equine

1. M. gluteus 2. M. pectoralis 3. M. semimembranosus 4. M. semitendinosus

4 muscles suitable for IM injections

5. The injured penis must be put back into the prepuce and fixed there for a couple of days

A 5 year - old Holstein stallion had a kicking injury of his penis 12 hours before referral. There is a marked edematous swelling around the preputial ring, and the stallion can not replace his penis into the prepuce. Which statement is correct? 1. You have to advice hydrotherapy for at least 10 days twice a day, he must have at least 4 weeks off from service 2. Edema reducing creams help in most of the cases reducing edematous injury 4. This is the end of his carrier as a stallion, a phallectomy should be proposed 5. The injured penis must be put back into the prepuce and fixed there for a couple of days

2. 80-90 liters 500kg x 0,08 =40 liter + 40 l due to reflux

A 500 kg horse is suffering from proximal enteritis. You estimate an 8% dehydration at the first clinical examination. During the first 24 hours of therapy, you remove 5 liters of reflux in every 3 hours. How much is the fluid requirement in this case in the first 24 hours? Weight in kg X percent dehydrated = volume in liters required 1. 70-80 liters 2. 80-90 liters 3. 90-100 liters 4. 100-110 liters

1. 2nd degree AV block

A physiological arrhythmia in horses is 1. 2nd degree AV block 2. 3rd degree AV block 3. Atrial premature complex 4. Ventricular premature complex

4. Both above listed

A supraorbital nerve block is recommended for a horse, when 1. A lacerated wound of the superior eyelid needs to be sutured 2. Sub palpebral drain must be inserted in standing position 3. None of the above listed 4. Both above listed

2. ...measuring testes volume

A testimeter is used for... 1. ...fetal sexing in the mare 2. ...measuring testes volume 3. ...measuring testis dimensions (height, length, width) 4. ...detection of testosterone in the stallion

Dorsopalmar view

A three year old standardbred cold was presented with acute severe lameness. Describe this radiographic view ( fracture ph.1)

Fracture ph.1, fracture of sagittal edge on mc3

A three year old standardbred cold was presented with acute severe lameness. What is the diagnosis of this disorder is racehorses

Reasonable prognosis, just over 40%

A three year old standardbred cold was presented with acute severe lameness. What is the prognosis of this disorder is racehorses ( fracture ph.1)

・Lateromedial ・Dorsopalmar ・DPrPaDiO (of pedal phalanx and navicular bone) ・PaPrPaDiO (skyline of navicular bone) ・D60LPaMO ・D60MPaLO

A three-year-old standardbred cold was presented with acute severe lameness. What further radiographic views are needed to describe this disorder properly?

1. ...conical appearance, fluid filled large diameter structure (3,5-4,5 cm at least)

A typical preovulatory follicle appears on the ultrasound image as... 1. ...conical appearance, fluid filled large diameter structure (3,5-4,5 cm at least) 2. ...round shaped echogenic structure of 0,9-1,5 cm 3. ...small echogenic compact structure 4. ...echogenic structure with a cavity in the center

1. Allergic reaction, heavy physical strain, glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) poisoning

Acute alveolar pulmonary emphysema causes 1. Allergic reaction, heavy physical strain, glechoma hederacea (ground ivy) poisoning 2. Autoimmune reaction, pulmonary aspiration, threadworm larvae 3. Trichostrongylosis, allergy, aflatoxin poisoning

2. Serious dyspnea, 1-3 rib spaces shift of the lung border, cyanosis

Acute alveolar pulmonary emphysema signs 1. Increased respiratory effort, caudal shift of lung border, dull-tympanic percussion sound 2. Serious dyspnea, 1-3 rib spaces shift of the lung border, cyanosis 3. Quick fatigue, epistaxis, tympanic percussion sound

1 eller 3

Acute diffuse aseptic laminitis treatment 1. Elimination of the causative, soft littering, complete rest, fixing of the hoof, plastering of the hoof, warm pack, hepatin, flunixin-meglumide 2. Elimination of the causative, peat littering, complete rest, fixing of the hoof, ice pack, glucocorticoids 3. Soft littering, only moderate movement, ice pack, strong analgesic, phenylbutazone, prednisolone

1. Gastric dilatation/reflux, paralytic ileus, dysphagia, lameness

Acute form of grass sickness symptoms 1. Gastric dilatation/reflux, paralytic ileus, dysphagia, lameness 2. Alimentary symptoms, colic, heavy diarrhea, dehydration 3. Fever, intestinal motility incr, diarrhea, colic, dehydration → shock

2. Sudden onset, severe colic, neg rectal finding, regurgitation

Acute gastric dilatation CS 1. Severe colic, highly tense abd, rectal finding: gastric dilatation 2. Sudden onset, severe colic, neg rectal finding, regurgitation 3. Recurrent colic, strong int sounds, rectal grinding: dilated stomach

3. Laminitis, hemorrhagic gastritis, typhocolitis Prognosis: ・Early: Good ・Later: Risk of gastric rupture ・Complications: Acute laminitis, haemorrhagic gastritis, colitis

Acute gastric dilatation complications 1. Gastric torsion, gastritis, inflammation of small intestine 2. Gastric meteorismus, gastric ulcers, gastritis 3. Laminitis, hemorrhagic gastritis, typhocolitis

・Gastric lavage by tubing ・Spasmolytics ・IV fluid and electrolyte replacement ・Flunixin meglumine

Acute gastric dilatation in horse, treatment

1. High firm feed → pyloric spasm → dilatation → rupture

Acute gastric dilatation pathogenesis 1. High firm feed → pyloric spasm → dilatation → rupture 2. Great amount of feed → motility decr → colic → vomiting → metabolic alkalosis 3. Gastric content firm → dilution, lactic consistence → dilatation → regurgitation

3. Noraminophenason, drotaverin, gastric lavage

Acute gastric dilatation treatment 1. Detomidine, xylazine, gastric lavage 2. Physostigmine, neostimin, flunixin meglumide 3. Noraminophenason, drotaverin, gastric lavage

1. Anorexia, polydipsia, gape, breath smells sour-lushious, mild gripes

Acute gastritis - clinical signs 1. Anorexia, polydipsia, gape, breath smells sour-lushious, mild gripes 2. Gripes, stinky breach, retching, abd dilation 3. Freq gripes, stinky breath, regurgitation, left flank dilatation

3. Gastric lavage, fasting, linseed-slurry

Acute gastritis - treatment 1. Fasting, laxation, bethanechol 2. Gastric lavage, laxation, physostigmine 3. Gastric lavage, fasting, linseed-slurry

1. Gasterophilus, allergy, toxication by Datura Stramonium

Acute gastritis etiology 1. Gasterophilus, allergy, toxication by Datura Stramonium 2. Parascariosis, Stachybotris atra toxicosis, gastric overload, FB 3. Bad dentition, strongylosis, aflatoxins, allergy

1. Gastric lavage by tubing, spamolytics, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement, flunixin meglumine (analgesia) Treatment: ・Spasmolytics, analgesics ・Stomach tubing and lavage ・IV fluid therapy

Acute primary gastric dilation/treatment/horse? 1. Gastric lavage by tubing, spamolytics, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement, flunixin meglumine (analgesia) 2. Analgesics, mobilisers, sucralfate, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement 3. Mineral oil, activated charcoal, sennoside, iv. Fluid and electrolyte replacement 4. Diet coke, lidocaine, acepromazine

1. Paralysis of intestines → reflux → gastric dilatation → nasogastric reflux → loss of fluid and electrolytes, enterotoxaemia, shock

Acute proximal enteritis 1. Paralysis of intestines → reflux → gastric dilatation → nasogastric reflux → loss of fluid and electrolytes, enterotoxaemia, shock 2. Diarrhea → hypovolaemia → shock, endotoxaemia 3. Enteritis → diarrhea → lactacidaemia → metabolic acidosis → death

2. Fever colic - depression, poor health, cyanosis, round abd, regurgitation, gastric lavage: weak yellowish stinking content

Acute proximal enteritis - clinical signs 1. Colic, powerful GI sounds, sunken abdomen, diarrhea, exsiccation 2. Fever colic - depression, poor health, cyanosis, round abd, regurgitation, gastric lavage: weak yellowish stinking content 3. Average/serious colic, meteorismus, melena, dehydr, shock

1. Gastric lavage, antispasmodics, intense fluid and electrolyte therapy, flunixin meglumide

Acute proximal enteritis - treatment 1. Gastric lavage, antispasmodics, intense fluid and electrolyte therapy, flunixin meglumide 2. Antispasmodics, analgesic drugs w increase GI motility, sucralfate 3. Activated charcoal, paraffin, physostigmine inj

1. Fever, endotoxaemia, dehydration, hypovolaemia, metabolic acidosis, shock

Acute typhlocolitis consequences 1. Fever, endotoxaemia, dehydration, hypovolaemia, metabolic acidosis, shock 2. Writhing, watery/bloody diarrhea, state of shock 3. Writhing, ileus - meteorismus, dyspnea, blood circulation insufficiency

2. Sudden appearance of appenditis, colicitis, endotoxaemic shock, high mortality

Acute typhlocolitis features 1. Sudden appearance of colic accompanied by writhing, meteorism, death within 12-24h 2. Sudden appearance of appenditis, colicitis, endotoxaemic shock, high mortality 3. Sudden appearance of colic in horses kept on pasture, paralytic ileus, meteorism

2. Hospitalization, abdominal surgery, fasting, stress, ABs

Acute typhlocolitis incidence and predisposing factors 1. Springtime grazing, driving into rich pastures, forage liveration of scatol, stress 2. Hospitalization, abdominal surgery, fasting, stress, ABs 3. During transport of horses kept in stable, stress, fumonisin intake

2. Ht: 0.6-0.8, TP: 80-90g/L, leukocytes: 1.303g/L, lactate: 4mmol/L

Acute typhlocolitis lab features 1. Ht: 0.3-0.4, TPL 30-34g/L, leukocytes: 0.3g/L, lactate: 5.2mmol/L 2. Ht: 0.6-0.8, TP: 80-90g/L, leukocytes: 1.303g/L, lactate: 4mmol/L 3. Ht: 0.65, TP: 35g/L, leukocytes: 8.2-5.1g/L, lactate: 20mmol/L

2. Treatment against dehydration, metronidazole, flunixin meglumide, probiotics

Acute typhlocolitis medical therapy 1. Infusion against dehydration, lincomicin, probiotics 2. Treatment against dehydration, metronidazole, flunixin meglumide, probiotics 3. Treating shock and dehydration, OTC, artificial feeding

3. Prolif of toxin forming Clostridium, starvation - rising of intestinal pH, dysbiosis, endotoxaemia/bactericemia, damage of mucosa, diarrhea, shock

Acute typhlocolitis pathogenesis 1. Enteritis - intestinal peristalsis - severe colic - ileus - shock 2. Intestinal peristalsis incr - diarrhea - severe colic - necrosis - peritonitis - death 3. Prolif of toxin forming Clostridium, starvation - rising of intestinal pH, dysbiosis, endotoxaemia/bactericemia, damage of mucosa, diarrhea, shock

1. Hospital/general hygiene, only short term food withdrawal before surgery, stress tolerance, giving lincomicin, oxitetracyclin prohibited, probiotics

Acute typhlocolitis prevention 1. Hospital/general hygiene, only short term food withdrawal before surgery, stress tolerance, giving lincomicin, oxitetracyclin prohibited, probiotics 2. AB therapy preventing Clostridium, thorough fasting prior to sx, medical attendance after sx 3. Laxatives/fasting before sx, preventing AB therapy before sx, medical attendance after sx

2. Unknown (colitis x), multicause, Cl difficile inf/prop, dysbacteriosis, salmonellosis, endotoxin prolif, stress, NSAIDs

Acute typhlocolitis study of origin 1. Bacterial/virus infection of unknown origin, mycotoxins, stress 2. Unknown (colitis x), multicause, Cl difficile inf/prop, dysbacteriosis, salmonellosis, endotoxin prolif, stress, NSAIDs 3. Chlamydophila infection - lib of endotoxins, feeding alfalfa without transition, feeding new corn

1. Anorexia, fever, colic - languor, profuse diarrhea, meteorismus, intestinal sounds increases - intestinal atonia, shock Symptoms: ・Depression ・Anorexia ・Fever ・Tachycardia ・Tachypnoea ・Colic signs ・Profuse, occasionally haemorrhagic diarrhea ・Dehydration ・Brick or dirty red mucous membranes

Acute typhlocolitis symptoms 1. Anorexia, fever, colic - languor, profuse diarrhea, meteorismus, intestinal sounds increases - intestinal atonia, shock 2. Writhing, profound colic, sweating, chronic diarrhea, recovery after AB treatment 3. Chronic colic, hemorrhagic infection of intestines/diarrhea, sunken flanks, uptight abdomen, intestinal peristalsis, hypovolaemic shock

2. Rectal exam, abdominal joggle, lab blood exam

Additional diagnostic exam in the colic horse 1. Rectal exam, blood enzyme activity, exam of abdominal content 2. Rectal exam, abdominal joggle, lab blood exam 3. Rectal exam, exam abdominal content, exam bacterial culture of intestines

1. Ultrasound examination, Ultrasound guided biopsy

Additional diagnostic methods in Equine hepatic diseases: 1. Ultrasound examination, Ultrasound guided biopsy 2. Ultrasound examination, ultrasound guided liver biopsy 3. Doppler ultrasound, radiography, diagnostic laparotomy 4. Creatinine clearance test, Bromsulphthalein, clearance test

1. A melting corneal ulcer

Administration of antiproteinases in the topical treatment is appropriate in the case of: 1. A melting corneal ulcer 2. Iris prolapse 3. Prevention of posterior synechia 4. Increased IOP

4. The cornea has fluoresceine stain uptake

Administration of corticosteroids is contraindicated when: 1. The pupil is miotic 2. Hyphema is present 3. Intraocular pressure is reduced 4. The cornea has fluoresceine stain uptake

2. Highly fermentable feed + hard working after feed Aetiology: ・Draught horses ・Inappropriate feeding ・Feed swells after ingestion (corn, fresh green hay or alfalfa, bread)

Aetiology of acute gastric dilation in horses? 1. Poorly digestible feed + lack of water 2. Highly fermentable feed + hard working after feed 3. Overfeeding with hay + weather front changes 4. Sand - containing food + weather front changes

Shear forces Strongest: Compression Intermediate: Tension Weakest: Shear

Against which forces is bone the least resistant?

1. Pain, fluid loss, endotoxaemia

Agents causing shock in the colic horse 1. Pain, fluid loss, endotoxaemia 2. Sympathetic nervous system activity, dislocation of intestines, septicaemia 3. Rupture of stomach and intestine, spasm of intestines, dyspepsial digestion insufficiency

X-ray US Endoscopy Biopsy

Ancillary diagnostic methods for diagnosis of deep pulmonary abscesses

Fra side 1121 i eq 1

Anesthesia in foals

Abscess can act as a place of resistance for bacteria, it can result in prolonged abscess formation

Antimicrobial therapy in horses with strangles that are otherwise stable, abscesses present. Can be contradicted. Why

3. Strong holodiastolic heart noise, bumping pulse, frequent in older horses

Aortic insufficiency horse 1. Strong systolic heart noise in the left 4 ICS, rapid pulse, frequent in older horses 2. Strong holodiastolic heart noise in the left 5-6 ICS, bumping pulse 3. Strong holodiastolic heart noise, bumping pulse, frequent in older horses

4. In case of lens subluxation

Aphacic crescent is visible: 1. In case of synechia posterior 2. In case of maximal mydriasis 3. In case of retinal detachment 4. In case of lens subluxation

2. 0.40

Approximate normal value of hematocrit in horses 1. 0.55 2. 0.40 3. 0.30 4. 0.25

1. Lower third of the chest, region of the cardiac basis

Aspiration pneumonia - localization of the dullness and respiratory sounds 1. Lower third of the thorax, over the heart base 2. The caudal third of the lungs, because of poor ventilation in this region 3. Craniodorsal part of the lungs 4. Caudodrosal lung quadrant

1. Quinidine sulphate

Atrial fibrillation in horse: 1. Quinidine sulphate 2. Procainamide 3. Lidocaine

2. Phyosostigmine

Atropine toxicosis/horse/ treatment? 1. Pilocarpine 2. Phyosostigmine 3. Metoclopramide 4. Lidocaine

2. Streptococcus equi, Rhodococcus equi, Bordetella bronchiseptica

Bacterial bronchitis pneumonia origin 1. Bordetella pneumoniae equi, Streptococcus pneumoniae equi, Chlamydia bronchiseptica 2. Streptococcus equi, Rhodococcus equi, Bordetella bronchiseptica 4. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae equi, Chlamydophila equi, Corynebacterium pyogenes

2. Disseminated, multifocal, purulent nephritis with renal infarcts Clinical signs of bacterial endocarditis: ・Bacteraemia: Depression, anorexia, fever ・Respiratory signs: Dyspnoea, tachypnoea, abnormal lung sounds ・Cardiovascular signs: Cyanosis, tachycardia, grade 3-6/6 murmur, tachyarrhythmia ・Disseminated, purulent nephritis ・Pneumonia (rare)

Bacterial endocarditis in horses/complications 1. Purulent meningoencephalaitis of hematogenous origin 2. Disseminated, multifocal, purulent nephritis with renal infarcts 3. Acute, immune - mediated glomerulonephritis 4. Pneumonia, polyarthritis, enteritis

1. Fever, weariness, pulse rate increases, holodiastolic noise in the orifice of the aorta, decrescendo

Bacterial endocarditis symptoms horse 1. Fever, weariness, pulse rate increases, holodiastolic noise in the orifice of the aorta, decrescendo 2. Fever, poor health, cardiac dullness enlarged, strong systolic noise, oedema in the abdominal skin 3. Weariness, anorexia, rapid/weak pulse, cardiac dullness increased, holosystolic heart noises, oedema on foot

2. AB cure for 4-6 weeks sensitivity test, penicillin, gentamycin, cephalosporin, therapy of the congestive heart failure Treatment of bacterial endocarditis: ・Antibiotics: Broad spectrum → then based on blood culture ↳ 2-4 weeks IV or IM → then PO ↳ In total 4-8 weeks ・Treatment of congestive heart failure: Digoxin, furosemide, potassium ・NSAIDs: Flunixin meglumine, aspirin ・Low molecular weight heparin ・Box rest

Bacterial endocarditis treatment horse 1. AB cure for 1-2 weeks, bronchodilators, secretolyics 2. AB cure for 4-6 weeks sensitivity test, penicillin, gentamycin, cephalosporin, therapy of the congestive heart failure 3. AB cure for 4-6 days, penicillin, streptomycin, lincomicin, clindamycin

2. K-penicillin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin Treatment of bacterial meningitis, encephalitis: ・Gram stain of CSF ↳ If Gram-positive: K-penicillin G, ampicillin, ceftiofur ↳ If Gram-negative: TMP-sulfonamide, gentamicin, amikacin ・Supportive care

Bacterial meningitis - treatment 1. Trimethoprim, sulphonamides, amoxicillin, ketaprofen 2. K-penicillin, gentamicin, enrofloxacin 3. Ampicillin, tylosin, virginiamycin

2. Septicaemia in foals, abnormal behaviour and movement, paraesthesia, disorder of cranial nerve, recumbency - death

Bacterial meningitis horse 1. Caused by septicaemia in foals, atypic symptoms, aggressive behaviour, paraparesis - paraplegia, fast progression of CNS symptoms 2. Septicaemia in foals, abnormal behaviour and movement, paraesthesia, disorder of cranial nerve, recumbency - death 3. In adult, atypic symptoms, general spastic paresis, normal consciousness

3. Long and lateral digital extensor muscles

Between which muscles do you insert the needle for peroneal nerve block? 1. Common and lateral digital extensor muscles 2. Lateral digital extensor and gastrocnemius muscles 3. Long and lateral digital extensor muscles 4. Lateral digital extensor and deep digital flexor muscles

Thoracic x-ray

Bilateral forelimb periosteal reaction, x-ray what is the next move?

2. Diarrhoea, haematuria, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcaemia

Blister beetle causes? 1. Intussusception, anaemia, hypokalaemia 2. Diarrhoea, haematuria, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcaemia 3. Diarrhoea, myocardial necrosis, hypochloraemia, hypermagnesemia 4. Gastric ulceration, oliguria, invagination

1. Haematopinus asini can cause anaemia in foals

Blood-sucking lice in horses: 1. Haematopinus asini can cause anaemia in foals 2. Linognathus vituli causing anaemia and weakness 3. Hippobosca equienea; can cause anaemia in adult horses

1. ssRNA virus inf - slow degeneration of neurons - meningoencephalomyelitis, abnormal behavious, apathy, ataxia, compulsive movements, course takes 2-6w, fatal disease

Borna disease 1. ssRNA virus inf - slow degeneration of neurons - meningoencephalomyelitis, abnormal behavious, apathy, ataxia, compulsive movements, course takes 2-6w, fatal disease 2. Herpesvirus inf - encephalomyelitis, paralysis, convulsions, "pushing syndrome", slow course leading to death 3. Arbovirus infection - perineural spreading to CNS - encephalomyelitis, confusion, apathy, convulsions, ataxia, compulsive movement, course takes 2-6w, fatal disease

1. Cl. Botulinium + botulinium toxin contaminated carrion remnant in the feed e.g. rotten silage, exceptionally Cl. Botulinium infected wounds or gastrointestinal tract

Botulism aetiology/ horse 1. Cl. Botulinium + botulinium toxin contaminated carrion remnant in the feed e.g. rotten silage, exceptionally Cl. Botulinium infected wounds or gastrointestinal tract 2. Cl. Botulinium pr. Os uptake of bacterium contaminated carrion in the feed or rotten silage Cl. Botulinium septicaemia 3. Spreading of Cl. Botulinium in anaerobe wounds; exceptionally per os uptale of botulinum toxin contaminated carrion remnants with the feed 4. Spreading of Cl. Botulisnum in the gut, bacteraemia

1. Animal corpse, rotten food, infected wounds - botulotoxin - weakness, paralysis, laryngoparalysis, mydriasis, normal consciousness, recumbency

Botulism in horse 1. Animal corpse, rotten food, infected wounds - botulotoxin - weakness, paralysis, laryngoparalysis, mydriasis, normal consciousness, recumbency 2. Animal corpse, rotten food, infected wounds - botulotoxin - encephalomalacia - confusion, general weakness and paralysis - recumbency 3. Botulotoxin uptake with contaminated food - encephalomalacia and hepatosis - jaundice, confusion, dysphagia - death in 7d

1. Equine herpesvirus-1 and 4, equine influenza virus-A, African horse sickness virus

Bronchitis - pneumonia/ Etiology/obligate pathogenic viruses/horse 1. Equine herpesvirus-1 and 4, equine influenza virus-A, African horse sickness virus 2. Equine adenovirus, equine reovirus 1 and 3, African horse sickness virus 3. Equine herpesvirus-2 , equine adenovirus, parainfluenza virus-3 4. Rhinovirus, herpesvirus, coronavirus

1. EHV-1, equine influenza virus A, rhinovirus 2

Bronchitis-pneumonia origin of viral infection 1. EHV-1, equine influenza virus A, rhinovirus 2 2. Adenovirus A, equine reovirus A, equine arbovirus 1 and 2 3. Equine influenza virus 1 and 3, equine adenovirus, PI-B

4. Clenbuterol, albuterol, aminophylline (theophylline)

Bronchodilators for horses 1. Ioperamid, albuterol, aminophylline (teophylline) 2. Albuterol, dimethyl-sulfoxide, bromhexin 3. Salbutanol, acetylcysteine, dembrexin 4. Clenbuterol, albuterol, aminophylline (theophylline)

4. Atropine, Ipratropium Bronchodilators: ・Beta-2 adrenergic agents: Clenbuterol, salbutamol/albuterol, salmeterol ・Anticholinergic agents: Atropine sulphate, glycopyrrolate, ipratropium bromide ・Methyl xanthine derivatives: Aminophylline, pentoxyfylline

Bronchodilators for horses in emergency treatment (in RAO/COPD) 1. Triamcinolone, fluticazon 2. Bromhexine, dembrexine 3. Albuterol, clenbuterol 4. Atropine, Ipratropium

1. Clenbuterol, sulfad??, albuterol

Bronchodilators in horse 1. Clenbuterol, sulfad??, albuterol 2. Albuterol, atropine, bromhexine 3. Clenbuterol, acetylcysteine, dembrexine

1. Catarrhal style, bacterial origin, lobular extent

Bronchopneumonia characteristics 1. Catarrhal style, bacterial origin, lobular extent 2. Catarrhal-purulent, bacterial origin, interstitial 3. Effusion, bacterial origin, interstitial

3. Glaucoma

Buphthalmus (increased globe size) can be feature of 1. Iridodenesis 2. Descemetocele 3. Glaucoma 4. Blepharitis

3. Dyspnoe at rest

By definition, which clinical sign is not a feature of mild-to-moderate equine asthma (inflammatory airway disease) 1. Poor performance 2. Abnormal amount of tracheal mucus 3. Dyspnoe at rest 4. Cough

1. Allergic disease

COPD (RAO) 1. Allergic disease 2. Chronic fungal infection 3. Chronic bacterial infection 4. Chronic viral infection

4. Neutrophils >20% (>25%)

COPD (RAO) / Bronchoalveolar lavage sample 1. Neutrophils <2%, eosinophils >2% 2. Mast cells >20% 3. Eosinophils >2%, neutrophils >5% 4. Neutrophils >20%

1. In older horses kept in stables and getting mouldy hay Environmental factors of COPD: ・Mould (Aspergillus fumigatus, Faeni retivirgula) ・Endotoxins ・Mites and their faeces ・Plant material ・Inorganic dust ingredients ・Gases (ammonia)

