrhea - Fever - Insomnia FLU-LIKE SYMPTOMS
Elaboration likelihood model
- ELM predicts persuasion occurs in one of two ways - CENTRAL ROUTE = Listener carefully considering an argument. Likely when the listener's motivation is high because the message is interesting or important, the listener has the ability to process the information, or the listener is in a neutral or slightly negative mood. The extent of the attitude change depends on the QUALITY of the message. - PERIPHERAL ROUTE = relies on heuristic criteria. More likely to use peripheral route when in a good mood, when the listener is unmotivated because the message is uninteresting or unimportant, the listener lacks the ability to process the information. Attitude change depends on the QUANTITY of the arguments and on the presence of persuasive cues (attractiveness and status of the communicator)
Interventions based on classical conditioning
- EMDR - In-vivo exposure with response prevention - reciprocal inhibition - systematic desensitization - In-vivo aversion therapy - covert sensitization
Hypnosis
- Effective for acute stress d/o, other anxiety d/o, obesity, insomnia, chronic pain Repressed Memories: hypnosis does not seem to enhance the accuracy of memories. May produce inaccurate or confabulated memories
Emotion-in-Relationship Model
- Emotion is aroused in unusual or unexpected events - There is an innate mechanism that generates emotion whenever a partner engages in behaviors that violate expectations and disrupts ongoing sequences of behaviors.
Cognitive-Appraisal Theory (Lazarus)
- Emotions are universal but there are difference in how emotion-arousing events are interpreted or appraised. When two people make the same appraisal about an event, they will experience the same emotion, regardless of the nature of the event. Primary appraisal: a person's evaluation of an event as irrelevant, positive-benign, or stressful. The outcome depends on the individual's beliefs, values, expectations. Secondary appraisal: the person's evaluation of the resources they have to cope with a situation Re-appraisal: a person monitors the situation and, as necessary, modifies primary and/or secondary appraisals.
Hispanic/Latinx Americans - Characteristics and Preferences of Culturally Diverse Groups
- Emphasis on family welfare, allegiance to family is stressed - Interdependence is viewed as healthy and necessary. Connectedness and sharing is highly valued. - Discussing intimate personal details with a stranger (therapist) is highly unacceptable. belief that problems should be handled within the family or other natural support system - Adopt a concrete, tangible approach to life - Life events are often attributed to luck, supernatural forces, acts of God, or other external factors - Therapist is recommended to be active and directive adopt a multimodal approach that focuses on client's behavior, affect, cognitions, interpersonal relationships, biological functioning - Family therapy often useful - Hispanic/Latnix families are often patriarchal, sex roles tend to be inflexible. Parent-child bond is often stronger than other relationships - May express symptoms as somatic complaints
Goal setting theory
- Employees are motivated to achieve goals they have consciously accepted and have committed to - An employee's participation in setting goals is not always critical but is necessary when the employee is not likely to accept assigned goals - Specific and moderately difficult goals produce higher levels of productivity - Providing employees with feedback is critical - Goal setting + feedback is superior in terms of improving productivity
Feminist Therapy
- Essential characteristic is the emphasis on the "power differences between men and women and how that differential impacts both men and women's behavior" View of Maladaptive Behavior: "the personal is political" (i.e., a woman's circumstances always reflect the position of women in society. Symptoms are considered to be related to nature of traditional feminine roles or conflicts inherent to those roles, survival tactics, arbitrary labels that society has assigned to certain behaviors. Therapy Goals: identify and alter the oppressive forces in society that have affected clients' lives. Empowerment, become more self-defining and self-determining Therapy Techniques: striving for egalitarian relationship (therapist acknowledges the power differential inherent in therapy relationship but attempts to minimize it though self disclosure, demystifying therapy process, encourage clients to set their own goals. Avoiding labels, avoiding revictimization, involvement in social action.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
- Excessive emotionality - Attention seeking - Discomfort when not the center of attention - Inappropriately seductive or provocative - Rapidly shifting and shallow emotions - Consistent use of physical appearance to get attention - Excessively impressionistic speech that lacks detail - Exaggerated expression of emotion
Effects of pornography
- Exposure to mild erotica may reduce aggressiveness - Exposure to porn with violent themes tends to increase aggressive behavior towards women (especially when depicting women as willing participants who enjoy victimization), increases acceptance of rape myths, and the adoption of callous attitudes towards sexual violence
Generic Names for SSRIs
- Fluoxetine - Fluvoxamine - Paroxetine - Sertraline
ADHD etiology
- Genetics - Brain abnormalities including lower-than-normal activity in the caudate nucleus, globs pallid us, and prefrontal cortex. These structures are also smaller in size.
Schizophrenia Etiology
- Genetics - Enlarged ventricles is most common structural brain abnormality - Hypofrontality (linked to negative symptoms and poor performance on certain cognitive tasks) - DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS: Those with Schizophrenia have elevated levels of dopamine or oversensitivity to dopamine.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Grandiosity - Need for admiration - Lack of empathy - Grandiose sense of self-importance - Preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, beauty, love - Believes they are unique and can be understood only by other high-status people - Entitled - Interpersonally exploitative - Often envious and believes other are envious of them
Asian Americans - Characteristics and Preferences of Culturally Diverse Groups
- Greater emphasis on the group (e.g., family) than on the individual - Adherence to hierarchical family structure and traditional gender roles - Emphasize harmony, interdependence, mutual loyalty and obligation in interpersonal relationships - Value restraint of strong emotions that might otherwise disrupt peace and harmony or bring shame - Recommended to use directive, structured, goal-oriented, problem solving approach. - Focus on alleviating specific symptoms - Give immediate and meaningful benefit from therapy to prevent premature termination - Symptoms may be expressed as somatic complaints
Schiziod Personality Disorder
- Indifference to interpersonal relationships - Restricted emotional range - Likes solitary activities (hermit or loner) - Doesn't desire or enjoy close relationships - Little interest in sexual relationships - Lacks close friends or confidants other than 1st degree relatives - Indifferent to praise or criticism - Hard to reach but are not fragile. Will not easily decompensate and become psychotic with stress.
Therapy: informed consent
- Informed consent to therapy: as early as feasible, client should get informed consent.
Specific Phobia
- Intense fear of or anxiety about a specific object or situation - Individual avoids the object or situation or endures a with a lot of stress - Fear or anxiety is not proportional to the actual danger posed by the object or the situation Etiology: linked to abnormal levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA. Cognitive factors and classical conditioning. Treatment: Exposure with response prevention (especially in-vivo exposure). For blood-injection-injury subtype of phobia, exposure with applied tension is preferred. For children afraid of the dark, cognitive self-control is preferred.
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
- Intense fear or anxiety about 1 or more social situations in which the individual may be exposed to scrutiny by others, with the individual avoiding that situations or enduring them with marked distress. Treatment: Exposure with response prevention combined with social skills training or cognitive restructuring. SSRI, SNRI, or beta-blocker (propranolol)
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Interpersonal deficits - Eccentricities/oddities in cognition, perception, and behavior - Acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships - Exhibits ideas of reference - Odd beliefs or magical thinking that influence behavior - Bodily illusions or unusual perceptions - Odd thinking and speech - Suspicious or paranoid ideation - Inappropriate or constricted affect - Likely to decompensate with stress. Could develop psychotic symptoms. Does want connection with others. However they tend to scare people away. Will get lonely. Under umbrella of schizophrenia diagnoses.
Tobacco Withdrawal
- Irritable or angry - Anxiety - Impaired concentration - Increased appetite - Restlessness - Depressed mood - Insomnia
Korsakoff's syndrome vs. Alzheimer's disease
- Korsakoff's associated with: confabulation, disproportionate memory deficits, severe anterograde amnesia - Alzheimer's associated with: a wider range of cognitive deficits, memory impairment plus severe impairments in other aspects of cognitive functioning, more severe working memory deficits than Korsakoff's
Theories of Language Development
- Learning (behaviorist) theories describe language acquisition as due largely to reinforcement and imitation -Chomsky's nativist theory proposes an innate language acquisition device (LAD) that enables children to understand and speak in rule-governed ways once they have acquired sufficient vocabulary
Effects of crowding
- Little impact on simple tasks, but can adversely impact performance on complex tasks - High residential density is linked to: physical and mental health problems, poor academic performance, juvenile delinquency, higher mortality rates - People prefer high density at football games, concerts. More laughter. - Perception of control helps people cope better with crowded situations - Men are more likely to be sensitive to high density situations
Minority Influence
- Member holding a minority position must remain clear, firm, and confident without appearing rigid or dogmatic in order to get success - People often comply with majority for normative reasons (to be liked or avoid punishment) but comply with a minority for information reasons (because minority has caused them to re-evaluate their beliefs) - The result of minority influence is likely to be a real change in attitude or beliefs rather than mere compliance
ADHD gender differences and rates
- More prevalent in males - 2/1 ratio for boys/girls - 1.6/1 ratio for men/women PRAVALENCE RATES - rate for kids = 5% - rate for adults = 2.5% - consistent across cultures
Interventions for Older Adults
- Most common problems are anxiety, cognitive impairment, depression - Older adults respond to interventions to a degree comparable to younger adults, but may respond more slowly.
Chi-square test
- NOMINAL DATA - Used to analyze the frequency of observations in each category (level) of a nominal variable (or other variable being treated as a nominal variable) - EXAMPLE: comparing the number of people who prefer one of four political candidates
Dependent Personality Disorder
- Need to be taken care of - Submissive and clingy behavior - Fear of separation - Difficulty making decisions without advice and reassurance - Needs others to assume responsibility for most aspects of their life - Fears disagreeing with others because it might lead to a loss of support - Difficulty initiating project by themselves - Goes to great lengths to get nurturance or support from others - Feels helpless or uncomfortable when alone
Antagonists
- Not helpful to NTs, blocking. - Produce no activity in the cell on their own but, instead, reduce or block the effects of an NT. Examples: Naloxone (an overdose situation, blocks receptor sites), Flumazenil.
Mann-Whitney U test
- ORDINAL DATA - 2 independent groups and data on the dependent variable are reported in terms of ranks. - One IV; Two independent groups - One DV; rank-ordered data - EXAMPLE: A psychologist assesses the effects of a phenothiazine on cognitive functioning by comparing the Full scale IQ scores of patents who have received a moderate dose of the drug to the scores of patients who received a placebo. IQ scores are converted into ranks (high, medium, low)
Observational (Social) Learning: Model characteristics
- Observers are more likely to imitate a model when... 1) the model is high in status, prestige, expertise 2) the model is similar to the observer, especially in terms of age and gender 3) the model's behavior is visible, salient, and relevant to the observer's needs and goals 4) the model has been reinforced for engaging in behavior (vicarious reinforcement)
One-Way ANOVA
- One IV; two or more independent groups - One DV; interval or ratio data -Used when a study includes one IV and two or more independent groups and one DV that is measured on an interval or ratio scale. When a study includes only two independent groups and involves comparing only two means, the t-test for independent samples and the one-way ANOVA are interchangeable. The convention is to use the t-test when the analysis involves comparing two means and then ANOVA is used when it involves comparing 3+ means. EXAMPLE: A psychologist compares the effects of three levels of a phenothiazine on the WAIS-IV FSIQ by obtaining a sample of 75 patients and randomly assigns patients to high dose, moderate does, low dose group. After taking the drug for three months, the psychologist administers the WAIS-IV to all subjects and uses the one-way ANOVA to compare mean FSIQ between three groups
Delusional Disorder
- One or more delusions - Duration = at least 1 month - apart from the impact of delusions or their effects, functioning is not markedly impaired and behavior is not obviously bizarre or odd. - impairment will just be associated with delusion, otherwise is normal
Single-sample Chi-square test (aka goodness-of-fit test)
- Only one variable and the data to be analyzed are the frequency of observations in each category of that variable - EXAMPLE: A psychologist is interested in finding out if 120 diagnosed with schizophrenia differ with regard to family background in terms of psychopathology. How many patients have (1) one biological parent who have received diagnosis of Schizophrenia; (2) both biological parents who have received a diagnosis of Schizophrenia; (3) both biological parents who have not received a diagnosis of schizophrenia
Epinephrine Studies (Schachter and Singer)
- Participants were injected with epinephrine or a placebo - 3 conditions: informed condition (participants were told of actual effects of injection), misinformed condition (given false information on effects of injection), and ignorant condition (told nothing). - Participants were then placed in a room with a confederate who acted either angry or euphoric - participants who were in the misinformed or ignorant condition acted like the confederate, informed patients did not - This study demonstrates there is no physiological difference between emotions, perception of emotion is a mix of physiological arousal and cognitive label for that arousal
Borderline Personality Disorder
- Pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect - Impulsivity - Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment - Unstable and intense relationships - Idealization and devaluation - Recurrent suicidal threats or gestures - Chronic feelings of emptiness - Inappropriate intense anger or difficulty controlling anger - Began by early adulthood Research: In one study, 75% of individuals no longer met criteria by age 40. - Impulsive symptoms resolve most quickly, affective symptoms are chronic Linehan: emotion dysregulation is the core feature of BPD and is the result of excessive emotional vulnerability, an inability to modulate strong emotions, exposure to invalidating environment
Canonical Correlation
- Predictors and criterion must be measured on a CONTINUOUS SCALE -MULTIPLE PREDICTORS AND MULTIPLE CRITERION 2+ predictors and 2+ continuous criteria/outcomes. Used when two or more predictors will be used to predict status on two or more continuous criteria. Example: measures of job knowledge, assertiveness, and year experience used to predict supervisor performance ratings and yearly sales.
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
- Preoccupation with orderliness - Perfectionism - Interpersonal control - Preoccupied with details, rules, etc. to the point that the purpose of the activity is lost - Perfectionism interferes with task completion - Overconscientious and inflexible about morality, ethics, and values - Miserly spending style Insist on doing things their way. Over dedication to their work. 2x more common in men.
Eigenvalues are associated with...
- Principal components analysis An eigenvalue indicates the total amount of variability in a set of tests or other variables that is explained by an identified component or factor. Eigenvalues can be calculated for each component "extracted" in a principal component analysis.
Memory strategies in childhood
- Prior to 5 or 6 years, children do not deliberately use memory strategies. Easily distracted by irrelevant information. - By age 9 or 10, children use memory strategies regularly, beginning with rehearsal and then organization and elaboration. Metacognition "think about thinking" emerges between 7-12 years. - Adolescents: memory strategies are used more deliberately and selectively.
Partial agonists
- Produce a response similar to - but less than - the response produced by a NT. Examples: L-dopa
Therapy: providing services to those served by others
- Providing therapy to those served by others: "psychologists carefully consider the treatment issues and the potential client's/patient's welfare...[and] discuss these issues with the client or another legally authorized person...and proceed with caution and sensitivity to the therapeutic issues".
Research: Publication Credit
- Publications that are substantially based on student's doctoral dissertation must have student listed as first author except under "EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES" Publication credits should be based on the contribution of the individual, regardless of status. If someone made a significant contribution, they should be listed as co-author (versus mentioned in footnotes)
Intermittent Explosive Disorder
- Recurrent behavioral outbursts - Inability to control aggressive impulses As manifested by... - Verbal or physical aggression (occurs about 2x a week for at least 3 months) OR - Three behavioral outbursts that causes damage or destruction of property and/or physical assault that injured people or animals (in last 12 months) - Must be at least 6 years old
Parental divorce and children's age
- The immediate negative effects are worse for children who are in preschool at the time of the divorce. Routines interfered with and separation anxiety. - Long term consequences may be worse for children who were in elementary school when their parents divorced. Old enough to have heard conflicts, perceive divorce as their fault.
Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Arousal Disorders
- Recurrent episodes of incomplete awakening that usually occur during the first third of the major sleep episode (most often during stage 3 or 4 sleep). - Often accompanied by sleep walking or sleep terror (an abrupt arousal from sleep that often begins with a scream and also intense fear or signs of autonomic arousal) - The individual has limited or no recall of an episode upon awakening - Occurs most often for children, decreases with age. Often remits on its own during adolescences.
Group Therapy - Therapeutic Factors
- Research indicates that group members rate interpersonal input, catharsis, self-understanding, and cohesiveness as most important - Group members rate family reenactment, guidance, and identification as least important.
Memory in adults 50+ years old
- Research shows adults who are 50+ years old are able to recall a large number of recent events and a large number of events that occurred in adolescences and early adulthood - Retention function: ability to recall recent events (last 20 years) - Reminiscence bump: ability to recall events from 10-30 years old
Thorndike's research
- Research with cats in puzzle boxes -Provided information about trial-and-error learning -Thorndike was interested in the slow, trial-and-error nature of the cats' learning -He concluded that learning was not due to mental events but to connections that develop between stimuli and responses as the result of trial-and-error.
Bipolar disorder and suicide
- Risk for suicide is greatest when depressive symptoms begin to lift, possibly because suicidal ideation has not yet subsided and the individual has the increased energy and planning ability required to carry out a plan.
Competence: Personal Problems and Conflicts
- Seek extra training or consultation - Stop seeing type of client where personal problems arise - Provide appropriate referrals EX: best course of action is to provide appropriate referrals for a client if it becomes apparent that a client's characteristics interfere with the provision of adequate services. It would be evident that objectivity is already impaired when a psychologist doesn't think she will like working with a client because she finds the client's political views completely repugnant.
Therapy and Sex
- Sexual Intimacies with current therapy clients: UNETHICAL. NO EXCEPTIONS - Sex with former therapy clients: After two years of termination, if therapist can prove that several conditions are met, it is possible for it to be ethical to have sex with former client. Very low likelihood this is possible. Burden of proof is on the therapist. Consider: time from termination, circumstances of termination, duration/nature of therapy, client's personal history, client's mental status, likelihood of harm. - Therapy with Former Sexual Partners: UNETHICAL. NO EXCEPTIONS.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Social inhibition - Feelings of inadequacy - Hypersensitivity to negative evaluations - Avoids work activities involving interpersonal contact de to a fear of criticism, rejection, disapproval - Unwilling to get involved with other people unless certain of being liked - Exhibits restraint in intimate relationships due to fear of being ridiculed - Preoccupied with concerns of being criticized or rejected - Views self as socially inept, inferior, unappealing Wants to connect with others but is anxious or fearful of it.
Parental divorce and children's gender
- Some studies indicate that boys exhibit more observable problems initially. - Other studies suggest girls also experience negative immediate outcomes that involve less obvious reactions. Also, girls may experience a sleeper effect and not exhibit negative consequences until adolescence or early adulthood.
Robber's Cave study and Superordinate Goals
- Study on cooperation - Boys attended a summer camp and were split into two groups. Group activities were designed to increase intragroup cohesiveness and intergroup conflict - Several strategies were used to reduce intergroup conflict. Only the introduction of superordinate goals was successful in reducing conflict. - Superordinate goals could only be achieved when boys from different groups worked together.
MDD Treatment
- TCSs: most effective for "classic" depression (vegetative symptoms, worsening of symptoms in morning, acute onset and short duration, moderate severity) - SSRIs: moderate-severe depression - MAOIs: for those who do not respond to TCAs or SSRIs or who have atypical symptoms (anxiety, hypersomnia, overeating, interpersonal sensitivity) -ECT: used for very severe endogenous forms of depression that involve delusions, suicidal ideation, or have not responded to antidepressants. Causes temporary anterograde and retrograde amnesia, confusion, and disorientation. These effects may be reduced by administering ECT unilaterally to right hemisphere.
Factors that Affect Reliability
- Test Length: longer tests are generally more reliable than shorter tests (bigger sample size) - Homogeneity of Content: the more homogenous a test is with regard to content, the higher its reliability coefficient - Range of Scores: a wide range of scores increases the size of the reliability coefficient -Guessing: the more difficult it is to pick the right answer by guessing, the larger the reliability coefficient (guessing = error)
African Americans - Characteristics and Preferences of Culturally Diverse Groups
- The AA worldview emphasizes the interconnectedness of all things and as a result, AAs tend to emphasis group welfare over the individual - Family is often and extended kinship network that includes nuclear and extended family members as well as individuals outside of biological family - Roles within AA families are often flexible. Relationships between men and women tend to be egalitarian. Adults and children may adopt multiple roles - Due to history in USA, may exhibit "healthy cultural paranoia" - Recommended to use MULTISYSTEMS MODEL: may incorporate extended family or non-blood kin into treatment. - Some experts recommend using time-limited, directive, goal-oriented, problem-solving approach
Brain Development
- The brain is 25% of adult weight at birth -Cerebral cortex is least developed at birth - Prefrontal cortex continues to develop into the later teens or early-mid 20s (Juvenile Penal Code - minor v. adult) -Increase in brain size following birth are due to increase in interconnections between neurons (synaptogenesis) and myelination of nerve fibers (lose neurons, but gain connections and mylenization)
Effects of media violence
- The majority of studies confirm that viewing violence does increase aggressiveness. - One study found that the extent to which children watched violent television shows at age 8 predicted their criminality and aggressiveness as adults even when SES, parenting practices and other variables were statistically controlled. - There is also evidence that media violence affects attitudes and behavior. Frequent viewing of media violence has been linked to a tendency to judge aggressive retaliation more positively, to overestimate chance that one will be a victim of violence, and greater support for harsher prison sentences.