COPD (RAO) common occurrence: 1. In older horses kept in stables and getting mouldy hay 2. In horses kept on pasture and in horses performing hard exersice 3. In young foals after chronic respiratory infection 4. Most common in thoroughbreds, trotters and younger sport horses

1. Clenbuterol, atropine, fluticazon

COPD (RAO)/Drugs/Horse? 1. Clenbuterol, atropine, fluticazon 2. Albuterol, ipratropium, trilostane 3. Salmeterol, aminofillin, edrophonium 4. Antihistamines, aspirin

2. Usually severe radiographic changes in the lungs: fibrosis, chronic edema

COPD (RAO)/which statement is not true/horse? 1. Occasionally mild radiographic changes in the lungs: Interstitial, bronchial, peribrochial pattern 2. Usually severe radiographic changes in the lungs: fibrosis, chronic edema 3. Thoracic radiography mainly serves for differential diagnostic purposes 4. Bronchectasia and increased air comtent sometimes visble on chest x- ray

1. Frequent, light cough, dyspnea, border of lings shifting 1-2 ICS

COPD 3rd grade - clinical signs 1. Frequent, light cough, dyspnea, border of lings shifting 1-2 ICS 2. Humid cough, broken-wind groove, border of lungs shifting ½ ICS 3. Paroxysmal cough, doubled expiration, border of lungs shifting 1 ICS

2. Frequent light cough, doubled expiration/broken-wing groove, border of lungs shifting back 2 ICS

COPD 4th grade CS 1. Frequent paroxysmal cough, severe dyspnea, suffocating enlarged cardiac dullness 2. Frequent light cough, doubled expiration/broken-wing groove, border of lungs shifting back 2 ICS 3. Frequent aching cough, inspirational dyspnea

2. BAL-neutrophil %, atropine test, resp function exam, endoscopy

COPD diagnosis, complementary examination 1. TTL, atropine test, resp function exam, thorax x-ray 2. BAL-neutrophil %, atropine test, resp function exam, endoscopy 3. BAL and TTL-eosinophil %, thorax supersonic wave, lobelin test

2. Inspiration allergen (Micropolyspora faeni, Aspergillus spore), genetic predisposition

COPD etiology 1. Hereditary disposition, bacterial, viral bronchitis, race 2. Inspiration allergen (Micropolyspora faeni, Aspergillus spore), genetic predisposition 3. Allergic or bacterial resp disease hyperactivity

1. In older, stalled horses, giving mouldy hay

COPD incidence 1. In older, stalled horses, giving mouldy hay 2. In free keeping horses, in hard working horses 3. In hereditary dispositional foals or horses

2. The best is prednisolone PO

COPD treatment with glucocorticoids 1. Inspiration glucocorticoids dispose to pododermatitis 2. The best is prednisolone PO 3. It is contraindicated to give them with bronchodilators

1. Medium/recurring colic, anorexia, failure, rectal palp; hard resistance at right upper region of abdomen

Caecal impaction symptoms 1. Medium/recurring colic, anorexia, failure, rectal palp; hard resistance at right upper region of abdomen 2. Colic nervousness, no defecation, wrong general health, rectal palp; faeces filled resistance at left upper 3rd of abdomen 3. Weak/constant colic, small berrylike feces, or no defecation, rectal palp; hard, feces filled resistance at right middle region of abdomen

2. Infusion therapy, spasmolytics, deep enema, yeast mash through centesis, result; doubtful, danger of rupture Outcome: Avoid rupture, fair prognosis if early Primary caecal impactation: ・Fasting ・Fluid ・Spasmoanalgesics ・Cathartics (epsom salt, other salt mixtures) ・Surgery Secondary caecal impaction: ・Surgery

Caecal impaction treatment and outcome 1. Starving, cachectic, enema, good recover change 2. Infusion therapy, spasmolytics, deep enema, yeast mash through centesis, result; doubtful, danger of rupture 3. Physostigmine injection many repeats, enemas, mechanical removal of feces, recover in days after treatment

Scrotal approach ↳ Max. 2cm from raphe scroti ↳ "Scalping" ↳ Scrotectomy Inguinal approach: At the external inguinal ring Parainguinal approach: By abdominal cryptorchids

Castration in recumbent horse

1. Vagotonia, cold water/food, meterorological front

Catarrhal enteritis etiology 1. Vagotonia, cold water/food, meterorological front 2. Acute gastritis, int. obst., parasympathicotonia 3. Diathesis, larval migration, enteritis

2. Serious/moderate colic in seizures, fast process, advantageous prognosis

Catarrhal enteritis symptoms 1. Serious colic/struggling, stomach rupture, high mortality rate 2. Serious/moderate colic in seizures, fast process, advantageous prognosis 3. Mild/moderate, recurrent colic, diarrhea, lasts for 2-3 days

3. Anticonvulsive drug IV, enema with tepid water, warm stable

Catarrhal enteritis therapy 1. Walking, No-spa injection, sigmosain IV 2. Neostigmine, walking, use of laxative 3. Anticonvulsive drug IV, enema with tepid water, warm stable

2. RAO (det er alt)

Caudal shift of the caudal lung border. It is characteristic for? 1. EGME 2. RAO 3. ELE(M) 4. FLUTTTD

2. Lawsonia intracellularis

Causative agent of equine proliferative enteropathy? 1. E. coli 2. Lawsonia intracellularis 3. Clostridium difficile 4. Clostridium perfringens D

3. Long lasting colic, intestinal paralysis

Cause of functional ileus 1. Disturbance of intestinal motility, spasmodic colic 2. Spasmodic colic, intestinal paralysis 3. Long lasting colic, intestinal paralysis

2. Obstruction, compression, intestinal dislocation, strangulation

Cause of mechanical ileus 1. Enterospasm, obstruction, intestinal paralysis 2. Obstruction, compression, intestinal dislocation, strangulation 3. Enterospasm, torsion of ileum, obturation of ileum

1. Enteritis, peritonitis, abominal surgery (postoperative stage)

Cause of paralytic ileus 1. Enteritis, peritonitis, abominal surgery (postoperative stage) 2. Tetanus, botulism, enterotoxicosis, herpes 3. Stress, organic phosphorous ester toxicosis 4. Intestinal intussusception, chantaridin toxicosis

2. Circumscribed infarct with hemorrhagic area in kidney, embola in arteria renalis, migration of Strongylus vulgaris - thrombosis - embolia

Cause of renal infarction 1. Large necrosis, hemophilic area in cortex of kidney, embolia renalis, migration of Strongylus vulgaris 0 thrombosis - embolia 2. Circumscribed infarct with hemorrhagic area in kidney, embola in arteria renalis, migration of Strongylus vulgaris - thrombosis - embolia

3. Clostridium piliforme acute hepatitis in foals

Causes and features of Tyzzer-disease in horses? 1. Listeria monocytogenes - caused meningioenphalaitis 2. Actinobacillius equuilis infection, septicaemia in foals 3. Clostridium piliforme acute hepatitis in foals 4. Clostridium botulinium, hepatoencephalaopathy in foals

2. Unknown, w horse feed or fodder fed horses, inf cause

Causes of acute proximal enteritis 1. Fungus toxin of feed, allergy 2. Unknown, w horse feed or fodder fed horses, inf cause 3. In foals, when fungus toxins in milk, fungus toxicosis

Enterospasms, intestinal obstruction, pregnancy colic Intestinal obturation, intestinal compression, intestinal torsion Organophosphate toxicosis, intestinal torsion, intestinal obturation Neoplasia, abscess, smalls strongyles

Causes of mechanical ileus

1. Gentamicin, hemoglobin/myoglobin, heavy metals

Causes of nephrotoxicosis from drugs or chemicals 1. Gentamicin, hemoglobin/myoglobin, heavy metals 2. Aminoglycosides, glucocorticoids, Pb, Hg, Se 3. Cephalosporins, NSAID's, aflatoxin

2. Menadion-natrium, ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol

Causes of vitamin nephropathy 1. Calciferol, riboflavine, menadion, nikotinacid 2. Menadion-natrium, ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol 3. Tocoferol, menadion-natrium, calciferol

1. Esp in arab foals, cerebellum cortical, congenital, purkinje fibres degeneration, symptoms after 6m age, head tremor, spastic ataxia, dysmetria (high steps)

Cerebellar hypotrophia (inherited abiotrophy) 1. Esp in arab foals, cerebellum cortical, congenital, purkinje fibres degeneration, symptoms after 6m age, head tremor, spastic ataxia, dysmetria (high steps) 2. Hereditary cerebellar disease of English thoroughbreds, cerebellum atrophy, symptoms start in one month old foals, ataxia, rotary motion, disorder of balance, weakness 3. Hereditary in pony foals, cerebellar disease, cortex degeneration, symptoms after 3m age, unsteady movements, foals suck only with help, ataxia, retarded growth

2. Usually favourable

Cerebral commotio (concussion) in horses/prognosis? 1. Favourable in young individuals, poor in older horses 2. Usually favourable 3. Depends on region of the skull injured 4. Usually unfavourable

3. Recumbency, bleeding from the nostrils and from the ears

Cerebral commotion in horses/consequences? 1. Long-lasting loss of consciousness, recumbency, convulsions 2. Temporary loss of consciousness, disorders of locomotion 3. Recumbency, bleeding from the nostrils and from the ears 4. Bilateral facial paralysis

2. DMSO infusion

Cerebral commotion in horses/treatment? 1. General anaesthesia 2. DMSO infusion 3. 0.45% NaCl solution 4. Pentoxiphylline

3. Lumbosacral space

Cerebrospinal fluid can be collected from the 1. Atlantoaxial space 2. Thoracolumbar space 3. Lumbosacral space 4. Sacrococcygeal space

3. Food contaminated with moulds → fumonisn-B1 toxin: encephalomalacia → dysphagia, dyskinesis → recumbency

Characteristics of equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELE)? 1. Mycotoxin uptake from rotten silage → encephalomalacia → convulsion, laryngoparalysis 2. Hepatic failure → toxins into the brain → encephalomalacia → usually confusion, dementia, coma 3. Food contaminated with moulds → fumonisn-B1 toxin: encephalomalacia → dysphagia, dyskinesis → recumbency 4. Pirrolizidine toxicosis → encephalomalacia → dementia

1. Can be caused by inhaled allergens (fungi), rounded wheals on the skin within minutes or hours. Usually ast healing, but might reoccur

Characteristics of urticaria in horses? 1. Can be caused by inhaled allergens (fungi), rounded wheals on the skin within minutes or hours. Usually ast healing, but might reoccur 2. Can be caused by inhaled allergens (dust), rounded wheals on the skin within days. Always fast healing 3. Can be caused by fodder (e.g. oat) rounded wheals on the skin always together with small bleedings of mucosa membranes (nose, mouth) 4. Caused by nettle plant, allergic reaction with puritis and alopecia, rapid degeneration

2. Granuloma formation of cerebral ventricles - liquor circulatory disorder - hydrocephalus

Cholesterol granuloma horse 1. Cholesterol cessation in cerebral ventricles - cerebral ventricle dilatation - pressure atrophy of cortex 2. Granuloma formation of cerebral ventricles - liquor circulatory disorder - hydrocephalus 3. Brain stem granulomatosis - lesion of nucleus of V, Vii, IX cerebral neurons, strabismus, face paralysis, pharynx paralysis

2. Limbs Sarcoptes mange: Head Psoroptes mange: Neck and parts of body Chorioptes mange: Distal limbs

Choripotes mange affects horses? 1. Head 2. Limbs 3. Mane 4. Ventral abdomen

3. Fibery/chopped hay - VFA increases - intestinal atony - intestinal content compaction - colic - wasting

Chronic caecal impaction causes and pathogenesis 1. Old horses, rough fibre feed, intestinal peristalsis decreases, stasis/impaction of int content, endotoxamia, peritonitis, intestinal rupture 2. Rough fibre feed, chewing disorder, older age, int peristalsis decreases, stasis/impaction of int content - colic - wasting, intestinal rupture 3. Fibery/chopped hay - VFA increases - intestinal atony - intestinal content compaction - colic - wasting

2. Multisystemic eosinophil epitheliotrop disease causing lesions in gut mucosa and skin

Chronic enteritis etiology 1. Granulomatous enteritis appears usually in horse older than 15 years 2. Multisystemic eosinophil epitheliotrop disease causing lesions in gut mucosa and skin 3. Proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis and appears in horses older than 15 years

1. Fenbendazole, moxidectin

Chronic enteritis, cyathostomiasis - treatment 1. Fenbendazole, moxidectin 2. Ivermextin, moxidectin 3. Mebendazole, ivermectin

2. Bad dentition, air-swallow, after acute gastritis

Chronic gastritis etiology 1. Mastication disorder, after acute gastritis, mainly colts 2. Bad dentition, air-swallow, after acute gastritis 3. Fault in feeding, incr prod of gastric acid, mainly cold blooded horses

1. Signs: Dysphagia, nasal discharge with food particles

Cleft palate in horses? 1. Signs: Dysphagia, nasal discharge with food particles 2. Complications: decreased weight, diarrhea, aspiration pneumonia 3. Diagnosis: radiography 4. Treatment: none

Intermittent hindlimb lameness worsening with work

Clinical manifestation of the thrombosis in external iliac artery in the horse causes

2. Colic depression, poor general status, reflux, distended small intestinal loops on US Clinical signs: ・Colic signs, lethargy ・Reflux ・Raised basic clinical values ・↓ peristaltic sounds ・Distended small intestinal loops (on rectal palpation and US)

Clinical signs of acute proximal eneteritis/horse? 1. Colic, strong GI sounds, sunken abdomen, diarrhea, dehydration 2. Colic depression, poor general status, reflux, distended small intestinal loops on US 3. Mild/moderate colic, meteorism, melaena, dehydration, shock 4. Loss of appetite, weight loss, recurrent fever

1. Pain syndromes because abdominal digestive organs hurt

Colic (real) 1. Pain syndromes because abdominal digestive organs hurt 2. Abdominal disease 3. Painful unrest syndrome in horses

3. Polymixin-B sulphate, flunixin meglumide, pentoxifillin

Colic - treatment in case of endotoxaemia 1. Endotoxin antiserum, carbacol, detomidin 2. Endotoxin antiserum, medetomidine, metoclopramide 3. Polymixin-B sulphate, flunixin meglumide, pentoxifillin

3. Emergency interventions, fluid and electrolyte replacement, laparotomy

Colic - treatment in hospital 1. Part clinical/lab exams, spasmolytics, abdominocentesis 2. Blood test, abd x-ray, US, bact coproscopy 3. Emergency interventions, fluid and electrolyte replacement, laparotomy

2. Gastric lavage, cecal puncture, hypovolaemic chock prevention

Colic direct emergency interventions 1. Gastric lavage, spasmolytics, shock therapy 2. Gastric lavage, cecal puncture, hypovolaemic chock prevention 3. Gastric overload therapy w/ physostigmin, meteorismus tx w/ rectal puncture, shock therapy

3. Ht, TP, WBC count (hematocrit tube)

Colic horse blood exam in practical circumstances 1. Qual blood count, Ht, TP 2. RBC/WBC count, qual blood count 3. Ht, TP, WBC count (hematocrit tube)

1. Release of convulsions, naso-gastric tube, cecal puncture, liquid therapy

Colic horse therapy 1. Release of convulsions, naso-gastric tube, cecal puncture, liquid therapy 2. Electrolyte therapy, gastric lavage w/ Marek pipe, purgative enema 3. Abd centesis, cecal puncture, gastric lavage

1. Ht, total plasma protein, plasma electrolytes, acid-base, peritoneal fluid

Colic important lab exams 1. Ht, total plasma protein, plasma electrolytes, acid-base, peritoneal fluid 2. Ht, qual hemogram, composition of blood protein, plasma Ca/P 3. Hgb/Ht, quan hemogram, plasma crea/urea, urine density, urine protein

3. Organophosphorous compounds, amitrase, chlorpromazine

Colic symptoms causing agents 1. Atropine, clavulanic acid, diazepam 2. Amitrase, arekolin 3. Organophosphorous compounds, amitrase, chlorpromazine

2. Rabies, urinary diseases, genital diseases (+ heart failure)

Colic-like symptoms causes 1. Meningitis, COPD, estrus 2. Rabies, urinary diseases, genital diseases 3. Encephalon oedema, pneumonia, Lyme-disease

4. Salmonella, certain antibiotics, blister beetle

Colitis aetiology 1. Lawsonia intracellularis, Salmonella, E.coli 2. Metronidazole, lincomycin, Streptococcus zooepidemicus 3. E.coli, salmonella, carbohydrate overload, Aspergillius, microspron 4. Salmonella, certain antibiotics, blister beetle

1. Constant/mediocre colic, "rocking horse" bearing, apathy, "seize up" faeces, rectal palp; hard faeces filled intestinal parts

Colon impaction - clinical signs 1. Constant/mediocre colic, "rocking horse" bearing, apathy, "seize up" faeces, rectal palp; hard faeces filled intestinal parts 2. Fluctuating power colic, "dog-like sitting", rare defecation of hard balls, rectal palp; faeces filled intestinal parts 3. Medium/stronger colic from time to time, fast pulse rate, dilated abdomen, rectal palp; faeces filled colon

1. Rough fibre feed, bad teeth, old horses

Colon impaction causes 1. Rough fibre feed, bad teeth, old horses 2. Rough fiber feed, overfeeding, chewing disorder 3. Eating of litter, milling industry by-product, intestinal atony, intestinal paralysis, old horses

2. Good results with early recognition, advanced stage; doubtful, intestinal atrophy, infaust

Colon impaction outcome, prognosis 1. Impaction of ampulla of dorsal colon: fast recover, colon transversum: doubtful, intestinal rupture is unfavourable 2. Good results with early recognition, advanced stage; doubtful, intestinal atrophy, infaust 3. Good rxn to proper tx, the ampulla of the dorsal colon is susceptible to pressure necrosis

2. Intestinal motility decreases - disturbance of intestinal content passage/stasis, intestinal atrophy

Colon impaction pathogenesis 1. Intestinal paralysis - intestinal content impaction/stasis, dehydration - hypovolemic shock 2. Intestinal motility decreases - disturbance of intestinal content passage/stasis, intestinal atrophy 3. Hardening/accumulation of intestinal content, ileus - colic/dehydration - shock

3. Flexura pelvina, ampulla of dorsal colon, colon transversum Predilection sites: ・Pelvic flexure ・Ampulla, end of right dorsal colon

Colon impaction predilection sites 1. Ampulla of dorsal colon, colon transversum, caeco-colic opening 2. Caeco-colic opening, colon transversum, ampulla of dorsal colon 3. Flexura pelvina, ampulla of dorsal colon, colon transversum

3. Interventricular septal defect

Common cardiac malformations in horses 1. Persistent ductus Botalli 2. Tricuspid valve deformity 3. Interventricular septal defect

2. Disseminated purulent nephritis

Common complication of bacterial endocarditis in horses? 1. Meningioencephalitis 2. Disseminated purulent nephritis 3. Thromboembolism of the iliac arteries 4. Rupture of the dilated atrium

1. Poor perineal conformation

Common findings in subfertile mares: 1. Poor perineal conformation 2. Ampulla occlusion 3. Varricose veins 4. Melanoma

1. Second degree atrioventricular block

Common physiological arrythmias in horses? 1. Second degree atrioventricular block 2. Premature ventricular extrasystole 3. WPW syndrome 4. Sinus pause

3. Haemophilia-A: recessively inherited in stallions; von Willebrand-disease: recessively inherited, independent from sex

Congenital coagulopathies in horses 1. Haemophilia-A and -B, in stallions; von Willebrand disease: recessive inheritance, in mares 2. Haemophilia B: Belgian horses and ponies; von Willebrand disease: symptoms in elderly horses 3. Haemophilia-A: recessively inherited in stallions; von Willebrand-disease: recessively inherited, independent from sex

Epiphyse, metaphyse, diaphyse, metaphyse, epiphyse

Correct order?

Shortened cranial phase (painfull when swinging) + head and neck elevation, worse outside circle

Cranial phase of stride, while having swinging limb lameness of the front limb

3. Acute course: 2w, high fever, serosanguinous nasal discharge, wide dullness, dyspnea/cyanosis

Croupous pneumonia CS 1. Peracute, racking cough, by mobbing stronger dyspnea, dullness with horizontal upper border, course within 1w 2. Course in 2-3w, freq becomes chronic, serous nasal discharge, dullness, catarrhal resp sounds 3. Acute course: 2w, high fever, serosanguinous nasal discharge, wide dullness, dyspnea/cyanosis

3. 40-60 ml/ttkg Ringer-liquor; fast infusion, dextran-liquor, plasma inf.

Curative treatment of hypovolaemic shock in horses 1. Perfusion, isotonic infusion 10-20 ml/ttkg/24h, dextran 2. 40-50ml hypertonic infusion/24h, perfusion 3. 40-60 ml/ttkg Ringer-liquor; fast infusion, dextran-liquor, plasma inf.

2. Subcortical reflex

Dazzle reflex is a... 1. Cortical reflex 2. Subcortical reflex 3. Cerebellar reflex 4. Spinal reflex

1. Colic in the beginning, then apathic, the abdominal probe is open (opaque?), yellowish w high leukocyte content

Ddx of acute proximal enteritis from other diseases of small intestines 1. Colic in the beginning, then apathic, the abdominal probe is open (opaque?), yellowish w high leukocyte content 2. Slight/average colic symptoms permanently, abd probe is translucent, yellowish w low leukocyte conent 3. Apathic, abd probe is opaque, yellowish w low leukocyte content and high erythrocyte content

Lack of coordination (trajectory) to an abnormal range, rate, and/or force of motion

Define dysmetria

Inability to retract the penis back into the prepuce

Define paraphimosis

2. Feed analysis and histopathology (brain, liver) Diagnosis of equine leukoencephalomalacia: ・Feed analysis ・Necropsy: brain, liver

Definitive diagnosis of equine leukoencephalomalacia? 1. Elevated liver and kidney parameters 2. Feed analysis and histopathology (brain, liver) 3. Clinical signs are definitive 4. Elevated liver parameters and glucosuria

DLPMO 45 degree/DMPMO 135 degree (Dorso-lateral/medial-proximal-medial-oblique)

Degree projection of MC and P3?

2. Riding difficulties, decreased appetite, weight loss, nasal discharge

Dental diseases in horses/signs 1. Riding difficulties, decreased appetite, weight loss, diarrhea 2. Riding difficulties, decreased appetite, weight loss, nasal discharge 3. Dysphagia, nasal discharge, head tilt 4. Dysphagia, diarrhea, nasogastric reflux

1. Mesial surface faces to the previous tooth in the dental arch

Dental nomenclature: Which statement is correct? 1. Mesial surface faces to the previous tooth in the dental arch 2. Mesial surface faces to the next tooth in the dental arch 3. Distal surface faces to the apex 4. Distal surface faces to the...

1. Stifle flexion test 2. Hock flexion 3. Fetlock flexion test 4. Navicular wedge test

Describe 3 different provocation tests on the hind limb

1. Shoulder flexion test 2. Carpal flexion 3. Elbow flexion 4. Fetlock region test 5. Navicular wedge test

Describe 4 different provocation tests on the front limb

You keep hoof flexed for a minute and you immediately jog the horse off to evaluate changes in lameness. Do not have a joint of proximal and medial phalanx joint in hand

Describe briefly the most important steps, how do you perform a digital flexion test on the front limb

Veterinarian holds the joint in flexed position and then releases the leg. As the horse trots away, the vet watches for signs if pain weight shifting or irregular movements

Describe briefly the most important steps, how do you perform a proximal flexion test on the hind limb

・Standing position from flank approach. Use Grid technique, in the flank ・Triangle open up the fascia, seperate internal oblique muscle along muscle ・Fiber direction and then transverse abd muscle. Do not cut over muscle fibers, ・Would close up more or less by itself when you take out your hand. ・Local anesthesia, double ligature 2-3 parts before removing ovary ・Aspirate fluid if present EQUIPMENT: scalpel, suture thread??? ・When tumor over 15 cm diameter, use the plastic bag method to get it out of abdomen

Describe briefly, how surgery should be performed in a mare with an 8 cm in diameter ovarian theca granulosa cell tumor! You have all equipment available, what you need

Dissolve and give with syringe

Describe how you would give 50 tablets to an adult horse orally

Inflated dunnage bags/airbags on sides of vehicle + harness/sling to hold horse up Eller Long splint, at level of the olecranon, lat aspect of the limb

Describe please, what kind of external coaptation would you use for preparing a horse for the transport with a distal radius fracture?

History: General impression Hair exam: Hair should be shiny with density according to breed, species and season. No alopecia. Hair is medium long and colour according to breed (e.g. Suffolk punch horse should be chestnut!) Coat fits to skin and has good closure. Hair loss is physiologic and can be plucked with medium effort. Stiffness according to breed. No broken hairs or ecto-parasites Skin exam: Condition according to breed and age and surface is intact. Skin is light pink or greyish white but depends on pigmentation. [true black EE horse has black skin???] No haemorrhages and no unpleasant smell - depends on breed and species. Temperature of skin is close to temperature of ambient skin parts, although the extremities will be slightly lower and reflect the external temperature more. Moisture content is average and grease content is slight. Medium turgor and thickness according to skin can be folded easily and pings back into place quickly. Sensitivity is physiologic with no swellings or lesions Hooves: Shape according to breed [and whether front or hind foot - front is more rounded, than hind]. Slipper toe can be a rotation of P3. Pigment too - some horses have white feet particularly if have white legs. Temperature is the same as the floor so hooves should be cool - if hot laminitis? No pain on palpation. Consistency is hard and surface is intact. Look for growth rings - sign of old laminitis/nutritional problems

Describe the findings of the skin examination of the horse

2ⁿᵈ intercoccygeal space (sacrococcygel space) 30 degree angle into the subarachnoideal space

Describe the location of spinal needle insertion, when performing epidural anesthesia in the mare

Strong intensity, low frequency, resonant tone, short duration

Describe the normal percussion findings of the lungs in healthy adult horses

1. Fever 2. Tachycardia 3. Depression 4. Hemorrhagic shock (long tear) 5. Mild colic signs (smaller tear)

Describe three clinical signs of uterus rupture in the post-partum mare

2. One dimension: fractional shortening, two dimensions: valve problems, Doppler: abnormal blood flowing round the valves.

Diagnosis of the valve diseases with echocardiography in horse 1. One dimension: valve problems, two dimensions: changes of the size of the heart ventricles, fractional shortening, Doppler: the imstakes of the heart's blood supply 2. One dimension: fractional shortening, two dimensions: valve problems, Doppler: abnormal blood flowing round the valves. 3. One dimension: size changes of the heart chambers, fractional shortening, two dimensions: morphological abnormalities of the valves, Doppler: abnormal blood flowing in the chambers of the heart.

2. Gastroenteritis, inflammations - toxical enteropathies, hepatosis

Diffuse aseptic laminitis complication of disease 1. Diseases of stomach, enteritis, autoimmunopathies 2. Gastroenteritis, inflammations - toxical enteropathies, hepatosis 3. Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis, strangles, glomerulonephritis

3. Malnutrition, complication of diseases, in postparturient period, influence of burden

Diffuse aseptic laminitis etiology 1. Overfeeding in fat animals, consequence of allergy/atopia, influence of burden 2. Malnutrition, complication of diseases, immune/autoimmune origin 3. Malnutrition, complication of diseases, in postparturient period, influence of burden

2. Carbohydrate rich nutrition, low-protein/fibre rich nutrition, fungus contaminated corn fodder

Diffuse aseptic laminitis nutritional origin 1. Carbohydrate and protein rich nutrition, fungus contaminated hay 2. Carbohydrate rich nutrition, low-protein/fibre rich nutrition, fungus contaminated corn fodder 3. Easy fermentation, carbohydrate and fiber rich nutrition, fungus contaminated corn fodder

2. Hoof warm/intensive pain to pressure, warm and painful edema on the leg, intermittent claudication

Diffuse aseptic laminitis symptoms 1. Gradual deterioration in a week, pain during movement, horny matter of the hoof warm/intensive pain to pressure, oedema on the distal part of the legs 2. Hoof warm/intensive pain to pressure, warm and painful edema on the leg, intermittent claudication 3. Develops in 12-24h, general symptoms, waddling, locomotor disorder, lying position, warm and painful hoof, pulsation of the fetlock artery

2. Compression of vessels - infarct of intestinal wall - damage intestinal wall + pain + hypovolaemia + endotoxaemia - shock

Dislocation and strangulation of ileus pathogenesis 1. Intestinal motility decreases, intestinal secretion increases - fluid/gas increases - circulatory and respiratory disturbances - dies within 24 hours 2. Compression of vessels - infarct of intestinal wall - damage intestinal wall + pain + hypovolaemia + endotoxaemia - shock 3. Compression of arteries in intestinal wall - impairment of supply of int wall - necrosis - toxaemia/bacteraemia - endotoxic shock

It heals very rarely

Does an open fracture in the horse heal + what do you do?

2. Don't cause exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in submaximal load via endoscope

Dorsal displacement of the soft palate symptoms 1. Exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in necrotized condition via endoscope 2. Don't cause exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in submaximal load via endoscope 3. Cause exercise intolerance, sounds during expiration, diagnose in submaximal load via endoscope

1. Stigmosan, konstigmin

Drugs to increase peristalsis in horses 1. Stigmosan, konstigmin 2. Neostigmine, flunixin-meglumide 3. Xylazine, neostigmine

4. The ventral taenia of the caeum can be palpated Palpable structures in normal horse during rectal palpation: ・Rectal mucosa ・Bony pelvis ・Internal inguinal rings ・Cervix, uterus, ovaries ・Urinary bladder ・Small colon ・Abdominal aorta ・Left kidney ・Spleen ・Nephrosplenic ligament and space ・Left ventral and dorsal colon with pelvic flexure ・Cranial mesenteric root ・Right dorsal colon ・Base of caecum with ventral and medial taeniae ・Peritoneum ・(Small intestines)

During rectal examination of normal adult horses: 1. The caudal pole of both kidneys can be palpated 2. The caudal wall of the stomach can be palpated 3. The ascending duodenum can be palpated 4. The ventral taenia of the caeum can be palpated

2. Aortic valve insufficiency Aortic valve insufficiency: ・Most common in older horses ・Holodiastolic ・Decrescendo ・Grade 3-6 murmur, left side

During routine auscultation in an 18 - year old horse, you hear a grade four (out of six) holodiastolic murmur on the left side of the chest. No other abnormalities are found on the physical examination. What is the most likely diagnose? 1. Mitral valve insufficiency 2. Aortic valve insufficiency 3. Pulmonary stenosis 4. Pulmonary valve insufficiency

2. E.g. guttural pouch mycosis, retropharyngeal abscesses, cleft palate

Dysphagia/causes horse? 1. E.g. blister beetle toxicosis, mandibular trauma, cyst of the foft palate 2. E.g. guttural pouch mycosis, retropharyngeal abscesses, cleft palate 3. E.g. Dorsal displacement of soft palate, sinusitis, hypertriglyceridemia 4. Equine motor neuron disease, herpesvirus infection, West Nile virus infection

1. Disorders of the V, VII, IX, X, XII cranial nerves

Dysphagia/causes/horse? 1. Disorders of the V, VII, IX, X, XII cranial nerves 2. Disorders of the V, VI, IX, X, XI cranial nerves 3. Disorders of the IV, IX, XII cranial nerves 4. Disorders of the III, VII, X, XI, XII cranial nerves

4. Fever

EGUS/clinical signs/foals/not true? 1. Diarrhoea 2. Salivation 3. Colic 4. Fever

2 weeks Osteophyte formation: >3 weeks Incomplete fissure fracture: Weeks Large productive changes: Months

Earliest you can see fissure fracture in equine?

2. H2 antagonist, proton pump inhibitor, sucralfate Treatment: ・Continuous feeding, good quality feed ・Proton pump inhibitor: Omeprazole (28 days) ・H2 antagonist: Ranitidine ・Misoprostol (PGE-2 analogue) ・Sucralfate (adherence to ulcerated mucosa, stimulation of mucous and PGE-2 production)

Equine gastric ulcer treatment 1. Spasmolytic, flunixin meglumine 2. H2 antagonist, proton pump inhibitor, sucralfate 3. Mineral oil, proton pump inhibitors, NSAID, H2 antagonist 4. Phenylbutazone, sucralfate, aluminum hydroxide

1. It is caused by EHV-2, on immune mediated basis, due to type 3 hypersensibilization

Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalaopathy. Which statement is not true? 1. It is caused by EHV-2, on immune mediated basis, due to type 3 hypersensibilization 2. It is caused by EHV-1, or sometimes by EHV-4, on an immune basis due to type 3 hypersensibilization 3. The symptoms can be seen in horses vaccinated against EHV because of immune complex based vasculitis 4. In foals neurologic signs are less frequent

3. Endoscopy, palpation, "slap" test

Equine laryngeal hemiplegia/ Diagnosis 1. Auscultation, "slap" test 2. Occlusion of the nostrils; US exam of the larynx; radiographic examination of the larynx 3. Endoscopy, palpation, "slap" test 4. Computed tomography, endoscopy

2. Grade 3: asynchronous movement, no complete opening Grade 1: All arytenoid cartilage movements and symmetrical and full arytenoid cartilage abduction can be achieved and maintained Grade 2: Arytenoid cartilage movements are asynchronous and/or larynx asymmetric at times but full arytenoid cartilage abduction can be achieved and maintained Grade 3: Arytenoid cartilage movements are asynchronous and/or asymmetric. Full arytenoid cartilage abduction cannot be achieved and maintained Grade 4: Complete immobility of the arytenoid cartilage and vocal fold

Equine laryngeal hemiplegia/diagnosis? 1. Grade 1: obvious asymmetry at test, no movements 2. Grade 3: asynchronous movement, no complete opening 3. Grade 1: asyncrhonicity, tremor, weak movements, complete open with nasal occlusion 4. Grade 3: synchronicity, complete closure and opening

3. Food infected by moulds - fumonisin B1 toxins, encephalomalacia - dysphagia, dyskinesis - recumbency Cause: ・Fumonisin-B1 toxin ・Fusarium moniliforme Signs: Onset after 2-24 weeks ・Anorexia ・Depression, ataxia ・Chewing/swallowing disorders ・Muscular weakness, sweating ・Stiff gait, recumebcy Diagnosis: ・Feed analysis ・Necropsy: brain, liver

Equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELE) 1. Mycotoxin uptake from rotten silage - encephalomalacia - convulsions, laryngoparesis 2. Hepatic failure - toxins to brain - encephalomalacia - usually confusion, dementia, coma 3. Food infected by moulds - fumonisin B1 toxins, encephalomalacia - dysphagia, dyskinesis - recumbency

2. Vitamin E deficiency

Equine motor neuron disease/cause? 1. Selenium toxicity 2. Vitamin E deficiency 3. Vitamin B1 deficiency 4. Unidentified clostridium strain

2. Amoxicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole

Equine pneumonia/treatment/antibacterial drugs? 1. Ampicillin, lincomycin, metronidazole 2. Amoxicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole 3. Clindamycin, metronidazole, neomycin 4. Erythromycin, clarithromycin, amphotericin

2. Solid pieces of feed (apple, potato, sugar beet)

Esophageal obturation in horses/etiology: 1. Dry chopped feed 2. Solid pieces of feed (apple, potato, sugar beet) 3. Abnormal position of the ligamentum botallo 4. Most commonly secondary to other problems

1. Primary: dry, chopped food, secondary: other esophageal diseases

Esophageal obturation/etiology/horse 1. Primary: dry, chopped food, secondary: other esophageal diseases 2. Primary: Sharp metallic objects, secondary; primary gastric obturation 3. Primary: Foreign bodies, poor dentation, secondary: mycotic innervation disorder due to inflammation of guttural pouch 4. Primary: Esophageal paralysis, secondary; reflux due to gastric ulcer

2. Esophageal spasm, retching, regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia

Esophageal obturation/symptoms horse: 1. Dysphagia due to secondary pharyngeal paralysis, regurgitation, colic 2. Esophageal spasm, retching, regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia 3. Inability to swallow, esophageal paralysis, secondary laryngeal paralysis 4. Swollen neck, ptyalism

1. Haematoma in region of nose or ethmoid, slow progression, nasal stridor, angiomatic tissue growth

Ethmoid haematoma 1. Haematoma in region of nose or ethmoid, slow progression, nasal stridor, angiomatic tissue growth 2. Haematoma in sphenoid bone, unilateral nasal discharge, nervous symtoms 3. Haematoma in sphenoid bone, bilateral purulent nasal discharge, progressing in weeks

3. Angiomatous tissue overgrowth

Ethmoid hematoma/cause? 1. Traumatic injury of the ethmoid region (e.g. nasogastric tubing) 2. Secondary to hemostatic problems 3. Angiomatous tissue overgrowth 4. Neoplastic origin

2. Accumulation of phylloerythrin (from cholorophyll) caused by hepatic insufficiency

Etiology of secondary photodermatitis in horses? 1. Uptake of photosensitizing plants 2. Accumulation of phylloerythrin (from cholorophyll) caused by hepatic insufficiency 3. Retention of photosensibilizing substances because renal failure 4. Contact dermatitis caused by pasture plants phylloerythrin

Genetic disorder Causes: ・Unknown origin ・Lesions of capillary wall ・Genetic predisposition ・Small airway disease (subclinical) ・Environmental cause (dust, NH3) ・RAO, IAD ・Respiratory infection ・Mechanical force: pressure of diaphragm and forelimb locomotory impact forces ・Capillary pressure force open the parietal connection of the endothelial and epithelial cells

Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) cause

3. Pulmonary hemorrhage after competition, recidivism, bleeding spontaneously stops

Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage 1. Epistaxis in English thoroughbreds, frequently returns, causes anaemia 2. Pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses, caseous necrosis of the lung's lobe, exercise intolerance 3. Pulmonary hemorrhage after competition, recidivism, bleeding spontaneously stops

1. Furosemide

Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhages (EIPH) therapy 1. Furosemide 2. Antibiotics 3. NSAIDs 4. Glucocorticoids 5. Vitamin C

2. Cardial dullness enlargement, heartsounds sub-, non-audible, swelling of the jugular vein, underbelly oedema, abdominal punction: exsudation

Exsudative pericarditis symptoms horse 1. Cardiac dullness enlargement, far heartsounds, endocardial cardial murmus, positive vein pulse, underbelly oedema 2. Cardial dullness enlargement, heartsounds sub-, non-audible, swelling of the jugular vein, underbelly oedema, abdominal punction: exsudation 3. Cardiac dullness incr, frition sounds, Valsalva test +

Peroneus tertius rupture?

Extending hock passively, the achilles tendon becomes loosened, can also flex stifle. Diagnosis?

1. Guttural pouch mycosis, otitis media

Facial paralysis/etiology in horse? 1. Guttural pouch mycosis, otitis media 2. Basilar skull fracture, hydrocephalus 3. Stachybotriotoxicosis, wobbler syndrome 4. Fracture of the basisphenoid bone, leukoencephalomyelitis

3. CNS signs usually appear in adult horses after respiratory signs

Features of herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy? 1. Horses previously immunized never show CNS signs 2. CNS signs usually appear in 1 - 2 years old, before respiratory signs, and in most cases are fatal 3. CNS signs usually appear in adult horses after respiratory signs 4. Horses with herpes myeloencephalaopathy have grave prognosis

2. Internal nasal wings, lips

First symptoms of haemorrhagic purpura, localisation 1. Glottis, conjunctiva 2. Internal nasal wings, lips 3. Mucosa of the praeputium, outer genital organs

Lag screw technique: 'screwfixation'

Fixation of comminuted P3

1. Glutamate dehydrogenase

For further evaluation of a suspected liver disease in horses, we can measure plasma concentration of 1. Glutamate dehydrogenase 2. Amylase 3. Creatinine 4. Creatinine kinase

2. Angle refraction/retroflexion, torsion, large intestinal exclusion caused by spleen-kidney ligament

Forms of large colon dislocation ileus 1. Torsion, thrombo-embolic enteropathy, angle refraction 2. Angle refraction/retroflexion, torsion, large intestinal exclusion caused by spleen-kidney ligament 3. Retroflexion, torsion, intestinal obturation/compression

1. Within days fast general health decay death, malodorous-putrid breath, smelly nasal discharge, dyspnea

Gangrenous pneumonia CS 1. Within days fast general health decay death, malodorous-putrid breath, smelly nasal discharge, dyspnea 2. Course in 1-2w freq death, bloody-purulent nasal discharge, rapid, often cough, splashing sounds in the dullness area 3. Typically insp dyspnea, wide dullness, catarrhal resp sounds, long recovery

1. Aspiration, putrid bronchitis → lung cavities → septicaemia

Gangrenous pneumonia pathogenesis 1. Aspiration, putrid bronchitis → lung cavities → septicaemia 2. Pneumonia crouposa, exsudate → putrid bacteria 3. Metastasis or transmission; purulent localization in the lungs → infection with protease bacteria

3. Gasterophilus caused by larva of equine gasterophilus causing chronic gastritis

Gasterophilosis 1. Gasterophilus, acute, gribes like gastritis, caused by gasterophilus larvae 2. Serous bloody gastritis caused by gasterophilus larvae, freq gribes 3. Gasterophilus caused by larva of equine gasterophilus causing chronic gastritis

1. Colic decreases, shock, sweating in spots, typical abdominocentesis

Gastric rupture - clinical signs 1. Colic decreases, shock, sweating in spots, typical abdominocentesis 2. Signs of severe abdominal pan, fever, bloody abdominal puncture 3. "Sitting dog posture", regurgitation, bloody disturbed abdominal puncture

1. Stress, NSAIDs, faulty nutrition Cause, pathophysiology of EGUS: Imbalance of inciting factors: ↳ HCl ↳ Pepsin: ↳ Bile acids Imbalance of protective factors: ↳ Mucus-bicarbonate ↳ Adequate circulation ↳ Prostaglandin-E2 ↳ Gastroduodenal motility Extrinsic factors: ↳ NSAIDs: CO-1 inhibition (↓ blood flow and mucus production) ↳ Stress ↳ Dietary factors: Concentrate feeds, low fiber, ↓ saliva production, intermittent feeding, starvation ↳ Delayed gastric emptying ↳ Exercise: ↑ intraabdominal and gastric pressure, ↑ gastric fluid line

Gastric ulcer etiology 1. Stress, NSAIDs, faulty nutrition 2. Stress, steroid anti-inflamm drugs, grazing 3. Fasting, NSAIDs, grazing

1. Anorexia, weight loss, laying much, mild-moderate colic symptoms Clinical signs: ・Anorexia ・Colic after feeding ・Poor performance and body condition

Gastric ulcers symptoms 1. Anorexia, weight loss, laying much, mild-moderate colic symptoms 2. Weight loss in spite of good appetite, anaemia 3. Anorexia, serious colic symptoms, anaemia

2. Diet restricted in protein, glucose iv, insulin, B-vitamins, antioxidants Treatment of equine hepatic diseases: ・Diet (low protein, high branched-chain - low aromatic amino acid ratio) ・Fluid, electrolyte, acid/base requirements ・Intravenous glucose ・Intravenous branched-chain amino acids (expensive) ・Parenteral antibiotics (septic cholangiohepatitis) ・Vitamins ・Mineral oil ・Oral antibiotics (neomycin) to decrease NH₃ production ・Sedatives if maniacal (alpha-2-agonists) ・Surgery (displaced large colon) ・Protection from sunlight

General therapy in equine hepatic diseases? 1. Diet low in carbohydrates, vitamin B6, folic acid, lactulose 2. Diet restricted in protein, glucose iv, insulin, B-vitamins, antioxidants 3. Diet low in lipids, insulin, heparin 4. Diet high in lipids, vitamin E

2. Diet restricted in protein, glucose iv., insulin, B-vitamins, antioxidants

General therapy in equine hepatitis diseases? 1. Diet low in carbohydrates, vitamin B, folic acid, lactulose 2. Diet restricted in protein, glucose iv., insulin, B-vitamins, antioxidants 3. Diet low in lipids, insulin, heparin 4. Diet high in lipids, vitamin E

Navicular disease Carpal flexor deformity

Give us one example of congenital lameness disorder in horses

1. Beclometazon, triameinolone, fluticazon

Glucocorticoids for horses (in RAO/COPD) 1. Beclometazon, triameinolone, fluticazon 2. Bromhexine, dembrexine, dobutex 3. Albuterol, clenbuterol, salmeterol. 4. Atropine, ipratropium bromide, scopolamine bromide

1. 0-4 Grade 0: Intact epithelium Grade 1: Hyperaemia and hyperkeratosis Grade 2: Small single or small multifocal lesions Grade 3: Large single or multifocal lesions or extensive superficial lesions Grade 4: Multiple deep, bleeding ulcers

Grading of gastric ulcers in horses 1. 0-4 2. 0-5 3. 0-10 4. a-d

3. Neurotoxin - GI myoparalysis, pastured horse

Grass sickness 1. Dyspepsia during pasture, cachexia, disappearing after housing 2. Pasturage/after being fed with harshly cut grass, mostly in foal recently separate dfrom mother, encephalo and soinal consequences 3. Neurotoxin - GI myoparalysis, pastured horse

3. Cl. Botulinium

Grass sickness/horse/cause? 1. Salmonella spp. 2. Cl. Tetani 3. Cl. Botulinium 4. Groundsel

4. Young horses on pasture, neurologic diseases

Grass sickness/horse/characteristics? 1. Draft horses on pasture, myopathy 2. Young horses on pasture, myopathy 3. Older horses on pasture, dermatologic disease 4. Young horses on pasture, neurologic diseases

1. Obstipation, nasogastric reflux, ptosis, muscle fasciculations

Grass sickness/horse/clinical signs? 1. Obstipation, nasogastric reflux, ptosis, muscle fasciculations 2. Diarrhea, reflux, miosis 3. Reflux, nystagmus, muscle fasciculations 4. Obstipation, nystagmus, dysphagia

3. Infection through Eustachion tube, or with spread over, caused by bacteria or mycotic disease

Guttural pouch inflammation causes 1. Infection through Wilson-duct, -with spread over, caused by anaerob bacteria 2. Infection through Stenon-tunnel, consequence of strangles, caused by mycotic disease 3. Infection through Eustachion tube, or with spread over, caused by bacteria or mycotic disease

1. During lowering of head purulent nasal discharge, ballooning of region of parotis, complications of nervous system

Guttural pouch inflammation symptoms 1. During lowering of head purulent nasal discharge, ballooning of region of parotis, complications of nervous system 2. Consistent, hemorrhagic, purulent nasal discharge, tumescence in the throat, extension of the head, head tilt, proprioceptional disorder 3. Single side nasal discharge, sore tumescence in the sulcus jugularis, swallowing disorder

3. Epistaxis, nasal discharge, dysphagia, laryngeal paralysis, Horner syndrome Signs: ・Epistaxis ・Dysphagia ・Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy ・Nasal discharge ・Coughing ・Horner's syndrome ・Fungal encephalitis

Guttural pouch mycosis/signs? 1. Unilateral nasal bleeding, fever, halitosis 2. Bilateral nasal discharge, fever, cough 3. Epistaxis, nasal discharge, dysphagia, laryngeal paralysis, Horner syndrome 4. Swollen parotid region, loss of appetite, weightloss, cough

1. Congenital, a plica salpingopharyngea hypertrophy, air-outflow blocked

Guttural pouch tympany causes 1. Congenital, a plica salpingopharyngea hypertrophy, air-outflow blocked 2. Hereditary, plica nsopharyngealis immaturity, intense air inflow into guttural pouches 3. Tumescence of plica nasopharyngealis, consequence of strangles, hypertrophy of guttural pouches

2. Ballooning, of region of guttural pouches, tympanic percussion sound, paroxysmal cough

Guttural pouch tympany symtoms 1. Ballooning/pain of region of guttural pouches, dyspnea, regurgitation 2. Ballooning, of region of guttural pouches, tympanic percussion sound, paroxysmal cough 3. Ballooning/palpation sensitivity of region of guttural pouches, incomplete dullness percussion sound, dysphagia

1. Infectious anaemia, babesiosis, leptospirosis, immune-/autoimmune processes

Haemolytic anaemia causes in horses 1. Infectious anaemia, babesiosis, leptospirosis, immune-/autoimmune processes 2. Infectious anaemia, leptospirosis, listeriosis, immune-/autoimmune processes 3. Infectious anaemia, horse plague, strangles, immune processes

2. Immunogenetic origin, after colostral uptake, 1/2-3d postprandially, haemolysis, icterus

Haemolytic syndrome of foals 1. Destruction of the equine foetus, in 1-w posprandially weakness, haemolyticus icterus → death 2. Immunogenetic origin, after colostral uptake, 1/2-3d postprandially, haemolysis, icterus 3. Blood type incompatibility → destruction of the fetus in the uterus, icterus at birth, haemoglobinuria, unviability

1. Immune complex production in chronic purulent processes → immune-originated vasculitis → plasma and blood outflow

Haemorrhagic purpura causes 1. Immune complex production in chronic purulent processes → immune-originated vasculitis → plasma and blood outflow 2. Immune disease in horses after viral infections immune complex forming → immune-originated vasculitis → plasma and blood outflow 3. Autoimmune disease, immune complex formation → vasculitis of autoimmune origin → plasma and blood outflow

2. Haemorrhages in the mucous membranes, skin oedema, oedema of the head, leg, ventral abdominal hypoproteinemia Clinical signs of purpura haemorrhagica: ・Utricaria (wheals) ・Large oedematic swellings ・Mucosal bleeding ・Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye ・Hippopotamus head ・Elephant leg ・Stenotic nasal openings ・Dyspnoea ・Laryngeal oedema ・Suffocation ・Gastric/intestinal bleeding ・Colic ・Weakness ・Shock ・Death ・Emaciation ・Recumbency

Haemorrhagic purpura symptoms 1. Haemorrhages, haematomas, "elephant leg", "hippo head", hypovolaemia 2. Haemorrhages in the mucous membranes, skin oedema, oedema of the head, leg, ventral abdominal hypoproteinemia 3. Urticaria, haemorrhages, exsudation under the skin and in coelomae, hypovolaemic shock

3. Treatment of purulent process (abscess), dexamethasone, blood plasma IV, ABs to treat the original matter Treatment: ・Tracheotomy (in emergency) ・Elimination of cause (stangles: AB, abscess lancing) ・Blood plasma transfusion ・Fluid therapy ・Glucocorticoids: Dexamethasone, prednisolone ・Calcium gluconate IV ・Flunixin meglumine

Haemorrhagic purpura treatment 1. NSAID treatment, transfusion, isotonic infusion, ABs 2. Glucocorticoid treatment, transfusion, infusion of glucose, heparin 3. Treatment of purulent process (abscess), dexamethasone, blood plasma IV, ABs to treat the original matter

Hyperextension bad quality picture. Pointing in

Having a horse with toeing in, how does the arc of the foot fight looks like from the top? (turning out, turning in, strait etc.)