Bulimia
- The onset of bulimia often follows a period of moderate dieting, which has been linked to low blood levels of tryptophan and lower-than-normal levels of brain serotonin. - Treatment: SSRIs - Bulimia and other eating disorders almost always begin with dieting
Visual cues for depth perception and infants
- The visual cues an infant uses to perceive depth arise in a predictable sequence 1) KINETIC: arises at 1-3 months of age 2) BINOCULAR: arises at 2-4 months of age 3) PICTORIAL: sensitivity to size, texture, shading. Arises at 5 months of age.
Alaskan Natives/American Natives - Characteristics and Preferences of Culturally Diverse Groups
- This group is likely to exhibit a spiritual and holistic orientation to life that emphasizes harmony with nature and regards illness as a result of disharmony - Greater emphasis on extended family and tribe than on individual - Perceives time in terms of personal and seasonal rhythms rather than in terms of clock or calendar. more present than future-oriented - Considers listening more important that talking - It is recommended therapists become familiar with historical events that affect their lives and relationships with White Americans. - Build trust and credibility during initial sessions by demonstrating familiarity and respect for the client's culture and admitting any lack of knowledge - Collaborative approach, problem-solving, client-centered, avoid highly directive or confrontational techniques
Schizophrenia Treatment
- Traditional antipsychotics (haloperidol, fluphenazine) or atypical antipsychotics (clozapine, resperidone) - Social skills training -Cognitive-behavioral therapy - Supported employment - Family interventions (e.g., to reduce expressed negative emotions or unhelpful reactions). High expressed emotion (EE) is linked to high relapse and rehospitalization rates. High EE is characterized by open criticism, hostility, overprotectiveness, and emotional overinvolvement.
Acupuncture
- Traditional view is that illness is due to blockage of qi (vital life energy) and acupuncture unblocks the flow of qi. Research suggests that benefits may be due to release of endorphins and other pain-suppressing substances or to an alteration in blood flow in areas around the needle or key areas in brain Found to be useful for reducing certain types of pain (low back pain, migraine headache, dental pain), also managing certain types of chemo-induced nausea and vomiting
Factorial ANOVA (aka two-way ANOVA, three-way ANOVA, etc.)
- Two or more IVs; independent groups - One DV; interval or ratio data -Used when a study includes two or more IVs EXAMPLE: A psychologist wants to compare the effects of various combinations of three levels of phenothiazine and four levels of therapy on cognitive ability. She obtains a sample of 120 patients and randomly assigns them to one of 12 groups. After 3 months, she administers the WAIS-IV. Because the study has two IVs (phenothiazine and therapy) and one DV that is measured on an interval scale, the psychologist uses a two-way ANOVA.
Autism Spectrum Disorder etiology
- Unusually rapid head growth during 1st year of life - Structural abnormalities in amygdala and cerebellum - Abnormalities with serotonin, dopamine - Genetic
Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test
- Used when a study includes two correlated (matched) groups and the difference scores on the DV for pairs of subjects are converted to ranks - One IV; Two correlated groups - One DV; Rank ordered data - ORDINAL DATA
Conduct Disorder
- Violating basic rights of others - Violating social norms and rules Symptoms are divided into 4 categories: 1) Aggression towards people and animals 2) Destruction of property 3) Deceitfulness or theft 4) Serious violation of rules Need at least 3 symptoms in the past year and at least one symptom in the past 6 months. - Cannot be assigned to someone over 18 years old - Childhood onset type is associated with higher degree of aggressiveness and a greater risk for continued aggressiveness in adulthood - More severe and serious than ODD or disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
Vision in Newborns
- Vision is the least developed sense at birth - At birth, the newborn sees at 20 feet what normal adults see at 200 to 400 feet, by about 6 months, visual acuity is close to that of a normal adult - By one or two months, infants distinguish the face of their mother from face of a stranger - Babies have some color vision by 2-3 months of age and some depth perception by 4-6 months. Needed for crawling!
Fact Witness
- With consent of client or court order - Specific information, NOT OPINIONS
Tricyclic overdose symptoms...
- ataxia - cardiac arrhythmia - delirium
Lewinsohn's Behavioral Model
- attributes depression to inadequate reinforcement from the environment and/or an individual's inability to obtain reinforcement
Reformulated Version of Learned Helplessness Model
- depressed people attrubute the cause of a negative event to themselves, believe that they will always cause negative events to happen to them, and think they cause negativity in all aspects of their lives - internal, stable, and global attributions of negative events
Field Theory (Lewin)
- every psychological event depends on the state of the person and at the same time on the environment, although their relative importance is different in different cases
Forebrain cerebral cortex structures
- frontal lobe - parietal lobe - temporal lobe - occipital lobe
5-HT (Serotonin) toxicity syndrome characteristics....
- headache - tremor - confusion
Chronic Illness in Children - correlates for positive outcomes
- illness severity - low functional impairment - higher SES - two-parent family - little visible disfiguration - healthy parental adjustment
Effects of Therapist-Client Matching
- inconsistent results - Sue et al. (1991) found that ethic matching reduced premature termination rates for Asian, Hispanic, and White Americans but not for African Americans and that matching was associated with improved treatment outcomes for Hispanic American clients only. - The preference of clients for ethnically similar therapists and the effects of matching depend on certain individual factors such as client's ethnic identity, level of acculturation, gender, and trust of Whites. People with strong commitment to their culture are more likely to prefer ethnically similar therapist. Therapist education and similarity in values and worldview are more important than similarity of race and ethnicity for some members of diverse groups.
Statistical Power: factors that increase power
- large alpha (.05 instead of .01) - large sample size - reliable DV measure - IV effects maximized - one-tailed test (if appropriate) - powerful (parametric) statistical test
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome is characterized by...
- muscle rigidity - hyperthermia - stupor - mutism - tachycardia - urinary retention - painful joints A rare idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic drugs that may be caused by dopamine blockage in basal ganglia
Lithium toxicity symptoms...
- nausea and vomiting - loss of coordination - seizures
Smoking Cessation Interventions
- nicotine replacement therapy - a multi component behavioral intervention (skills training) - support from clinician - rapid smoking
Schizophrenia onset
- onset: late teens - early 30s - peak onset for males: early - mid 20s - peak onset for females: late 20s
Student's t-test for Correlated Samples
- related samples - used when the two means to be compared have come from correlated groups. Appropriate for within-subjects design in which a single group of subjects will be compared to itself before and after the IV has been applied. Also appropriate when subjects have been matched on an extraneous variable and members of each matched pair have been assigned to a different group. -One IV; Two correlated groups - One DV; interval or ratio data
Midbrain
- superior and inferior colliculi - substantia nigra - reticular formation
Student's t-test for Independent Samples
- unrelated samples -the study includes two Independent groups and the means of the two groups will be compared -One IV; Two independent groups - One DV; interval or ratio data - A psychologist obtains a sample of 20 6th graders with ADHD and randomly assigns 10 of the children to the experimental (self-control procedures) group and the other 10 to the control group. The psychologist administers the academic achievement test to both groups and uses the t-test for independent samples to compare the means of the two groups.
Multiple -sample Chi-square test (aka chi-square test for contingency tables)
- used when a descriptive or experimental study includes two or more variables and the data to be analyzed are the frequency of observations in each category - EXAMPLE: A psychologist wants to determine if a subtype of schizophrenia (catatonic, paranoid, disorganized, etc.) is related to family background (one biological parent, two biological parents, etc.). The psychologist will be counting the frequencies in each category.
Student's t-test for a single sample
- used when a study includes only one group and the group (sample) mean will be compared to a known population mean. - One IV; single group - One DV; interval or ratio data EXAMPLE: A psychologist trains a random sample of 20 6th graders with ADHD in self-control procedures. Psychologist uses t-test for a single sample to compare sample's mean achievement test score to the mean score of the population of 6th graders with ADHD
A type II error is more likely when...
- when alpha is low - the sample size is small - the independent variable is not administers in sufficient intensity
Gender Differences in Affiliation
- women spend more time then men engaged in conversation - women are more likely to talk to people of the same gender - women affiliate more in public places - a primary stress response for women is to "tend-and-befriend" rather than "fight or flight" - women have more close friends - female friendships depend on verbal communication and self-disclosure - male friendships depend on shared activities - males have greater tolerance for same-gender peers - male friendships tend to last longer
FOUR STRATEGIES OF ACCULTURATION (Berry, 1987)
-INTEGRATION: high minority and high majority identification (best mental health outcome) -ASSIMILATION: low minority and high majority identification -SEPARATION: high minority and low majority identification - MARGINALIZATION: low minority and low majority identification (worst mental health outcome)
Early signs of intellectual disability
-Motor development delays -Lack of interest in environment (not likely to make eye contact during feeding, less responsive to caregiver)
Obedience to Authority (Milgram, 1963)
-Teacher, learner, and electric shock experiment - In first study, participants and experimenter were in the same room and learner was in another room where he could be heard but not seen - 65% of participants gave most severe electric shock in first study, psychologists predicted it would be 1% - In another study, Milgram increased proximity of teacher to learner, teacher was less likely to obey experimenter's orders to deliver shock - Teachers were less willing to deliver maximum electric shock when: experimenter gave orders over the telephone, when location of experiment was moved from Yale University to a warehouse, and when an assistant teacher refused to obey the experimenter's orders
Neurogenesis
-The development of nerve cells (neurons) in the brain - Neurogenesis in adulthood does occur in the hippocampus.
Levels of Racism
1) CULTURAL RACISM: expressed in societal beliefs and customs that promotes aspects of one culture are superior to others 2) INSTITUTIONAL RACISM: denial or restriction of material conditions (e.g., access to health care) and access to power to members of minority groups 3) INTERPERSONAL RACISM: individual racism, interactions between individuals or groups. Social exclusion, stigmatization, harassment, threats. 4) INTERNALIZED RACISM: acceptance by members of the stigmatized races of negative messages about their own abilities and intrinsic worth
Psychodynamic Therapy Process
1) Confrontation (making statements that help the client see their behavior in a new way) 2) Clarification (clarifying client's feelings and restating their remarks in clearer terms) 3) Interpretation (explicitly current behavior to unconscious processes) 4) Working through (longest stage, allow the client to gradually assimilate new insights into their personality)
Catecholamine family of neurotransmitters
1) Dopamine 2) Norepinephrine 3) Epinephrine Will see some crossover with these neurotransmitters because they have the same chemical basis
Three overlapping stages of Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training
1) EDUCATION (understanding stress will happen, why it happens) 2) SKILLS ACQUISITION (building skills to handle stress) 3) APPLICATION (practice skills) Remember: inoculation is like a vaccine. Readiness for a future illness.
Psychodynamic Psychotherapies Assumptions
1) Human behavior is motivated largely by unconscious processes 2) Early development has a profound effect on adult functioning 3) Universal principles explain personality development and behavior 4) Insight into unconscious processes is a key component of psychotherapy
MMPI/MMPI-2 Clinical Scales
1) Hypochondriasis (Hs): preoccupation with physical symptoms 2) Depression (D): depression, hopelessness, dissatisfaction with self 3) Hysteria (Hy): repression, denial, immaturity, somatic complaints 4) Psychopathic Deviate (Pd): antisocial behaviors, rebellious, social alienation 5) Masculinity - Femininity (Mf): stereotypical masculin and feminine traits 6) Paranoia (Pa): paranoia, cynicism, interpersonal sensitivity 7) Psychasthenia (Pt): anxiety, obsessions, compulsions 8) Schizophrenia (Sc): psychosis, unusual thought process, social alienation 9) Hypomania (Ma): unstable mood, impulsivity, grandiosity, flight of ideas 0) Social Introversion (Si): shyness, social withdraw/avoidance
Characteristics of the communication (level of discrepancy, primacy effect, recency effect, accidental messages)
1) Level of discrepancy: change in attitude is greatest when the level of discrepancy between the positions of the communication and recipient are moderate 2) Primacy effect: likely to occur when the second communication immediately follows the first and the measure of attitude change is taken at a later time 3) Recency effect: likely to occur when there is a period of time between the two communications and the attitude measure is administered immediately after the second communication 4) Accidental messages: messages that are accidentally overheard by the recipient are more likely than intentional messages to induce attitude change
Assumptions of Pearson r and most other correlation coefficients
1) Linearity: there is a linear relationship between the variables. The relationship between X and Y can be summarized by a straight line. 2) Unrestricted range: there is an unrestricted range of scores on both variables. The data have been collected from people who are heterogenous with regard to characteristics measured by X and Y. 3) Homoscedasticity: the range of Y scores is about the same for all values of X. For example, if the range of Y scores is 10 at low values of X, the range should also be about 10 at moderate and high values of X
Hindbrain
1) Medulla: controls important reflexes (coughing, swallowing) and regulates breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, etc. Damage is often fatal. 2) Pons 3) Cerebellum: involved in posture and balance, coordinates voluntary movements and plays a role in motor learning (riding a bike). damage can cause ataxia (loss of balance, slurred speech tremors) ataxia - how someone moves when they are drunk. need to call a TAXI to get home
Formative Stages of Group Therapy (YALOM)
1) Orientation, Hesitant Participation, Search for Meaning, Dependency: Attempts to determine the group's structure and meaning. Search for similarities among group members, advice seeking and giving. Members tend to talk directly to leader than to each other. Look to leader for acceptance, approval, answers. 2) Conflict, Dominance, Rebellion: high resistance, defensiveness, and anxiety; conflicts and struggles for control; members may form cliques and exhibit hostility toward leader 3) Development of Cohesiveness: unity, intimacy, and closeness become the chief concerns. Trust and self-disclosure increase, attendance improves, members show concern when someone is absent. Cohesiveness is critical. It is the analogue of the therapist-client relationship in individual therapy.
Adult attachment and attachment of their child
1) Parents who are "AUTONOMOUS": have children who are SECURELY attached. These parents describe their childhood as either positive or negative and are able to provide specific examples 2) Parents who are "DISMISSING": have children who are AVOIDANT. Parents describe their childhood in positive terms but unable to recall examples 3) Parents who are "PREOCCUPIED": have children who are RESISTANT. These parents describe their childhood in a negative or confused way and are unable to give examples 4) Parents who are "UNRESOLVED/DISORGANIZED" have children who are DISORGANIZED
Piaget - Circular Reactions (PART OF THE SENSORIMOTOR STAGE)
1) Primary Circular Reaction: Ages 1-4 months. Simple motor habits that center around the baby's own body (thumb sucking) 2) Secondary Circular Reactions: ages 4-8 months. Actions involving other people or objects. An infant may learn that grabbing a rattle with their hand and shaking it creates an interesting noise 3) Tertiary Circular Reactions: Ages 12-18 months. Varying an original action on an external object to see what happens.
Long term memory consists of
1) Procedural memory: "Knowing how" 2) Declarative memory: Semantic and Episodic memory. "Knowing what"
Kirkpatrick (1976) distinguishes between four criteria for evaluating training programs
1) Reaction criteria (did you like it?) 2) Learning criteria (did you learn anything? how much?) 3) Behavioral (on the job) criteria (where there any changes in behavior? did you apply anything from your training to the job?) 4) Results criteria (how important is this training to the bottom line goals of the organization? Is the training worth it?). This is the hardest criteria to evaluate.
Troiden: Gay/Lesbian Identity Development Model
1) SENSITIZATION/FEELING DIFFERENT: Middle childhood, the individual feels different from peers. may realize their interests differ from same-gender peers. 2) SELF-RECOGNITION/IDENTITY CONFUSION: At onset of puberty, individual realizes that are attracted to people of same gender and attributes those feelings to homosexuality, which leads to turmoil and confusion 3) IDENTITY ASSUMPTION: Becomes more certain of their sexual orientation and may deal with this realization in a variety of ways (trying to "pass" as straight, aligning to gay community, acting in ways consistent with stereotypes) 4) COMMITMENT/IDENTITY INTEGRATION: Adopted life as a gay person, publicly disclose their sexual orientation.
Correlations can tell us about...
1) Strength of the relationship (0-1). 2) Sign (+ or -). A positive or negative correlation 3) Shape (linear versus nonlinear)
According to the Introduction and Applicability section of the APA Ethics Code - APA may take action against a member after they are...
1) convicted of a felony 2) expelled or suspended from an affiliated state psychological association 3) suspended or lose their license The ethics code applies only to psychologists' activities that are part of their professional roles with the exceptions listed above
Responding to a subpoena
1) determine if subpoena is legally valid. Seek consultation from attorney. 2) Contact the client of client's attorney 3) Negotiate with the requester 4) Seek guidance from the court informally by letter or formally with a motion to quash the subpoena or a protective order. (Consult!) 5) If requested to provide testimony in court or at a deposition and you do not have the client's permission to do so, assert the privilege. (Appear, but don't testify) 6) If court order is issued, you must comply or risk being held in contempt of court
Research on Ethics
1) greatest source of stress reported by psychologists is "lack of therapeutic success" 2) Confidentiality is most often mentioned as "an ethically troubling issue" 3) Suicidal statements are most troublesome client behavior 4) Supervisees mention inadequate performance evaluation and monitoring as the most frequent ethical violation by supervisors 5) Psychologists who have has sexual relations with clients are also more likely to have non-sexual multiple relationships with clients 6) Sexual misconduct is most common loss of license
Methods of Job Analysis
1) job oriented methods: information on the tasks that are performed on the job 2) worker oriented methods: information about knowledge, skills, abilities, other abilities (KSAOs) that a worker needs to perform the job successfully.
Hypothesis testing
1) translate the hypothesis into and null and alternative hypotheses 2) specify the level of significance (alpha) 3) collect the data 4) analyze the data 5) make a decision about the null
Developmental Milestones
1-3 months: able to raise chin from ground, turn head, play with hands and fingers, bring objects to mouth 4-6 months: roll from stomach to back, reaching, grasping, sits alone, stands with help, first teeth 7-9 months: increase in coordination, sits alone without support, crawling, pulling self to stand with furniture 10-12 months: stands alone, walks with help, takes first steps alone at 12 months 13-15 months: walks alone with wide-based gait, creeps up stairs, scribbles, uses cup 16-24 months: runs clumsily, walks up stairs with help, uses spoon, by 24 months can use stairs, kick ball, turn pages in book. Potty trained. 25-48 months: jumps with both feet, hand-finger coordination, rides tricycle, dresses, exhibits preference for right or left hand
Job commitment has three forms
1. affective commitment
rater biases
1. strictness
Tricyclic antidepressants best for
1. those with insidious onset of symptoms
Schizophrenia concordance rate for bio siblings
10%
Age when seperation from mother is most difficulty
10-16 months
Parallel play age
18-24 months
Jealousy, empathy, and embarassment apparent at what age
18-24 months of age
Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development
1960s Feminist perspective Argues Kholberg's theory is more applicable to males than females. Her "ethics of care" stage model was based on research with females and emphasizes concerns about care, compassion, and responsibility Level 1: Orientation of individual survival. Focus on what is best for oneself Transition 1: From selfishness to responsibility. Recognition that one is connected to others Level 2: Goodness as self-sacrifice. Sacrifices one's own desires for those of other. Transition 2: From goodness to truth. Focus is on coordinating one's responsibilities to self and others. Level 3: Morality of nonviolence. Avoiding harm to oneself and to others is most important.
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California
1974 - Original Tarasoff decision established a "DUTY TO WARN" the intended victim of a therapy client 1976 - The original decision was superseded the the 1976 rehearing of the case which established a "DUTY TO PROTECT" the intended victim. A clinician can take one of several actions: warning "the intended victim or others likely to apprise the victim of the danger,...[notifying] the police, or [taking] whatever other steps are reasonably necessary under the circumstances"
Rx between reliability coefficient and true score variability
1:1 relationship
Cooperative play age
2 years+
Discriminant function analysis
2+ predictors and 1 nominal/categorical criterion Example: battery of tests used to help college freshmen choose a college major (psychology, art, engineering, etc.) Multiple Discriminant Function Analysis: an extension of discriminant function analysis. When multiple predictors will be used to classify individuals into one of 3+ criterion groups (ex: using scores on measures of self-esteem, hopelessness, and perceived social support to classify individuals as either non-depressed, vulnerable to depression, or depressed).