The degree of lameness is worse

Having a swinging limb lameness, what happens with the degree of lameness while the affected limb is on outside of circle

1. 1-6 scale

Heart murmur grading: 1. 1-6 scale 2. 1-4 scale

1. Decline of performance, heart frequency during endurance test >200, in rest >90/minute, ventricle extrasystoles/tachyarrhythmias

Heart rhythm disorders/reasons of the medical treatment/horse 1. Decline of performance, heart frequency during endurance test >200, in rest >90/minute, ventricle extrasystoles/tachyarrhythmias 2. Decline of performance, heart frequency during endurance test >120, in rest >40/minute, auricle extrasystoles, in case of ventricle tachyarrhythmias 3. Poor health, heart frequency during endurance test >200, in rest >90/minute, atrioventrcicular heart block

1. In working horse in vapoured hot summer, languor weakness, tachycardia - pulmonary oedema - cerebral oedema, 41-43⁰ Hyperthermia: 40.0-42.0℃

Heat stroke in horses 1. In working horse in vapoured hot summer, languor weakness, tachycardia - pulmonary oedema - cerebral oedema, 41-43⁰ 2. Horse kept in warm stable, strong sweating, languor, excitement of vasomotoric centrum, high mortality, high mortality, 39.5-40⁰ 3. Hot summer, colic-like restlessness, later weakness, spasms, loss of consciousness, high mortality, >42⁰

4. Resp.signs, followed by paraparesis, ataxia, dog sitting position, recumbency

Herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy clinical signs/horse 1. Epileptiform convulsions, cranial nerve paralysis, then severe resp, signs within 6-8 2. Pneumonia, followed by facial and trigeminal paralysis within 3 - 4 weeks, unconscious 3. Asymmetric gluteal muscle atrophy 4. Resp.signs, followed by paraparesis, ataxia, dog sitting position, recumbency

Olecranon

Hock x-ray from skyline, what do we see?

Standing: open, covered or semicovered Inguinal: open Recumbent: Closed, cover testicle and plexus

Horse castration, recumbent closed/open, with or without closing?

Horses with open fractures on long bones have a very poor prognosis, and the use of modern and expensive antibiotics does not change this situation significantly Can be treated surgically with poor prognosis in a low percentage of the cases

Horse open fracture what can you do?

3. Antimicrobial therapy, flunixin, meglumine, thoracic drainage Treatment: ・Initial AB therapy ・Drainage ・Long-term AB therapy (after culture) ・NSAIDs ・Bronchodilators, mucolytics (inhalation) ・Fluid and electrolyte therapy, energy supply ・Stall rest

How can we treat pleuropneumonia in horses? 1. Thoracocentesis, dexamethasone, sulfadimidine, aminophylline 2. Thoracocentesis, bromhexine, prednisolone, gentamycin 3. Antimicrobial therapy, flunixin, meglumine, thoracic drainage 4. Thoracotomy, dexamethasone, bromhexine

3. With the deep branch anest. Of the lat. Plantar nerve

How can you anaesthetize the origin of the suspensory ligament (interosseus medius) on the hind leg? 1. With the abaxial sesamoidean block 2. With the low six point block - it will be anaesthetized within 30 min 3. With the deep branch anest. Of the lat. Plantar nerve 4. With the high plantar nerve anaesthesia

2. Lateral palmar nerve block

How can you perform a more or less "specific" anaesthetise the origin of the suspensory ligament (m. interosseus medius) in the front limb? 1. High palmar nerve block 2. Lateral palmar nerve block 3. Carpometacarpal joint anaesthesia 4. N. medianus anaesthesia

2. IV

How do we administer phenylbutazone as a premedication in horses? 1. IM 2. IV 3. SC 4. CRI

2. After sampling, take the syringe and cover the tip immediately with a small piece of rubber

How do we take blood if we try to get pH and PaCO₂ from arterial blood? 1. 5 ml syringe, 12 G needle 2. After sampling, take the syringe and cover the tip immediately with a small piece of rubber 3. Not necessarily cool, the sample can be tested tomorrow 4. Without boditus from the metatarsal dorsalis, the wine is cut with a sterile scalpel above the artery

Surgery: Screws with or without a plate Midsagittal simple fracture - lag screw Little polster, but even surface (about 1 cm cotton-wool) up to carpus-tarsus Elastic or „Gaze" bandage strongly pulled Fieberglas-cat

How do you correct pastern fractures? (P1)

Rectal palpation US

How do you diagnose intestinal invagination?

4. Nothing must be done, because the foal will most likely grow out of the problem

How do you have to proceed with a 6-week old foal having a <4 degree carpus valgus? 1. It must be operated before the age of 2 months 2. Periosteal stripping is advised on the lateral side of the distal radius 3. Growth retardation with two screws and a figure 8 cerclage wire on the medial side of the radius 4. Nothing must be done, because the foal will most likely grow out of the problem

Reduced oedema → cold water, urinary catheter, pressure wraps (eg. esmarch bandage), replacement, NSAIDs In case of no success retract penis into prepuce to have less scar tissue Interrupted suture into prepuce orifice - use fly net in double layer and suture it, keep for 4-5 days

How do you have to treat paraphimosis in an acute case? Please give a short answer, what to be done

1. In the standing horse - oral extraction

How do you remove cheek teeth in horses in most cases? 1. In the standing horse - oral extraction 2. In general anaesthesia - repulsion 3. In general anaesthesia - oral extraction 4. In the standing horse - repulsion

2. Minimum 2 layers

How do you suture the trachea of the horse? 1. Minimum 1 layer 2. Minimum 2 layers 3. Minimum 3 layers 4. Minimum 4 layers

2. It decreases according to the inverse square law

How does the amount of X-rays change with distance? 1. It does not change 2. It decreases according to the inverse square law 3. It decreases exponentially 4. It decreases linearly

4. 4 (dorsocaudal, ventrocaudal, dorsocranial, ventrocranial)

How many lateromedial views would be appropriate/enough to see properly one side of the equine thorax? 1. 1 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4

3 people (one holds the horse, One hold the cassette, one hold the Xray machine)

How many people are needed for radiograph of a horse?

2. 3-4 ml

How much local anaesthetic solution do you need for intra-articular anaesthesia of the tarsometatarsal joint? 1. 1-2 ml 2. 3-4 ml 3. 5-6 ml 4. 7-8 ml

1. 5-6 ml

How much local anaesthetic solution do you use for intra-articular anaesthesia of the distal interphalangeal joint? 1. 5-6 ml 2. 8-10 ml 3. 10-12 ml 4. 12-14 ml

Patient; Ensure patient is adequately restrained using a bridle ↳ Sedation, wool cotton in ears ↳ Brush the areas to be radiographed ↳ Radiograph of foot → remove shoes, brush the foot, and pack with playdough ↳ Head radiograph; restrain head (it will fall towards ground)

How to prepare a horse for radiograph interpretations

Nasogastric tube

How would you administer 1 liter milk replacer to a two-week old foal?

3. Gradually deteriorate cortical outages, disorder of feeding and drinking, dumbing, moving disorder, disorder of proprioception

Hydrocephalus in adult horse - clinical signs 1. Skull hypertrophy, dumbing, deafness, blindness, mutation of cerebral neurons, strabismus, eyelids-ear dangling, paralysis of tongue 2. Dumbed countenance, spasms of temporal muscles, strabismus, nystagmus, imbalance, consciousness disorder 3. Gradually deteriorate cortical outages, disorder of feeding and drinking, dumbing, moving disorder, disorder of proprioception

2. Block of liquor flow because of stricture of aqueduct of mesencephalon - cerebral oedema - protrusion - compression of aqueduct of mesencephalon - cerebral ventricle dilatation - cortex atrophy

Hydrocephalus in adult horse etiology and pathogenesis 1. Liquor flow block - aqueduct of mesencephalon is obturated - cerebral edema - cerebral ventricle dilaration - pressure atrophy of cerebral ventricles peripheral neurons 2. Block of liquor flow because of stricture of aqueduct of mesencephalon - cerebral oedema - protrusion - compression of aqueduct of mesencephalon - cerebral ventricle dilatation - cortex atrophy 3. Incr liquor prod - liquor stagnation - cerebral oedema - cerebral ventricle dilatation - destruction of brain stem neurons

2. In this serious metabolic disease, that occurs mainly in mares before parturition, hyperlipaemia is the main symptom, blood triglyceride >5-6mmol/L

Hyperlipaemia of mares occurrence 1. Lipemic blood plasma is a symptom characteristic of a metabolic disease of Arabian mares, which occurs often after exercise 2. In this serious metabolic disease, that occurs mainly in mares before parturition, hyperlipaemia is the main symptom, blood triglyceride >5-6mmol/L 3. The around parturition often occurring lipidaemia is a symptom suggesting hepatopathy

3. Breed disposition, pregnancy, obesity, stress, anorexia

Hyperlipaemia of mares pathogenesis 1. In draft mares, pregnancy, physical overload, malnutrition 2. Idiopathic disposition, low energy nutrition, in the last trimester of pregnancy, wasting disease 3. Breed disposition, pregnancy, obesity, stress, anorexia

3. Avoid fattening during pregnancy, avoid stress and predisposing diseases. Therapy is often ineffective, high death risk

Hyperlipaemia of mares prevention and prognosis 1. Suitable management and nutrition, avoid exercise during pregnancy. Reacts good to therapy. 2. Good nutrition during pregnancy, vitamin supplementation. It is mostly favourable without treatment. 3. Avoid fattening during pregnancy, avoid stress and predisposing diseases. Therapy is often ineffective, high death risk

1. Colic → weakness, hepatocerebral syndrome, lipermic plasma

Hyperlipaemia of mares symptoms 1. Colic → weakness, hepatocerebral syndrome, lipermic plasma 2. Colic, fever, icterus, weakness, disturbed plasma 3. Lack of appetite, diarrhea, icterus, nervous signs, bloody-disturbed plasma

2. Stall rest, 4 hour long drip infusion/Ringer solution + glucose, artificial nutrition, liver protective therapy

Hyperlipaemia of mares treatment 1. Antispasmodic/sedatives, in case of colic: walking, high energy nutrition, infusion several times 2. Stall rest, 4 hour long drip infusion/Ringer solution + glucose, artificial nutrition, liver protective therapy 3. Gentle treatment, regular walking, glucose infusion several times, insulin, heparin

3. Breed predisposition (ponies, miniature), pregnancy, obesity, stress, anorexia Occurrence of hyperlipidaemia: ・Shetland, Welsh, Falabella, donkey breeds, Friesians ・Obese ・Pregnant poney mares ・Anorexic animals with BCS >6/9

Hyperlipidaemia of horses/occurrence/aetiology 1. In maiden mares, high fat diet 2. Breed predisposition (ponies, miniature, thoroughbreds), anorexia after parturition, stress 3. Breed predisposition (ponies, miniature), pregnancy, obesity, stress, anorexia 4. Breed predisposition (thoroughbreds), stress, anorexia

1. Symmetrical deformation of the distal leg bones, in connection with diseases of the digestive tract

Hyperplastic osteopathy (acropachia) horse 1. Symmetrical deformation of the distal leg bones, in connection with diseases of the digestive tract 2. Congenital acropachia, intensive pain to pressure, locomotion disorder akinesia 3. Metabolic disturbance of the leg bones with pain of unknown origin, advance in application of glucocorticoids

Endoscopy Bronchoalveolar lavage

IAD diagnosis

Steroid

IAD treatment

2. The stroma has stain uptake, but the Descemet's membrane hasn't

If a descemetocele is stained by fluorescein: 1. The Descemet's membrane remains permanently stained 2. The stroma has stain uptake, but the Descemet's membrane hasn't 3. Superficial epithelial loss can be detected 4. The stroma hasn't stain uptake, but the Descemet's membrane has

1. The intraocular pressure is increased in OD

If the indirect PLR (pupil light reflex) is present in the right eye (OD), this means: 1. The intraocular pressure is increased in OD 2. OU are sighted 3. The retina is functional in OD 4. The retina is functional in OS

3. Strangulation ileus is likely

If the lactate is 6,5 mmol/l in the abdominocentesis fluid, then 1. Impaction is presumable 2. The horse had intensive exercise 3. Strangulation ileus is likely 4. It can be managed conservatively

Thorax - look for metastasis in the lungs

If you have an x-ray of a bone tumor, what should your next picture be of?

Large volumes of balanced iv fluids 50 L/day Intragastric administration of mineral oil Treatment of primary caecal impaction: ・Fasting ・Fluid therapy: Oral first, repeated nasogastric tubing. IV if it doesn't help ・Spasmoanalgetics ・Cathartics: Epsom salt, other salt mixtures ・Surgery Treatment of secondary caecal impaction: Surgery

Impaction of caecum, conservative treatment?

1. Mandibular lymph node Palpable ln. in normal horses: ・Mandibular lnn. ・Superficial inguinal ln. Palpable in. only when enlarged: ・Lateral retropharyngeal lnn. ・Superficial cervical lnn. Palpable ln. by rectal palpation: ・Iliosacral lnn. ・Mesenteric lnn.

In a healthy horse, it is possible to palpate? 1. Mandibular lymph node 2. Retropharyngeal lymph node 3. Prescapular lymph node 4. Iliosacral lymph node

3. Q wave

In a normal ECG, P-wave is followed by: 1. T wave 2. R wave 3. Q wave 4. S wave

Long and lateral digital extensor muscles. 15 ml 4 cm deep, 5 ml under skin

In between which 2 muscle bellies do you have to insert your needle in order to anaesthetise the deep branch of the peroneal nerve

1. Abaxial

In carpal valgus deformity the hoof location to the carpus is 1. Abaxial 2. Axial 3. Cranial 4. Caudal

2. Most significant signs are miosis and ptosis

In case of Horner syndrome in a horse: 1. Cervical parasympathetic nerve damage is suspected 2. Most significant signs are miosis and ptosis

3. Because the external cremaster muscle adheres inside the vaginal tunic

In case of complete abdominal cryptorchid horse we don'́t use the Sand forceps 1. Because the external cremaster muscle is thin there 2. Because the external cremaster muscle adheres outside the vaginal tunic 3. Because the external cremaster muscle adheres inside the vaginal tunic 4. Because the external cremaster muscle is not visible at the operation site

4. There is an adhesion between iris and anterior lens capsule

In case of posterior synechiae: 1. The pupil is maximally dilated 2. Pupil can only have a regular shape 3. There is an adhesion between iris and cornea 4. There is an adhesion between iris and anterior lens capsule

3. On the pelvic flexure

In colic horse surgery, the large colon enterotomy should be performed to rinse out the content 1. On the dorsal colon 2. On the ventral colon 3. On the pelvic flexure 4. At the level of cecocolic fold

3. LM X-ray to localize the nail, the therapy depends on the nail position and injured structures

In nail trip ('Streetnail') the treatment is: 1. Removal of the nail quickly, antibiotic therapy, hoof bandage 2. Removal of the nail quickly, antibiotics, tetanus antitoxin, hoof bandage 3. LM X-ray to localize the nail, the therapy depends on the nail position and injured structures 4. Every case needs tenoscopy

3. Both

In peracute/acute laminitis what would you do? 1. Ice shoes 2. Correct shoes 3. Both 4. None

1. Diazepam Benzodiasepines blir brukt i nyfødte føll (så ø 1 og 2) Kan det være zylazine?

In should not be used for premedication of a newborn foal 1. Diazepam 2. Butorphanol 3. Midazolam 4. Xylazine

1. Increasing of pericardial friction sound, pleuropleural murmurs disappeared

In the course of Valsalva test 1. Increasing of pericardial friction sound, pleuropleural murmurs disappeared 2. Pericardiac murmurs disappeared 3. Pleurocardiac murmurs increased

4. Diarrhea

In which case is rectal admin. inappropriate? 1. Dysphagia 2. Lockjaw 3. Reflux 4. Diarrhea

3. Oblique fracture

In which case the conservative fracture treatment is not contraindicated 1. Intraarticular fracture 2. Salter-harris fracture 3. Oblique fracture 4. Fracture with massive dislocation

4. Thoroughbred racehorses Indications of scintigraphy: ・Suspicion of stress fracture in racehorses (most important indication) ・Stress-related injuries in racehorses and sports horses ・Poor performance in racehorses ・Multilimb lameness ・Lameness that can't be located

In which type of horse is scintigraphy the most useful? 1. Pleasure horses 2. Broodmares 3. Sports horses 4. Thoroughbred racehorses

C6-T2

Increased FL/decreased HL reflexes → which spinal segment is affected?

Performed in case of acute tendinitis, navicular disease

Indication of desmotomy

1. Vagotonia, 2nd degree AV block

Intermission cordis causes and background information in horse 1. Vagotonia, 2nd degree AV block 2. Heart muscle damage, ectopic centre 3. Stimulus generalisation deficiency, failing of 1-1 heart cycle

3. Lameness of sport horses receiding for loading, caused by the thrombosis of the terminal aorta or iliac arteries

Intermittent lameness horse 1. Lameness occurring in comitions because of the degeneration of the femoral muscles plus haemoglobinuria 2. Moving disability of the hind limbs occurring in loading disappearing at rest, with unknown origin 3. Lameness of sport horses receiding for loading, caused by the thrombosis of the terminal aorta or iliac arteries

1. Movement disorders in one of the HLs when loaded, disappearing after 20mins of resting

Intermittent lameness symptoms horse 1. Movement disorders in one of the HLs when loaded, disappearing after 20mins of resting 2. Feel wobbly when loaded, lameness of the HLs, disappearing after half an hour 3. Movement disorder of the FLs or in one of the HLs, when competing, disappearing after a short time of resting.

2. Neostigmine, lidocaine Prokinetic drugs: ・Lidocaine ・Cerucal ・Stigmosan ・Metoclopramide

Intestinal motilisers for horses (prokinetics) 1. Flunixin meglumine, metoclopramide 2. Neostigmine, lidocaine 3. Xyalizine, neostigmine 4. Morphine, neostigmine, lidocaine

1. Periodic colic, subileus, mending/aggravation dyspepsia

Intestinal stenosis - clinical signs 1. Periodic colic, subileus, mending/aggravation dyspepsia 2. Small intestine obturation, ileus, quick/slow progression 3. Occasionally colic/dyspepsia, improving after purgative, recurring diarrhea

1. Doppler echocardiography

Intracardiac shunt detection horse? 1. Doppler echocardiography 2. Scintigraphy, X-ray examination 3. Measurement of the intracardiac blood pressure 4. Contrast angiocardiography

3. Iris protrudes toward the cornea due to synechia posterior

Iris bombè means: 1. Brownish iris 2. Adhesion between the iris and cornea 3. Iris protrudes toward the cornea due to synechia posterior 4. Iris pushed forward against the cornea due to anterior lens luxation

1. If the foal remains recumbent for too long after sedation

It can be an indication for atipamezole administration 1. If the foal remains recumbent for too long after sedation 2. If the cattle becomes recumbent after sedation 3. At recovery after TIVA 4. In all three cases

1. Collapse + reversible central blindness (det er alt)

It can happen in case of an accidental intraarterial injection of alpha-2 receptor agonist: 1. Collapse + reversible central blindness 2. Oxytocin - like effect 3. Awakening 4. Ileus

1. Collapse Intraarterial injection: ・Collapse ・Reversible central blindness

It can happen in case of an accidental intraarterial injection of alpha-2 receptor agonist? 1. Collapse 2. Oxytocin-like effect 3. Awakening 4. Ileus

3. Is bordered by the caudal part of the iris and the anterior lens capsule

It is a fact that the posterior chamber 1. Can be examined with an indirect ophthalmoscope 2. Is filled by the vitreous body 3. Is bordered by the caudal part of the iris and the anterior lens capsule 4. Is the location where the aqueous humour is drained

1. The vasculature of the retina originates from the middle of the optic nerve head in the horse

It is characteristic of the fundus that 1. The vasculature of the retina originates from the middle of the optic nerve head in the horse 2. The tapetum is usually brownish 3. Neurons of the retina can be easily detected with a direct ophthalmoscope 4. Light reflective layer is missing in swine

2. It is bounded by the posterior part of the iris and the anterior lens capsule

It is characteristic of the posterior chamber that 1. It can be examined with an indirect ophthalmoscope 2. It is bounded by the posterior part of the iris and the anterior lens capsule 3. It does not communicate with the anterior chamber 4. Aqueous humour is drained here

1. Can not be improved by PEEP

It is not true for V/Q mismatch during anaesthesia 1. Can not be improved by PEEP 2. Can be caused by airway obstruction 3. Saturation is <90% mostly 4. Arterial blood gas values deteriorate

1. It relieves abdominal pain well, so can be used for a colic horse examination Indications of phenothiazines: ・Mild sedation (brood-mare, transport) ・Scintigraphy ・In case of postanest. myopathy Contraindications of phenothiazines: ・Severe pain ・Shock ・Ileus ・Young foal (hypothermia) ・Excited animal ・Stallion

It is not true for phenothiazine: 1. It relieves abdominal pain well, so can be used for a colic horse examination 2. Can be given to a mare when temporarily separated from the foal 3. Can be administered before transport as an anxiolytic drug 4. In the premedication of elective surgeries

4. After IV injection can cause hypertension

It is true for morphine administration 1. Can last for 1-2 hrs after intramuscular injection 2. Can be medicated through an epidural catheter for hind limb pain relief 3. More potent analgesic than phenylbutazon in orthopedic pain 4. After IV injection can cause hypertension

1 eller 4 (tror ikke det er 1 for man bruker inhalational anaesthetic til føll også som induction) Also: Heat loss, they need to be kept warm

It poses the greatest risk when anaesthetising a newborn foal: 1. Induction with inhalation anaesthetic without premedication 2. Intravenous maintenance: ketamine + diazepam 3. Propofol intravenously 4. Sevoflurane for maintenance

1. ...an advanced diagnostic procedure to evaluate chromosomes in horses

Karyotyping is... 1. ...an advanced diagnostic procedure to evaluate chromosomes in horses 2. ...a method to detect ovulation in mares 3. ...a method to assess libido of stallions 4. ...an advanced diagnostic procedure to evaluate breeding records

3. Ht 0.6-0.8, neutropenia: neutrophilia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis - acidosis

Lab results of acute proximal enteritis 1. Ht 0.3-0.4, TPP 30-34g/L, leukocytes <3.0g/L, lactacid >5.2mmol/L 2. Ht 0.6-0.8, leukocytes: leukopenia, lactacidaemia: metabolic acidosis 3. Ht 0.6-0.8, neutropenia: neutrophilia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis - acidosis

3. Bilirubin ↑, bile acids ↑, AST ↑, GGT ↑, GLDH ↑, SDH ↑

Laboratory findings of a hepatopathy in horses? 1. ALT ↑, AST ↓, SDH ↑, total protein ↑, blood anaemia ↓ 2. Erythrocyte count ↓, left shift of the granulocytes, bilirubin ↑, bile acids ↓ 3. Bilirubin ↑, bile acids ↑, AST ↑, GGT ↑, GLDH ↑, SDH ↑ 4. BUN ↑, ammonia ↑, total protein ↑, creatinine ↑

1. Worse when horse is walking in circles 2. Cause opposite disease

Lameness due to podotrochleosis - what is true? (Navicular disease?) 1. Worse when horse is walking in circles 2. Cause opposite disease 3. Hoof should be elevated 12-18° 4. Cool down hoof might be beneficial

A/B = 25-28% (normal)

Laminitis measurement

2. Damage of the corium of the hoof, disconnection between corium and horny matter of the hoof due to circulatory disturbance, change in the structure of the hoof

Laminitis, diffuse aseptic/definition 1. Degeneration/necrosis of horny matter of the hoof due to circulatory disturbance, exungulation, deformation of the distal phalanx 2. Damage of the corium of the hoof, disconnection between corium and horny matter of the hoof due to circulatory disturbance, change in the structure of the hoof 3. Degeneration/necrosis of the horny matter of the hoof and distal phalanx, local circulatory disturbance

1. Possibility of ileus in rectal findings, repetitive meteorismus despire puncture, severe alterations in clinical values

Laparotomy indications in colic 1. Possibility of ileus in rectal findings, repetitive meteorismus despire puncture, severe alterations in clinical values 2. Clinical signs of gastric-intestinal rupture, as long as clinical signs of ileus 3. Gastric overload, irreversible shock status, peritonitis

3. Unequal fullness of large colon, suddenly powerful moving (plica colica) anatomical disposition

Large colon dislocation etiology 1. Motility of large colon incr because of enteritis, rolling, anatomic disposition 2. LI/meteorismus, irritation of int wall - int motility incr, suddenly moving 3. Unequal fullness of large colon, suddenly powerful moving (plica colica) anatomical disposition

3. Repeated nasogastric tubing with water and electrolytes Treatment of large colon impaction: ・Nasogastric tubing - fluid therapy: 4-5 l water + salt mixture every 2-3 hours ・IV fluid therapy: ↓ oncotic pressure → ↑ water secretion into gut lumen. 20-30 l bolus, then double maintenance dose ・Fasting ・Controlled exercise ・Surgery (rare, in refractory cases) Treatment of small colon imaction: ・Spasmoanalgetics ・Cathartics ・Rectal enema ・PO or IV fluid therapy ・Surgery Treatment of primary caecal impaction: ・Fasting ・Fluid therapy: PO repeated nasogastric tubing → IV (if PO ø helps) ・Spasmoanalgetics ・Cathartics: Epsom salt, other salt mixtures ・Surgery Treatment of primary caecal impaction: Surgery

Large colon impaction in adult horses is usually treated with 1. IV neostgmine injections every 2h 2. Lidocaine constant rate infusion 3. Repeated nasogastric tubing with water and electrolytes 4. Intramuscular metoclopramide injections every 12 hours

3. Flunixin-meglumide to treat endotoxaemia, fluid therapy, paraffin oil, istizin

Large colon obstipation tx 1. Paraffin oil poured into horse mouth, enema, neostigmine 2. MgSO₄ poured into horse mouth, repeated neostigmine inj 3. Flunixin-meglumide to treat endotoxaemia, fluid therapy, paraffin oil, istizin

2. Continuous colic thrashing, bloat, alarming general health, rectal finding; oedema infiltration of int wall is typical

Large colon torsion - clinical signs 1. Powerful colic, hard intestinal sounds, bad general health, rectal findings; place of torsion can be tangled as a gross band 2. Continuous colic thrashing, bloat, alarming general health, rectal finding; oedema infiltration of int wall is typical 3. Hard colic + intestinal motility increases, bloat, bad general health, rectal finding; torsion is tangled

3. Sx can be successful within 8 hours, otherwise death within 1

Large colon torsion outcome 1. Cannot solve with surgery, mortality within 1 day 2. Sx rarely successful, physostigmine injection can help, mortality within 2-3 days 3. Sx can be successful within 8 hours, otherwise death within 1

1. Compression of int veins - circulation decreases in lg areas - hypovolaemic + endotoxaemic shock

Large colon torsion pathogenesis 1. Compression of int veins - circulation decreases in lg areas - hypovolaemic + endotoxaemic shock 2. Intestinal motility increases - diarrhea - fluid loss - hypovolaemic shock 3. Torsion/compression of vessels - local circulation insufficient - int necrosis - endotoxaemia/bacteraemia

3. Operation can be successful within 8 hours, without surgery: death

Large colon torsion/outcome? 1. Can't be solved by surgery, always fatal outcome within one day 2. Operation rarely successful, physostigmine inj. otherwise death within 2-3 days 3. Operation can be successful within 8 hours, without surgery: death 4. Specific body rotation in general anaesthesia can be solution

1. Thromboembolism

Large strongyles may cause? 1. Thromboembolism 2. Chronic diarrhoea 3. Intussusceptions 4. Gastric ulceration

2. Hereditary, in rhinopneumonitis, idiopathic, distal axonopathy

Laryngeal hemiplegia causes 1. Idiopathic, common in carthorse, frequent occurrence in paryngo-laryngitis 2. Hereditary, in rhinopneumonitis, idiopathic, distal axonopathy 3. Hereditary in Arabian horses, n. vagus nucleus trauma, idiopathic

1. Endurance test, endoscope, "slap" test Diagnosis of laryngal hemiplegia: ・Palpation (CAD-atrophy) ・US of larynx ・Endoscopy ↳ Abduction following swallowing/closure of nares ↳ Slap test ・Dynamic endoscopy (DRE or treadmill)

Laryngeal hemiplegia diagnosis 1. Endurance test, endoscope, "slap" test 2. Keeping horse stopped, US exam, endoscope 3. Endurance test, larynx x-ray, "slap" test

3. During inspiration stridor laryngis, fremitus laryngitis, barren larynx

Laryngeal hemiplegia symptoms 1. During inspiration beep sound-rattle, dyspnea, swallowing disorder 2. During expiration beep sound-rattle, expiration dyspnea, sore swelling of muscles of larynx 3. During inspiration stridor laryngis, fremitus laryngitis, barren larynx

2. Laryngitis, hemorrhagic purpura, insect-sting

Laryngeal oedema causes 1. Allergy, pneumony, bee-sting 2. Laryngitis, hemorrhagic purpura, insect-sting 3. Hemorrhagic purpura, laryngeal paralysis, lead poisoning

3. Prednisolone, tracheotomy, antihistamines

Laryngeal oedema treatment 1. Prednisolone, laryngotomy, metronisazole 2. Laryngotomy, prednisolone, bromhexine inj 3. Prednisolone, tracheotomy, antihistamines

2. Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulphate (Na)

Laxative for horses? 1. Magnesium sulfate, neostigmine, sennoside 2. Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, sodium sulphate (Na) 3. Mineral oil, magnesium sulfate, carbachol 4. Diet coke, charcoal

2. Paraffin, mg sulfate, stigmosan ing

Laxatives for horses 1. Mg sulfate, linseed mucin, detomidine inj 2. Paraffin, mg sulfate, stigmosan ing 3. Neostigmine, linseed mucin, drotaverin

Fungal rhinitis: ・Aspergillus spp. ・Conidiobolus spp. ・Cryptococcus spp. Viral rhinitis: ・Equine influenza ・Equine herpesvirus 1-4 ・Equine rhinoviruses ・Equine adenoviruses Parasitic rhinitis: ・Habronema ・Draschia Bacterial rhinitis: Secondary to trauma, foreign body

List fungus which can cause rhinitis in horses

1. Head and neck movement 2. No hyperextension in fetlock (in bad foot) 3. Cranial phase longer

List please the three most important points, which help you to recognize which is the lame front limb

1. Visual 2. Palpation 3. Provocation exam

List please the three most important points, which help you to recognize which is the lame front/hind limb

1. Pelvis moves up and down ↳ Pelvis hike-up when the affected limb hits the gorund 2. No hyperextension fetlock (in bad foot) 3. Cranial phase is short

List please the three most important points, which help you to recognize which is the lame hind limb

・Thickening of the dorsal lamina ・Enlargement of the ligamentum flavum ・Degenerative articular process ・Thickened joint capsule

List the abnormalities which physically contribute to the development of spinal cord compression in cervical static stenosis

1. Colic 2. Abdominal peritoneal fluid 3. Anorexia, weight loss 4. Pyrexia 5. Abnormal x-ray findings 6. Elevated liver enzymes or kidney values

List the three indications of abdominal ultrasonography in horses

1. Rectal temperature 2. Respiratory rate 3. Pulse or heart rate

List the three most important vital parameters (basic clinical values)

1. Ultrasonography 2. Biopsy 3. Endoscopy 4. Laparoscopy

List three ancillary diagnostic methods for examination of the abdomen in adult horses

1. Spina scapula 2. Olecranon 3. Lateral tuberculum of humerus 4. Deltoid tuberosity 5. Crista humeri

List three apical bony points above the carpus on the limb, which can be candidates for fracture! Use appropriate anatomical description

1. Exercise intolerance 2. Weight loss, cough 3. Tachycardia 4. Tachypnea 5. Ventral edema + distal limb edema 6. Pulmonary congestion 7. Pulmonary edema 8. White foamy discharge from lungs 9. Colic like signs 10. Slow return to resting values

List three clinical signs of heart failure in horses

Crystalloids: 1. Lactated Ringer's solution (approximately physiological ion concentration) 2. Ringer's solution (normal than normal Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations) 3. Physiological saline (in hyponatraemia, when Na⁺ <125 mmol/l) 4. Hypertonic saline (for rapid decrease of PCV followed by isotonic solutions) 5. Hypotonic NaCl solution (only for maintenance, should not be used for rapid volume expansion) Types of IV fluids: Crystalloids, plasma expanders, equine plasma, whole blood Plasma expanders: When TPP<40 g/l 1. Dextrans (anaphylactoid reaction) 2. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) (prolongs clotting time)

List three intravenous crystalloid solutions which can be used in horses

1. V. jugularis 2. V. cephalica 3. V. thoracica 4. V. saphena

List three veins which can be used for intravenous drug administration in adult horses

1. Black 2. Gray 3. Chesnut 4. Grey Etc.

List two basic coat colors in horses

1. Digoxin 2. Furosemide 3. Potassium chloride 4. (Ace inhibitors)

List two commonly used drugs for the treatment of congestive heart failure

1. Lidocaine 2. Carucal 3. Stigmason 4. Neostigmine 5. Metoclopramide

List two drugs (active ingredients) with prokinetic effect which are used in horses

1. Superficial cervical 2. Lateral retropharyngeal Palpable ln. in normal horses: ・Mandibular lnn. ・Superficial inguinal ln. Palpable in. only when enlarged: ・Lateral retropharyngeal lnn. ・Superficial cervical lnn. Palpable ln. by rectal palpation: ・Iliosacral lnn. ・Mesenteric lnn.

List two lymph nodes which are palpable only when they are enlarged in adult horses

Non-musical (crackles): ・Clicking ・Rattling ・Crackling Musical (wheezes): Whistling

List two non-musical adventitious respiratory sounds

1. Size 2. Conformation 3. Body condition 4. Posture 5. Gait 6. Behaviour and demeanour 7. Obvious pathological changes

List two parameters which are evaluated during a distant examination

1. Vesicle 2. Nodule 3. Macule 4. Papule/plaque 5. Pustule 6. Urticaria 7. Tumor 8. Cyst Secondary: ・Alopecia ・Scaling ・Crusting ・Scar ・Erosion ・Ulcer ・Lichenification ・Fissure ・Hypo-/hyperpigmentation ・Necrosis

List two primary skin lesions

Periarticular osteophyte formation, subchondral bone lysis and/or sclerosis, lucent zones in the subchondral bone, narrowing of the joint space, osseous cyst like lesions, joint capsule distension, periarticular soft tissue swelling ・Osseous cyst like lesions ・Synovitis ・Periarticular osteophyte formation ・Subchondral bone lysis and/or sclerosis ・Lucent zones in the subchondral bone ・Narrowing of joint space

List two radiological findings, that may appear in a joint with osteoarthritis

1. Palpebral reflex 2. Corneal reflex 3. Evaluation of facial cutaneous sensation 4. Corneal reflex 5. Ability to chew 6. Movement of the jaw

List two reflexes for the examination of the trigeminal nerve in horses

1. Lobulated 2. Y-shaped

List two unique characteristics of the mandibular lymph node in horses

1. Equine influenza 2. Equine herpes virus 1-4 3. Equine rhinoviruses 4. Equine adenoviruses

List two viruses that can cause rhinitis in horses

・Palmar nerves (lat + med) ・Palmar Metacarpal nerves (lat+ med) ・Fetlock anesthesia

Low palmar block

1. How often, length of time, seriousness

Main diagnostics of colic worrying 1. How often, length of time, seriousness 2. Seriousness, intermittent/permanent, freq of tenesmus 3. Nature, seriousness, existence of diarrhea

Medial palmar nerve

Major nerve above carpus, innervates superficial and deep digital flexor tendon

1. Locomotion disorder in ½ - 3y old foals, often HLs, ataxia, paresis, cervical pain, appearing suddenly, deteriorative, then stabilized process

Malformation and malarticulation of cervical vertebrae - clinical signs 1. Locomotion disorder in ½ - 3y old foals, often HLs, ataxia, paresis, cervical pain, appearing suddenly, deteriorative, then stabilized process 2. Imbalance especially in racehorses, stumbling, dangling head, painful when moving neck, paraparesis, slowly deteriorative progression 3. Painful neck in 6m old English thoroughbred foals, dangling neck and head, later deterioration locomotion disorder, rotary motion, intermittent lameness, feeling wobbly, then tetraparesis

1. Cervical x-ray in extended and flexed position, myelography

Malformation and malarticulation of cervical vertebrae diagnosis 1. Cervical x-ray in extended and flexed position, myelography 2. Liquor sampling, CT exam 3. Myelography, CT exam

2. Strangles, purulent periodontitis, rhinitis

Maxillary sinusitis reasons in horse 1. Rhinitis, trauma, sedentation of parasitic larvae 2. Strangles, purulent periodontitis, rhinitis 3. Infectious artheritis, gasterophilus, strangles

3. Single side nasal discharge, region of maxillary pain, deformation

Maxillary sinusitis syptoms 1. Nasal discharge on both sides which is haemorrhagic and purulent, facial deformation/pain, dyspnoe 2. Haemorrhagic discharge with debris on both sides during lowering of head, maxillary pain, salivation 3. Single side nasal discharge, region of maxillary pain, deformation

1. Bad teeth, oesophagus obturation, sand in stomach

Mechanical and physical causes of colic 1. Bad teeth, oesophagus obturation, sand in stomach 2. Tooth abrasion failure, pylorus obstruction, isthmus of intestines 3. Chewing insufficiency, sand in intestines, strange object in intestinal system

1. Long lasting course, colic, intestinal sounds incr, defecation decr, coprological investigation, loosened colon

Mechanical ileus of large colon - clinical signs 1. Long lasting course, colic, intestinal sounds increases, defecation decreases, coprological investigation, loosened colon 2. Course lasts 1-2 days, colic, intestinal paralysis, meteorism, rectal findings; intestinal wall oedema, causing thing is touchable 3. Fatal fast course, colic, meteorism, shock, rectal findings; oedematous colon filled by gas

3. Congobatum, enteroliths, phytotrichobezoars/obturative ileus

Mechanical ileus of large colon causes 1. Intestinal obturative ileus 2. FB gets into int / spastic ileus 3. Congobatum, enteroliths, phytotrichobezoars/obturative ileus

2. Meconium accumulation in small colon of newborn foals

Meconium colic 1. Intestinal obturation in newborn foal caused by chorion 2. Meconium accumulation in small colon of newborn foals 3. Convulsion/obstipation caused by meconium in the newborn foal

2. Mechanical removal of meconium, enema, paraffin oil given through nasal tube

Meconium colic - treatment 1. Enema, istizin, im physostigmine inj 2. Mechanical removal of meconium, enema, paraffin oil given through nasal tube 3. Enema, laxative oil/salt poured into foals mouth, mechanical removal of meconium

3. Lack of colostrum, lengthened gravidity, tight pelvis

Meconium colic causes 1. Lengthened gravidity, lg amount of meconium, difficult birth 2. Retained placenta, lack of colostrum, premature birth 3. Lack of colostrum, lengthened gravidity, tight pelvis

1. Defecation attempts, bad general state

Meconium colic symptoms 1. Defecation attempts, bad general state 2. Hard/pitch like feces, permanent colic, anuria 3. Pitch-like feces, colic, faintness

2. Recurrent/mediocre colic, relapse/emaciation, rectal findings; round, size of fist or head, tuberity formula

Mesenteric abscess 1. Foals after strangles, colic of variable intensity, dyspepsia, rectal findings, mostly neg 2. Recurrent/mediocre colic, relapse/emaciation, rectal findings; round, size of fist or head, tuberity formula 3. Colic in foal after strangles/failure, rectal findings; in pelvis, formula w fluctuating palpation on the right side

3-5 weeks (minimum 3 weeks) Osteophyte formation: >3 weeks Incomplete fissure fracture: Weeks Large productive changes: Months

Minimum time needed to see an osteophyte formation on an equine radiograph?

1. Holosystolic heart noise, tachypnoe, congestion in the pulmonary circulation

Mitral insufficiency horse 1. Holosystolic heart noise, tachypnoe, congestion in the pulmonary circulation 2. In the left 3 ICS strong pandiastolic heart noise, tachypnoe, dyspnoe, decline of performance, frequent 3. In the right 3 ICS strong pandiastolic heart noise, tachypnoe, dyspnoe, decline of performance, very rare

1. Holosystolic cardiac murmur in left 5th IC space, tachypnea, dyspnea, left heart failure

Mitral insufficiency/symptoms/horse? 1. Holosystolic cardiac murmur in left 5th IC space, tachypnea, dyspnea, left heart failure 2. Strong pansystolic cardiac murmur in left 3rd IC space, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, exersice intolerance 3. Holodiastolic cardiac murmur in left 4th intercostal space, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, left heart failure 4. II/VI -V/VI diastolic cardiac murmur in the left 4th IC space

1. Dorsal wall

Most common lesion of a rectal wall rupture in horses is 1. Dorsal wall 2. Lateral wall 3. Ventral wall 4. Concentric

3. Mostly the aortic and mitral valve

Most common localization of bacterial endocarditis in horses? 1. Mostly the orifice of the pulmonary artery (pulmonary valve) 2. Mostly the tricuspid valve 3. Mostly the aortic and mitral valve 4. Mostly the orifice of the pulmonary artery (pulmonary valve) and the aortic valve

2. Acetylcysteine, bromhexine, dembrexine

Mucolytics for horses 1. Atropine, terbutaline, dembrexine 2. Acetylcysteine, bromhexine, dembrexine 3. Terbutaline, celbuterol, dexamethasone

1. Racehorse under hard/drastic load, stress, individual sensibility

Muscular degeneration (myalgia) incidence in horse 1. Racehorse under hard/drastic load, stress, individual sensibility 2. Racehorses with hard loading without training, after transport, inherited individual sensibility 3. Syndrome under horse transportation or racing, it's familiar in studs, the individual sensibility has a big lead in it

1 eller 2

Muscular degeneration (myalgia) symptoms in horse 1. Claudication, drop with comedown, hobbyhorse attitude 2. Racehorses with hard loading without training, after transport, inherited individual sensibility 3. Breast-, loins-, thigh muscular to be swollen and to be stiff, serious and irreversible lameness, renal failure

1. Muscular atrophy, lameness, recumbency → death

Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition effects 1. Muscular atrophy, lameness, recumbency → death 2. Claudication, debilitation, renal failure 3. Atrophic muscular slow degeneration, claudication, myocardosis

1. 2-3 days rest in strong well-fed horses, then hard work within transition

Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition pathogenesis 1. 2-3 days rest in strong well-fed horses, then hard work within transition 2. 1 week rest in well-fed horses, then hard work within transition 3. In undernourished, yoke horses, for the sake of grim-hard wo

2. Half forage portion under rest days, ducting, after first interception humane loading

Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition prevention 1. During rest days be aware of changing the feed, ensure the calm of the resting horse, gradual increase of the forage portion 2. Half forage portion under rest days, ducting, after first interception humane loading 3. During rest days vitamin B supplement, be aware that the horses are under calm condition in their equerry, they have limitations under hard work in the first day

3. Normal walk, wobbly, downfall, rump muscular bulge, compact rubber delicate muscle, brown-ruddy urine

Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition symptoms 1. After the first interception within 2-3 hours: lameness, wobbly, drop down, rump muscular bulge, saw-horse position, brown-ruddy urine 2. After the first interception within 2-3 hours: serious lameness, wobbly, downfall, rump muscular bulge, pasty delicate muscular, brown ruddy urine 3. Normal walk, wobbly, downfall, rump muscular bulge, compact rubber delicate muscle, brown-ruddy urine

3. Immediately terminate the work, grooming, give it NaHCO₃, flunixin-meglumide, if a horse cannot stand up, it has a big change to die

Muscular degeneration myoglobin-micturition what to do 1. Try to rig up the recumbent horse to put up to walk, give it vitamin B, blood-letting 2. Transfer the recumbent horse to its equerry and place it to a hammock, abet the healing with blood-letting and vit B inj 3. Immediately terminate the work, grooming, give it NaHCO₃, flunixin-meglumide, if a horse cannot stand up, it has a big change to die

3. Histoplasma capsulatum, Rhinosporidium seeberi, Coccidiodes immitis

Mycotic bronchitis pneumonia origin 1. Pneumocystic carinii, Aspergillus species, Histoplasma equi 2. Coccidiodes equi, Pneumocystis carinii, Actinobaculum equi 3. Histoplasma capsulatum, Rhinosporidium seeberi, Coccidiodes immitis

3. Resp symptoms, paraparesis, ataxia, sitting dog position, recumbency

Myeloencephalomalacia caused by Herpesvirus 1. Serious resp symptoms, after 6-8d NS CS, convulsions, paralysis of cranial nerves and skeletal muscles 2. Pneumonia, after 3-4w paraparesis, paresthesia in gluteal region, paralysis of caudal/anal muscles, limbs, unconsciousness in more serious cases 3. Resp symptoms, paraparesis, ataxia, sitting dog position, recumbency

3. Rhinopneumonitis, Equine influenza, Equine Infectious Anaemia, stranglesr, Strongylus-larves, monenzin toxicosis

Myocardiopathies/causes/horse 1. Rhinopneumonitis, Equine influenza, septicaemia, Strongylus-larves, aflatoxin poisoning 2. Equine influenza, Equine Infectious Anaemia, strangles, dirofilariosis, mebendazoltoxiosis 3. Rhinopneumonitis, Equine influenza, Equine Infectious Anaemia, stranglesr, Strongylus-larves, monenzin toxicosis

Chronic laminitis

Name of disease and how do you call foot, diverging rings on hoof wall and concave dorsal hoof wall, while looking at from the side

2. Sleepiness/collapse, senseless status, generalized atonia, areflexia

Narcolepsia, cataplexia in horse 1. Appears in attacks, falling asleep voluntarily, gradually deteriorate attacks until collapse, clonic convulsions, coma - death 2. Sleepiness/collapse, senseless status, generalized atonia, areflexia 3. Hereditary, nervous system complient, temporal loss of consciousness, behaviour disorder in the breaks of the attacks, irritability

2. Physiologic up to 2-4 weeks of age

Neonatal pharyngeal weakness/foal? 1. Clinical signs: milky nasal discharge, bruxism, fever 2. Physiologic up to 2-4 weeks of age 3. Treatment with calcium 4. Treatment with antibiotics and NSAIDs

4. ...granulosa cell tumor

Neoplastic ovarian enlargement can be caused by.... 1. ...persistent anovulatory follicle 2. ...haemorrhagic anovulatory follicle 3. ...parovarian cyst 4. ...granulosa cell tumor

3. Polyneuritis and equine motor neuron disease are caused by peripheral nerve system and the def of vitamin E

Neuritis caudae equinae 1. Another name is polyneuritis equi and degenerative disease of peripheral nerve system 2. Another name is equine motor neuron disease and is caused by def in vitamin E 3. Polyneuritis and equine motor neuron disease are caused by peripheral nerve system and the def of vitamin E

3. Anaesthesia by anus, hyperaesthesia, tail paralysis, rectuparalysis

Neuritis caudae equinae 1. Spastic paralytic flagging tail, skin hyperaesthesia near tail, closing m of rectum shrinking crampingly 2. Muscles of tail shrinking crampingly, strong skin pain around tail, difficult to defecate and urinate 3. Anaesthesia by anus, hyperaesthesia, tail paralysis, rectuparalysis

2. Paralysis of the striated muscles due to inhibited release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic motor nerve endings

Neurophysiologic background of botulism? 1. Paralysis of the striated muscles due to inhibited released of GABA at the presynaptic motor nerve endings 2. Paralysis of the striated muscles due to inhibited release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic motor nerve endings 3. General muscular paralysis due to inhibited release of acetylcholine at the presynaptic motor nerve endings 4. Paralysis of striated muscles due to inhibited release of GABA at postsynaptic motor n. endings

>105 degrees

Norberg's angle in normal hip?