Age when ready to toilet train
24 months
Acute Stress Disorder
3 days to one month Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence. At least nine symptoms from any one of the five categories must be present (i.e., intrusion, negative mood, dissociative symptoms, avoidance symptoms, arousal symptoms)
Stimulus control
A behavioral treatment that involves manipulating environmental cues and one's responses to them
Lenore Walker cycle of violence
3 stages - tension building, acute battering incident, and loving contrition; women stay in the relationship because the cost and ebenefits of abuse are equal
Patterson's Coercion model of aggression
3 steps lead to delinquincy: 1. poor parenting and the child learns coercive bx resulting in conduct problems. 2. child with conduct problems experiences academic and peer failure 3. child gets depressed and is likely to join a deviant peer group
Children begin to recognize racial differences at what age
3-4
Racial differences known at what age
3-4 years old
Age of fastest rate of vocab acquisition
30-36 months. Goes from 300-400 words to about 1000
Minimum age for encopresis
4
Social inhibition can be detected by what age
4 months
Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Scale (1967):
43 stressful events; death of a spouse (100), divorce (73), marriage (50), retirement (45), death of a close friend (37), foreclosure (30).
Major Depressive Episode
5 or more characteristic symptoms with at least one being depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. - insomnia or hypersomnia - fatigue - feelings of worthlessness - impaired ability to think or concentrate - at least 2 weeks
Prevalence of specific learning disorder
5-15% of kids More common in males - 2:1 to 3:1 ratio. More likely to have IQ that is average or above average Likely to see delays in language and motor development, lower academic achievement, school dropout, antisocial personality disorder 20-30% of kids with Specific learning disorder have ADHD
OCD more common in males for what age group
8-12, onset of disorder is earlier for males than for females
Hand preference is firmly established around age:
8-Jul
Thorndike's Law of Effect
A behavior that is followed by a "satisfying consequence" will be likely to occur again.
Positive reinforcement: Premack principle
A behavior that occurs frequently is used to reinforce a behavior that doesn't occur often enough (you can go out to play if you eat your vegetables)
Malpractice
A claim of malpractice requires 1) DUTY - a professional relationship that implies a legal duty of care 2) DEVIATION - a breach of that duty 3) DAMAGE - that harm or injury occurred 4) DIRECT - that the breach of duty caused the harm or injury FOUR D'S: DUTY, DEVIATION, DAMAGES, as a DIRECT result
Gerstmann syndrome
A combination of finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, and acalculia. - Results from lesions in the left parietal lobe
Treatment for migraine headaches
A combination of thermal biofeedback and autogenic training (a relaxation technique)
Psychophysiological Measures
A data collection method that involves the monitoring of a psychological function, such as heart rate or perspiration, as it correlates to the client or patient's psychological or emotional state
In psychoanalytic theory, mania is
A defense against depression
Parkinson's Disease
A degenerative disease involving tremor, muscle rigidity, akathisia, bradykinesia, loss of coordination, cognitive impairments. Caused by: degeneration of dopamine secreting cells in substantia nigra. Substantia nigra makes dopamine for the Basal Ganglia. Symptoms can be temporarily relieved by L-dopa (a precursor to dopamine). * Only 5% of cases are genetic.
Huntington's Disease
A fatal inherited disease that produces affective, cognitive, and motor symptoms. If one parent has a copy of the dominant gene, there is a 50% chance the child will have Huntington's. Early symptoms include depression and apathy, forgetfulness, fidgeting. Later symptoms include athetosis and chorea. It has been linked to not enough GABA, too much dopamine, and glutamate abnormalities in the Basal Ganglia. *comparison to Parkinson's: 100% hereditary, too big of movements, major neurocognitive disorder that leads to dementia, too much dopamine, not enough GABA.
Self-report
A form of data collection in which the participant or client themselves provides the targeted information. Self-report is generally a quick, low-cost method of data collection. However, it may result in low validity and reliability of data
Multi-informant Reports
A form of data collection that compile information from several sources (family, friends, clinicians, etc.). Multi-informant reports may provide a wealth of information to use when assessing or treating a client, however there may also be inconsistencies
Cybernetics
A key feature of cybernetics is its concept of the feedback loop through which a system receives information Negative Feedback Loop: Reduces deviation and helps a system maintain the status quo Positive Feedback Loop: Amplifies deviation or change and disrupts the system
KABC-II (Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children)
A measure of cognitive ability for children ages 3:0 through 18:11. Designed to be a CULTURE-FAIR test by minimizing verbal instructions and responses. Interpretation of scores can be based on one of two models- the Cattle-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of cognitive abilities or Luria's neuropsychological processing model
Cohen's d
A measure of effect size. It indicates the different between the means of two groups in terms of STANDARD DEVIATIONS. EXAMPLE: A Cohen's d of .50 indicates that one group obtained a mean that is one-half standard deviation higher than the mean obtained by the other group
PPVT-4 (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Fourth Edition)
A measure of receptive vocabulary. Designed for examinee's aged 2:6-90+ years. Is useful for people with a motor or speech impairments. Can be administered to any examinee who is able to hear the stimulus word, see the drawings on the cards, and is some way communicate a response
Coefficient of Determination
A measure of shared variability. The amount of variability in one variable that is predictable from another variable. r = .8 (correlation) 8x8 = 64 r squared = .64 64% of variation explained
Kappa statistic
A measure of the degree of nonrandom agreement between observers of the same categorical variable. Inter-rater reliability
Bender-Gestalt-II
A measure of visual-motor integration that is also used as a screening tool for neuropsychological impairment. It includes 16 stimulus cards consisting of geometric figures that the examinees first copy and then draws from memory
Counterbalancing
A method of controlling for order effects in a repeated measure design by either including all orders of treatment or by randomly determining the order for each subject
Orthogonal rotation
A method of rotating the axes in factor analysis that assumes the independence of primary factors.
Minimum age and personality disorders in DSM-5
A minimum age is not specified in the diagnostic criteria for any of the DSM-5 Personality Disorders except Antisocial Personality Disorder, which requires a minimum age of 18. All require a year long duration.
Method of loci
A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations
Fibromyalgia
A musculoskeletal syndrome that produces muscular pain - muscular pain - stiffness - spasms - fatigue - gastrointestinal disorders - depression
Percent Correct (percentage) (test score interpretation)
A percent correct score indicates the percent of test content the examinee answered correctly
fundamental principle underlying goal-setting theory
A person must consciously accept the goals and intend to achieve them
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
A progressive peripheral nerve disorder. AKA Lou Gehrig's disease - muscle weakness - tremor - spasticity - eventual loss of muscle control and paralysis
Rorschach Inkblot Test (Administration, Scoring Categories, Interpretation)
A projective personality test that presents the examinee with 10 inkblots and is based on the premise that an examinee's responses to the inkblot reflect their underlying personality, conflicts, etc. 1) Administration usually entails two phases: free association and inquiry 2) Most scoring systems involve looking at the following categories: - locations (the whole blot, common detail, unusual detail) - determinants (what in the inkblot determined examinee's response, form, movement, color) - form quality, (how similar the examinee's response is to the actual shape of the inkblot) - content (three categories are human, animal, nature) - popularity (how often does examinee's response occur) 3) Interpretation involves considering the number and ratio of responses in each category
Human Relations: Multiple Relationships
A psychologist refrains from multiple relationships if they "could reasonably be expected to impair the psychologists objectivity, competence, or effectiveness in performing their functions as a psychologist, or otherwise risks exploitation or harm to the person with whom the professional relationship exists" SMALL COMMUNITIES: "You first rule"
Taylor-Russell Tables
A series of tables based on the selection ratio, base rate, and test validity that yield information about the percentage of future employees who will be successful if a particular test is used.
Stage 2 of sleep
A slightly deeper stage of sleep and is dominated by theta waves and sleep spindles
General Systems Theory
A system is an entity that is maintained by the mutual interactions of its components. The family is a system of interrelated components, and a change in one family member causes change in other family members - Families tend to act in ways that maintain homeostasis (maintains the family's equilibrium or status quo) A family is viewed as an open system that interacts with the environment. Open systems response to input by modifying or elaborating structural elements. Under some conditions, the system will react in a way that maintains homeostasis.
Relationship between validity coefficient and reliability coefficient.
A test's validity coefficient cannot exceed the square root if its reliability coefficient
Cultural Encapsulation (Wrenn, 1964)
A therapist views things from their own worldview and has rigid, stereotyped views of other cultures and therapeutic techniquess
Roger's definition of anxiety
A threat to one's unified self-concept
Changing Criterion Design
A type of single-subject design in which the effect of the treatment is demonstrated by how closely the behavior matches a criterion that is systematically altered.
Single-subject design multiple baselines
AB format Can be used with multiple behaviors, multiple settings, multiple individuals. For example: looking at three behaviors and applying treatment to one behavior at a time.
WAIS-IV (Age Range, FISQ, Indexes)
AGE RANGE: 16:0 to 90:11. It provides a FSIQ, scores on four indexes (WMI, VCI, PSI, PRI), and scores on 10 core and five supplemental subtests. The FSIQ and Independent scores have a mean of 100 and a SD of 15 Subtests have a mean of 10 and a SD of 3
WISC-V (Age Range, Primary Indexes)
AGE RANGE: 6:0 to 16:11. It provides a FSIQ score, scores on five primary index scales (VCI, VSI, FRI, WMI, PSI), scores on optional ancillary and complementary index scales, and individual subtest scores
Carl Roger's Person-Centered Therapy (Humanistic)
AKA client-centered or Rogerian therapy - Based on belief that people have an innate "self-actualization tendency" that serves as the major source of motivation and guides them towards positive, healthy growth Personality Theory: A central concept is the notion of the self (composed of perceptions of "I" or "me" and the perceptions of the relationships of "I" or "me" to others and various aspects of life). Roger's believed everyone has ability to become self-actualized (reach their full potential) but the self must remain unified, organized, and whole. View of Maladaptive Behavior: The self becomes disorganized as a the result of incongruence between the self and experience. Can occur through CONDITIONS OF WORTH (e.g., when a child finds that positive regard from her parents is conditional rather than unconditional). Incongruence produces anxiety and signals that the unified self is threatened. Therapy Goals: Achieve congruence between self and experience Therapy Techniques: Unconditional positive regard, genuineness (congruence), and accurate empathetic listening.
ANCOVA (Analysis of covariance)
ANCOVA is used to statistically remove the effects of an extraneous variable (error variance) so that it is easier to detect the effects of the IV on the DV EXAMPLE: A psychologist did not consider the severity of ADHD symptoms before collecting data for her study on self-control procedures and academic achievement scores. The psychologist realizes a larger proportion of children with severe ADHD symptoms was assigned to the experimental group. The ANCOVA was used to statistically remove the portion of variability in academic achievement test scores that is due to differences in initial symptom severity.
Implicit memory
According to Mishkin, basal ganglia are central to implicit memory
Neurotransmitter linked with Alzheimers
Acetylcholine
Paresis
Another name for weakness
Manic Episode
Abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and goal directed activity or energy for at least one week with at least three symptoms - inflated self esteem or grandiosity - increased talkativeness - flight of ideas - symptoms cause impaired functioning, require hospitalization, and/or psychotic features - at least one week
Age at which children show preferences for members of their own ethnical/racial group and gender?
About 4 years old - ethnicity/race About 5 years old - gender
Only child language development
Accelerated - more adult attention
Type 2 error
Accept the null when you should reject the null The null was accepted in error
Uninvited in-person solicitation of business by a psychologist is...
Acceptable when it involves providing disaster or community outreach services. Generally, psychologists are prohibited from engaging in uninvited in-person solicitation of business, but the prohibition does NOT preclude psychologist from providing disaster or community outreach services.
Quality assurance in a hospital most interested in
Access to care
Superstitious behavior
Accidental (non contingent) reinforcement of a behavior increases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again
Privacy and Confidentiality: Consultation
Agency: can get consultation without consent (e.g., consult with a MD at agency) Private Practice setting: cannot disclose identifying information when seeking consultation
Frustration-Agression Hypothesis
Aggression is the consequence of frustration, which is produced whenever the attainment of a desired goal is blocked. Purpose of aggressive behavior is to eliminate the frustrating block. Aggression more likely to occur with aggressive cues (gun)
Substances where withdrawal involves hallucinations
Alcohol, and the category of sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics
Heavy alcohol consumption impact on verbal vs. visual
Alcoholism is associated with decrements in performance on measures of visuospatial skills with no impact on verbal skills
When a predictor cutoff score is raised...
All POSITIVES (true and false) are DECREASED All NEGATIVES (true and false) are INCREASED EXAMPLE: to hire only the most qualified job applicants, a employer rises the cutoff score on the selection test, as consequence of this is that is will decrease the number of true and false POSITIVES and increase the number of true and false NEGATIVES. Predictor cutoff score is moved to right in the scatterplot.
Self-directed work teams
All members are generalists and have been trained in a broad range, determine own goals, plan own work processes, and may hire own replacemnets
Alloplastic vs. Autoplastic Interventions
Alloplastic Interventions: goal is to make changes in the environment so it better accommodates the individual Autoplastic Interventions: change the individual so that they are better able to function effectively within their environment
Waves during relaxed wakefulness
Alpha
Aversive counterconditioning
Also known as aversion therapy. Uses counterconditioning to eliminate undesirable self-reinforcing behaviors such as drug use or a paraphilia. Ex: sexual excitation following seeing a high heeled shoes (CS) is a conditioned/learned - not a natural unconditioned/unlearned response (CR) Ex: present the shoe (CS) and pair it with an electrical shock (US) to extinguish the sexual excitation (CR). Eventually shoe + shock pairing will lead to no sexual excitation.
Factor Analysis
Also provides information about convergent and divergent validity but is more complex than the multi trait-multimethod matrix. Grown up version of multi trait-multimethod matrix.
Damage to orbitofrontal cortex causes
Altered emotional behaviors
The most thorough method for estimating reliability =
Alternate forms reliability
Alternative work schedules
Alternatives to the regular 5-day work week includes the compressed work week (four 10s, three 12s) and flextime (core hours with flexible start and stop times) Research says that compressed work weeks have a positive effect on employee's job performance or absenteeism. There are increased accidents with compressed work weeks, usually occur later in shifts. Flextime has positive impact on employee satisfaction and objective productivity. Decreased absenteeism. Can cause problems related to communication, scheduling, work flow.
Limbic system
Amygdala, hippocampus, mammilary body, septal nuclei, parahippocal gyrus, cingulate gyrus
Catharsis Hypothesis
An act of aggression reduces an individual's arousal level which then decreases the likelihood they will act aggressively in the future. - Research has not supported this. Research shows that when someone acts aggressively towards another person, negative feelings increase and the likelihood of future aggression increases
Systematic Desensitization (Wolpe)
An application of reciprocal inhibition for eliminating anxiety responses. Hierarchically-arranged anxiety-evoking events are paired with relaxation to eliminate the anxiety. FOUR STAGES: 1) Relaxation training 2) Construction of an anxiety hierarchy 3) Desensitization in imagination 4) In-vivo desensitization
House's Path-Goal Theory
An effective leader is one who can help identify a path for employees that allows them to fulfill personal goals through the achievement of group and organizational goals. Primary functions of a leader - clarify goals and the paths that will lead to their achievement - provide rewards to employees through support and attention to their needs Four Leadership Styles 1) Directive: Good for employees with low skills. Gives specific guidelines and rules. 2) Supportive: focused on establishing supportive relationship. What the employee needs from leader. Might be more flexible with hours in order for employee to get to work 3) Participative: involves employee in decision making 4) Achievement-oriented: challenges employees by setting goals. Encourages high levels of performance. Looks for opportunities for growth.
Norm-referenced interpretation (test score interpretation)
An examinee's raw score is converted to a score that indicated their relative standing in the standardization sample or other comparison group. Examples: standard scores, percentile ranks
External Criterion (test score interpretation)
An examinee's score is interpreted in terms of their likely status on an external criterion, which might involve using a regression equation or expectancy table
Process consultation
An external consultant focuses on helping members of an organization help themselves by improving their ability to perceive, understand, and alter behaviors that are adversely affecting interactions at work
SB5 Stanford-Binet 5th edition (Cognitive Factors, Routing Subtests)
An individually administered intelligence test for individuals ages 2:0 to 85+. It is based on a hierarchical model of intelligence that includes "g" and five cognitive factors - Fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory - Administration of the SB5 is tailored to the examinee's level of cognitive functioning through the use of two routing subtests (OBJECT SERES/MATRICES AND VOCABULARY) which indicate the appropriate starting point for the remaining subtests. The full scale IQ and factor scores have a mean of 100 and a SD of 15. The subtest scores have a mean of 10 and a SD of 3.
Interaction effect
An interaction is occurring when the effects of one independent variable are different at different levels of the other IV How the results should be put "into action" Different applications/treatments for different situations
Autokenetic Effect (Informational social influence and Normative social influence)
An optical illusion whereby a pinpoint of light shown in a dark room appears to move A study by Sherif made use of the autokenetic effect. Participants were asked to estimate how far the light had moved. When participants made their estimate alone, answers varied. When participants made estimates in a group a convergence effect occurred (participants estimates conformed to group norm). This is an example of INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL INFLUENCE NORMATIVE SOCIAL INFLUENCE: Conformity is driven by the need to belong in a group. A person is less likely to conform when even just one of the other group members disagrees with the group norm or when a person can express their opinion anonymously
Protocol Analysis
Analyzing the transcript (protocol) of a person's verbalizations while solving a problem, making a decision, etc. EX: A psychologist wants to assess problem-solving skills of adolescents. The psychologist has the participants think-aloud while solving a problem, recording the participant's verbalizations, and then analyzes the transcript.
Anterograde versus retrograde amnesia
Anterograde = can't remember new info; Retrograde = Can't remember old info
ECT predominately causes what type of memory impairment
Anterograde amnesia
Similarities in Korsakoff and Alzheimer's
Anterograde amnesia for declarative knowledge is often the first neurological finding in Alzheimer's and is characteristic in Korsakoff's
Medication treatment for OCD
Antidepressant
According to Freud excessive excitation by the id's impulses leads to
Anxiety
Broca's aphasia also can exhibit
Anxiety and depression
Buckley Amendment (AKA Family Education Rights and Privacy Act - FERPA)
Any school district may be denied federal funds if parents of students (or other legal guardians) or students who have reached the age of majority are not given access to their school records. It also prohibits disclosure of school records to unauthorized individuals without parental consent. Parents have the right to inspect their child's school records.
Long-term memory in adulthood
Appears to have unlimited duration and capacity Recent long-term (secondary) memory shows the greatest age-related decline, but remote long-term memory is less affected Episodic memory is affected more by increasing age than is semantic or procedural memory Declines in long term memory are often due to inefficient encoding
ITPA-3 (Illinois Test of Psychological Abilities Third Edition)
Appropriate for ages 5:0-12:11. It was designed to evaluate a child's strengths and weaknesses in terms of linguistic abilities, assist in the diagnosis of dyslexia and problems related to phonological coding, and track a child's progress as the result of an intervention
Hypomanic Episode
At least 4 days Does not require hospitalization
Stroop Color-Word Association Test
Assesses the degree to which a examinee can suppress a prepotent (habitual) response in favor of an unusual one and measures cognitive flexibility, selective attention, and response inhibition. It is sensitive to frontal lobe damage, and power performance has been associated with ADHD, mania, depression, and schizophrenia
Criterion referenced test
Assesses where an examinee falls on a particular criterion. Assess progress or mastery of a given skil. Examples: driving tests, licensing exams, high school grad exams.
healthy paranoia with ethnic minority clients
Assist clients to determine whether a problem stems from racism or their own behavior.
Scalloped effect
Associated with a fixed interval schedule. Think of procrastination. A child will put off studying for a weekly spelling test until right before the test. Will get the reinforcement (passing the test) and then behavior will decrease.
Schizophrenia Prognosis worse for
Associated with male gender, early onset, negative symptoms
Night shift
Associated with more problems (higher accident rates, poorer work quality, more health problems), but its negative effects may be alleviated by predictability and a sense of control (you chose to work nights). Associated with GI issues, heart problems, etc.
Rehm's self control therapy
Assumption that depressed individuals pay more attention to negative events than positives ones. Self-monitoring involves keeping a log of positive events
Vision in Adults
At around age 40, many adults have signs of presbyopia and other visual changes, including a decreased ability to see in dim light, increased sensitivity to glare, and reduced depth perception GREEK ROOTS PRESBY = OLD OPIA = EYES
Need for achievement theory.
Atkinson and McClelland. Motivation is governed by three considerations -- achievement, authority, and affiliation.