3. 2nd degree AV block

Normal in horses: 1. Atrial fibrillation 2. Ventricular fibrillation 3. 2nd degree AV block 4. Arrhythmia

28-42 bpm Foal: 40-60 bpm

Normal pulse

10-15 breaths/minute

Normal respiratory rate in adult

37.5-38.0 ℃

Normal temperature in adult

37.5-38.5℃ Adult: 37.0-38.0℃

Normal temperature in newborn

1. Mandibular ↳ In intermandibular space 2. Superficial inguinal ↳ Located on the inner thigh where the skin of the thigh turns into the abdominal area

Normally palpable lymph nodes

2. Consequence of incidence of lung-bleeding

Nose bleed in racehorse 1. Consequence of competition's trauma 2. Consequence of incidence of lung-bleeding 3. Consequence of dope-using

3. Trauma, recessive thoroughbred-sick, guttural pouch mycosis

Nose bleed in racehorse reasons 1. Trauma, haemorrhagic purpura, pharyngitis 2. Nasal-tumor, dominant successions, coagulopathy 3. Trauma, recessive thoroughbred-sick, guttural pouch mycosis

4. Aspiration pneumonia Clinical signs (complications): ・Aspiration pneumonia ・Oesophageal rupture ↳ Cervical region: cellulitis, systemic inflammation ↳ Thoracic region: Pleuritis

Oesophageal obturation/most common complication/horse? 1. Angina pharynges 2. Secondary gastric dilation 3. Pharyngeal paralysis 4. Aspiration pneumonia

1 eller 2

Oesophageal obturation/prognosis/horse? 1. Mostly unfavourable 2. Mostly favourable 3. Always fatal outcome 4. Poor prognosis

3. Oxytocin, butylscopolamine, xylazine, oesophagostomy if other methods of removal fail Treatment of esophageal obstruction: ・Buscopan inj. ・Acepromazine inj. ・Oxytocin inj. ・Sedation: Xylazine, butorphanol ・Nasogastric tubing ・Lavage under general anaesthesia: Tilted surgical table, carefully inflated intratracheal tube ・Infrequent esophagotomy ・Parenteral antibiotics, flunixin meglumine

Oesophageal obturation/treatment/horse? 1. Trocarisation of the caecum if necessary, dipyrone, xylazine 2. Dipyrone, xylazine, trying to remove the solid food by hand if it is located behind the pharynx 3. Oxytocin, butylscopolamine, xylazine, oesophagostomy if other methods of removal fail 4. Neostigmine, lidocaine, liquid paraffin

4. Pelvic flexure or small intestine

On rectal examination, you palpate a segment of distended bowel without taeniae. The intestinal segment you are palpating is most likely: 1. Small colon or small intestine 2. Pelvic flexure or right ventral colon 3. Base of caecum or right dorsal colon 4. Pelvic flexure or small intestine

3. Can be treated surgically with poor prognosis in...percentage of the cases

Open fracture in the horse: 1. Can be treated with good prognosis 2. There is no surgical treatment 3. Can be treated surgically with poor prognosis in...percentage of the cases

2. Hereditary, breed disposition, compacta incr / medullary cavity decr

Osteoporosis horse 1. Thinning of the bone compacta due to the disturbance of Ca-metabolism 2. Hereditary, breed disposition, compacta incr / medullary cavity decr 3. Thickening of the tubular bones due to the disturbance of the mineral supply

3. Retardation, spontaneous fractures, ruptures, not viable

Osteoporosis horse - clinical signs 1. Thickening of the tubular bones, sensitivity to pressure, lameness 2. Genu valgum, locomotion disorder, exostoses on the leg bones 3. Retardation, spontaneous fractures, ruptures, not viable

2. Measuring ACTH, dexamethasone suppression test PPID = Cushing's disease / pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction Diagnosis: ・Baseline ACTH ・Dexamethasone suppression test ・TRH stimulation test Clinical signs: ・Hirsutism ・Weight loss ・Laminitis ・Immunosuppression Treatment: Pergolide (daily)

PPID diagnosis: 1. Measuring GGI, LDH, CK 2. Measuring ACTH, dexamethasone suppression test 3. Thyroid profile tests 4. Measuring TRH and insulin

1. In intestines of suckling foals, catarrhal enteritis, small intestinal obturation, wasting/cachexia

Parascariosis 1. In intestines of suckling foals, catarrhal enteritis, small intestinal obturation, wasting/cachexia 2. In stomach, small intestions, occult inf in adult horses 3. Enteritis in foals, ileus, larval migration/hepatic trauma

2. Strongylosis, Ascariosis

Parasitic cause of colic 1. Toxocara equi, Bunostomumum magnum infection 2. Strongylosis, Ascariosis 3. Toxacariosis, Strongyloidosi

3. GI motility → GI paralysis → ileus, enteritis, enterotoxaemia, often bad outcome

Pathogenesis of acute proximal enteritis 1. GI motility increases → melena → dehyration → die in 3-4 days 2. Enteritis hemorrhagica, melena, recovery after treatment 3. GI motility → GI paralysis → ileus, enteritis, enterotoxaemia, often bad outcome

2. Hyperthermia

Pathomechanism of colic. What is not typical? 1. Hypovolaemia 2. Hyperthermia 3. Endotoxaemia 4. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

1. Muscular glycogen increase Local lactic acid increase Vasoconstriction due to hypoxaemia Zenker type myopathy Muscular paralysis + myoglobinuria

Pathophysiology of post-exercise myopathy (myoglobinuria paralytica)/horse? 1. Muscular glycogen increase Local lactic acid increase Vasoconstriction due to hypoxaemia Zenker type myopathy Muscular paralysis + myoglobinuria 2. Hypoxia Anaerobe glycolysis increase Local lactic acid increase Zenker type myopathy myoglobinuria + immune mediated glomerulonephritis 3. Hypoxia Anaerobe glycolysis increase Lactic acid increase Zenker type myopathy + myoglobinuria + immune mediated glomerulonephritis

Trimming + corrective shoeing

Peracute laminitis, treatment

1. Pain in cardiac area, soft heartsounds, scratching murmurs: increasing when the nose is occluded

Pericarditis sicca symptoms in horse 1. Pain in cardiac area, soft heartsounds, scratching murmurs: increasing when the nose is occluded 2. Cardiac friction sounds, cardiac dullness incr, heartbeats almonst silent: increasing/disappearing when the nose is occluded 3. Cardiac pain, enlargement of the cardiac dullness, far heartsounds, friction sounds: disappearing when the nose is occluded

2. Fagopyrum esculentum & lupinus albus cause secondary photosensitisation

Photosensitisation/which statement is not true? 1. Hypericum perforation (st. johns wort) causes primary photosensitization 2. Fagopyrum esculentum & lupinus albus cause secondary photosensitisation 3. Hepatogenous photosensitisation is characterised by phylloerythrin accumulation 4. The colchicine does not cause photosensitization

1. Mucous containing mucin, muddy, rich in Ca-carbonate Clarity: Turbid (CaCO₃, mucus) Specific gravity: Isosthenuria = 1008-1014 g/l

Physical properties of horse urine 1. Mucous containing mucin, muddy, rich in Ca-carbonate 2. Streams easily, contains mucin, translucid, contains Mg-P 3. Streams with difficulty, contains protein, translucid, contains Ca-Oxalate

4. 10 mmol/liter (3.6-8.9 mmol/l)

Physiological upper limit of blood urea in horses? 1. 5 mikrimol/liter 2. 5 mmol/liter 3. 20 mmol/liter 4. 10 mmol/liter

2. 20 - 25 mmol/l

Physiological values of blood bicarbonate in horses 1. 25 - 30 mmol/l 2. 20 - 25 mmol/l 3. 15 - 20 mmol/l 4. 5-10mmol/l

3. 135-155mmol/l

Physiological values of serum sodium in horses? 1. 55-100mmol/l 2. 100-135mmol/l 3. 135-155mmol/l 4. 155-175mmol/l

・Lengthened circulation time (delayed anesthetic effect) ・↓ water content of cells ・↑ content ・↓ compensation capacity

Physiology of elderly patients

3. Mycotoxins, plants rich in oxalate aminoglycosides, monensin

Plants and drugs causing nephrosis acuta 1. Aflatoxin, ochratoxin, tetracyclines, gentamicin, levamisole 2. Fumonisin, aflatoxin, plants rich in oxalate, aminoglycosides, cephalosporins 3. Mycotoxins, plants rich in oxalate aminoglycosides, monensin

1. Remove shoes and pare the foot 2. Brush foot with wire brush 3. Pack the sulci of the frog with play doh

Please list the three main steps of preparing a foot for radiological exam

1. Gives better quality images 2. Lower radiation dose 3. Image seen in a few seconds 4. Faster examination

Please list two main advantages of digital (direct) radiography over computed radiography

4. Possible synovial parameters in an aseptic osteoarthritic joints are: WBC: 1 G/l; Neutrophils <15% (TP: <3.5 g/dl) Radiological signs: ・Periarticular osteophytes (osteophyte formation) ・Subchondral sclerosis ・Subchondral cystic lesions ・Narrowing joint space ・Ancylosis (stiffness of joint)

Please mark the correct statement about osteoarthritis in horses 1. Radiological signs are narrowing joint space and separate osteochondral fragments in the joint cavity. 2. IL - 1 receptor agonists (IRAP) are good intraarticular treatment options in early stage of osteoarthritis 3. Methylprednisolon acetate in a lower dosage has chondroprotective as well as anti-inflammatory effect 4. Possible synovial parameters in an aseptic osteoarthritic joints are: WBC: 1 G/l; Neutrophils <15%

2. Dullness with horizontal uppor border by percussion, no respiration, by puncture: exsudation

Pleuropneumonia CS 1. Whistling and wheezing resp sounds, cardiac dullness, discharge of transudate 2. Dullness with horizontal uppor border by percussion, no respiration, by puncture: exsudation 3. Discharge of inflammatory exsudate, loud catarrhal resp sounds, chest oedema

3. Streptococcus equi, pasteurella, Actinobacillus equi

Pleuropneumonia aerobic bacteria 1. Streptococcus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma equi, Actinobacilus multiformis 2. Bacteroides fragilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, fusobacterium 3. Streptococcus equi, pasteurella, Actinobacillus equi

1. Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium sp., fusobacterium

Pleuropneumonia anaerobic bacteria 1. Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium sp., fusobacterium 2. Klebsiella equi, Fusobacterium virilise, Mycoplasma felis 3. Actinobacillus pneumonia, Clostridium multifactoralis, Bacteroides pleuropneumoniae

2. Long distance transport

Pleuropneumonia in horse/predisposing factors? 1. Weaning 2. Long distance transport 3. Vaccination 4. Overcrowding

3. Antimicrobial therapy, flunixin-meglumide, lowering of the pleural exsudate

Pleuropneumonia treatment 1. Thoracocentesis, dexamethasone, sulfadimidine, aminophylline 2. Thoracocentesis, bromhexin, prednisolone, gentamicin 3. Antimicrobial therapy, flunixin-meglumide, lowering of the pleural exsudate

2. Amoxicillin, gentamycin, tilozin, cephalexin

Pneumonia treatment - antibacterial agents 1. Ampicillin, lincomycin, ticarcillin, metronidazole 2. Amoxicillin, gentamycin, tilozin, cephalexin 3. Cephalexin, clindamycin, metronidazole, neomycin

3. Left ICS 5 Pulmonary: Left 3rd ICS below point of shoulder Aortic: Left 4th ICS below point of shoulder Mitral: Left 5th ICS halfway between shoulder and sternum Tricuspid: Right 4th ICS

Point of maximum intensity for mitral valve 1. Right ICS 6 2. Left ICS 6 3. Left ICS 5 4. Left ICS 4

3. Left ICS 4 Pulmonary: Left 3rd ICS below point of shoulder Aortic: Left 4th ICS below point of shoulder Mitral: Left 5th ICS halfway between shoulder and sternum Tricuspid: Right 4th ICS

Point of maximum intensity of aortic valve? 1. Right ICS 3 2. Right ICS 4 3. Left ICS 4 4. Left ICS 7

2. EHV-1, adenovirus, streptococcus

Polyneuritis aetiology in horse? 1. EHV-2, adenovirus, Rhodococcus equi 2. EHV-1, adenovirus, streptococcus 3. EHV-1, fumozin, Actinobacillus equuli 4. Clostridium botulinium C

Stifle near, elbow far...

Position of malignant bone tumors

3. Cannot vomit, dislocation of intestines can easily evolve disposition to vagotony

Predisposing factor for colic disease 1. Slow motion of stomach, intestines predisposed to meteorism, innervation of digestive organs predisposed to spasms 2. Undigested substance empty from stomach, small intestinal motility is strong, substance of large intestines quickly goes off with strong motility 3. Cannot vomit, dislocation of intestines can easily evolve disposition to vagotony

2. Feeding huge amount of papilionaceae without gradation, fermentation increases, seasonal

Primary caecal meteorism etiology 1. Feeding with Lucerne - lactic acid increases - paralysis of cecal musculature - gas accumulation 2. Feeding huge amount of papilionaceae without gradation, fermentation increases, seasonal 3- Feeding with forage - VFA/lactic acid increases - gas production increases

3. Cecal dilatation - spastic pain - atonia - fluid entrance - dyspnea - shock

Primary caecal meteorism pathogenesis 1. Gas accumulation - intestinal dilatation - int paralysis - intestinal rupture 2. Fermentation of CH/cecum - lactic acid + gas prod increases - intestinal paralysis + intestinal dilatation - shock 3. Cecal dilatation - spastic pain - atonia - fluid entrance - dyspnea - shock

1. Heavy colid, drum like dilatation of right flank, dyspnea, rectal palp; dilated cecum

Primary caecal meteorism symptoms 1. Heavy colid, drum like dilatation of right flank, dyspnea, rectal palp; dilated cecum 2. Heavy colic, heavy summetric dilatation of the abdomen, dyspnea, cyanosis, rectal palp; dilated cecum 3. Weak/average colic, dilated flanks, dyspnea, cyanosis, rectal palp; dilated cecum/colon

2. Cecal paracentesis, without this, danger of death is very high (trocarisation?)

Primary cecal meteorism outcome, method of treatment 1. Paracentesis just farthest case, physostigmine gives good result in high doses, antichock if therapy, outcome: generally good 2. Cecal paracentesis, without this, danger of death is very high (trocarisation?) 3. Physosyigmine + Nospa inj, walking, fasting, reacts quickly to therapy

Prognosis: Bad Surgery: Plate osteosynthesis

Prognosis of open fracture in horses, surgery possible?

4. Repeated nasogastric decompression and intravenous fluid administration Treatment of proximal enteritis: ・Supportive ・Nasogastric tubing 2-4 hours ↳ Repeated tubing ↳ Tube left in horse ・Fluid therapy ↳ Aggressive rehydration: crystalloids, 7% NaCl ↳ Maintenance

Proximal enteritis in horses is most often treated by: 1. Orally administrated metoclopramide for 5 to 7 days 2. Large intravenous dose of phenylbutazone for 3 to 5 days. 3. Surgical removal (resection and anastomosis) of the affected part of the intestine 4. Repeated nasogastric decompression and intravenous fluid administration

Lag screw, cast

Proximal phalanx comminuted fracture, what to do?

2. Weakness, purulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, whistling-wheezing resp sounds

Purulent pneumonia CS 1. Languor, serous-purulent nasal discharge, dullness with horizontal upper border by percussion, dyspnea 2. Weakness, purulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, whistling-wheezing resp sounds 3. Fever, bloody-frothy nasal discharge, dyspnea, dry cough, wide dullness

3. Astrus like behaviour or emergence of penis, colic like restlessness, disorder of feed, water uptake, salivation, spasms, seizures, consciousness disorder, usually 2-6d lethal ending disease progression

Rabies CS 1. Within 1-3d after inf, behaviour disorder, anorexia, involuntary movement, high fever, loss of consciousness, spasms, death within 1-2d 2. 1-3d after inf, langor, weakness, paralysis of cerebral nerves, gradually deteriorating status, 3-4w disease progression 3. Astrus like behaviour or emergence of penis, colic like restlessness, disorder of feed, water uptake, salivation, spasms, seizures, consciousness disorder, usually 2-6d lethal ending disease progression

2. Virus inf from bites of rabid dogs, virus prop along nerves, replication in synapses, encephalomyelitis Virus: Lyssavirus

Rabies etiology and pathogenesis 1. Arbovirus, bites from rabid dogs, stabled horse, haematogenous virus prop, penetration into cerebrum only in case of immune def 2. Virus inf from bites of rabid dogs, virus prop along nerves, replication in synapses, encephalomyelitis 3. Lentivirus, nucleate encephalomyelitis, prop by bites of rabid foxes, penetration through a wound, penetration by lymph vessels

2. All diseases causing abdominal pain

Real colic is? 1. A painful syndrome of the abdominal digestive organs 2. All diseases causing abdominal pain 3. A syndrome in horses characterized by pain and unrest 4. A painful syndrome of the digestive organs

3. Ileus, mucosa inflammation, pain

Reason for hypovolaemia in the colic horse 1. Rupture of the stomach/intestines, ileus, colon obstipation 2. Stomach meteorism, small intestinal atonia, colon disposition 3. Ileus, mucosa inflammation, pain

2. Excitement of mechanoreceptors, release of mediators, local circulation insufficiency

Reason for pain in the colic horse 1. Development of shock, paralysis of intestines, dislocation of intestines 2. Excitement of mechanoreceptors, release of mediators, local circulation insufficiency 3. Stop of stomach function, dilatation of intestines, dyspepsial digestion insufficiency

2. Bacterial increase/collapse, ischaemia of intestinal wall, ileus

Reasons for endotoxaemia in colic 1. Increase of Gram-positive bacteria, circulation disorder of intestinal wall, typhocolitis 2. Bacterial increase/collapse, ischaemia of intestinal wall, ileus 3. Collapse of Gram-negative bacteria, increase of lipoproteins, disorder of intestinal absorption

2. Colic despite therapy/meteorism, clinical/rectal findings refer to a serious disease, pulse >50/min permanently, no good conditions for the therapy

Reasons for referral to clinic for colic horse 1. If the colic symptoms still exist after 1h, if infusion on spot not possible, pulse 40/min permanently 2. Colic despite therapy/meteorism, clinical/rectal findings refer to a serious disease, pulse >50/min permanently, no good conditions for the therapy 3. Active intestinal murmue/freq flatulation, colic worrying despite of negative rectal findings, and if you can't use nasogastric tubing

ID will be breed, sex, height, age (DOB), markings, brands, microchip. Can imprint chestnuts. Can take hair for DNA sample - usually from tail and done as a foal. Silhouette. General impression as small animals

Record the identification data and the general impression of the horse

1. Amateur rectal finding/covering

Rectum rupture etiology 1. Amateur rectal finding/covering 2. Rectal finding, obstipation 3. Amateur covering/colic treatment, intestinal torsion

2. Painful worrying, blood from rectum, septicaemia/endotoxaemia, death within 2-3h in case of perforation

Rectum rupture/intestinal wall rupture consequences 1. Hard colic, paralytic ileus, blood flow from the rectum, peritonitis, sx ineffective, death within 2-5d 2. Painful worrying, blood from rectum, septicaemia/endotoxaemia, death within 2-3h in case of perforation 3. Colic worrying, blood from rectum, defecation disorder, injury can be successfully treated even in case of perforation

Horses should be fasted for 6 hours, water should be given, this increases lung function, decreases chance of stomach rupture and decreases chances of postoperative ileus Neonatal foals: allowed to suck Older foals: 4-6h fasting

Regarding different fasting times pre-operations for horses/foals

2. Fenbendazole, oxibendazole, ivermectin

Removal of roundworm 1. Ivermectin, mebendazole, tetramizol 2. Fenbendazole, oxibendazole, ivermectin 3. Tiabendazole, mebendazole, tetramizol

3. Sudden occurrence of large amount of urine, enlarged kidneys

Renal infarct - clinical signs 1. Deterioration of hematuria, colic, renal failure 2. Serious hematuria - shock - bleeding out 3. Sudden occurrence of large amount of urine, enlarged kidneys

1. 10-18 bpm Foals (1 week - 6 months): 10-25 breaths/minute

Resp rate of normal adult horse is: 1. 10-18 bpm 2. 20-28 3. 30-38 4. 40-48

3. Vasoactive materials increases, toxic effects to blood cells, clotting tendency increases

Results of endotoxaemia in colic 1. Toxic effect to red/white blood cells, haemolysis, anaemia 2. Toxic effect to intestinal cells, intestine motility increases, hypertension 3. Vasoactive materials increases, toxic effects to blood cells, clotting tendency increases

1. Accumulation of lactic acid, uremia extrarenale, liver insufficiency

Results of local circulation insufficiency in colic 1. Accumulation of lactic acid, uremia extrarenale, liver insufficiency 2. Metabolic acidosis, necrosis of intestines, shock 3. Dominance of anaerobic oxidation, atonia of intestine, intestine displacement

1. With opthalmoscope or ultrasound examination

Retinal detachment can be diagnosed 1. With opthalmoscope or ultrasound examination 2. With slit-lamp biomicroscope 3. With inspection 4. In no way if corneal opacity is present

1. Strangles, satratoxicosis, smoke-, dust inhalation

Rhinitis in horse reasons 1. Strangles, satratoxicosis, smoke-, dust inhalation 2. Horse flu, fusariotoxicosis, gasterophilus larvae 3. Strangles, fumonisin toxicosis, hypoderma larvas

1. Occurs in foals between 1-6 months

Rhodococcus equi/horse? 1. Occurs in foals between 1-6 months 2. Occurs exclusively in immunosuppressed individuals 3. Occurs in neonatal 4. Causes bronchitis in adult horses

1. Conservative therapy in simple cases, sx + conservative therapy in more complicated cases, untreatable in case of perforation

Rupture of rectal wall - treatment 1. Conservative therapy in simple cases, sx + conservative therapy in more complicated cases, untreatable in case of perforation 2. Always sx, can help even in case of complete rupture of rectal wall 3. Conservative treatment is long, but useful except if complete perforation, in that case prognosis is uncertain

3. Bleeding during rectal palpation, pain, wound has to be stitched, prognosis good/unstable

Rupture of rectum / mucosal injury effects 1. Colic restlessness, fatigue/weakness, bleeding from rectum, surgery useless, death in 2-3d 2. Defecation painful, feces covered with blood, worsening condition, untreatable 3. Bleeding during rectal palpation, pain, wound has to be stitched, prognosis good/unstable

1. Stress fracture

Scintigraphy is particularly useful for diagnosing which injuries? 1. Stress fracture 2. Tendon injuries 3. Laminitis 4. Osteochondrosis dissecans

3. Small intestine

Scrotal hernia can contain which organ? 1. Uterus 2. Bladder 3. Small intestine 4. Large intestine

・Acetylcysteine ・Bromhexine

Secretolytics for horses

2. Acetylcysteine, bromhexine, dembrexine

Secretolytics for horses? 1. Atropine, terbutaline, dembrexine 2. Acetylcysteine, bromhexine, dembrexine 3. Terbutaline, clenbuterol, dexamethasone 4. Clenbuterol, albuterol, dembrexine

2 eller 4

Secretolytics for horses? 1. Atropine, terbutaline, dembrexine 2. Terbutaline, Imodium 3. Terbutaline, clenbuterole 4. Acetylcysteine, bromhexine

2. Detomidine, xylazine

Sedatives used in colic cases 1. Detomidine, medeteomidine 2. Detomidine, xylazine 3. Detomidine, flunixin-meglumide

40-60 ml of gentamicin

Septic distal interphalangeal joint with regional limb perfusion. What AB, what dosage, how many ml

DDFT

Serious injury at midcannon level, palmar. The horse is lifting up the toe during the stance. Which tendon is ruptured

1. Serous gripes, "wineflake-like" gastric content, enteritis

Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis - clinical signs 1. Serous gripes, "wineflake-like" gastric content, enteritis 2. Gripes perspiration, "wineflake like" gastric content, shock/death 3. Prostrate behaviour, "wineflake like" gastric content, laminitis

2. Intake of immature maize, allergy

Serous-hemorrhagic gastritis etiology 1. Feed w mycotoxins, lactic acid increases 2. Intake of immature maize, allergy 3. Mouldy hay, water with high nitrate cc

1. Endotoxaemia repeated flunixin meglumine + dehydration

Severe acute nephrosis/combined aetiology/horse? 1. Endotoxaemia repeated flunixin meglumine + dehydration 2. Endotoxinaemia + repeated flunixin meglumine + overdosed HAES - nfusion 3. Repeated flunixin meglumine + NSAID + Cephalosporins 4. Clostridium botulinium toxin + repeated furosemide infections

2. In colts, mild growth, irregular fur

Signs of gastric parasite infestation in horse 1. Anaemia, fatigue, threadworm in feces 2. In colts, mild growth, irregular fur 3. Gribes, slimming, diarrhea

Calcaneus osteophytes etc. This projection is indicated particularly for detecting new bone formation on the calcaneus with chronic tarsal sheath effusion or osteomyelitis of the calcaneus

Skyline view of equine hock, when you want to see what?

1. Intestinal tamponade, laxative oil/salts, mechanical removal

Small colon obstipation - treatment 1. Intestinal tamponade, laxative oil/salts, mechanical removal 2. Enema, repeated IM physostigmine injection, walk 3. Fasting, sucralfate injection, intestinal tamponade, istizin

1. Small rough plant parts get into small colon - convulsions, intestinal passage stops

Small colon obstipation causes 1. Small rough plant parts get into small colon - convulsions, intestinal passage stops 2. Many rough plantal fibres get into small colon - intestinal atony - thickening of int content 3. Small colon fills with thickened content - int dilatation/atony - int passage stops

2. Slight colic, few hard faecal balls, rectal findings; hard, thickened faeces in small colon Clinical signs: ・Mild colic ・Good/acceptable general status ・Variable appetite ・↓ or absent faecal output ・Dark, triangular or rectangular, very firm (almost hard) faecal balls ・↓ borborygmy ・Distended abomen

Small colon obstipation clinical signs 1. Slight/serious colic, faintness/lack of appetite, defecation faiure, rectal findings; hard deces balls in small colon 2. Slight colic, few hard faecal balls, rectal findings; hard, thickened faeces in small colon 3. Permanent colic changing in its intensity, total lack of food uptake/faintness, no defecation, rectal findings; hard fecal balls in small colon

1. Old horses

Small colon obstipation in horses is frequently encountered in 1. Old horses 2. Ponnies 3. Young horses 4. Pregnant mares

1. Internal hernia, torsion of small intestine

Small intestine dislocation ileus causes 1. Internal hernia, torsion of small intestine 2. Intestinal torsion, intestinal invagination, thromb-embolic intestinal disease 3. Diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal spasm, torsion of small intestine

3. Mild/mediocre colic, int sounds increases - decreases, rectal findings; tense intestines

Small intestine invagination - clinical signs 1. Severe colic, weakness, left flank dilatation, rectal findings; flatulent small intestine 2. Progressive colic, sitting dog posture, rectal findings; flatulent small intestine 3. Mild/mediocre colic, int sounds increases - decreases, rectal findings; tense intestines

2. Foals have unequal peristalsis + ascariosis, acute/subacute course of disease, doubtful prognosis

Small intestine invagination reasons 1. As a result of enteritis, intestinal motility increases, depending on basis of disease/poor prognosis 2. Foals have unequal peristalsis + ascariosis, acute/subacute course of disease, doubtful prognosis 3. Race horses/sport horses, result of stress, short/favourable course of disease

3. Medium/strong colic, sec gastric contents by nasogastric tube, regurgitation, bicycle inner tube intact at rectal palpation

Small intestine obstruction - clinical signs 1. Violent long lasting colic, rectal finding; obstruction, strong intestinal sounds, sunken lumbar region, peritonitis pointing punctuation 2. Alternative intestinal colic, negative rectal finding, mild meteorism, diarrhea 3. Medium/strong colic, sec gastric contents by nasogastric tube, regurgitation, bicycle inner tube intact at rectal palpation

3. Lg amount of physostigmine in case of obstruction, repeated application, fast recovery after solving the obturation

Small intestine obstruction - outcome 1. Surgery, spasmolytic in case of obturation, poor prognosis, death in next 48h 2. Strong painkiller, spasmolytics, doubtful prognosis, after 3-4d w/out progress - death 3. Lg amount of physostigmine in case of obstruction, repeated application, fast recovery after solving the obturation

2. Spastic contraction of intestinal + fluid penetration, meteorism, reflux - gastric dilatation, shock + electrolyte turnover dysfunction

Small intestine obstruction pathogenesis 1. Gas and fluid accumulate cranially, intestinal paralysis, protein and fluid loss, int necrosis at place of ileus - peritonitis 2. Spastic contraction of intestinal + fluid penetration, meteorism, reflux - gastric dilatation, shock + electrolyte turnover dysfunction 3. Bacterial invasions of the place of obstruction - peritonitis, severe colic/rolling - gastric and intestinal rupture

3. Torsion of small intestine, strangulation of small intestine

Small intestine strangulation ileus causes 1. Incarceration of internal hernia, intestinal retroflexion 2. Invagination of small intestine, strangulation of small intestine 3. Torsion of small intestine, strangulation of small intestine

3. Severe colic, int sounds decr, reflux, rectal fingins; SI like bicycle tube

Small intestine torsion CS 1. Weakness, int motility incr, colic, rectal findings; SI strangulation 2. Colic/weakness left flank dilatation, rectal findings; place of basic disease 3. Severe colic, int sounds decr, reflux, rectal fingins; SI like bicycle tube

2. Intestinal motility increases, colic rolling, disposition because of anatomy

Small intestine torsion causes 1. Unequal content of intestines, colon reflux, disposition because of anatomy 2. Intestinal motility increases, colic rolling, disposition because of anatomy 3. Forage intake - lactic acid increases - colic rolling - small intestine torsion

1. Sx/ maybe, poor prognosis, death in 24-36 hours

Small intestine torsion outcome 1. Sx/ maybe, poor prognosis, death in 24-36 hours 2. Neostigmine, doubtful prognosis, improvement after 24 hours not expected 3. Physostigmine/torsion might resolve as a result of walking, doubtful prognosis, significant mortality

2. Mild/moderate colic in attacks, negative rectal findings, fast course, favourable outcome Clinical signs of spasmodic colic: ・Sudden, mild-moderate colic, short bursts ・Vitals may be normal ・↑ borborygmi, spasms, gas production, loose faeces

Spasmodic colic/symptoms? 1. Severe colic/rolling, danger of gastric rupture, high mortality rate 2. Mild/moderate colic in attacks, negative rectal findings, fast course, favourable outcome 3. Mild/moderate, recurrent colic, diarrhoea, rectal finding: distended intestines 4. Poor performance, recurrent colic

1. Analgesia = induction phase 2. Exitationis = excitatory phase 3. Tolerantiae = surgical narcosis (formerly divided into 3: superficial, surgical tolerance, deep) 4. Asphyxiae = overdose, asphyxia (suffocation)

Stages of narcosis

3. Continuous

Stitches for the urinary bladder 1. Lambert 2. Interrupted 3. Continuous 4. Penetrating

1. Trichostrongylus, gasterophilus, habronematosis

Stomach parasite infection 1. Trichostrongylus, gasterophilus, habronematosis 2. Habronematosis, gasterophilus, parasoaridosis 3. Gasterophilus, habronematosis, strongylidosis

1. Vesiculovirus, candidiasis, satratoxicosis

Stomatitis of horses/viral and fungal origin/causes? 1. Vesiculovirus, candidiasis, satratoxicosis 2. Aphtovirus, herpesvirus, candidiasis 3. Vesiculovirus, satratoxicosis, crptococcus neoformans 4. Herpesvirus, rotavitus, adenovirus

2. Can be caused by aphtovirus, herpesvirus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Stomatitis of horses/viral and fungal origin/which statement is not true? 1. Can be caused by vesiculovirus, Candida albicans 2. Can be caused by aphtovirus, herpesvirus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes 3. Can be caused by vesiculovirus, stachybrotis atra 4. Can be caused by vesiculovirus, candidiasis, stachybotryotoxicosis

3. In foals, resp symptoms, retarded growth

Strongyloidosis horse 1. Bloody water like faeces, colic, weakness 2. Occult inf, symptoms in case of impairment of resistance 3. In foals, resp symptoms, retarded growth

Cranial phase of the stride is longer, head and neck movement Lower problem: worse inside circle

Supportive limb lameness symptoms?