Detouring (Minuchin)
Attempt to avoid or reduce marital conflict by paying more attention to a child; this can lead to blaming the child (scapegoating) or fragilizing the child (overprotecting)
Theory of Planned Behavior
Attitudes are accurate predictors of behavior when the attitude measure assesses all three components of the behavioral intention 1) the person's attitude toward engaging in the behavior 2) what the person believes other people think they should do 3) the person's perceived behavioral control
Actor-observer effect
Attribute dispositional factors to other people's behavior while attributing situaitonal factors to our behavior
Lewinsohn's Behavioral Model
Attributes depression to low rates of response-contingent reinforcement due to inadequate reinforcing stimuli in the environment and/or the individual's lack of skill in obtaining reinforcement.
Beck emphasizes
Automatic thinking and logical errors
Components of Becks CT
Automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions. Events are interpreted with a bias (distortions).
Freud (anal) erickson (x)
Autonomy v. shame (second year)
When is comes to forensic psychologists, dual relationships should...
BE AVOIDED WHENEVER POSSIBLE - "Forensic practitioners strive to recognize the potential conflicts of interest and threats to objectivity inherent in multiple relationships. Forensic practitioners are encouraged to recognize that some personal and professional relationships may interfere with their ability to practice in a competent and impartial manner and they seek to minimize any detrimental effects by avoiding involvement in such matters whenever feasible or limiting their assistance in a manner that is consistent with professional obligations"
Type 2 error =
BETA increasing likelihood of making type 2 error if you increase beta from .01 to .05
Course of Personality Disorders
BPD and antisocial personality disorder mellow out with age. Avoidant, dependent, OCPD do not usually mellow out with age
Broca's aphasia (expressive aphasia)
BROCA'S = EXPRESSIVE ISSUES Involves slow, laborious, confluent speech, anomia (an inability to identify familiar people or objects by name), and difficulty repeating phrases. Although people with Broca's aphasia have trouble producing spoken and written language, their comprehension is only somewhat impaired.
Language Milestones
Babbling: begins at 3-6 months and consists of the repetition of vowel-consonant sounds. It initially includes sounds of all language but, by about 9-14 months, begins to narrow to the sounds of the baby's native language First Words: Between 10-15 months. Children say their first words, which are most often labels for familiar people, objects, or events Holophrases: By about 12 months, babies use holophrases, which are single words that express an entire idea (eat, up, go) Telegraphic Speech: By 18-24 months, children exhibit telegraphic speech, which initially consists of only two words (me go, daddy home)
Ainsworth Insecure (Anxious)/Ambivalent Attachment
Baby alternates between CLINGING and RESISTING mother. Baby is very disturbed when left with stranger, is AMBIVALENT WHEN MOTHER RETURNS, may become angry and resist her attempts at physical contact. Mother is often MOODY and INCONSISTENT.
Three variables that affect instrumental validity
Base rate, selection ratio, and criterion-related validity
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Based on Murray's theory of needs and presents the examinee with vague black-an-white pictures that include one or more human figures. The examinee is asked to make up a story about each picture and their responses are scored and interpreted in terms of several factors including the story's "hero", the intensity, frequency, and duration of needs, environmental press, thema, and outcomes expressed in each story
Solution-Focused Therapy (A brief therapy)
Based on assumption of "you get more of what you talk about" View of Maladaptive Behaviors: Understanding the etiology of behaviors is irrelevant. Therapy Goals: help client identify strengths and resources that will help them resolve presenting problem Therapy Techniques: include "exceptions", the "miracle question", and "scaling questions"
Counterconditioning
Based on classical conditioning Counterconditioning involves paring conditioned stimulus that produces an undesirable response with a stimulus that produces an incompatible response (relaxation) in order to eliminate (replace) the undesirable response (sweating, tachycardia).
Reciprocal Inhibition
Based on classical conditioning Wolpe's reciprocal inhibition is a type of counterconditioning in which the undesirable response is anxiety or fear. Although Wolpe originally developed systematic desensitization as an application of reciprocal inhibition, research using the "dismantling strategy" found that repeated exposure to the CS without the US (extinction) is responsible for the reduction of the anxiety response.
Criterion-Related Validity
Based on empirical evidence (predictor and criterion scores collected in a concurrent or predictive validity study). Important when a measure will be used to predict or estimate scores on a criterion (e.g., a test used to predict GPA or job performance rating)
Construct Validity
Based on judgement and empirical evidence (multi trait-multimethod matrix, factor analysis). Useful for tests measuring a hypothetical trait or construct (e.g., self-esteem, intelligence) A test has construct validity when it measures the construct is was designed to measure. Comprised of convergent and divergent validity. A test had convergent validity when its scores correlate highly with scores on measures of the same and related constructs. A test has divergent validity when its scores have low correlation with scores on measures of unrelated constructs.
Fee splitting allowed when
Based on services provided
Socratic questioning
Based on the methods of Socrates, a mode of questioning that deeply probes the meaning, justification, or logical strength of a claim, position, or line of reasoning BECK AND COGNITIVE THERAPY
Content Validity
Based primarily on the judgement of subject matter experts. Important for measures of a content or behavior domain (e.g., achievement-type tests, work samples)
Motivational Interviewing - Miller & Rollnick (A brief therapy)
Basic assumptions and procedures were derived from Rogers' client-centered therapy and Bandura's notions of self-efficacy. Therapy Goals and Techniques: Enhance client's intrinsic motivation to alter their behavior by helping the client examine and resolve their ambivalence about changing. 1) express empathy 2) develop discrepancies between current behavior and personal goals and values 3) roll with resistance 4) support self-efficacy OARS (open ended questions, affirmations, reflective listening, summaries)
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development (Basic trust vs. basic mistrust)
Basic trust vs. Basic mistrust = infancy Positive relationship with caregiver results in sense of trust and optimism
Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning
Begin as largely egocentric which became more focused on societal expectations, followed by abstract principles of right and wrong
Partial Seizures
Begin in one side of the brain and, at least initially, affect one side of the body. Simple partial seizures do not involve a loss of consciousness, while complex partial seizures entail some alteration in consciousness. *If it starts with a tic and then it generalized, it would be a complex partial seizure with generalization.
Alzheimer's memory course
Begins with anterograde amnesia, this worsens, eventually individual also exhibits retrograde amnesia
Reinforcement and Punishment
Behavior happens first, then continues or discontinues as a result of the reinforcement of punishment Increase behavior: positive reinforcement (reward), negative reinforcement (relief) Decrease behavior: positive punishment (pain), negative punishment (loss)
Interval sampling used when
Behavior has no distinct beginning or end
Thorndike law of effect
Behavior occurs in a random fashion. If a behavior is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it is strengthened. If a behavior is followed by a negative consequence it is weakened.
Effectiveness of smoking cessation techniques
Behavioral + pharmacological better effects in long-term
Adler individual psychology
Believed children experience sense of inadequacy based on real and perceived limitations - inferiority complex; in therapy the lifestyle in examined, mistaken goals and false assumptions are discovered, and modified to be less maladaptive and more socially constructive
Self-perception theory
Bem: when internal cues are weak or difficult to interpret, we rely on observations of our behaviors to determine our attitudes or feelings; based on Skinner
Heterogeneity impact on creativity and decision-making effectiveness
Beneficial effects on both.
Fatal complications can result from withdrawal from what type of med
Benzodiazepines (e.g., valium)
Brain waves most present during alert activtiy
Beta waves
Autism Spectrum Disorder prognosis
Better outcomes associated with 1) communication skills by age 5 or 6. 2) An IQ over 70 3) A later onset of symptoms (after 2 years)
Concordance rates for schizophrenia highest in
Biological child (13% - if one parent has schizophrenia)
Etiology of MDD
Biological theories: heredity and neurotransmitter abnormalities - catecholamine hypothesis- a deficiency in norepinephrine - Indolamine hypothesis - deficiency in seratonin - Also linked to elevated levels of cortisol (secreted by the adrenal cortex) which causes atrophy of neurons in the hippocampus Cognitive behavioral theories: - Seligman's Learned Helplessness Model (repeated exposure to uncontrollable negative life events. Belief that nothing I do matters or helps) - Lewinsohn's Behavioral Theory of Depression. Based on operant conditioning. Low rate of response-contingent reinforcement for social and other behaviors. - Beck's Depressive Cognitive Triad. Negative beliefs about the world, oneself, and the future.
Most common anticholinergic side effect
Blurred vision
Organic amnesia
Both anterograde and retrograde amnesia and not limited to personal info
Sex biases impact on writing
Both male and female judges rate male writers more favorably
Teacher Interactions
Boys receive more criticism and praise than girls do from both male and female teachers. - Boys are more likely to be criticized for failure to do work neatly, inattention, or lack of effort. - Girls more likely to be criticized for lack of ability (you got a bad score, you must be bad a math). Overall, boys receive more attention.
Bulimia vs. Anorexia
Bulimia involves maintaining a normal body weight. Both can have bingeing and purging
Raven's Progressive Matrices
CONSIDERED A CULTURE-FAIR TEST A nonverbal measure of general intelligence (g) and is considered useful as a multicultural test because it is relatively independent of the effects of specific education and cultural learning. There are several versions including the Standard Progressive Matrices and Colored Progressive Matrices
Characteristics of the communicator (credibility and trustworthiness)
CREDIBILITY: high-credible communicators are more persuasive. The difference between high and low credibility communicators declines over time due to sleeper effect TRUSTWORTHINESS: depends on communicator's motives. More trustworthy if they are arguing against their own best interest
Structural Techniques: Computed Tomography (CT)
CT utilizes x-rays to obtain images of the horizontal slices of the brain and is used to dx tumors, blood clots, multiple sclerosis, and other conditions
Global aphasia
Caused by damage to Broca's, Wernicke's , and other areas in the left frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. Extensive impairment in language. NONFLUENT OUTPUT, DISTURBED COMPREHENSION, DISTURBED REPETITION
ANOVAs
Can handle more than one IV. More grown up because it is in all capital letters. Used to compare two or more means. An advantage of the ANOVA is it simultaneously makes all comparisons of group means while holding the probability of making a Type I error at the level of significance set by the investigator. Helps control the experiment wise error rate (unlike multiple t-tests). ONE WAY ANOVA = ONE IV TWO WAY ANOVA = TWO IVs
Teratogens: Cocaine
Can lead to 1) a premature birth and low birth weight 2) physical defects, brain seizures, irritability in infancy 3) later learning disabilities and peer problems
Competence: Providing Services in Emergencies
Can provide services in emergencies, even if not competent, until emergency is over or until better help is available. If in a small community where people do not have access to treatment, someone comes to you with problem you do not have experience in. If you have experience/training that is closely related, you can see them while you get extra training or consultation.
Prescribing tricyclic antidepressants to someone with Bipolar disorder
Can sometimes trigger a manic episode
Resolving Ethical Issues: Unfair Discrimination Against Complainants and Respondents
Cannot discriminate based on unsettled complaints
Human Relations: Unfair Discrimination
Cannot discriminate people based on age, gender, sexual orientation, etc. - Cannot base our work off of unfair discrimination. - Does not mean psychologist has to see everyone, competence is important
Three elements necessary for informed consent
Capacity, comprehension, and voluntariness
Side effects of TCAs
Cardiac, anticholinergic, and neurobehavioral. Orthostatic hypotension (a drop in standing blood pressure) is one of the most common reason for discontinuation of these medications
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Caused by a demyelination of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord, believe to be due to abnormal immune system response - impairments in sensory and motor functioning (paresthesias, shooting pains in back and limbs, problems with balance, muscles weakness) - deficits in memory, reasoning, concentration - sexual dysfunction - vision abnormalities
Conduction aphasia
Caused by damage to the arcuate fasciculus, which connects Wernicke's area and Broca's area. This disorder does not significantly affect language comprehension or spontaneous language production but does cause anomia and an inability to repeat words or simple phrases IMPARIED REPETITION, INTACT COMPREHENSION, FLUENT OUTPUT
Impact of undernutrition during prenatal period has what impact on the brain
Cell size and structure are adversely affected (reduced development of dendritic and axonal processes and synaptic structures)
Prader wili and cru du chat
Chromosomal deletion
Migraine Headaches
Classic Migraine = with an aura (focal neurological symptoms) Common Migraine = no aura, may be signaled by gastrointestinal or other symptoms
Rational-economic model
Classical decision theory - involves compiling all info, investigating all solutions, and then choosing the best one
Regression model of test bias
Cleary. If a test has the same regression line for members of both groups, the test is not biased even if it has different means for the groups
Substance Use Disorders
Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms that indicate the person continues to use the substance despite experiencing significant substance related problems. Four categories 1) impaired control (uses more than intended) 2) social impairment (not fulfilling roles) 3) risky use 4) pharmacological criteria (tolerance and withdrawal) Etiology: - Tension-reduction hypothesis contends that alcohol reduces anxiety, fear, and other states of tension. People drink to reduce tension. Addiction is the result of negative reinforcement. - Marlatt and Gordon contend that addiction is an over learned, maladaptive habit pattern
Beck CBT, therapist is X with patient
Collaborator
Job Analysis
Collecting information needed to describe job requirements. Results serve as basis for developing criterion measures. Also helps with recruitment, selection, workforce planning, training program design, performance management, identifying causes of accidents and other safety problems.
Mixed design
Combines between-groups and within-subjects designs Looking at differences between two or more separate groups of participants AND also looking at changes in the individual participant over time.
DRO - differential reinforcement for other behaviors
Combines operant extinction for an undesired behavior with reinforcement for more appropriate behavior
Differential Reinforcement
Combines positive reinforcement with extinction. Reinforce alternative behaviors while ignoring the target behavior Example: A child with stereotyped hand movements (which are self-reinforcing) might be reinforced with tokens for each two-minute period she plays with toys rather than engaging in hand movements.
MDD and sleep
Common sleep abnormalities with MDD include: - continuity disturbances (e.g., early morning awakening) - reduced stage 3 and stage 4 (slow wave) sleep - decreased Rem latency (earlier onset of REM sleep) - increased duration fo REM sleep early in night
Programs for reducing teen pregnancy most effective when
Community based and contribute to reduced pregnancy by increasing contraceptive use
Kuder occupational interest survey
Compares scores to average interests of people in a given occupation. Scores across 4 domains - occupational scales, college major scales, vocational interest estimates, dependability indices
Motivator for affiliation
Comparison is a more likely motivator than reduction of anxiety or discomfort
Rational economic model/classical decision making theory
Compiling all information and solutions exhaustively and choosing from there
Crowding negative effects
Complex tasks. Densely populated areas linked with increased physicla and mental health problems, poor academic performance, juvenile delinquency, higher mortality rates
Divorce has strongest impact on child's
conduct and relationship between child and father
Schizoaffective disorder
Concurrent psychotic and mood symptoms, with at least 2 weeks of only psychotic symptoms without mood symptoms
Schioaffective Disorder
Concurrent symptoms of schizophrenia and a major depressive or manic episode except for a period of at least two weeks without mood symptoms. Two week holiday at least from mood symptoms Psychotic symptoms take top billing, they persist
Human Relations: Informed Consent
Conditions: -Capacity to make rational decisions -Assent (If they do not have capacity to consent, seek assent = permission without option to refuse) - Need enough information to make decision (adequate information to decide whether they want treatment) - Voluntary - Documented: consent needs to be documented
Summative evaluation
Conducted after the program has been implemented to determine if goals have been met (was it worth it?)
Needs assessment (analysis)
Conducted to determine training needs and includes 1) an organization analysis to identify organizational goals and determine if training is needed to achieve those goals 2) a task (job) analysis to identify what must be done to perform the job 3) a person analysis to determine which employees require training and what knowledge, skills, abilities they need 4) a demographic analysis to identify the training needs of different groups of workers (e.g., older versus younger workers) Example: Needs that came with COVID pandemic and alterations made to continue with college classes
Formative evaluation
Conducted while a program is being developed to determine if modifications are needed (will it be worth it?)
Most frequent ethics problem experienced
Confidentiality
Confidentiality after client passes
Confidentiality survives the death of a client
Yalom; second stage of group therapy
Conflicts, efforts at dominance, rebellion against the leader
Rational emotive behavior therapy
Confrontive and focuses on irrational beliefs
Before prescribing tricyclic antidepressants
Consider the patients suicide risk
Rorschach
confabulation indicates cognitive impairment.
Temporal lobe
Contains: 1) auditory cortex - which is involved in the auditory sensation and perception 2) Wernicke's area Damage may cause: - disturbance in auditory sensation and perception (auditory agnosia, auditory hallucinations) - impaired declarative memory - Wernicke's (receptive) aphasia. How we interpret sound as language
Parietal lobe
Contains: 1) somatosensory cortex which mediates pressure, temperature, pain, taste, and proprioception **Remember the three Ts (taste, touch, temperature) Damage may cause: - contralateral neglect - apraxia - tactile agnosia - asomatognosia - ansognosia -Gerstmann's syndrome (associated with strokes)
Frontal lobe
Contains: 1) the primary motor cortex 2) the prefrontal cortes (which is involved in emotions, self-awareness, and executive functioning) 3) Broca's area Damage may cause: - loss of reflexes and muscles tone and other VOLUNTARY motor impairments. -Deficits in higher-order cognitive functions - Personality and emotion changes (pseudo depression or pseudopsychopathology) - Broca's (expressive) aphasia
Occipital lobe
Contains: 1) visual cortex - which is responsible for visual sensation and perception Damage may cause: - disturbance in visual sensation and perceptions (prosopagnosia, visual agnosia, color agnosia, cortical blindness)
Coefficient aka...
Correlation
Testimonials not allowed from
Current clients or others how "vulnerable to undue influence"
Delirium tremens (DTs)
Delirium, delusions, hallucinations, agitated behavior, and autonomic hyperactivity
Stage 4 of sleep
Delta waves dominate, this is also referred to as the deep sleep stage (night terrors)
Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory
Describes gender identity development in terms of three stages 1) Gender Identity: 2-3 years of age. Recognizing one's own gender and others' gender. 2) Gender Stability: 4-6 years of age. 3) Gender Constancy: 6-7 years of age.
Leiter-3
Designed as a culture-fair measure of cognitive abilities for individuals aged 3 to 75+ years. It can be administered without verbal instructions and is also useful for individuals with language problems or hearing impairments. Examinees are required to match a set of response cards to corresponding illustrations on an easel. Test items emphasize fluid intelligence and evaluate four domains of cognitive functioning - visualization, reasoning, memory, and attention
Kuder Occupational Interest Inventory (KOIS)
Designed for high school juniors and seniors, college students, and adults. It was developed on the basis of empirical criterion but, unlike the Strong tests, did not include a general reference group. Instead, items selected for inclusion were those that distinguished between different occupational groups
Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) (aka functional behavioral analysis)
Determines the purpose of an undesirable behavior and identifies a more desirable substitute behavior that serves the same purpose. Consists of interviews, observations, etc. Goal is to decrease or eliminate the undesirable behavior while increasing an alternative behavior, which is achieved by eliminating the antecedents and consequences that support the undesirable behavior. ABCs of behavior: A = ANTECEDENT, B = BEHAVIOR, C = CONSEQUENCE
Specific Learning Disorder
Difficulties related to academic skills as indicated by the presence of at least one symptom that lasts for at least 6 months despite intervention (e.g., inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading, difficulty understanding meaning of what was read, etc.). - Academic skills are substantially below what is expected of their age - Performance in an academic area is two SDs below IQ - Subtypes: impairment in reading, written expression, mathematics - Differential Diagnosis: ADHD, intellectual disability, hearing or vision impairments
Erectile Dysfunction
Difficulty obtaining or maintaining and erection and/or marked decrease in erectile rigidity in all or almost all occasions of sexual activity. - At least 6 months Treatment: sildenafil citrate (viagra) Masters and Johnson (1970) targets dysfunctional behaviors, related anxiety (performance anxiety), faulty attitudes and beliefs, deficient knowledge and skills.
Increasing test length impacts reliability and validity how
Direct impact on reliability (increases); indirectly impacts validity through reliability (ceiling). Relability more affected than validitiy
APA's General Guidelines definition of a "user"
Direct users, third party purchasers, sanctioners, public/private facilities and organizations receiving psychological services
Schizotypal personality disorder
Discomfort in social situations and relationships, bizarre cognitions, ideation, appearance, and behavior
Piaget - Horizontal Decalage
Discrepancy within a stage. Describes the progressive acquisition of related skills (conservation skills) within the same stage of development and proposed that these skills are acquired in a predictable order
Stimulus discrimination
Discrimination training involves again pairing the original CS with the US and presenting stimuli similar to the CS without the US Difficult discriminations produce experimental neurosis (Pavlov's dogs running around in their cage and irritated)
Client wants to terminate court ordered therapy
Discuss legal ramifications with client and wait to get a release to contact probation officer
Alcoholics anonymous view addiction as
Disease
Howard et al. (1986) - psychotherapy research
Dose dependent effect: 75% of clients show marked improvement at 26 sessions and 85% at 52 sessions. Treatment "levels off" after about 26 sessions Phase model: -remoralization (1st few sessions, giving hope) -remediation (by 16th session, symptom relief) -rehabilitation (long lasting impact)
Culturally encapsulated counselor
Disregards cultural differences
Baumrind's Parenting Styles
Distinguish between four parenting styles based on two dimensions 1) responsivity (warmth and acceptance) 2) demandingness (control, expectations, assign responsibilities)
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model
Distinguishes between five interacting systems (nature + nurture) 1) MICROSYSTEM: Child's immediate environment (home, school) 2) MESOSYSTEM: Consists of the interactions between elements in the child's microsystem (e.g., between home and school). MESO MEANS MIDDLE 3) EXOSYSTEM: aspects of larger environment that the child is not in direct contact with but is influenced (community agencies, parents' jobs) 4) MACROSYSTEM: overarching beliefs, ideologies, etc. that impact child's development 5) CHRONOSYSTEM: historical influences, generational influences (COVID era, technology era, post 911 era)
Delirium
Disturbance in attention and awareness that develops over a short period of time. Represents a change from baseline functioning. Tends to fluctuate in severity over the course of a day plus at least one additional disturbance in cognition with evidence that symptoms are direct physiological consequence of something going on medically/substance wise/toxin wise. - need to first resolve that physiological cause -TREATMENT: reduce impairment by altering environment. Leave lights on, reduce stimulation, reduce number of visitors in hospital
Conversion Disorder
Disturbance in voluntary motor or sensory functioning that suggests a serious neurological or other medical condition (blindness, paralysis) but is incompatible with recognized medical conditions.
IPT believes that depression is primarily caused by
Disturbances in early life especially related to attachment
Consolidation, dynamic social impact theory
Diversity reduced by minority opinion accepting the majority opinion
Alzheimer's verbal vs. performance tasks
Do better on verbal tasks
Multiply scores on one variable by a constant
Does not change the relationship between the two variables
Precontemplation stage
Does not recognize that there is a problem
Self-concept theory
Donald Super; career development; coined term "vocational maturity" that refers to where a person should be in their career based on chronolgical age.
Double-Bind Communication
Double-bind communication involves conflicting negative injunctions (e.g., do that and you will be punished, don't do that and you will be punished). One injection is often expressed verbally and the other is expressed non-verbally. The recipient of the injunctions is not allowed to comment on them or seek help from someone else. - Bateson's work on double-bind communication looked at its role in the development of schizophrenia.
Career concept
Driver. Individual's career decision which vary along three dimensions: frequency of job change, direction of change, and type of change.
Drugs that block Acetylcholine produce what side effects (anticholinergic)
Dry mouth, blurred vision, postural hypotension, tachycardia, sedation
Anticholinergic effects
Dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, constipation Associated with every class of medications EXCEPT FOR SSRIs
Alcohol induced major neurocognitive disorder
Due to thamine deficiency Will impact declarative memory more (explicit, semantic and episodic) than procedural (implicit) memory. EX: can drive but they will lose track of where they are going. Affects recent long term memory more that remote long term memory. A decline in at least one cognitive domain that interferes with everyday activities. - nonamnestic-confabulatory type - amnestic-confabulatory type (known as Korsakoff syndrome - involves anterograde and retrograde amnesia and confabulation)
Duration of schizophreniform disorder
Duration less than six months
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Duration: 1 day to less than 1 month One or more of 4 characteristic symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior. At lest one symptom must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech
Difference between vocalizations in deaf vs. hearing children
During second half of first year normal children increase variety of sound whereas deaf children do not
Central nervous system (CNS)
EVERYTHING ENCASED IN A HARD BONY SHELL Brain: divided into the hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain Spinal cord: consists of a bundle of myelinated axons, dendrites, and cell bodies. contains 31 pairs of spinal nerves - 8 cervical -12 thoracic -5 lumbar -5 sacral -1 coccygeal
Within-subjects/Repeated measures design
Each participant receives, at different times, each level of the IV Each person get every treatment, but the order varies (drugs than therapy, therapy than drugs)
Spirituality in clinical practice
Efficacious for nonrelgious mental health consumers; protective factor against disease. Clinical utility is promising for mental health treatment
Efficacy versus Effectiveness Studies
Efficacy studies: are conducted under well-controlled conditions (same treatment, same lab, etc. Con of this is that it might not represent the real world) Effectiveness studies: are conducted in clinical and other applied settings with less experimental control (studies in the real world) **REMEMBER: effectiveness is a more common place word, used commonly in real world
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development (Ego integrity vs. ego despair)
Ego integrity vs. ego despair = maturation/old age Social influence broadens to all human kind. the development of wisdom and a sense of integrity requires coming to terms with one's limitations and morality. Maladaptive outcome is disdain.
Structural family therapy - problems stem from
Either overly rigid (disengaged) boundaries or overly permeable (enmeshed) boundaries
Buckley Amendment
Eligible students after age eighteen and their parents have the right of access to their children's educational records and can challenge any content thereof. Also records that are no longer useful or relevant for the students or the educational institution are to be destroyed.
Emic versus Etic
Emic: culture-specific Etic: universalistic (i.e., general principles apply to all cultures). No member within a culture would describe themselves as primitive, this label is being given by someone from the outside based on principles of what is modern.
Core problem in BPD according to Linehan
Emotion dysregulation
State dependence
Emotional state
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
Emphasized role of social and cultural factors on cognitive development. All learning occurs on two levels 1) between child and caregiver (interpersonal) 2) within the child, internalizing what they learned (intrapersonal) Zone of proximal development: the discrepancy between a child's current developmental level and the level that is just beyond their reach but can be achieved when an adult provides appropriate scaffolding. Scaffolding: instructions, assistance, and support. Most effective when it involves modeling, providing cues.
Total quality management
Emphasizes employee involvement
Job evaluation
Emphasizes identifying compensable factors such as skills and education required, degree of autonomy and responsibility, consequences of errors. Job evaluation techniques are often used to establish COMPARABLE WORTH - to ensure that people who are performing work of comparable value receive comparable pay. Ensures that wages are based in each job's inherent value rather than who performs the job or the job title.
Licensure for psychologists at state level meant to:
Ensure minimum level of competence
Damage to temporal lobe produces impairment in what type of memory the most
Episodic
Intimacy vs. isolation
Eriksons's 6th stage of psychosocial development (18-40 y.o.). Completion of this stage leads this to comfortable relationships. Virtue - love; negative outcome - isolation; unhappiness
Escape versus Avoidance conditioning
Escape and avoidance conditioning are both applications of negative reinforcement, but avoidance conditioning combines negative reinforcement with classical conditioning (two-factor learning) Avoidance conditioning: a dog knows that when they see a lightbulb that if they jump over the gate now they will not get shocked. Escape conditioning: a dog gets shocked and jumps over the gate to escape the shock
Vygotsky self-directed speech
Essential for cognitive development; source of self guidance for cognitive development
Correction for attenuation
Estimate of the correlation you would expect between two imperfect measures if the effects of measurement error could be removed
Paying another psychologist for a consultation regarding a referred patient.
Ethical
Psychologist advertising and offering first session free: ethical?
Ethical, provided that there is no coercion or undue influence
Alzheimer's Etiology and Treatment
Etiology: - Hereditary - Low levels of Acetylcholine (formation of memories) - Lower levels of formal education - Adult onset (type 2) diabetes - Depression - TBI - Down syndrome Treatment: - Cholinesterase inhibitor (reduces the breakdown of ACh) - tacrine (Cognex) - donepezil (Aricept) - Outcomes are best for people who remain at home with their families
Anorexia
Etiology: higher-than-normal levels of serotonin that causes restlessness, anxiety, and obsessive thinking. Food restriction lowers serotonin levels, alleviating unpleasant feelings. SSRI is contraindicate when person is still restricting their food and is underweight
Field Theory (Lewin)
Every psychological event depends on the state of the person and at the same time on the environment, their relative importance is different in different cases. Human behavior is always a function of the person and the physical and social environment
Female fetus exposed to large amount of androgens
Exaggerated male characteristics
A signature = informed consent T or F
FALSE
Coefficient: Eta (nonlinear relationship) (correlation)
Example: looking a relationship between big toe size and ice cream prices Variable 1: continuous (interval or ratio) Variable 2: continuous (interval or ratio) **Looking at two continuous variables that have a nonlinear relationship**
Coefficient: Spearman rho (correlation)
Example: looking at relationship of ranking of teachers and ranking of schools Variable 1: rank Variable 2: rank
Beta-blockers
Example: propranolol (Inderal) Uses: traditionally used for hypertension, angina, migraine headaches, glaucoma. Also useful for alleviating the physical symptoms of anxiety (palpitations, tremor, sweating) Mode of action: block receptors that respond to epinephrine and norepinephrine Side effects: bradycardia, hypotension, sexual dysfunction, memory impairment, depression. Everything is too slow.
Coefficient: Contingency (correlation)
Example: relationship between gender and type of pet owned Variable 1: nominal (categorical) Variable 2: nominal (categorical)
Coefficient: Tetrachoric (Correlation)
Example: relationship between people who are likable versus unlikeable and whether or not they pass/fail a class. Variable 1: artificial dichotomy Variable 2: artificial dichotomy
Nominal Scale
Examples: diagnostic category, marital status ORDER: no EQUAL INTERVALS: no ABSOLUTE 0 POINT: no
Mood stabilizers
Examples: lithium and anticonvulsants, carbamazepine (Tegretol), valproic acid (Depakote) Uses: bipolar disorder, anticonvulsant drugs may be effective when lithium is not Mode of action: may affect reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Side effects: for lithium - nausea, diarrhea, polydipsia (drinking a lot of water), polyuria (peeing a lot), cognitive impairments, fine hand tremor, metallic taste, weight gain. For carbamazepine - lethargy, tremor, ataxia, visual disturbances
Psychostimulants
Examples: methylphenidate (Ritalin), pemoline (Cylert) Use: ADHD Mode of action: increase the availability of norepinephrine and dopamine, block reuptake Side effects: dysphoria, insomnia, decreased appetite, abdominal pain, tachycardia. When growth suppression occurs, it can be alleviated by providing "drug holidays".
Ordinal Scale
Examples: rank, Likert-scale scores ORDER: yes EQUAL INTERVALS: no ABSOLUTE 0 POINT: no
Ratio Scale
Examples: reaction time in seconds, number of calories ORDER: yes EQUAL INTERVALS: yes ABSOLUTE 0 POINT: yes
Interval Scale
Examples: scores on most standardized tests ORDER: yes EQUAL INTERVALS: yes ABSOLUTE 0 POINT: no
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Excessive anxiety and worry about multiple activities or events - Worry or anxiety is relatively constant - At least 6 months Tend to be age-related worries Treatment: CBT Medications - SSRI, SNRI, benzo, anxiolytic buspirone (Buspar)
Low score on K scale means
Excessive frankness or self-criticism or an attempt to fake bad
Existential Therapy
Existential therapies emphasize personal choice and responsibility for developing a meaningful life and assume that people are not static but, instead, are in a constant state of evolving and becoming. View of Maladaptive Behavior: Results from inability to cope authentically with ultimate concerns of existence (death, freedom, existential isolation, meaninglessness). Neurotic versus existential anxiety. Existential anxiety is normal. Neurotic anxiety is usually an attempt to avoid existential anxiety and is often out of proportion to the situation. Therapy Goals and Techniques: Help client live in more committed, self-aware, authentic, and meaningful ways. Recognize their freedom to chose their own destiny, accept responsibility for changing their lives. Therapist-client relationship is most important tool.
Job enrichment
Expanding jobs to give employees a greater role in planning nad performing their work, thus building motivators or satisfiers into job content; not preferred by all employees, just those with a high growth need
Herzberg two-factor theory
Expansion of Maslow's work. Divides 5 needs into upper (motivators) and lower (hygiene) level needs
Lazarus Theory
Experience of emotion depends on how the situation is labelled. We label the situation, which then leads to emotional and physiological response
Treatment of OCD
Exposure and response prevention therapy is best way to treat. Addition of pharmacological treatments has not been shown to result in better outcomes
Teratogens: Alcohol
Exposure to alcohol can cause Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) which includes a range of conditions. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): The most severe condition and is characterized by low birth weight, physical defects, cognitive deficits, and behavioral problems (e.g., hyperactivity and impulsivity) Alcohol related Neurodevelopmental Disorder (ARND): involves cognitive deficits and behavior problems without other prominent symptoms Alcohol Related Birth Defects (ARBD): involves physical defects without prominent symptoms
Encounter stage
Exposure to single significant race-related event or series ofe vents leads to racial/cultural awareness and interest in developing black identity
Learned helplessness model (Seligman)
Exposure to uncontrollable negative events
Construct validity
Extent to which a measure or test is associated with the trait or ability it is intended to measure
Most stable OCEAN trait
Extraversion
White therapists identity status and impact on process and outcomes of therapy
FOUR TYPES OF INTERACTIONS 1) PARALLEL INTERACTION: when therapist and client have the same or similar levels of racial/cultural identity. Can lead to inertia (especially when at less advanced stages of identity development) 2) PROGRESSIVE INTERACTION: when therapist's level of racial identity development is at least one level more advanced than client's. Most effective for therapy 3) REGRESSIVE INTERACTION: when client's level of identity development is at least one level or more advanced than therapist's. Associated with conflict and early termination from therapy by client. 4) CROSSED INTERACTION: When statuses of therapist and client represent opposite attitudes towards race (e.g., when an AA client is in the immersion-emersion stage and tier therapist is in contact status). Highly confrontational and contentious. White therapists in AUTONOMY STAGE are most effective with clients from different race/cultural backgrounds.
Declarative Memory
Facts and other information "learning that or what" Declarative memory is further subdivided into SEMANTIC and EPISODIC memory Semantic Memory: general knowledge, facts, rules, concepts. Episodic Memory: autobiographical. Events that someone personally experienced. Episodic memory is affected more by age than semantic or procedural memory.
Factitious Disorder Imposed on Self or Other
Falsifying physical or psychological symptoms that are associated with their deception (e.g., they falsify symptoms of depression following the death of a spouse even thought the death did not occur) - They present themselves (or another person) as being ill or impaired - They engage in deceptive behavior even in the absence of obvious external reward
Object Relations Theory (Self-in-Relation Theory)
Feminist Revision: gender differences can be traced to difference in same-gender vs. different-gender parenting practices that are influenced by sociocultural factors.
The fewer number of bystandards impact on likeliness to get help
Fewer bystanders increases likelyhood of people helping the victim
Behavioral Assessment
Focuses on overt and covert behaviors and utilizes various techniques including behavioral interviews, behavioral observation, protocol analysis and other cognitive measures, and psychophysiological measures. Functional behavioral assessment (FBA) is a type of behavioral assessment that involves identifying and altering the antecedents and consequences that are maintaining an undesirable behavior.
Contralateral representation
For most functions, the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa.
Gestalt Therapy (Perls, Humanistic)
Founded by Fritz Perls. Based on premise that each personal is capable of assuming personal responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings, and actions and living as an integrated "whole". Personality Theory: The personality consists of the SELF and the SELF-IMAGE. The self is the aspect of personality hat promotes an individual's self-actualization and ability to live as fully integrated person. The self-image is the "darker side" of personality that hinders growth and self-actualization by imposing external standards. Which aspect of personality dominates depends on the person's early interactions with their environment. Child needs opportunities to overcome frustration for the self to develop. Development of the self-image is facilitated if child is shielded from frustration or given support only in form of approval. View of Maladaptive Behavior: An abandonment of the self for the self-image, resulting in a lack of integration. Boundary disturbance between the self and the external environment that interferes with person's ability to satisfy their needs to maintain homeostasis. FOUR TYPES OF BOUNDARY DISTURBANCES (INTROJECTION, PROJECTION, RETROFLECTION, CONFLUENCE) Therapy Goals: help the client attain greater awareness of themselves, which leads to the ability to integrate various aspects of the self into a unified whole. Therapy Techniques: strategies include the empty chair technique and dreamwork. Must make sure the client distinguishes between their "transference fantasy" and reality. Awareness is is primary curative factor. INTROJECTION = GESTALT THERAPY AND PERLS. Introjection is taking on the thoughts and feelings of others that are not consistent with ourselves.
Weiner's concept of attributional style components
Globality/specificity, stability/instability, internatlity/externality
Fidelity and responsibility
General principle that is related to establishing a trusting relationship with colleagues
Personal Construct Therapy - KELLY (A Constructivist Therapy)
George Kelly's Personal Construct Therapy focuses on how clients experience the world. Assumes that people choose the ways that they deal with the world and that there are alternative ways of doing so. Personality Theory: a person's psychological processes are determined by the way they "CONSTRUE" events, with construing involving the use of personal constructs which are bipolar dimensions of meaning (e.g., happy/sad, competent/incompetent) View of Maladaptive Behavior: Anxiety, hostility, and other forms of maladaptive behaviors are the result of inadequate personal construct. Anxiety is the result of the "recognition that the events with which one is confronted lie outside the range of one's construct system" Therapy Goals and Techniques: Therapist and client are mutual experts and "co-experimenters" who work together to help the client identify/revise/replace maladaptive personal constructs so the client is able to "make sense" of their experiences. Repertory grid, self-characterization sketch, fixed-roles therapy.
Attributional theory, learned helpnessness arises from attributions that are
Global, stable, internal
Predictors used in organizations: work samples
Good for predicting what a person can currently do. Can be used as a realistic preview to the job. Also can be used as a trainability test, to see whether a person will benefit from training. Example: asking a prospective applicant for a sample assessment report before the interview
Idiosyncracy credits
Group's tolerance of an indivdual's disregard for group norms
Group polarization/risky shift
Groups tend to make more extreme decisions than individuals working alone. Group polarization can be more conservative or riskier. Risky shift is about groups making a riskier decision than they would if they were making the decision individually.
Evaluation of Aversion Therapy
Has been found to be moderately effective initially for some patients and some problems (especially cigarette smoking), but it's associated with high relapse rates and limited generalizability.
Thermal (skin-temperature) biofeedback
Has been identified as an effective treatment for Raynaud's disease (a decrease in blood supply to fingers and toes)
Placing low achieving students in homogeneous class
Has negative impact on self-esteem and achievement
Test is unfair when
Has similar validity coefficient for members of two or more groups and members of the group have similar criterion performance, but members of one group consistently score lower on the predictor than members of the other group
Boys from divorced families
Have worse academic performance. Impacted more than girls
Paradoxical intention
Having clients do the opposite of what they might expect --- prescribe the symptom
stimulant side effects
Headache, tics, appetite suppression, elevated BP, sleep disturbances, decreased growth
Health Belief Model
Health behaviors are influenced by 1) the person's readiness to take a particular action, which depends on their perceived susceptibility to the illness and perceived severity of its consequences 2) the person's evaluation of the benefits and costs of making a particular response 3) the internal and external cues to action that trigger the response such as the health of friends and family, advice from others, mass media campaigns
Adler
Healthy style of life reflects optimism, confidence, and contributing to the welfare of others. An unhealthy style of life results when a person's goals reflect celf-centerdness, competitiveness, and striving for personal power
Autonomy Stage
Helms model. Therapists in this stage are generally most effective with clients from racial/ethnic minority groups
Caplan - consultee-centered case consultation
Help a consultee enhance skills and knowledge so that consultee functions more effectively in future.
Caplan - consultee-centered administrative consultation
Help administrative-level personnel improve their professional functioning so they can be more effective in the future with regard to program development, implementation, evaluation
Self-Directed Search/RIASEC
Holland classified occupations and occupational interests into six themes, which he believed reflect basic personality characteristics. The relationship between these themes is conceptualized in terms of a hexagon with themes located closer to one another being more similar. Starting in the upper left of the hexagon the themes are - -Realistic - Investigative - Artistic - Social - Enterprising - Conventional These themes are measured by the self-directed search (SDS) Score report includes information on: 1) Congruence: degree of match between a person's measured interests and expressed interests 2) Commonness: frequency with which an examinee's summary code occurs in the standard sample 3) Consistency: the distance between the examinee's first two code letters in RIASEC hexagon 4) Coherence: degree to which an individual's vocational interests belong to the same Holland category.
Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence
Horn and Cattell proposed that general intelligence can be described in terms of two types Crystallized intelligence (Gc): refers to acquired knowledge and skills and is affected by educational and cultural experiences Fluid intelligence (Gf): enables and individual to solve novel problems and perceive relations and similarities and does not depend on specific instruction.