Cranial phase of the stride is longer, head+ neck movement Lower problem: worse inside circle

Supportive limb lameness symptoms?

1. Cranial phase of stride is shorter, worse in outside circle, problem is higher

Swinging limb lameness 1. Cranial phase of stride is shorter, worse in outside circle, problem is higher 2. Cranial phase shorter, evident during motion, higher problem, worse in outside circle 3. Non-weightbearing leg lameness

2. Hyeperreflexia, muscular rigidity, general muscular rigidity (esp ear, tail), lock jaw

Tetanus clinical signs 1. Flag like tail, muscular rigidity, ptosis, lock jaw, salivation 2. Hyeperreflexia, muscular rigidity, general muscular rigidity (esp ear, tail), lock jaw 3. Hyperreflexia, rigidity of the neck, confusion, contorted facial expression

3. Short course - death in days, if 10-12d survival - possible to recover

Tetanus outcome 1. In treated cases recover after 4-5d 2. Course takes 10-14d, outcome adverse 3. Short course - death in days, if 10-12d survival - possible to recover

1. Provide suitable place, diazepam, treat the wound, liquid nutrient supplement, muscle relaxants

Tetanus treatment 1. Provide suitable place, diazepam, treat the wound, liquid nutrient supplement, muscle relaxants 2. Major tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, infusions, serum therapy, drinking from the ground, provide good hay, walking twice a day 3. Xylazine, narcotics, microlaxants (?), provide suitable place, infusions, ABs, easily chewable feed

2. Medial femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy

The advised surgical method to treat upward fixation of the patella in horses is: 1. Lateral femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy 2. Medial femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy 3. Intermediate femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy 4. Medial and intermediate femoro-patellar ligament desmotomy

1. Lag screw fixation

The advised surgical treatment in the case of P1 communicating fracture is: 1. Lag screw fixation 2. Transfixation cast 3. Plate osteosynthesis

4. All three above mentioned Advantages of PIVA: ・↓ cardiorespiratory depression (↓ MAC) ・↑ analgesia ・↓ organ toxicity ・↓ pollution of surgical suite ・↓ movement in response to surgical stimuli ・↓ mortality ・↑ recovery ・Muscle-relaxing effects of inhalation anaesthetics Disadvantages of PIVA: ・Pollution ・Cardiovascular depression (from inhalation drugs) ・Equipment ・Long process (IV drug accumulation)

The aim of PIVA: 1. To reduce cardiovascular depression under general anaesthesia 2. To improve intraoperative analgesia 3. To improve recovery 4. All three above mentioned

4. Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in the left, 4th intercostal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult horses

The aortic insufficiency of horse is characterized by? 1. Strong diastolic cardiac murmur at the left, 4th intercostal space, rapid pulse, frequent in younger 2. Strong holodiastolic cardia murmur on the left 5 - 6th intercostal space, slow pulse 3. Strong machinery murmur on the left 5-6th intercostal space, water hammer pulse 4. Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in the left, 4th intercostal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult horses

2. Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in left, 4th intercostal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult horses

The aortic insufficiency of the horses is characterized by? 1. Strong systolic cardiac murmur left, 4th intercostal space, rapid pulse, frequent in older horses 2. Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur, in left, 4th intercostal space, bumping pulse, rather in adult horses 3. Strong holodiastolic cardiac murmur on left 5-6th intercostal space, bumping pulse 4. Common in the first 2 weeks of life holodiastolic cardiac murmur on the right side

Arthroscopy

The best way to treat dorsal chip in a fetlock joint in horses

4. Endoscopy

The cardiovascular system can't be examined with: 1. ECG 2. Ultrasound 3. Phonocardiography 4. Endoscopy

3. Posterior synechia

The chorioretinal scarring in ERU is a possible consequence of... 1. A previous damage of the photoreceptors and retina pigment epithelium (RPE) 2. Aqueous flare 3. Posterior synechia 4. Bacterial invasion to the eye

Suture in 2-3 layers

The enterotomy wound of large colon in horses should be sutured 1. In one layer 2. In two layers 3. In three layers 4. In four layers

3. Hetastarch Crystalloids: 1. Lactated Ringer's solution (approximately physiological ion concentration) 2. Ringer's solution (normal than normal Na⁺ and Cl⁻ concentrations) 3. Physiological saline (in hyponatraemia, when Na⁺ <125 mmol/l) 4. Hypertonic saline (for rapid decrease of PCV followed by isotonic solutions) 5. Hypotonic NaCl solution (only for maintenance, should not be used for rapid volume expansion)

The following intravenous fluids are crystalloids, except: 1. Normal saline 2. 5% glucose solution 3. Hetastarch 4. Ringer's solution

3. 80-100 b/min

The heart rate of a 24 hour old healthy foal is 1. 40-60 b/min 2. 60-80 b/min 3. 80-100 b/min 4. 100-120 b/min

3. 35 degree

The ideal degree to perform skyline view from the third carpal bone (C3) in the horse? 1. 85 degree 2. 55 degree 3. 35 degree 4. A and B together

1. Dorsal tenia of the cecum

The ileocecal fold in horses is attached to the 1. Dorsal tenia of the cecum 2. Medial tenia of the cecum 3. Ventral tenia of the cecum 4. Apex of the cecum

1. The medial eminence of the tibia is larger

The medial aspect of the stifle joint is easily recognisable in this way: 1. The medial eminence of the tibia is larger 2. The medial eminence of the tibia is smaller 3. The fibula is on the medial aspect 4. The radius is placed laterally

3. Laryngospasm

The most common complication after anaesthesia of a horse with laryngeal hemiplegia: 1. Transient blindness 2. Facial nerve paralysis 3. Laryngospasm 4. Triceps myopathy

1. Medial femoral condyle (and distal MC III MT III)

The most common site of a sub-chondral bone cyst in equine is 1. Medial femoral condyle 2. Lateral femoral condyle 3. Medial trochlea 4. Lateral trochlea

1. Partial resection with side to side anastomosis

The most commonly used large colon resection technique in horses is 1. Partial resection with side to side anastomosis 2. Partial resection with end to end anastomsosis 3. Subtotal large colon resection 4. Total large colon resection

3. Iridocorneal outflow

The most significant way of drainage of the aqueous humour in horses: 1. Uve Scleral outflow 2. Through globet cells of the conjunctiva 3. Iridocorneal outflow 4. Through the process of ciliary body

4. Gamma-glutamyl transferase

The most specific plasma biochemical parameter to evaluate the biliary tract in horses is 1. Glutamate dehydrogenase 2. Lactate dehydrogenase 3. Aspartate dehydrogenase 4. Gamma-glutamyl transferase

2. 209

The number of the left maxillary permanent first molar tooth in the Triadan system 1. 109 2. 209 3. 309 4. 409

2. The medial malleolus 1. Hock ↳ DIRT / distal tibia, cranial intermedius ↳ Lateral talus trochlea, distal aspect ↳ Malleolus medialis 2. Stifle ↳ Trochlea femoralis lateralis 3. Facet joints cervical region 4. Fetlock ↳ Dorsal MC3/MT3, crista saggitalis 5. Shoulder ↳ Caput humeri, caudal part ↳ Cavitas glenoidalis and caudodistal ridge of scapula

The predilection side of the OCD in the equine hock is 1. The central part of the distal intertarsal joint 2. The medial malleolus 3. The talocalcaneal joint 4. Sustentaculum tali

1. Hock ↳ DIRT / distal tibia, cranial intermedius ↳ Lateral talus trochlea, distal aspect ↳ Malleolus medialis 2. Stifle ↳ Trochlea femoralis lateralis 3. Facet joints cervical region 4. Fetlock ↳ Dorsal MC3/MT3, crista saggitalis 5. Shoulder ↳ Caput humeri, caudal part ↳ Cavitas glenoidalis and caudodistal ridge of scapula

The predilection site for OCD in horses

1. DIRT / distal tibia, cranial intermedial 2. Lateral talus trochlea, distal aspect 3. Medial malleolus

The predilection site of the OCD in the equine hook is?

Dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique view

The proper name of the "oxspring" view for the examination of the navicular bone is

1 eller 2

The proper name of the "skyline" view for the examination of the equine carpus is? 1. Dorsoproximal-dorodistal oblique view 2. Dorsoproximal-palmardistal oblique view 3. Caudoproximal craniodistal oblique view 4. Palmarolateral view

4. Transverse facial artery

The pulse in normal horses can be palpated on the 1. Coccygeal artery 2. Femoral artery 3. Brachial artery 4. Transverse facial artery

3. To relax orbicular occuli muscle

The purpose of auriculopalpebral nerveblock is: 1. To abolish ptosis 2. To induce topical anaesthesia of the corna 3. To relax orbicular occuli muscle 4. To provide anesthesia of the inferior eyelid

Parallel to the raphe scroti, 1 cm from the midline, 2 incisions on either side of the raphe

The scrotal incision for horse castration is made

1. From a frontlimb to the contralateral front limb

The uneven distribution of weight to another healthy limb in compulsatory lameness can be possible 1. From a frontlimb to the contralateral front limb 2. From a hindlimb to the ipsilateral frontlimb 3. From a frontlimb to the contralateral hindlimb 4. All of them can be possible

4. 5 mmol/l

The upper limit of serum potassium in the horse? 1. 7 mmol/l 2. 15 mmol/l 3. 3 mmol/l 4. 5 mmol/l

2. <25min

The upper physiological value of coagulation time in horse: 1. <15 min 2. <25min 3. <5 min 4. <35min

4. Indirect ophthalmoscope

The wide field of view and small (4-5x) magnification is feature of the... 1. Clearview fundus camera 2. Direct ophthalmoscope 3. Sciascope 4. Indirect ophthalmoscope

3. Anaplocephala infection

The ​​most common cause of ceco-cecal invagination in horses is 1. Cecal obstipation 2. Typhlocolitis 3. Anaplocephala infection 4. Congenital abnormality

3. NSAIDs, DMSO infusion, manual removing of urine and feces if necessary, lifting cradle

Therapy of myeloencephalomalacia caused by Herpesvirus 1. Diuretics, NSAIDs, manual removing of urine and feces if necessary, lifting cradle 2. Manual removing of urine and feces if necessary, lifting cradle, ABs, penicillins, vitamin C 3. NSAIDs, DMSO infusion, manual removing of urine and feces if necessary, lifting cradle

3. Internal iliac artery

There is an important artery, a branch of the abdominal aorta, which runs at the level of the internal abdominal muscle in the flank region. Damaging this artery during a flank laparotomic approach can lead to profuse bleeding. What is the name of this artery? 1. Deep circumflex iliac artery 2. Deep branch of the external iliac artery 3. Internal iliac artery 4. External pudendal artery

4. Left laryngeal hemiplegia

This horse shows increased inspiratory noise during exercise. You perform a flexible endoscopic examination in rest. You can see the following picture during laryngoscopy. What is your diagnose? 1. Arythenoid chondritis 2. Axial deviation of the aryepiglottic fold 3. 4th branchial arch defect 4. Left laryngeal hemiplegia

1. Cataract

This is a common consequence of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) 1. Cataract 2. Glaucoma 3. Atrophy of the eyeglobe 4. All listed above

1. A thrombosis/embolism in wall of colon/mesenterium caused by strongylus vulgaris larvae

Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease 1. A thrombosis/embolism in wall of colon/mesenterium caused by strongylus vulgaris larvae 2. Colic disease caused by Strongylus vulgris roundworm 3. Hypermotility - large intestine displacement colic caused by roundworm larvae

3. Sudden serious colic, bloat, paralytic ileus symptoms, rectal findings; not typical, tx palliative, mortality within 1d

Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease - clinical signs and outcome 1. Colic, meteorismus, paralytic ileus, roundworms in feces, rectal findings; LI bloating, physostigmine inj, prognosis doubtful 2. Light/medium colic, meteorismus/diarrhea, rectal findings; LI filled w gas, strongylus eggs in feces, surgery, prognosis doubtful 3. Sudden serious colic, bloat, paralytic ileus symptoms, rectal findings; not typical, tx palliative, mortality within 1d

3. Sudden serious colic, bloat, paralytic ileus symptoms, rectal findings; not typical, tx palliative, mortality within 1d

Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease CS and outcome 1. Colic, meteorismus, paralytic ileus, roundworms in feces, rectal findings; LI bloating, physostigmine inj, prognosis doubtful 2. Light/medium colic, meteorismus/diarrhea, rectal findings; LI filled w gas, strongylus eggs in feces, surgery, prognosis doubtful 3. Sudden serious colic, bloat, paralytic ileus symptoms, rectal findings; not typical, tx palliative, mortality within 1d

2. Embolism in intestinal artery - blood supply decr - colic, int wall oedema/necrosis - peritonitis/shock

Thrombo-embolic intestinal disease etiology 1. Roundworm migration in intestinal wall - blood supply decr - intestinal wall oedema/necrosis - peritonitis/shock 2. Embolism in intestinal artery - blood supply decr - colic, int wall oedema/necrosis - peritonitis/shock 3. Strongylus vulgaris infection - intestinal vessel thrombosis - intestinal paralysis - paralytic ileus - shock

1. Sulphonamides, antibiotics might help in early stage

Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME)/prognosis and treatment: 1. Sulphonamides, antibiotics might help in early stage 2. Always fatal outcome, affected animals should be slaughtered 3. Only symptomatic treatment is possible, sometimes improvement might occur 4. Only symptomatic treatment is possible, with poor prognosis

1. In case of several IV injections rotating, using correct IV catheter, heparin flush through the catheter

Thrombophlebitis prevention in horse 1. In case of several IV injections rotating, using correct IV catheter, heparin flush through the catheter 2. Compliance with the regulation of IV application, catheter sterilization/heparin, we do not ive tissue-irritant materials IV 3. Keep the asepsis, applicating tissue irritant material to the vein is allowed only when also use heparin, use vein needle as thin as possible

3. Locally: prednisolone-paste, parenteral: heparin, ABs, operation: phlebotomy, transplantation from v. femoralis

Thrombophlebitis therapy in horse 1. Locally: ice packing, parenteral: prednisolone, ABs, operation: phlebotomy 2. Locally: iodine paste, parenteral: NSAID-drugs, ABs, operation, phlebotomy 3. Locally: prednisolone-paste, parenteral: heparin, ABs, operation: phlebotomy, transplantation from v. femoralis

Annular ligament

Through which ligament do you have to insert your needle, while performing intrasynovial block of the digital common tendon sheath?

4. B-lactams and macrolides

Time-dependent antimicrobials are 1. Aminoglycosides 2. Aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones 3. B-lactams and fluoroquinolones 4. B-lactams and macrolides

1. Metal/stone: absolute white 2. Bone: bone opacity 3. Fluid/soft tissue: fluid/soft tissue opacity 4. Fat: Fat opacity 5. Gas: Gas opacity

Tissue radiodensity order

1. Supraorbital nerve block should be used

To give a subconjunctival injection in a sedated horse: 1. Supraorbital nerve block should be used 2. Infraorbital nerve block should be used 3. Retrobulbar anaesthesia should be used 4. Topical anaesthesia should be used

4. Topical anaesthesia should be used

To give a subconjunctival injection in an alert horse 1. Maximum 3ml (cc) can be injected 2. Infraorbital nerve bock should be used 3. Retrobulbar anaesthesia should be used 4. Topical anaesthesia should be used

2. Rabies, botulism, equine leukoencephalomalacia

Tounge paralysis of horses/causes? 1. Paralysis of the n.vagus, strangles 2. Rabies, botulism, equine leukoencephalomalacia 3. Rabies, narcolepsy, rhinopneumonitis 4. Polyneuritis equi, equine dyautonemia (grass sickness), n. accessories paralysis

2. Congenital disease

Tracheal collapse 1. Disease of ponies 2. Congenital disease 3. In big horses

3. Ponies, miniature horses

Tracheal collapse in horses/occurrence? 1. English thoroughbred horses 2. Large, jumping horses 3. Ponies, miniature horses 4. Large, draft horses

Using a lag screw or a light cast if it's only a partial fracture

Treatment of P1 fracture

Laryngoplasty + Ventriculectomy If laryngoplasty is unsuccessful then arytenoidectomy. Laryngeal pacemakers also a possibility for the future

Treatment of equine laryngeal paralysis

Clenbuterol Furosemide Lidocaine

Treatment of laryngeal oedema

2. Systolic noise in the puctum maximum of the tricuspidal valve, right heart insufficiency, wide v. jugularis, positive vein pulse, rare

Tricuspid insufficiency horse 1. Pansystolic noise on the area of the left cardiac dullness, right heart insufficiency, high/rapid pulse, strong venous pulse on the jugular fossa, frequent in sport horses 2. Systolic noise in the puctum maximum of the tricuspidal valve, right heart insufficiency, wide v. jugularis, positive vein pulse, rare 3. Holodiastolic heart noise on the area of the right relative cardiac dullness, strong venous pulse on the right jugular fossa, frequent in old horses

1. In older horses, sudden medium (average)/serious colic, duodenojejunitis + gastritis, pancreatitis

Typical of acute proximal enteritis 1. In older horses, sudden medium (average)/serious colic, duodenojejunitis + gastritis, pancreatitis 2. Young foals after separation, inflammation of small intestine, melena for days 3. Suckling foals, in studs in larger nr mortality

2. Deformed face, floppy ears, ptosis, paralytic nose and lips

Unilateral facial nerve paralysis in horse 1. Floppy ear, palpebral paralysis, face deform on the sick side, trismus 2. Deformed face, floppy ears, ptosis, paralytic nose and lips 3. Nose, lips hanging flagily, horse cannot close its mouth, tongue hangs out

4. Iris can be examined

Using a direct ophthalmoscope... 1. A virtual magnified image of the fundus can be obtained 2. Entire fundus can be examined if the pupil is miotic 3. Fundus cannot be examined if the investigator is emmetrope 4. Iris can be examined

1. Caused by atrial disease (eg dilation)

Ventricular extrasystoles are.. 1. Caused by atrial disease (eg dilation) 2. Often caused by extracardiac diseases (eg. splenic tumor) 3. Always caused by heart failure 4. Caused by increased vagal tone

3. Sequence of ventricular extrasystoles, in serious cardiac muscle lesion

Ventricular tachycardia features in horse 1. Heartbeat dropout in serious cardiac muscle lesion, sequence of ventricle escape beat 2. Dropout heart contractions, sequence of extrasystoles, intermittent IV leveled AV-block 3. Sequence of ventricular extrasystoles, in serious cardiac muscle lesion

1. Salmonellosis, Clostridiosis, Arteritis

Viral and bacterial causes of colic 1. Salmonellosis, Clostridiosis, Arteritis 2. Anthrax, rabies, pyelonephritis 3. Rabies, lyme disease, salmonellosis

3. Rotavirus + resistance decreases at 1-2 months

Viral enteritis of foals 1. Adenovirus, coronavirus, in sep foals, melena, dehydration, poor health 2. Adenovirus, coronavirus, enteralgia, 3-6 months old foals 3. Rotavirus + resistance decreases at 1-2 months

2. Interstitial fibrosis and/or secondary bacterial infection → hypoxia, acidosis

Viral pneumonia characteristics 1. Lobular → interstitial, hepatic character, becoming chronic 2. Interstitial fibrosis and/or secondary bacterial infection → hypoxia, acidosis 3. Purulent-necrotic outcome, purulent metastases, fast course

1. It provides more detailed information of osseous structures

What advantages does CT have when compared to MRI? 1. It provides more detailed information of osseous structures 2. It does not involve ionizing radiation 3. It provides more detailed information of soft tissue structures 4. Image interpretation doesn't require specialist knowledge

1. Senecio, Crotalaria - sp.

What are the causes of pyrrolizidine-toxicosis in horses? 1. Senecio, Crotalaria - sp. 2. Insecticides with organophosphates 3. Antiparasitic agents containing pyrrolizidine 4. Accumulation of toxic metabolites in hepatic fibrosis

3. 50%

What are the chances, that you can find OCD lesions in the opposite hock after diagnosing OCD in one hock? 1. 4% 2. 20% 3. 50% 4. 80%

1. Intraabdominal adhesions Intraluminal pressure for 2-4 hours: ・ 18 cm H₂O: seromuscular edema ・25 cm H₂O: hypofunction, edema, inflammatory cell invasion, adhesions within 10 days postoperative ・Fibrin, serous exudate

What are the consequences of small intestinal distension above 25 cm H₂O (water) for more than 3 hours? 1. Intraabdominal adhesions 2. Necrotic small intestines 3. It as good chances to survive without complications 4. Diarrhea

SH-I: Complete separation between epiphysis and metaphysis SH-II: fracture starts IN the metaphysis SH-III: intra-articular fracture of epiphysis only SH-IV: intra-articular fracture of epiphysis and metaphysis SH-V: just pain

What are the grades of Salter Harris?

4 (mild, moderate, severe, very severe) Grade 1: When at rest the horse will shift weight from one foot to the other or incessantly lift feet. Lameness is not evident at a walk, but at the trot horses will have a shortened stride ↳ Mild Grade 2: Horses move willingly at a walk and trot but with a noticeably shortened and stabbing stride. A foot can be lifted off the ground without difficulty ↳ Moderate (still bearing weight) Grade 3: Horses move reluctantly and resist attempts to lift affected or contralateral feet ↳ Severe (occasionally not bearing weight) Grade 4: Horses express marked reluctance or absolute refusal to move ↳ Non-weight bearing

What are the grades of laminitis according to Obel?

N. tibialis and n. peroneus (superifical and deep)

What are the names of the two nerves, which must be blocked out in order to anaesthetize the entire hock region?

4. Acute inflammation, proliferation, resorption, remodeling

What are the phase of wound healing in the correct order? 1. Acute inflammation, resorption, proliferation, remodeling 2. Resorption, acute inflammation, proliferation, remodeling 3. Resorption, acute inflammation, remodeling, proliferation 4. Acute inflammation, proliferation, resorption, remodeling

Ascending infection from the oral cavity due to tooth fracture

What can be the cause of secondary sinusitis in horses?

Subarachnoid space, disc protrusion / compression

What do you check with myelography?

1. The testis is in the abdominal cavity, the epididymis is in the inguinal canal

What does incomplete abdominal cryptorchid horse mean? 1. The testis is in the abdominal cavity, the epididymis is in the inguinal canal 2. If they as about complete abdominal cryptorchid horse Both are in abdominal cavity

Metformin

What drug can be used to decrease insulin resistance in equine metabolic syndrome?

2. Humeral spinal fracture

What fracture can't you splint in the horse? 1. Tibial greenstick fracture 2. Humeral spinal fracture 3. Individual ulnar fracture 4. MC3 multiple fracture

Cranial phase is shorter

What happens most often with the cranial phase of the stride during hind limb lameness

Cranial phase of stride is shorter, worse in outside circle, problem is higher Cranial phase shorter, evident during motion, higher problem, worse in outside circle Non-weightbearing leg lameness

What happens with the cranial phase of the stride, while having a swinging limb lameness of the front limb?