Peaks of crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence
Horn proposed crystallized intelligence increased until about age 60. Fluid intelligence peaks in late adolescence and thereafter declines.
Formative evaluation
How can the program be improved
Consistency information
How frequently people perceive the same stimuli and respond the same; covariation model of attribution
Consensus information
How other people act in the same situation and with the same stimuli; covariation model of attribution
Distinctiveness information
How similary people act in different situations toward different stimuli; covariation model of attribution
Focus of neo-freudians
How social and cultural factors influence and shape personality
Procedural Memory
How to do things "learning how"
Content validity
How well a test includes the range of information that is needed ot test the construct being assessed
Drive reduction theory
Hull. Primary drives are innate drives (e.g. thirst, hunger, and sex), whereas secondary drives are learned by conditioning (e.g. money). Drive reduction through behavior is in itself reinforcing.
Three types of distinguishable cries in infants
Hunger, anger, pain
Low levels of GABA found in
Huntington's, parkinson's, anxiety disorders
Self-instructional therapy most effective
Hyperactive and impulsive individuals
Tyramine while taking MAOI
Hypertensive crisis (severe rise in blood pressure). Rare occasions leads to cardiac failure and cerebral hemorrhage.
Reactive attachment disorder - inhibited type
Hypervigiant, inhibited, or highly ambivalent responses in social interactions
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) - A brief therapy
IPT is brief and manual-based. Originally developed for depression. View of Maladaptive Behavior: Related to problems in social roles and interpersonal relationships that are traceable to lack of strong attachment in early life Therapy Goals and Techniques: primary goals are symptom reduction and improved interpersonal functioning. Focuses on one or more PROBLEM AREAS - role disputes, role transitions, unresolved grief, and/or interpersonal deficits.
Concordance rates for IQ scores
Identical twins reared together: correlation = .85 Identical twins reared apart: correlation = .67 Fraternal twins reared together: correlation = .58 Biological siblings reared together: correlation = .45 Biological siblings reared apart: correlation = .24 Biological parent and child (together): correlation = .39 Biological parent and child (apart): correlation = .22 Adoptive parent and child: correlation = .18
Concordance Rates for Schizophrenia
Identical twins: 48% Fraternal twins: 17% Siblings: 10% Child of two parents with Schizophrenia: 46% PREVALENCE - General population: 0.3-0.7% Based on Gottesman's twin studies
Tracking in family therapy
Identifying and using family values, events, etc in conversation
Cross: Black Racial Identity Development Model
Identity development is related to exposure to racial oppression. 1) PRE-ENCOUNTER: race and racial identity have low salience and the person may have internalized racist notions about African Americans. Usually prefer White therapists. 2) ENCOUNTER: an event or series of events leads to greater racial or cultural awareness and increased interest in developing a Black identity. Likely to prefer Black therapist. 3) IMMERSION-EMMERSION: Race and racial identity have high salience, and the person begins to develop a Black identity. Idealization of Blacks and Black culture. Rage towards Whites. Guilt and anxiety about previous lack of awareness of race. Rejection of White culture. 4) INTERNALIZATION: Race continues to have high salience and the person adopts one of three identities: pro-Black, non-racist (Afrocentric), or multicultural identity (integrates Black identity with 2+ other salient cultural identities). In therapy, exhibits healthy cultural paranoia.
Dynamic social impact theory
Improved upon weakness of social impact theory where people were passive recipients. Has four components: consolidation, clustering, correlation, principle of continuing diversity
Apraxia
Inability to perform skilled motor movements in the absence of impaired motor functioning
Insecure resistant attachment
Inability to use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore; distress on seperation with ambivalence, anger, reluctance to be comforted by the caregiver, and resume play upon return; anxiety due to inconsistencies in the caregiver's availability
Court ordered evaluation influence on defendant's guilt.
Include only information relevant to the defendant's competence in the evaluation report, unless stipulated by both parities.
Basal Ganglia
Includes the - caudate nucleus - putamen - globus pallidus these structures are important in organizing and coordinating voluntary movements. abnormalities have been linked to Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourettes, OCD, schizophrenia, and ADHD **the above disorders have features of abnormal movements in some way
Locus of control in mainstream american culture
Internal locus of control and internal locus of responsbility
Freud (phallic) Erickson (x)
Initiative v. guilt (3-6)
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development (Initiative vs. guilt)
Initiative vs. guilt = early childhood Favorable relationships result in ability to set goals and carry out plans without infringing on others
Kohler
Insight learning
Zajonc's Confluence Model of Intelligence
Intellectual development is influenced by the intellectual environment of the home. Children born earlier (first borns) tend to do slightly better on IQ and academic tests than their younger siblings due to differences in family environment
Ethnic minorities locus of responsibility becoming more
Internal control
As described by Beck, automatic thoughts involve...
Interpreting experiences in patterned, reflexive ways
Therapy: interruption of therapy
Interruption: Need to make appropriate referral, continuity of care, avoid abandonment. Exception = unless therapist is threatened by client/relative of client
Hypothalamus
Involved in hunger and thirst, sleep, body temperature, movement, and emotional reactions (physiological reactions associated with fear and rage) Damage = possible uncontrollable laughter or intense rage or aggression. it regulates the body's homeostasis (temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, weight) through its influence on the ANS and endocrine glands it contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus - which controls circadian and seasonal cycles and the mammillary bodies - which play a role in memory
Reticular Formation
Involved in respiration, coughing, vomiting, posture, locomotion, and REM sleep Contains the Reticular Activating System - vital to consciousness, arousal, and wakefulness. It screens sensory input, especially during sleep, and arouses high centers in the brain when important information must be processed. Damage = disruption in sleep-wake cycle and can produce coma-like state of sleep. Remember effects of general anesthesia - it deactivates neurons in reticular formation so that person is unaware of sensory input that would be experienced as pain.
Limbic System
Involved in the regulation of motivation and emotions and plays a role in some cognitive abilities 1) Amygdala: controls emotional reactivity and attaches emotion to memory. Bilateral lesions in the amygdala and temporal lobes in primates produce Kluver-Bucy syndrome (reduced fear and aggression, increased docility, compulsive oral behaviors, dietary habits, hyper sexuality, psychic blindness). Abnormalities have been linked to anxiety disorders and depression. 2) Hippocampus: involved in processing spatial, visual, and verbal memories and consolidating short-term declarative memories to long-term memories. A smaller hippocampus have been found in some with PTSD and depression 3) Cingulate Cortex: involved in attention, emotion, and perception and subjective experience of pain. Emotional response to painful stimuli.
Dopamine
Involved in voluntary movement and mood. Excessive levels or oversensitivity = associated with schizophrenia, Tourette's, substance addiction. - Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: involves schizophrenia and mood states. When dopamine is way too high it results in schizophrenia. When it is too low, results in depression. Low levels = associated with depression, Parkinson's.
Postconcussional disorder
Involves 1) a loss of consciousness, amnesia, or seizures following head trauma 2) persistent deficits in attention or memory 3) three or more symptoms for at least three months (e.g., irritability, fatigue, depression)
Higher-Order Conditioning
Involves 2 steps 1) the first step is ordinary classical conditioning in which a CS is paired with a US until a CR is established 2) In the second step, the original CS is treated like a US and is paired with a second neutral stimulus so that the second neutral stimulus also elicits a CR The CR elicited by the second CS is less in magnitude than the CR elicited by the original CS.
Alzheimer's
Involves a gradual onset of symptoms and slow progressive decline in cognitive functioning 1) stage 1 (1-3 years) anterograde amnesia for declarative memories. Impaired visuospatial skills. Indifference. Irritability. Sadness. Anomia (inability to recall names of familiar objects) 2) stage 2 (2-10 years) increase in retrograde amnesia. Flat or labile mood. Restlessness or agitation. Delusions. 3) stage 3 (8-12 years). Severely deteriorated intellectual functioning. Apathy. Limb rigidity. Incontinence.
Over-regularization
Involves extending grammatical rules to words that are exceptions (e.g., "foots") (Lewin's - "unfreeze")
Job enlargement
Involves increasing the variety of task, but not responability or degree of challenge; increases satisfaction, but does not improve performance
Trace conditioning
Involves presenting and terminating the CS before presenting the US (no overlap). Produces a weaker CR than delay conditioning.
Negative punishment: Time out
Involves removing all opportunities for reinforcement for a pre-defined period of time following the behavior. - Duration of time-out is not critical. Short time-outs are as effective as long time-outs (5-10 minutes is optimal). Most effective when it is combined with reinforcement for alternative behaviors. Also increases in effectiveness when time-out begins with brief explanation of why it is being applied.
Direct Observation
Involves the evaluator actively monitoring and collecting data on the participant's behavior. May be structured or unstructured.
When a research study might cause participants pain, deception...
Is ordinarily prohibited whether it is physical or psychological in nature.
Court evaluation where client does not want to cooperate with the evaluation.
Issue should be addressed by the subject's attorney
Jung vs. Freud
Jung had different view about role of unconcious
Structural Family Therapy (MINUCHIN)
Key Concepts: Boundaries (disengaged/emeshed), rigid triads (detouring, stable coalition, triangulation) Boundaries: part of what determines a family's structure. They are the barriers or rules that determine the amount of contact that is allowed between family members. Overly rigid = family members are disengaged and isolated from one another. Overly diffuse or permeable = family members are enmeshed, overly dependent and overly close. View of Maladaptive Behavior: due to overly inflexible or diffuse boundaries that inhibit the ability to adapt to stress Therapy Goal: restructure the family so that it's better able to adapt to stress Therapy Techniques: based on the premise that action precedes understanding. Techniques used to unbalance the family's homeostasis including joining and enactment; a family map is used to clarify family structure. Joining = therapist joins the family in a position of leadership. It involves blending with the family and includes tracking (identifying and using the family's values, life themes, and significant life events in conversations) and mimesis (adopting the family's affective and communication style)
Jung's Analytic Psychotherapy
Libido = General psychic energy. Jung believed that behavior is determined by past events, future goals, aspirations. Personality Theory: Personality consists of conscious and unconscious factors. Components of the Unconscious: the personal unconscious consists of personal experiences and the COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS (consists of collective experiences of the human race, or predispositions of ways of seeing the human race - ARCHETYPES). Jung believed development continued throughout the lifespan and was most interested in growth after the mid-30s. A key concept is INDIVIDUATION, which refers to an integration of the conscious and unconscious aspects of the psyche that leads to development of a unique identity and wisdom. View of Maladaptive Behaviors: Symptoms are unconscious messages that something is awry, presents with a task that demands to be fulfilled Therapy Goals and Techniques: bridge the gap between the conscious and the personal and collective unconscious. Interpretations to help client become aware of their inner world. Dreamwork.
Bipolar Disorder - Treatment
Lithium: effective in 60-90% of cases of "classic" Bipolar 1 that involve discrete episodes of mania and depression Carbamazepine or Divalproex Sodium: for those who do not respond to lithium or who have RAPID CYCLING or DYSPHORIC MANIA Olanzapine, Resperidone, other antipsychotics: for acute mania
Watson - Classical conditioning
Little Albert: Watson proposed that many fear reaction are classically conditioned and, to prove his theory, he classically conditioned a fear reaction in an 11-month-old baby. Albert subsequently exhibited a great deal of stimulus generalization (Albert would have CR with other fuzzy white objects). White rat (CS) Loud noise (US) Fear reaction (UR/CR)
Alternative work schedules
Little impact on performance, significant impact on improving morale
Protein synthesis
Long-term memory depends on enhanced protein synthesis during the period following learning. Inhibiting the synthesis of protein (or RNA, which is required for protein synthesis) at the time of learning prevents the formation of long-term memories even when short-term memory is unimpaired Administration of RNA associated with improvements in memory
Fielder's contingency theory
Looks at how a leader rates a least preferred coworker (LPC). A low LPC leader assigns him a low rating and performs best in highly favorable or highly unfavorable situations and is task oriented. A high LPC leader works best udner moderately favorale situations and is relationship oriented
Suicide attempts more likely among which SES group
Low SES
Baumrind - Rejecting/neglecting Parents
Low in both responsivity and demandingness. Their children have low self- esteem and tend to be moody, impulsive, and aggressive. Association with juvenile corrections system. Predictive of juvenile delinquency.
Baumrind - Authoritarian Parents
Low in responsivity and high in demandingness. Their children are irritable, aggressive, and dependent and have low self-esteem, responsibility and academic achievement. Set high expectations, but do not help them out with accomplishing tasks
Infant tests of intelligence are good predictors of performance for:
Low scorers
Benefits from computer assisted instruction in classroom
Low-ability students tend to benefit more from computer-assisted instruction
Divorce rates highest for women that:
Lower education and marry at a younger age
Mental disorder in those over age 65
Lower than any other age group
Seasonal affective disorder associated with what substance
Melatonin
Central Limit Theorem
Makes three predictions about the sampling distribution of the mean 1) regardless of the shape of the distribution of individual scores in the population, as the sample size increases, the sample distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution 2) the mean of the sampling distribution of the mean is equal to the population mean 3) the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean is equal to the population standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size
Representativeness Heuristic
Making judgments on the basis of a typical case. You are relying on this heuristic when you learn that someone you just met is a lawyer and use what you know about lawyers to draw conclusions about their character.
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
Meat powder: salivate automatically without needed consecutive trials
Endorphins
Mediate analgesic effects (our body makes our own opiates). Think of the woman in child birth or an athlete that keeps playing with an injury. Body is in pain so the body releases endorphins to keep going. Pleasurable experiences (runner's high), emotions, learning and memory, sexual behavior.
Glutamate
Mediates learning and memory. A excitatory/stimulating NT. Excessive levels (excitotoxicity): may contribute to seizures, stroke-related damage, Huntington's disease, and Alzheimer's dementia. Glutamatergic system
Object Relations Theory
Melanie Klein, Ronald Fairbairn, Margaret Mahler, Otto Kernberg. Personality Theory: Object-seeking is a basic inborn drive. Emphasis on child's early relationships with objects, especially the child's internalized representations (introjections) of objects and object relations that become part of the self and influence interactions with other people in the future. Mahler focuses on the processes by which an infant assumes her own physical and psychological identity, there are several phases. The SEPARATION-INDIVIDUATION PHASE begins at 4-5 months of age. The child begins to take steps towards separation through sensory exploration of the environment and physical exploration. By 3 years old, the child has developed a permanent sense of self and object (object constancy) and is able to perceive others as both separate and related. View of Maladaptive Behavior: Results from abnormalities in early object relationships. Mahler believes psychopathology occurs when there are problems during separation-individuation phase. Inadequate resolution of splitting. Therapy Goals and Techniques: Therapy is an opportunity to provide client with support, acceptance, other conditions that restore client's ability to relate to others in a meaningful and realistic way. Goal is to bring maladaptive unconscious relationship dynamics into consciousness. Focus on splitting, projective identification, and other defense mechanisms.
High achievement oriented individuals prefer x difficulty tasks
Moderate / moderately difficult tasks
Rx between child to adolescent violence
Moderate rx
Gain-loss theory
Most attacted to people who initially dislike us but then come to like us
In-basket technique
Most commonly used with managers. Consists of requiring an applicant to process the typical problems and questions that managers would expect to find when they return from a vacation
Kholberg's pre conventional stage of morality (kid who steals from other kids)
Most effective = tell her she will receive a present at the end of each week that she does not steal
Kholberg's post-conventional stage of morality (kid who steals from other kids)
Most effective = tell her that stealing is against the law. Law and authority determine "right" and "wrong" for children in post-conventional morality
Learning principles
Most effective: - Active Learning - Distributed (over time) - Providing many examples and identical elements maximizes transfer of training.
Reliability and Validity
Need to establish reliability first (R comes before V in alphabet) The relationship between reliability and validity: a test's criterion-related validity coefficient CANNOT EXCEED THE SQUARE ROOT OF ITS RELIABILITY COEFFICIENT. Ex: when a predictor's reliability coefficient is .75, its criterion-related validity coefficient is no greater than the square root of .75.
How to calculate the standard error of measurement...
Need to know 1) the standard deviation of the test score and 2) the reliability coefficient EXAMPLE: A test has a SD of 12, a mean of 60, a reliability coefficient of .91, and a validity coefficient of .60. To calculate the standard error of measurement, you multiple the SD times the square root of 1 minus the reliability coefficient. 1 - .91 = 0.9 The square root of .09 = 0.3 3x12 = 3.6
Asking for substitute for graduate course
Need to present option to all grad students. Compensate them based off of what you have earned for teaching the course
Changing specialty to clinical psychology
Need training and experience (e.g. classes and post-doc)
Job satisfaction
Negatively correlated with turnover; positively correlated with education and intelligence; higher in whites than minorities
Least stable OCEAN trait
Neuroticism
menopause psychological effects
No evidence that menopause is linked to either depression or psychological well-being
Gender dysphoria after surery
No longer experienced by most individuals
Potential cause of adverse impact (unfairness)
Occurs when a predictor has similar validity coefficients for both groups but members of one group consistently obtain lower scores on the predictor even though they do well on the criterion. Women consistently get a lower score on a hiring test (the predictor) even though they do well on the actual job (the criterion)
Rater biases: leniency/strictness bias
Occurs when a rater tends to avoid the middle range of a rating scale and instead rates all employees as either high or low.
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Onset before the age of 5, must have developmental age of at least 9 months. Due to a severe pathological insufficient care - Disturbed and developmentally inappropriate attachment behaviors that involve inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behaviors toward adult caregivers and a history of extreme insufficient care.
Differential reinforcement of other behaviors(DRO)
Operant extinction of an unwanted bx with reinforcement for a desired bx, i.e. ignored when whines and complimneted when asks nicely.
Social learning family therapy
Pathology results from maladaptive bx being rewarded, deficient reward exchanges, and communication deficits; focuses on improving communication problems and reward exchanges
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
Pattern of inappropriate and overly familiar verbal and physical behaviors with unfamiliar adults and a history of extreme insufficient care that is believed to be responsible for these behaviors - Must have developmental age of at least 9 months
Yalom - group cohesiveness
Paves the way for increased participation, self-disclosure, adherence to group norms
Classical conditioning
Pavlov, neutral (conditioned) stimulus produces target response
Pavlov, Skinner, Watson, Wolpe, Tolman, Kohler
Pavlov: P comes first in the alphabet. He came first. Classical conditioning Watson: Classical conditioning. Skinner: Operant Conditioning, behavior is determined by the consequences that follow. Wolpe: Systematic desensitization. Tolman: Cognitive maps and latent learning. Allowing rats to explore maze without reinforcement. Kohler: Insight learning. Learning is not just result of trial-and-error or reinforcement, but involves cognitive restructuring. Experiment with chimpanzee, sticks, and banana.
Influence of peers and adults on cognitive development - Piaget
Peers have more influence on development than parents do
Deindividuation Model
People are more likely to act aggressive or in other antisocial ways when they believe they can act anonymously (in a crowd, wearing a disguise) - reduces shame and guilt, fear of evaluation, feeling personally responsible
Vroom's expectancy theory
People behave in ways based on their expectancy that rewards will follow
Self-Monitoring
People differ in terms of self-monitoring (the need and ability to manage the impressions others form of them) High in self-monitoring: most concerned with their "public self", strive to match their attitudes and behaviors to the situation. Exceptional at determining what behaviors, attitudes, values are socially desirable or expected. Concealing their true feelings and opinions. Low in self-monitoring: guided primarily by their own beliefs, values, and other internal cues and attempt to alter the situation to match their "private self"
Reactance
People feel pressured by a message and increase their resistance to persuasion
Self-verification theory
People prefer others who provide them with accurate information about themselves (i.e., with information that is consistent with their self-evaluations). We tend to recall and pay attention to information that confirms our self-concepts.
Reciprocity hypothesis
People tend to like others who like them
Professional psychologist
Person with a doctorate in psychology from a regionally accredited school
Best predictor of contextual performance
Personality
Freudian Psychoanalysis
Personality Theory: consists of two theories (drive/structural theory and developmental theory). Anxiety is an essential component of Freud's personality theory. Anxiety is seen as an unpleasant feeling lined with excitement of the autonomic nervous system and its function is to alert the ego to internal or external threat. When the ego is unable to ward off danger, it may result in defense mechanisms Defense Mechanisms - include repression, reaction formation, displacement, etc. Most basic is repression, which underlies all other defense mechanisms. View of Maladaptive Behavior: Unconscious unresolved conflict that occurred during childhood (Ex: phobias are the result of displacement of anxiety onto an object or event that is symbolic of the object or event that is unresolved) Therapy Goals and Techniques: Bringing the unconscious into conscious awareness and integrating previously repressed material into the personality. Free associations, dreams, resistances, transferences.
Kurtosis
Platykurtic distribution: is flatter than the classical sketch of a normal curve because it has a larger standard deviation Leptokurtic distribution: more peaked than the classical sketch of a normal curve because it has a smaller standard deviation Mesokurtic distribution: what you know as the classical normal curve, it has a moderate standard deviation
Teratogens
Poisons within the womb. The earlier and longer the exposure, the greater effects of teratogens
DSM follows what approach to diagnosis
Polythetic - meet a subset of criteria from a list of diagnostic criteria
Rx between job satisfaction and performance
Positive but small
Job satisfaction and age relationship
Positive relationship
Sex therapy most effective for
Premature ejaculation and vaginismus
Group Therapy
Premature termination often due to unrealistic expectations that can be reduced by prescreening and pre-therapy orientation. Therapist's role is technical expert and participant/model.
Minorities in psychotherapy
Prematurely terminate more often than non-minorities; however, if minorities stay in treatment, they seem to do as well as non-minoritie
Piaget's Stages of Moral Development
Premoral stage: Prior to age 6, children exhibit little concern for rules Heteronomous morality: (aka morality of constraint). Ages 7-10. Children believe that rules are set by authority figures and are unalterable. Emphasis on consequences of actions. Judgment of "right" or "wrongness" is based on consequences of actions. Autonomous morality: (aka morality of cooperation) 11+ years old. Children view rules as arbitrary and alterable when the people who are covered by them agree to change them. Emphasis on intentions of the actor.
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Preoccupation with having a serious illness, an absence of somatic symptoms or the presence of mild somatic symptoms. - High levels of anxiety about one's health - Performance of excessive health-related behaviors or maladaptive avoidance of doctors/hospitals NO SYMPTOMS OR MILD SYMPTOMS
item analysis
Procedure used to determine what items will be retained for the final version
Job evaluation
Process of determining the financial worth of a job to an organization
Bounded rationality model (AKA administrative model) (Simon, 1979)
Proposes that limited information, time, and resources, cause decision-makers to be less than totally rational and, as a result, they "satisfice" rather than "optimize". Will take the option that meets the minimum due to restraints of time and money. Think of the football team who replaces the first quarterback with the next available. Not going to go through the whole process of hiring new quarterback in the middle of a season.
Expectancy theory
Proposes that motivation is a function of three beliefs - 1) expectancy (effort leads to performance) 2) instrumentality (performance leads to outcomes) 3) valence (value of the outcomes, rewards) Ex: Polly was promised when she was hired that if she had good job performances she would be given a raise, but she did not receive a raise. According to expectancy theory, the belief most disrupted would be instrumentality. Her performance did not lead to outcomes.
Path-goal theory of leadership
Proposes that the best style depends on the nature of the situation/characteristics of the task and of the workers
Models of memory: Levels of processing model
Proposes that there is a single memory system that consist of three levels (deepness/richness) of processing: 1) At physical level - information is processed in terms of what it looks like (face) 2) At acoustic level - information is processed in terms of what it sounds like (voice) 3) At semantic level - (the deepest level), information is processed in terms of its (ME)ANING - SIGNIFICANCE
To "inoculate" someone to a persuasive message you would
Provide the person with arguments against her beliefs and weak refutations of those arguments
Strong Interest Inventory
Provides scores on General Occupational Themes, Basic Interest Scales, Occupational Scales, and Personal Styles Scales. Development of the Occupational Scales used an empirical criterion keying strategy and indicate the degree to which examinee's interests are similar to those of satisfied workers of the same gender in 122 occupations
Publicity from press for psychologist
Psychologists do not compensate employees of press, radio, television, or other communication media in return for publicity in a news item
Larry P vs. Riles
Racial and cultural biases in IQ testing for school children
REM
Rapid eye movement in dream; great for infants (50% of sleep - adults 25% or less)
Rating recordings
Rate a given behavior in regard to its intensity or duration, typically on a 5 point likert scale. Concerns about inter-rater reliability.
Rater Biases: Central Tendency Bias
Rater's consistent use of only the middle range of the rating scale
Schedule that produces the highest rate of output
Ratio ---- more work leads to more reward
Glasser's Reality Therapy
Reality therapy is based on choice theory, which assumes that people are responsible for the choices they make and focuses on how people make choices that affect their lives. Personality Theory: People have five basic needs that serve as primary source of motivation: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom, and fun. SUCCESS IDENTITY = when a person fulfills their needs in a responsible, conscious, realistic way that does not infringe on the rights of others to fulfill their needs. FAILURE IDENTITY = when a person is unable to satisfy their own needs or does so in a irresponsible way, this underlies most forms of mental and emotional disturbances. View of Maladaptive Behavior: mental illness is a result of an individual's choices. A person might "depress" themselves because they believe doing so will help them obtain attention from others or allow them to avoid unpleasant activities. Therapy Goals and Techniques: Goal is replacing a "failure identity" with a "success identity". A person develops a success identity when the person fulfills their needs in a responsible way. Focus on current behaviors and beliefs.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions that are time consuming or cause significant distress or impairment. OBSESSIONS: persistent thoughts, impulses, or images that the person experiences as intrusive or unwanted and that they attempt to ignore or suppress. COMPULSIONS: repetitious and deliberate behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform either in response to an obsession or according to rigid rules. Goal of compulsions is to reduce distress or prevent a dreaded situation from happening. -Equally common for males and females in adulthood - Age of onset earlier for males. More prevalent for male children and teens. - Treatment: E&RP. Tricyclic clomipramine or an SSRI - Etiology: Associated with increased activity levels in orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and caudate nucleus (one component of the basal ganglia). Low levels of serotonin.
Tertiary Prevention
Reduce duration and consequences of disorders (e.g., students at Jollity High who have already receive treatment for depression, half-way houses, AA). Trying to mitigate the problem and keep it from happening again.
Purpose of an "emotional triangle"
Reduces anxiety and tension between family members (more stability)
Referral Fees
Referral fees are not entirely prohibited. - It is ethical to pay a fee for a referral when the fee reflects the person's expenses for making the referral. Ex: Dr. A. provides office space and secretarial services to Dr. B. Dr. A. charges Dr. B. 25% of the fee that Dr. B collects from his clients. Dr. A. also refers clients to Dr. B. and charges 35% for the referred clients. This is ethical because the larger fee for the referred clients reflects increased costs to Dr. A. for making referrals.
Strokes (cerebrovascular accidents)
Refers to brain damage that is caused by an interruption of blood flow - Risk factors include arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and hypertension - Symptoms depend on the artery and brain areas involved but often include hemiplegia (paralysis on one side of the body), contralateral sensory loss, slurred speech, dizziness, and confusion.
Heterosexism
Refers to cultural ideologies, which are "systems that provide the rationale and operating instructions" that promote and perpetrate antipathy, hostility, and violence against homosexuals. Includes beliefs about gender, morality, and sexuality that define sexual minorities as deviant or threatening and is inherent in language, laws, and other cultural institutions
Characteristics of criterion measures: relevance
Refers to the actual criterion's construct validity. Degree to which it measures the ultimate criterion.
Internal validity
Refers to the degree to which a study allows an investigator to conclude that variability in the DV is due to the effects of the IV rather than other factors. Threats include maturation, history (impact of COVID), and statistical regression - Efficacy studies
External validity
Refers to the degree to which a study's results can be generalized to other people, settings, and conditions. Threats include demand characteristics and multiple treatment inferences - Effectiveness studies
Sexual Prejudice
Refers to the negative attitudes that are based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual. Research on the correlates of sexual prejudice has generally found higher levels of prejudice among heterosexual men (compared to heterosexual women) and among individuals who are older, have lower levels of education, live in southern or midwest states or rural areas, and have limited contact with LGBTQ+. Higher prejudice also linked to authoritarianism, affiliation with fundamentalist religious denomination, conservative political views
Standardization
Refers to two characteristics of a test. 1) A test is standardized when the administration and scoring procedures are clearly defined 2) A test is standardized when it has been administered under standard conditions to a representative sample for the purpose of establishing norms
Rooting reflex
Reflexively turning cheek where it has been touched
Deception never acceptable
Regarding significant aspects that would affect willingness to participate, such as physical risks, discomfort, or unpleasant emotional experiences
Regression
Regression - used for the population (to PREDICT how many coping skills someone from the general population might get from therapy) Correlation - used for the sample (in a study, how many coping skills participants got from therapy) Regression line can be developed from a linear correlation. We can predict how many coping skills someone not in the original study might get from therapy.
Seratonin (5-HT)
Regulates hunger and thirst, sexual behavior, sleep, and mood. Elevated levels: linked with schizophrenia and autism, anorexia. Low levels: linked with depression, suicide, and OCD, bulimia. Serotonergic system ***some overlap with other NTs. But, if question asks about very specific things (specific eating disorders) - it is likely the answer is serotonin.
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Regulates voluntary movement, sleep-wake cycle, and memory (low levels contribute to memory loss associated with Alzheimer's dementia). **Remember A is for Acetylcholine and Alzheimer's** - Cholinergic System - Nicotine exerts its reinforcing effects through its action on nicotine receptors, one type of ACh receptor.
Intermittent schedules of reinforcement
Reinforcement is applied after a certain length of time OR number of responses. 1) Fixed interval (FI): reinforcement after a fixed period of time. Behavior tends to be inconsistent. Scalloped pattern!! 2) Variable interval (VI): reinforcement after an interval that varies in length. behavior tends to be consistent but low response rate. 3) Fixed ratio (FR): reinforcement after a fixed number of responses. Getting paid for every 10 skirts sewed. High and steady response rate with a little pause in behavior after getting reinforcement. 4) Variable ratio (VR = Vegas - Reno!!!): reinforcement after a variable number of responses. Think of Las Vegas and slot machines. High response rate.
Alpha waves
Relaxed wakefullness just before falling asleep
Interpreting correlation coefficient
Remember that you can square a correlation coefficient to interpret it only when it represents the correlation between two different tests or other variables. When the correlation between two different measures is squared, it provides a measure of shared variability. Terms the suggest shared variability include "accounted for by" and "explained by". In other words, in an exam question gives you the correlation coefficient for variable X and variable Y and asks how much variability in variable Y is explained by variable X, you'll know to square the correlation coefficient to obtain the correct answer.
Nightmare Disorder
Repeated occurrences of extended, extremely dysphoric, and WELL-REMEMBERED dreams that usually involve efforts to avoid threats to survival, security, or physical integrity. - Nightmares usually occur during REM - Upon awakening, the individual is usually fully alert but may have a lingering sense of anxiety or fear
Key elements of self-instructional therapy
Repetition, graded practice, cognitive restructuring
Defense mechanism that underlies all others
Repression
Interval recording / time sampling methods
Require target behaviors to be operationally defined. Time is divided into brief intervals when presence or absence of behavior is recorded. Requires that the given behavor occurs frequently.
Discriminant anlaysis
Required when several independnet variables are used to predict group membership
Positive punishment: Overcorrection
Requires the person to correct the consequences of the behavior (restitution) and/or practice appropriate behaviors (positive practice) Ex: child makes a mess by destroying a toy. They are told to go clean up the mess and then pick up other toys. Also, parent shows child to how properly play with a toy.
Flynn Effect
Research conducted prior to 2000 found that IQ test scores consistently increased over the past 70 years in the US and other industrialized countries. This increase is referred to the Flynn Effect, involves a rate of at least 3 IQ points per decade, is apparently due primarily to increase in fluid intelligence. Recent research has found that the Flynn effect has reversed in some countries and, in the US, for individuals with IQs of 110 and above.
Brainstorming
Research has found that individuals working alone generate more and better ideas than the same number of individuals working together as a group
Bilingualism/Bilingual Education
Research in bilingual education has produced inconsistent results, but there is evidence that minority-language children in good-quality bilingual programs have similar or somewhat better outcomes than peers in immersion programs.
Overcorrection
Restitution and positive practice. In some situations all requires physical guidance.
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Results from lesions in the amygdala. Features include placidity, apathy, hyperphagia, hypersexuality, and agnosias
Functional amnesia
Retrograde amnesia, especially for personal/autobiographical info
Deci
Rewards can sometimes lower instrinsic motivation; it dpeends on whether rewards are used to control (in which case intrinsic motivation decreases) or inform (in which case intrinsic motivation increased)
Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder
Risk factors: hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, partial fibrillation Symptoms are consistent with vascular etiology with evidence of cerebrovascular disease that accounts for the symptoms.
African American families demonstrate
Role flexibility
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy (Rosenthal) Effect
Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that a teacher's expectations about a student's abilities have a self-fulfilling prophecy effect on the student's achievement
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
Satisfaction and motivation arise from two different factors 1) Hygiene (job context) factors that cause dissatisfaction when they are absent (ex: having a window in your office, having a decent salary, working normal 9-5 hours) 2) Motivator (job content) factors that foster satisfaction and motivation when they are present. The theory underlies the notion of job enrichment. In order to have job enrichment - both elements need to be there. More likely to feel neutral about a job if there is good hygiene but not motivators.
Blocking in classical conditioning
Second neutral stimulus does not provide additional information about the US
Positive reinforcement: Shaping
Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior (single/simple behavior is the outcome) Ex: trying to teach a dog to shake. give them a treat for first sitting down, then for lifting paw, etc. REMEMBER "S": SHAPING = SINGLE (behavior) = SIMPLE
Shaping versus Chaining
Shaping: Only the final behavior is of interest with shaping. Reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior. Chaining: The entire sequence of responses is important in chaining.
Neugarten
Shift from time since birth to time till death
Short Term Memory in Adulthood
Short term sensory store (iconic and echoic) Short Term Memory (30 seconds 7 + or - 2 chunks of information) Working memory is affected by increasing age, but there is little or no age-related change in memory span (primary memory) Declines in working memory are due largely to reduced perceptual speed.
Age of handedness
Show around age 2, established by age 7 or 8
Fatal Agranulocytosis
Side effect of clozapine. also known as agranulosis or granulopenia, is an acute condition involving a severe and dangerous leukopenia (lowered white blood cell count), most commonly of neutrophils causing a neutropenia in the circulating blood.[1][2] It is a severe lack of one major class of infection-fighting white blood cells.
Beta blockers
Side effects include sexual dysfunction, nightmares, shortness of breath, cold hands and feet, dizziness, and drowsiness
Level of stress during abortion vs. having baby
Similar in both groups
Theories of forgetting: Interference theory
Similar material interferes with the storage or retrieval process 1) Proactive interference: Trouble with remembering most recent information. (Learn information A --> learn information B --> recall information B --> there are problems with recalling B) Example: I keep typing in my old password rather than new password, old password gets in the way. 2) Retroactive interference: Trouble remembering older information. (Learn information A --> Learn information B --> Recall information A --> problems with recalling A) Example: I need to remember and old password, but my new password keeps getting in the way. REMEMBER P.O.R.N.!!!!! (P)roactive interference - (O)ld gets in the way of new (R)etroactive interference - (N)ew gets in the way of old
Balance Theory
Similar to cognitive dissonance theory. Uses the principle of cognitive constancy to explain attitude change. Focuses on the relation of three entities: the person (P), another person (O), and a third person, idea, event, or object (X) EXAMPLE: If Paul (P) likes Olive (O) but hates foreign films (X) and then learns that Olive likes foreign films, Paul will experience a state of imbalance and will be motivated to change his attitude towards Olive or towards foreign films
Best explains why people remain in long-term relationships
Similarity hypothesis
Simple vs. Complex seizure
Simple = retain awareness. Complex = Lose awareness
Women have advantage on these skills
Simultaneous processing, arithemetic task performance, vocabulary
Serotonin
Sleep and mood; eating and depression disorders
Types of Test Bias (Slope and Intercept)
Slope and intercept biases are types of test bias that can invalidate the interpretation of test scores for members of certain groups. -Slope bias: occurs when there is differential validity (i.e., when the validity coefficient for a test differ for different groups - Intercept bias (unfairness): occurs when the validity coefficients and criterion performance for different groups are the same, but their mean scores on the predictor differ
Eagly social status
Social status is the major factor in social influencabiltiy
internal consistency reliability is not appropriate for...?
Speed tests -DON'T USE SPLIT-HALF RELIABILITY OR COEFFICIENT APLHA. - MOST APPROPRIATE IS THE COEFFICIENT OF EQUIVALENCE
Move in either direction for approach-approach conflict does:
Solves the conflict
Reticular formation
Somatic motor control, cardiovascular control, pain modulation, sleep and consciousness, habituation
Concerns with ACT model
Some believe it is untestable and therefore has uncertain scientific value
Standard error of estimate affected by two variables
Standard deviation of the criterion (directly) and criterion related validty (indirectly)
Standard error of measurement
Standard deviation of the test (SDx)
Beck; severe depression treatment
Start with behavioral activation
Use of ANCOVA
Stastically removed the effects of an extraneous variable
Crowding
State of mind that occurs when people are in high-population-density situations
Major Theories of Intelligence
Sternberg TRIARCHIC Theory: Intelligence consists of analytical, creative, and practical components (3 components) Horn and Cattell: two general intelligences are fluid and crystalized intelligence Spearman: a (general) factor plus specific factors unique to the task Gardner: eight distinct abilities (e.g., linguistic, spatial, interpersonal)
Triarchic Theory
Sternberg's triarchic theory defines "successful intelligence" as the ability to adapt to, modify, and choose environments that accomplish one's goals and the goals of society and proposes that it is composed of three abilities (analytical, creative, and practical)
Solution-focused family therapy
Steve de Shazer: stength based approach that encourages client to see what solutions worked in the past and what would work now; miracle question, exception question, and the scaling question
Mediated generalization
Stimulus generalization; generalize the response to other stimuli
Major neurocognitive disorder versus pseudo dementia
Symptoms of a neurocognitive disorder have a gradual onset and include denial, emphasis on accomplishments, and greater impairment in declarative memory. Symptoms of pseudo dementia (depression) have abrupt onset and include exaggeration of severity of cognitive impairment, focus on failures, greater impairment in procedural memory.
Pseudodementia
Symptoms similar to those of Alzheimer's disease and other dementia. However, memory loss tends to be isolated, fluctuating, and contradictory and no evidence of brain abnormlaity in a CT scan.
Adler's Individual Psychology (Psychodynamic Psychotherapy)
TELEOLOGICAL APPROACH: behavior is largely motivated by a person's future goals, rater than determined by past events KEY CONCEPTS: INFERIORITY FEELINGS, STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY, STYLE OF LIFE, SOCIAL INTEREST Personality Theory: inferiority feelings develop during childhood due to real or perceived biological, psychological, or social weaknesses. The specific way a person chooses to compensate for inferiority and achieve superiority determines their style of life. A person's style of life is affected by early experiences and is well-established by 4-5 years old. View of Maladaptive Behaviors: A mistaken style of life, which is characterized by maladaptive attempts to compensate for feelings of inferiority, a preoccupation with achieving personal power and a lack of social interest. Goals may be self-centered. Therapy Goals and Techniques: Help client identify style of life and its consequences, reorient the client's beliefs and goals so they support a more adaptive lifestyle **Adler went away from psychodynamic theory by saying there is more than unconscious conflict, there are outside influences**
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
TEMPER TANTRUMS - severe recurrent temper outbursts - manifested behaviorally or verbally - out of proportion - inconsistent with developmental level - occur, on average, three or more times a week - chronic and persistent irritable or angry mood between outbursts - 6-18 years of age - age of onset must be before age 10 - Duration is at least 12 months, present in 2 or more settings. Differential: ODD and Conduct disorder.
Helms: White Racial Identity Development Model
TWO STAGES: ABANDONING RASICM (statuses 1-3) and DEVELOPING NON-RACIST IDENTITY (statuses 4-6) 1) CONTACT: lack of racial awareness about self and others. Obliviousness and denial. 2) DISINTEGRATION: Increase awareness of racial differences leads to confusion and emotional conflict. To reduce dissonance, person may over-identify with members of minority groups, act in paternalistic ways towards them, or retreat into White society. Suppression of information and ambivalence. 3) REINTEGRATION: Conflicts resolved by adopting racists views of White superiority and minority inferiority. May blame minority groups for their problems. Reverse racism. Selective perception and negative out-group distortions. 4) PSEUDO-INDEPENDENCE: Begins to question racist views, acknowledges roles of Whites in racism. Selective perception and reshaping reality. 5) IMMERSION-EMMERSION: explores what it means to be White, confronts biases, begins to understand ways Whites benefit from privilege. Increased experiential and affective understanding of racism and oppression. Hyper-vigilance and Reshaping. 6) AUTONOMY: Internalizes non racist White identity that includes appreciation of and respect for racial/cultural differences and similarities. Actively seeks out interactions with members of diverse groups. Flexibility and complexity.
Technique of restraining
Telling a client not to change, pardadoxical technique
Self-serving bias
Tendency to attribute dispositional factors for success and external, uncontrollable factors for failure
Therapy: terminating therapy
Termination: appropriate pre-termination counseling. Take a few sessions to prepare for termination.
Beck Depression Inventory (II)
The BDI-II contains 21 items that address the mood, cognitive, behavioral, and physical aspects of depression. The examinee rates each item in terms of severity on a 4-point scale that ranges from 0-3. The following score guidelines are often used; 0-13 = minimal, 14-19 = mild, 20-28 = moderate, 29-63 = severe.
Covert sensitization
The CS and US are both presented in imagination
Minimum duration for sexual dysfunctions
The DSM-5 requires the presence of characteristic symptoms for a minimum duration of SIX MONTHS for ALL THE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS EXCEPT SUBSTANCE/MEDICATION INDUCES SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION
Halstead-Reitan
The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological battery is used to detect brain damage and determine its severity and possible location. It produces a Halstead impairment index that ranges from 0 to 1.0, with higher scores indicating greater impairment.
Mini Mental Status Exam
The MMSE is a screening test for cognitive impairment for older adults and assesses six aspects of cognitive functioning 1) orientation 2) registration (immediate recall) 3) attention and calculation 4) delayed recall 5) language 6) visual construction The max score is 30, a score of 23 or 24 is originally used as a cut off, with scores below the cut off indicating cognitive impairment
Social identity theory
The aspect of self-esteem based on group membership, is enhanced by believing one's own group (the ingroup) is attractive and belittling the members of the other groups (the outgroups)
Vroom and Yetton's Normative (Contingency) Model
The best decision making style depends on certain characteristics of the situation. The model provides a decision tree to help a leader chose the best style. 1) Autocratic One (AI): The leader makes the decision alone. 2) Autocratic Two (AII): The leader seeks input from employees but then makes the final decision. 3)Consultative One (CI): The leader explains the problem to each employee on a one-to-one basis, but the leader's decision may or may not reflect input from the employees. 4) Consultative Two (CII): The leader explains the problem to employees as a group, but the leader's decision may or may not reflect input from the employees. 5) Group (G): The leader explains the problem to employees as a group, and the group makes the final decision.
Larry P. v. Riles
The case of Larry P. was brought by plaintiffs on behalf of African American children who were disproportionally enrolled in special education classes in the SF school system. Based primarily on the testimony of experts, the judge handed over the opinion that "IQ tests are racially and culturally biased, and have discriminatory impact on Black children" and enjoined SF public schools from using them to place Black children in special education classes
Who owns privelege?
The client holds privelege unless they are a minor or has a legal guardian/conservator
Test data released to:
The client or to anyone designated by the client on an appropriate release. Psychologist may refuse if they believe that doing so would case substantial harm/misuse
cocktail party phenomenon
The cocktail-party phenomenon is a characteristic of selective attention which indicates that even when you are intently focusing on one conversation and unaware of another, the mention of your name will immediately get your attention.
Emotion focused coping
The coping mechanisms of secondary appraisal; use of internal resources to cope with situation
Cue deflation
The cue deflation effect happens when the extinction of a response to one cue leads to an increased reaction to the other
Incremental Validity
The data collected in a concurrent or predictive study can also be used to assess a predictor's incremental validity, or the increase in correct decisions that can be expected if the predictor is used as a decision-making tool. This is important because, even when a predictor's validity coefficient is large, use of the predictor might not result in a larger proportion of correct decisions than the technique that is currently being used. INCREMENTAL VALIDITY = POSITIVE HIT RATE - BASE RATE
Social Exchange Theory
The decision to leave a relationship depends on the relationship's costs and rewards. We are likely to stay in a relationship when the rewards exceed the costs. There is some evidence that social exchanges theory is more predictive of relationships with strangers, acquaintances, and business associates versus family.
Attentional load theory
The degree to which an ignored stimulus is processed depends on the extent of processing required by the attended stimulus. Reduction of intereference caused by distractors is lowest when the attentional demands for the attended sitmulus are highest
Credentialing
The formal process for determining if a provider meets and maintains the standards of qualification, as well as providing some
Matching Law
The frequency of responding matches the frequency of reinforcement. The frequency of responding to two or more alternatives (e.g., pressing two or more levers) matches the frequency of being reinforced for doing so.
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
The greater responsivity of a postsynaptic neuron to low-intensity stimulation after being barraged by high-frequency stimulation. it was first observed in the hippocampus and is involved in the formation of long term memories
Big Five Personality Traits
The initial identification of the personality traits that make up the "Big Five" (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience) utilized an ATHEORETICAL LEXICAL APPROACH that entailed identifying personality characteristics listed in the dictionary and then using factor analysis to identify the core traits (factors)
Health professional's obligation when a client who has tested positive for HIV has not told their partner of diagnosis and is having unsafe sex...
The laws regarding breach of confidentiality vary from state to state. Some states prohibit health practitioners from notifying partners of patients with HIV/AIDS, while others require them to do so.
HIPAA vs. state law
The laws that take precedence are whichever laws provide the stricter protections for patient privacy
Positively skewed distribution
The mean has the largest values, the median is the middle value, mode has the smallest value
Insanity
The mental state of the person at the time of the crime Not guilty by reason of insanity. Psychologists should not conclude whether or not a person is "insane", but they can draw conclusions about a person's mental status, which the court then uses to make a determination of insanity. Privilege is waived when a defendant claims insanity, however the defendant should be informed the limits of confidentiality before a psychologist's evaluation
Predictors used in organizations: cognitive ability tests
The most valid predictors across different jobs and job settings ( r = .53 to .75). General mental (cognitive) ability tests
CE credits through APA
The sponsor is responsible for each program. APA may audit
Differential Validity
The term differential validity has two meanings- 1) in the context of multi aptitude batteries, differential validity is desirable, and a battery lacks differential validity when each test or subtest has similar validity coefficients for each criterion group or category 2) In the context of job selection, differential validity is undesirable and occurs when a predictor has different validity coefficients for different groups of individuals (e.g., men and women)
Sending test (e.g. MMPI) to someone's home to complete
Unethical
Seattle Longitudinal Study
This study found that a cross-sectional design is more likely to find early age-related declines in IQ because it is more vulnerable to the confounding effects of educational and other differences between different age groups ("cohort effect"). It utilized a cross-sequential design (which combines cross-sectional and longitudinal methodologies) and found that, of the six primary mental abilities studied, only perceptual speed declined substantially prior to age 60.
Triad of Parkinson's
Tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement). Postural instability also present. Caused by degeneration of basal ganaglia involved in regulation of voluntary movements
To extinguish a classically conditioned response, one should omit the
Unconditioned stimulus
Sexual relationship with former client may be ethical when
Two years have passed since the end of therapy, and therapist can demonstrate no exploitation in light of seven factors:
Type 1 vs. Type 2 schizophrenia brain corrrelates
Type 1 = excess dopamine, Type 2 atrophy in prefrontal and temporal regions
Ganser's syndrom
Type of factitious disorder that involves slightly wrong answers; thereby indicating that the sbuejct could probably have given the correct answer
Rating techniques: forced choice rating scale
Type: absolute Each item in a forced choice rating scale consists of 2-4 alternatives that are considered to be about equal in terms of desirability. The rater selects the alternative that best or least describes the ratee.
Rating techniques: Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS)
Type: absolute When developing BARS, supervisors/others familiar with the job... 1) identify several independent dimensions of job behavior (job knowledge, motivation) 2) identify several behavioral anchors (critical incidents) for each dimension 3) order and number the behavioral anchors within each dimension from least to most positive or desirable. advantages: because it uses critical incidents it can easily be used to provide employees with specific feedback, increased inter-rater reliability, reduces rater bias disadvantages: time consuming to create.
Rating techniques: critical incident
Type: absolute A supervisor creates a checklist of outstanding and poor performance by observing employees. Uses checklist to evaluate the ratee. Good for employee feedback. Requires close supervision of employees and only addresses extreme job behaviors.
Rating techniques: paired comparison
Type: relative Rater compares each ratee with every other ratee in pairs. Can be cumbersome.
Rating techniques: forced distribution
Type: relative Similar to grading on a curve. Assigning ratees to a limited number of categories based on predefined normal distribution (lowest 10%, highest 10%). May yield erroneous data of performance of ratees is not actually normally distributed
MAO inhibitors - must avoid what food with X
Tyramine (aged and ripe cheese, overripe fruits, cured meats, soy products, beer, pickled products, some beans, sourdough breads)
Temporal conditioning occurs when
US is repeatedly presented at a constant time interval or on a fixed schedule
Characteristics of criterion measures: ultimate versus actual criterion
Ultimate criterion: conceptual or theoretical criterion. An accurate and complete measure of performance. Actual criterion: way that performance is actually measured. Example: for a psychotherapist the ultimate criterion is to provide effective therapy services. The actual criterion is a client survey of their satisfaction.
Three components of primary prevention
Universal, selective, indicative.
Age for girls to compete with boys in sports
Until age 12, girls can compete with boys in sports
Beta-blockers (propanolol most common)
Used for treatment of performance anxiety, tremors secondary to lithium, and movement disorders that are caused by some drugs used in the treatment of psychosis. Common side effects: bradycardia, fatigue and malaise, and decreased sexual ability
Differential aptitude test
Used to assess ability or aptitude level in several areas; does not contain symptom validity measures
Glasgow Coma Scale
Used to assess level of consciousness following brain injury and involves rating the patient in terms of three responses - -Visual response (eye opening) - Best motor response - Best verbal response
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
Used to assess the ability to form abstract concepts and shift cognitive strategies in response to feedback. It is sensitive to frontal lobe damage, and impaired performance has been linked to alcoholism, autism, schizophrenia, depression, and malingering.
Standard Error of Estimate
Used to construct a confidence interval around a predicted (estimated) criterion score EX: the 68%, 95%, and 99% confidence intervals for a predicted score of 100 and SEest of 8 are calculated as follows 68%CI = 100+/- 8 = 92 to 108 95% CI = 100 +/- 8(2) = 100 +/- 16 = 84 to 116 99%CI = 100+/-8(3) = 100 +/- 24 = 76 to 124
Standard Error of Measurement
Used to construct a confidence interval around an obtained test score EX: the 68%, 95% and 99% confidence intervals for an obtained score of 137 and SEM of 3 are calculated as follow 68%CI = 137+/- 3 = 134 to 140 95%CI = 137+/-3(2) = 137+/-6 = 131 to 143 99%CI = 137+/- 3(3) = 137+/- 9 = 128 to 146
80% Four-fifths Rule
Used to determine if a procedure is having an adverse impact. To use this rule, the hiring rate of the majority group is multiplied by .80 (80%) to obtain a minimum hiring rate for the minority group. Example: Hiring rate for men = 70% Hiring rate for women = 40% .70 x .80 = .56 (this is the acceptable hiring rate for women)
Vineland II (Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales Second Edition)
Used to evaluate personal and social skills of children and adults with Intellectual Disability, ASD, ADHD, brain injury, or dementia, and to assist in the development of educational and treatment plans
Regression Analysis
Used to predict an individual's score on Y given his obtained score on X
Predictors used in organizations: Assessment centers
Used to select, promote, and train managerial level employees. incorporates a number of techniques including situational testing (e.g., the in-basket). In-basket technique requires participants to take action on letters, memos, brief reports. etc.
Antidepressants - Tricyclics (TCAs)
Uses: "typical" depression, OCD, panic disorder, enuresis, neuropathic pain. Mode of action: block reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and/or dopamine. REMEMBER TRI = 3, BLOCKS REUPTAKE OF 3 NTs Side effects: anticholinergic symptoms, gastrointestinal, heart problems, mild cognitive impairment
Antidepressants - SSRIs
Uses: depression, OCD, eating disorders Mode of action: blocks reuptake of serotonin Side effects: insomnia, anorexia, sexual dysfunction, gastrointestinal disturbances, may exacerbate anxiety Less cardio toxic and less likely to cause cognitive problems and anticholinergic effects than TCAs
Coefficient: Pearson r (correlation)
Variable 1: continuous (interval or ratio) Example of variable 1: product knowledge test scores Variable 2: continuous (interval or ratio) Example of variable 2: yearly sales in dollars
Atypical (Novel) Antipsychotics
Uses: positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Often effective when traditional drugs fail; less likely than traditional antipsychotics to produce tar dive dyskinesia and other extrapyramidal side effects. Mode of action: acts on receptors for dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine Side effects: 1) Anticholinergic effects - dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, constipation 2) Lowered seizure threshold 3) sedation 4) agranulocytosis (blood disease, inhibits white blood cells from forming in bones) 5) neuroleptic malignant syndrome - muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, altered consciousness
Traditional (conventional, neuroleptics) Antipsychotics
Uses: schizophrenia and other disorders with psychotic features, most effective for positive symptoms. Mode of action: block dopamine receptors. Side effects: 1) anticholinergic effects - dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, constipation 2) extrapyramidal effects - akathesia, parkinsonism, tar dive dyskinesia 3) neuroleptic malignant syndrome - muscle rigidity, tachycardia, hyperthermia, altered consciousness
Premack principle
Using a high frequency behavior (favorite activity) to reinforce a low frequency behavior (studying)
Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic
Using an initial value as the basis for making a judgment. For example, if the seller of an item says that he usually sells it for $10.00, your offer for the item will be closer to $10.00 than it would be if the seller said he usually sells it for $7.00.
Availability Heuristic
Using information that most readily comes to mind or is most salient to make a decision, judgment, or estimate. For example, you'll predict that an event is more likely to occur if you are able to recall many examples of its occurrence in the past than if you are able to recall only one example.
Simulation Heuristic
Using mental simulations of an event to determine if an event will happen (if you can imagine it will happen, you're more likely to predict that it will happen)
MMPI-2 (Validity scales, T-scores, profile analysis)
Validity scales: L, F, K , VRIN, TRIN, Fp. Designed to assess test- taking attitudes and determine if an examinee's results are valid. HIGH L SCORE: an attempt to present oneself in a favorable light HIGH F SCORE: and attempt to "fake bad", carelessness, malingering. HIGH K SCORE: indicates defensiveness, denial, or an attempt to "fake good" (parents in custody evaluation) VRIN: a measure of consistency in responding and consists of paired items that would be answered in the same direction TRIN: paired items that are the opposite of each other, also a measure of consistency Fp (infrequency-psychopathology): items that were infrequently endorsed by psychiatric patients. High score indicates attempts to "fake bad" T-scores: Mean of 50, SD of 10. T-scores 65 or higher are considered clinically significant. Profile Analysis: scores on the clinical scales are commonly interpreted through profile analysis, which involves considering the examinee's two or three highest scale scores
Coefficient: Biserial (correlation)
Variable 1: artificial dichotomy Example of variable 1: company climate (favorable or unfavorable) Variable 2: interval or ratio Example of variable 2: yearly sales in dollars
Path analysis
Verifies a causal model
Berry; enculteration involves three types of culture transmission
Vertical (parents), horizontal (peers), oblique (other adults and instiutions in society)
personal fable (Elkind)
View him/herself as somehow unique or heroic
Strategic Family Therapy (Haley)
View of Maladaptive Behavior: Emphasis on role of communication in maladaptive behavior, especially how it is used to exert control in a relationship. A symptom is an interpersonal phenomenon that represents "a strategy, adaptive to a current social situation, for controlling a relationship when all other strategies have failed". Struggles for control become pathological when one or both parties denies the intent to control the other person and when this produces symptomatic behavior. Therapy Goals: Alter the family's transactions and organization, especially its hierarchies and generational boundaries. Behavior changes results in changes in perception and emotions. Therapy Techniques: Therapists assume an active take-charge role. Therapist will issue directives (assignments to be performed outside of therapy). Paradoxical intervention alters the behavior of family members by helping them see a symptom in an alternative way or recognize they have control over their behavior. Ordeals is one type of paradoxical intervention. it is an unpleasant task that the client must perform whenever a symptom occurs (man who dislikes his mother-in-law might be instructed to give her an expensive gift each time he argues with her).
Object Relations Family Therapy
View of Maladaptive Behavior: Results from intrapsychic and interpersonal factors. A primary source of dysfunction is projective identification, which occurs when a family member projects old introjections onto another family member and then reacts to that person as though they actually have the projected characteristics or provokes the person to act in ways consistent with those characteristics. Therapy Goals and Techniques: Resolve each family member's attachment to family introjects. Interpret transferences, resistances, and other factors in order to foster insight. Insight is essential to change. There are multiple transferences (i.e., transferences of one family member to another, transferences of each member to the therapist, transferences of the family as a whole to the therapist)
Deracinanted
Views being black as an obstacle and strongly prefers the values of the dominant culture
Social Judgement Theory
We have three "categories of judgement" by which we evaluate persuasive messages 1) Latitude of Acceptance: more likely to be persuaded when message is within our latitude of acceptance. 2) Latitude of non-commitment 3) Latitude of Rejection - The more ego-involved we are with the topic, the larger the latitude of rejection and the smaller the latitudes of acceptance and non-commitment
Correspondent inference theory
We infer that other people's behavior corresponds to their personality and character
Interference theory of memory
We remember best when we minimize interference immediately after we learn something (sleep)
Normal Curve (normal distribution)
a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes. - 95% of scores fall within 2 SDs - 99.7% of scores fall within 3 SDs
Multitrait- multimethod matrix
a table of correlation coefficients that provide information about a test's convergent and divergent (discriminant) validity Four statistical tools in this toolbox (one reliability and three validity tests) 1) monotrait-monomethod coefficient 2) Monotrait-heteromethod coefficient 3) heterotrait-monomethod coefficient 4) heterotrait-heteromethod coefficient
cryptomnesia
a type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she has come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source
object relations therapy
a variation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on how early childhood experiences and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning
Introjection
absorbing the values or behaviors of others, including the larger society, without really understanding or assimilating those values or behaviors
Cholinergic
acetylcholine
Medications for Parkinson's try to block what neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
Ellis' ABC model
activating event, beliefs, consequences
anticonvulsants
carbamazepine (tegretol), divalproex (depakote), and valproic acid (depakene); used to treat bipolar disorder
Demand characteristics
cues in a research study that allow participants to guess the hypothesis
Catecholamines
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
Cluster B Personality Disorders
dramatic, emotional, erratic
Functional techniques: Functional MRI (fMRI)
fMRI is similar to MRI but provides information on the brain's metabolic activity
Purpose of rotation in factor analysis
facilitate interpretation of the data
Person who have work-related accidents tend to
have had more recent life stress than accident-free workers
Reality therapy
helping clients to clarify their values and evaluate their current behavior and plans in relation to these values
Stroke in the MCA can result in
hemiplegia (paralysis), contralateral sensory loss, contralateral homonymous hemianopia (FAST).
second stage of alzheimers
obvious memory lapses - losing personal belongings, restless, flat or labile mood, fluent aphasia (2-10 years)
Differential validity
occurs when 1) there is a significant difference in the validity coefficients obtained for subgroups (e.g., ethnicity, gender) 2) the correlations found in one or both of these groups are significantly different from zero. Example: women who obtained a low score on the predictor were just as likely to obtain an acceptable score on the criterion as were women who obtained a high score on the predictor. Scores on predictors are unrelated to criterion scores.
higher-order conditioning
occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus
Conduct disorder childhood onset type
onset of at least one criterion characteristic of Conduct disorder prior to age 10 years
Sexual prejudice (Herek)
person's negative attitudes toward an individual because of his or her sexual orientation
Emersion Stage
rejection of all aspects of dominant culture
Marlatt
relapse prevention, minimize effects of relapses by teaching addicts they are normal; CBT
Crowding is influenced by
self-esteem, gender, culture, and perception of control
Confidentiality: Discussing the Limits of Confidentiality
the act of holding information in confidence, not to be released to unauthorized individuals E-Records
Expectancy theory: instrumentality refers to...
the belief that successful performance will lead to positive outcomes (rewards)
Interactional Justice
the degree to which others are treated with dignity and respect: interpersonal and informational justice
Expectancy theory: valence refers to...
the desirability of outcomes (rewards)
Pygmalion effect
the principle that we fulfill the expectations of others
Selection ratio
the ratio of job openings to job applicants. (Ex: one job opening for every 50 applicants). A low ratio is preferable.
Expectancy theory: expectancy refers to...
the relationship between effort and performance (high effort means good performance)
In terms of magnitude, the standard error of measurement can be no greater than...
the standard deviation of the test scores.
Primary reinforcers
work for all ages and cultures (e.g. food)
mean symbol
x bar or M