Hoof tester

What instrument do you need to examine the sensitivity of the hoof and inside liening structures?

1. 1/3 of the vulva opening above the ischial arch

What is a good perineal conformation of the vulva in the mare? 1. 1/3 of the vulva opening above the ischial arch 2. 1/2 of the vulva opening above the ischial arch 3. 2/3 of the vulva opening above ischial arch 4. 1⁄4 of the vulva opening below the ischial arch

4. The sand forceps is to crush the spermatic cord and muscle during castration

What is a sand forceps used for? 1. The sand forceps is used to grasp the testicle during castration. 2. The sand forceps is a kind of emasculator 3. With the help oof sand forceps, you can castrate 4. The sand forceps is to crush the spermatic cord and muscle during castration

2. To provide long-term frequent topical treatment

What is a subpalpebral lavage kit/catheter (SPL) used for? 1. To anesthetize the ocular surface 2. To provide long-term frequent topical treatment 3. To check intraocular pressure 4. To check nasolacrimal drainage patency

2. Right dorsal displacement of the large colon

What is always palpable rectally in the colic horse 1. Small colon obturating besoar 2. Right dorsal displacement of the large colon 3. Right dorsal colon impaction 4. Dilated stomach

The back of the foot and includes the following areas: ・Heel bulbs ・Frog ・Bars ・Navicular bone and bursa ・Palmar aspect of the coffin bone and joint ・Part of the second phalanx (short pastern bone)

What is blocked by the palmar block?

The back of the foot and includes the following areas: the heel bulbs, frog, bars, navicular bone and bursa, palmar aspect of the coffin bone and joint, and part of the second phalanx (short pastern bone)

What is blocked by the palmar block?

4. You cannot differentiate More radiation absorbed = whiter (radiopaque) More radiation passed through = darker (radiolucent) Radiopaque → radiolucent: Metal > bone > soft tissue, fat, water, > gas

What is more radiopaque? 1. Blood 2. Pus 3. Transudate 4. You cannot differentiate

4. Atopic

What is not a cause of guttural pouch infection? 1. Parasite 2. Bacteria 3. Fungal 4. Atopic

3. Intensifying screen

What is not a part of the digital radiography? 1. X-ray tube 2. Collimator 3. Intensifying screen 4. Grid

4. Cataracta Desmares

What is not type of cataract? 1. Cataracta intumestentia 2. Cataracta immatura 3. Cataracta hypermatura 4. Cataracta Desmares

2. Surgical treatment in pneumovagina

What is the Caslick procedure for? 1. Surgical treatment of rectovagina 2. Surgical treatment in pneumovagina 3. Surgical treatment of the mare in dystocia 4. Surgical treatment of uterus torsion

1 eller 2 (tror 1)

What is the advised treatment for an injured podotrochlear bursa after ‚street nail' puncture in a horse 1. Bursoscopy through the distal tendon sheet 2. Bursoscopy through the coffin joint 3. Approach from the solar surface of the hoof 4. Conservative treatment

Fumonisin B1 toxin (fusarium moniliforme)

What is the aetiology of equine leukoencephalomalacia

4th intercostal space below the point of the shoulder, left side Pulmonary: Left 3rd ICS below point of shoulder Aortic: Left 4th ICS below point of shoulder Mitral: Left 5th ICS halfway between shoulder and sternum Tricuspid: Right 4th ICS

What is the anatomical location (i.e. side and intercostal space) of the point of maximum intensity of a cardiac murmur originating from the aortic valve area

2. Between the sixth cervical and second thoracic vertebrae

What is the anatomical location of a neurological lesion in a horse if it shows tetraparesis and decreased thoracic limb spinal reflexes? 1. Between the first and fifth cervical vertebrae 2. Between the sixth cervical and second thoracic vertebrae 3. Between the third thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae 4. Between the fourth lumbar and third sacral vertebrae

Caudal(?) cervical region

What is the anatomical location of a neurological lesion in a recumbent horse if it can raise its head and neck

Neck

What is the anatomical region for subcutaneous injection in adult horses?

Adenoma of the pars intermedia

What is the cause of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction in horses?

1. Inhibition of glycine release Tetanus: Clostridium tetani (exotoxins: tetanospasmin)

What is the effect of tetanospasmin 1. Inhibition of glycine release 2. Inhibition of acethylcholine release 3. Inhibition of the metabolism of gamma aminobutyric acid 4. Inhibition of the metabolism of glutamate

6-10 ml (if 10 ml heel is also anesthetized)

What is the exact amount of local anaesthetics, which should be injected for distal interphalangeal joint anaesthesia in a 500 kg horse?

3. X-ray from two views to localize the nail, the therapy depends on the nail position and injured structures

What is the first step in a case of puncture wound of the sole of the hoof by a nail? 1. Removal of the nail, antibiotic therapy, hoof bandage 2. Removal of the nail, antibiotics, tetanus antitoxin, hoof bandage 3. X-ray from two views to localize the nail, the therapy depends on the nail position and injured structures 4. Most cases need tenoscopic surgery

Removal of the injured parts (clean up) Rest, bandage immobilization, cold therapy

What is the first thing to do in a tendon injury?

3. Reflection of the light into the choroid

What is the function of tapetum? 1. Reflection of the light into the photoreceptors 2. Absorption of the light in the ventral half of the ocular fundus 3. Reflection of the light into the choroid 4. Absorption of the light by the pigments of the retinal pigment epithelium

2. To examine the calcaneus and the sustentaculum tali

What is the goal of the Skyline view from the hock? 1. To examine the lateral trochlea of the talus 2. To examine the calcaneus and the sustentaculum tali 3. To examine the medial malleolus 4. To examine the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia

1. Left 4th intercostal space, just below the shoulder line

What is the location of the aortic valve in a normal horse? 1. Left 4th intercostal space, just below the shoulder line 2. Left 4th intercostal space, halfway between the shoulder line and the sternum 3. Left 5th intercostal space, just below the shoulder line 4. Left 5th intercostal space, halfway between the shoulder line and the sternum

2. Right paralumbar fossa

What is the location of the base of the caecum in a normal adult horse? 1. Left paralumbar fossa 2. Right paralumbar fossa 3. Left ventral abdomen 4. Right ventral abdomen

3. Left 5th intercostal space Pulmonary valve: 3rd ICS, left (most cranial) Aortic valve: 4th ICS, left Mitral valve: 5th ICS, left Tricuspid valve: 4th ICS, right

What is the location of the mitral valve in a normal horse? 1. Left 3rd intercostal space 2. Left 4th intercostal space 3. Left 5th intercostal space 4. Left 6th inercostal space

Inhibition of glycine and GABA release, acts in motor neurons in ventral horn

What is the main effect of tetanospasmin, and where does it act?

2. 40-60 ml/bwkg/day

What is the maintenance intravenous fluid dose of an adult horse? 1. 20-40 ml/bwkg/day 2. 40-60 ml/bwkg/day 3. 60-80 ml/bwkg/day 4. 80-100 ml/bwkg/day

1.5 ml (Not more because It might go up to the next branch and will anesthetize hoof abscess)

What is the max amount of local anaesthetics, which can be used for deep digital nerve block on the front limb?

Excessive straining during urination, , persistent and/or frequent voiding stance, unsuccessful voiding Anuria: Lack of urination, non-passage of urine ↳ Renal: cessation of urine production by the kidneys (e.g. acute renal failure) ↳ Postrenal: voiding is blocked (eg. bladder rupture, bladder paralysis, urethral stone) Urinary tenesmus: Excessive straining during urination ↳ Persistent and/or frequent voiding stancel ↳ Unsuccessful voiding Dysuria: Painful and/or difficult urination ↳ Voiding small amount of urine frequently and with difficulty Urinary incontinence: Lack of voluntary control over urination ↳ Horse does not stand in normal posture, abdominal muscles are not used ↳ Urine may dribble continuously or small amounts are released intermittently

What is the meaning of urinary tenesmus?

4. Valvular heart disease

What is the most common cause of congestive heart failure in horses? 1. Pericarditis 2. Tachyarrhythmia 3. Cardiomyopathy 4. Valvular heart disease

3. Laryngeal edema

What is the most common complication after a horse laryngoplasty? 1. Facial nerve paralysis 2. Temporary blindness 3. Laryngeal edema 4. Myopathy

4. Ventricular septal defect

What is the most common congenital cardiac disease in horses? 1. Tetralogy of Fallot 2. Patent ductus arteriosus 3. Common atrioventricular canal 4. Ventricular septal defect

HES

What is the most commonly used colloid solution (plasma expander) in horses?

That the horse is recumbent on back for so long, the danger in laying down and waking/getting up

What is the most dangerous with anesthesia in horse?

Base-apex lead

What is the most frequently used electrocardiographic lead system used in horses?

4. Direct blood pressure measurement

What is the most important monitoring during general anaesthesia in horses? 1. Blood gas control 2. Palpation of the pulse 3. Auscultation of the thorax 4. Direct blood pressure measurement

Cardiac muscle myopathy, tubulonephrosis, myoglobinuria?

What is the most important pathological feature of post exercise myopathy in horses?

2. Protect the accessory carpal bone against pressure sore

What is the most important point to keep in mind, while you are placing a high bandage on the front limb? 1. The bandage should be fixed to the hoof 2. Protect the accessory carpal bone against pressure sore 3. Protect the proximal sesamoid bones against pressure sore 4. The bandage should reach the level above the elbow joint

4. Fluorescein staining Every painful, red (injected) eye needs to be stained with fluorescein to diagnose or rule out corneal ulcer

What is the most important step of the eye examination in animals? 1. Slit lamp biomicroscopy 2. Ophthalmoscopy 3. Tonometry 4. Fluorescein staining

1. To determine if the joint is affected

What is the most important to do at a wound close to a joint in horses? 1. To determine if the joint is affected 2. Operate the horse as soon as possible 3. Adequate antibiotic treatment 4. Tetanus profylaxis

1. Subclinical endometritis

What is the most likely diagnosis if: there is a 3 cm slightly echogenic uterine fluid, a corpus luteum on the ovary and the mare is barren? 1. Subclinical endometritis 2. Clinical endometritis 3. Endometriosis 4. Estrus

2. Lag srew fixation with 4.5 or 5.5 mm cortical screw

What is the most preferable surgical technique in case of simple sagittal P1 fracture in a horse that is longer than 2cm from the proximal joint surface? 1. Osteosynthesis with LPC plate 2. Lag srew fixation with 4.5 or 5.5 mm cortical screw 3. Lag screw fixation with 2.4 or 3.5 mm cortical screw 4. Conservative treatment with cast

Medial palmar nerve

What is the name of that major nerve above the carpus, which gives branches to the suspensory ligament (m. interosseus) origin?

Medial palmar nerve

What is the name of that major nerve above the carpus, which innervates the superficial and deep digital flexor tendon?

Abaxial sesamoid nerve block eller Dorsal branch of plantar digital nerves

What is the name of the first most distal perineural block, which can block out the entire hoof?

2. Dulled Left side: ・Dorsal third: Dulled tympanic ・Medium third: Dulled tympanic ・Ventral third: Dulled Right side: ・Dorsal third: Tympanic ・Medium third: Dulled tympanic ・Ventral third: Dulled

What is the normal percussion finding in the ventral third of the abdomen on the right side in a horse 1. Dull 2. Dulled 3. Dulled tympanic 4. Tympanic

2. Tympanic Left side: ・Dorsal third: Dulled tympanic ・Medium third: Dulled tympanic ・Ventral third: Dulled Right side: ・Dorsal third: Tympanic ・Medium third: Dulled tympanic ・Ventral third: Dulled

What is the normal percussion sound in the dorsal third of the abdomen on the right side of an adult horse? 1. Resonant 2. Tympanic 3. Dull 4. Sonorous

Dulled tympanic Left side: ・Dorsal third: Dulled tympanic ・Medium third: Dulled tympanic ・Ventral third: Dulled Right side: ・Dorsal third: Tympanic ・Medium third: Dulled tympanic ・Ventral third: Dulled

What is the normal percussion sound in the medium third of the abdomen on the right side?

3. Right maxillary canine tooth

What is the other name of the tooth 104 in geldings? 1. Left maxillary I3 2. Right maxillary wolf tooth 3. Right maxillary canine tooth 4. Left maxillary canine tooth

4. Resonant

What is the percussion sound of a normal guttural pouch in a healthy adult horse? 1. Dull 2. Bone like 3. Dulled tympanic 4. Resonant

Atrial contraction and sudden arrest of the distended ventricle S1: ・Beginning of systole ・Caused by the initial movement of the ventricle, the abrupt arrest of blood flow as AV valves tense, and the early part of ejection S2: ・End of systole ・Caused by the change in direction of blood flow, closing the semilunar valves S3: ・Termination of rapid ventricular filling ・Commonly heard at or caudal and dorsal to the apex beat S4: ・Atrial contraction and sudden arrest of the distended ventricle All four sounds might be audible in healthy horses

What is the physical cause of the 4th heart sound (S4) in horses?

Dorsal aspect of the medial compartment

What is the predilection site of the fungal plaques in guttural pouch mycosis?

You counter sink screw Steps of lag screw technique: 1. Glide hole by drilling through the fracture 2. Thread hole 3. Countersink 4. Measuring with depth gauge 5. Tap 6. Screw insertion

What is the previous step before measuring depth with a depth gauge, while you are performing fracture repair with a cortical screw inserting it in lag fashion?

Depends on which joint is taken a picture of ・45˚ (dorsoproximal-palmardistal oblique view ・Distal radius 65˚ ・Proximal row of carpal bones 45˚ ・Distal carpal bones 30˚

What is the skyline view angle?

Laryngoplasty and ventriculectomy

What is the surgical technique to treat IV. Grade laryngeal hemiplegia in horses

Elevated nucleated cell count Mild neutrophilia, lymphocytosis and monocytosis Eosinophilia Mastocytosis

What is the usual abnormality in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology in horses with exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH)?

4. The bandage should reach above the elbow joint

What is to be considered concerning a high bandage on the front limb in a horse? 1. The bandage should be fixed to the hoof 2. Protect the accessory carpal bone against the sore 3. Protect the proximal sesamoid bones against sore 4. The bandage should reach above the elbow joint

1. Treat the shock, immobilize the limb, refer the patient to a clinic

What is to be done in case of a long bone fracture in horses? 1. Treat the shock, immobilize the limb, refer the patient to a clinic 2. Refer to a clinic as soon as possible 3. Adequate antibiotic treatment 4. There is no treatment possibility

Osteochondrosis is a degenerative disorder of the endochondral ossification when the ossification ceases and the cartilage gets thicker, the deeper layers necrotise. Aethiology: unknown, maybe nutritional high energy intake Clinical sign: lameness Young large/giant breeds, (4-10 month of age) Frequently presents in more than one joint Affected joints: shoulder > elbow > stifle > tarsus

What is true about Osteochondrosis?

2. Quick application possible, no fluid permeability, it is light

What is true for a half limb cast, when you are using light cast as casting material? 1. Quick application possible, fluid permeability, it is light 2. Quick application possible, no fluid permeability, it is light 3. Quick application possible, fluid permeability not possible, cheap 4. It is light, however less rigid than palster of Parish

Quick application possible, no fluid permeability, it is light

What is true for a half limb cast, when you are using light casting as a cast material?

23G needle, 1.5ml anaesthetic at level of collateral cartilages Structures anaesthetised: ・Palmar foot ・Toe ・DIP joint

What is true for the distal palmar nerve block?

2. It can be cured with plate osteosynthesis, with good prognosis

What is typical for ulnar fractures in horses? 1. Often becomes opened 2. It can be cured with plate osteosynthesis, with good prognosis 3. Always present with slight lameness 4. The fracture never enters the elbow joint

4. All listed above

What kind of diagnostic procedure should be performed in case of a deep melting ulcer? 1. Cytology from cornea 2. Microbiological sampling from the cornea 3. Fluoresceine staining 4. All listed above

1. Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU)

What kind of disease can be treated with pars plana vitrectomy in the horse? 1. Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) 2. Corneal abscess 3. Retinal detachment 4. Immune mediated keratitis (IMMK)

Weight bearing contralateral side - consequence - laminitis

What kind of disorder can develop on the contralateral limb with having a painful fracture and nonweight - bearing on the affected extremity?

Robert Jones bandage from elbow to splint bone

What kind of external coaptation should be used for transporting a horse with an ulna fracture

1. Sterile, isotonic infusion solution

What kind of fluid should be used for joint lavage? 1. Sterile, isotonic infusion solution 2. Sterile, hypertonic infusion solution 3. Sterile, isotonic 1% povidone-Iodine (Betadine) solution 4. Sterile, hypertonic, 1% poviodone-iodine (Betadine) solution

Type I, II, III, IV hypersensitivity (1,2,3, 4) Food allergy: Type 1, 2, 4 hypersensitivity Drug allergy: Type 1, 2, 3, 4 hypersensitivity Urticaria: Type 1 hypersensitivity

What kind of hypersensitivity reaction plays a role in the pathogenesis of drug allergy in horses?

1. 1% tropicamide

What kind of mydriatics would you use to dilate the pupil at the ophthalmic examination? 1. 1% tropicamide 2. 2% atropine 3. 2% lidocaine 4. 1% pilocarpine

1. Closed circle

What kind of narcotic system is appropriate for equine anaesthesia? 1. Closed circle 2. Pendulum-like 3. Open system 4. Semi-open system

Branches of n. ulnaris: ・Palmar nerves (lat + med) ・Palmar Metacarpal nerves (lat+ med) Fetlock anesthesia

What kind of nerves are you blocking during low 4 point block of the front limbs. Name the nerves

Hyaluronic acid PSGAG

What kind of substances are responsible of water binding capacity of the hyaline cartilage

4. Penetrating of lamellar keratoplasty (cornea transplatation)

What kind of surgical procedure can be used to treat a deep stromal corneal abscess in a horse? 1. Grid keratotomy 2. Enucleation 3. Pars plana vitrectomy 4. Penetrating of lamellar keratoplasty

4. Superficial keratectomy or keratotomy Surgery: ・Debridement keratectomy ・Algerbrush ・Grid keratotomy

What kind of surgical procedure can be used to treat an indolent chronic superficial corneal ulcer in horse? 1. Transpalpebral enucleation 2. Subscleral cyclosporine implantation 3. Third eyelid flap 4. Superficial keratectomy or keratotomy

1. Medial collateral ligament of the femorotibial joint, medial patellar ligament, tibial plateau

What landmarks are used for arthrocentesis of the medial femorotibial joint? 1. Medial collateral ligament of the femorotibial joint, medial patellar ligament, tibial plateau 2. Medial collateral ligament of the femorotibial joint, medial patellar ligament, medial femoral condyle 3. Medial collateral ligament of the femorotibial joint, middle patellar ligament, tibial plateau 4. Middle and medial patellar ligaments, medial femoral condyle

1 eller 4

What sign could indicate that the horse is anaesthetised superficially? 1. Decrease in heart rate 2. Dilated pupil 3. Apnoe 4. Increase in blood pressure

18-25G

What size in G needle is used on the distal extremity for the perineural blocks

Shock treatment, stabilize, transport to hospital Stabilize, immobilize and refer to clini

What to do in case of long bone fracture in horse?

Tuber sacrale

What to watch in hip in lameness diagnostics?

Alpha, delta and C fibres

What type of nerve fibers are anaesthetized during perineural blocks?

1. Thrombophlebitis

What would cause central distension of the jugular vein in the horse? 1. Thrombophlebitis 2. Pericardial effusion or tricuspid insufficiency 3. Cor pulmonale 4. AO insufficiency

4. Mild colic symptoms and apathy

What ​​are the clinical signs of the pregnant mare with a 180 degree uterus torsion? 1. Dead fetus and abortion 2. Violent colic signs 3. Impaction and excitement 4. Mild colic symptoms and apathy

1. Inspiration

When are tracheal collapse seen? 1. Inspiration 2. Expiration 3. Always 4. Never

2. 3 weeks

When can an osteophyte be detected? After 1. 2 weeks 2. 3 weeks 3. 4 weeks 4. 6 weeks

Always, the majority of cases are sedated Sedation makes the patient and cassette positioning easier

When do we sedate horses for x-ray?

3. Acetabulum is involved in the fracture (Acetabular fracture is absolute indication for surgery)

When do you have to perform surgery on a pelvic fracture? 1. Less than 1/3rd is narrowed 2. Fractured behind the acetabulum 3. Acetabulum is involved in the fracture 4. Extensive soft tissue surgery

2. After 12-14 days postoperatively

When do you have to remove skin sutures following primary wound closure in a horse? 1. After 7 days postoperatively 2. After 12-14 days postoperatively 3. After 21 days postoperatively 4. At the first bandage change

1. Having a solitaire sarcoid lesion on the penis

When do you use the surgical procedure "segmental posthectomy"? 1. Having a solitaire sarcoid lesion on the penis 2. In a case of paraphymosis 3. In cases of priapismus 4. In cases of platelet epithel carcinoma of the penis

2. Colic despite of medical therapy, tympany, clinical/rectal findings reveal severe diseases, pulse constantly more than 50 beats/minute, not responding well to therapy, local conditions

When should you send a colic horse to an equine clinic? 1. If the colic symptoms still exist after one hour, if you can't give infusion at that place, pulse is constantly about 40 beats/min 2. Colic despite of medical therapy, tympany, clinical/rectal findings reveal severe diseases, pulse constantly more than 50 beats/minute, not responding well to therapy, local conditions 3. Strong intestinal sounds/frequent flatulating, colic is worsening despite the negative rectal finding, nasogastric tubing is not possible 4. Pulse rate >40/min, respiratory rate <40/min, less than 4 piles of feaces/day

2. In the palmar/plantar recess of the fetlock joint

Where can a Birkelund fracture be found in a horse? 1. In the dorsal recess of the fetlock joint 2. In the palmar/plantar recess of the fetlock joint 3. In the dorsal recess of the tarsal joint 4. In the dorsal recess of the coffin joint

2. Between the collimator of the equipment and the horse

Where do we place the aluminium wedge filter during the radiological exam of the back of the horse? 1. Between the horse and the cassette 2. Between the collimator of the equipment and the horse 3. Between the grid and the horse 4. Between the grid and the cassette

On medial and lateral side of the leg. In between the metacarpus and splint bone a little distal to the joint. From lateral. Include palmar metacarpal nerves

Where do you perform (where do you insert the needle?) diagnostic perineural anesthesia of the lateral palmar nerve in order to block out the suspensory ligament (m. interosseus medius) origin?

Sacro-coccygeal junction or C1-C2. Study of epidural space Indication: lumbosacral compression

Where is epidural injection?

3. Behind the xiphoid cartilage

Where should you auscultate to detect sand accumulation in cases of sand impactions? 1. Right paralumbar fossa 2. On the left side, caudal to the costal arch, in the ventral third of the abdomen 3. Behind the xiphoid cartilage 4. In the midline, just caudal to the umbilicus

Pan?

Which Greek prefix is used to describe the longest cardiac murmur?

2. Good for tibial oblique fractures

Which Statement is correct regarding screw osteosynthesis? 1. Good for humeral condyle fractures 2. Good for tibial oblique fractures 3. Good for antebracial fractures 4. Never good as a sole method

2. Ampullae, glandula vesicularis, prostatae, glandula bulbourethralis

Which accessory sex glands can be found in the stallion? 1. Ampullae, glandula vesicularis, prostatae 2. Ampullae, glandula vesicularis, prostatae, glandula bulbourethralis 3. Only prostatae gland 4. Ampullae, prostatae and glandula bulbourethralis

20 ml mepivacaine (15 ml 4 cm deep, 5 ml under skin)

Which amount of drug is used for tibial nerve block in the horse? 1. 3 ml mepivacaine 2. 5 ml mepivacaine 3. 10 ml mepivacaine 4. 20 ml mepivacaine

3. Ventral tenia of the caecum Palpable structures in normal horse during rectal palpation: ・Rectal mucosa ・Bony pelvis ・Internal inguinal rings ・Cervix, uterus, ovaries ・Urinary bladder ・Small colon ・Abdominal aorta ・Left kidney ・Spleen ・Nephrosplenic ligament and space ・Left ventral and dorsal colon with pelvic flexure ・Cranial mesenteric root ・Right dorsal colon ・Base of caecum with ventral and medial taeniae ・Peritoneum ・(Small intestines)

Which anatomic structure can be palpated and recognized always in a normal horse during rectal examination? 1. Pars transversum duodeni 2. Ileum 3. Ventral tenia of the caecum 4. Colon ascendens

3. Production of the aqueous is dependent on the inflammation

Which answer is not true? 1. Production of the aqueous is dependent on the thermoconvention 2. Production of the aqueous is dependent on the blood pressure 3. Production of the aqueous is dependent on the inflammation 4. Production of the aqueous is dependent on the drugs

4. The size of the lens nucleus will be bigger by the age

Which answer is not true? 1. The connection between the lens and the vitreous is poor in the human being 2. Lens cells are produced by the anterior epithelium of the lens 3. The connection between the posterior lens capsule and the fossa hyaloidea is poor in animals 4. The size of the lens nucleus will be bigger by the age

4. Voriconazole Treatment of guttural pouch mycosis: ・Lavage ・Local antimycotic treatment: Nystatine, enilconazole, ketoconazole, thiabendazole, natamycin ・Systemic antimycotic treatment: Amphotericin B, itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole ・Supportive therapy: NSAIDs, vitamin B1, C, E, selenium, nutritional support, potassium iodine, ethylenediamine duhydroiodide

Which antifungal drug can be used to treat guttural pouch mycosis? 1. Povidone iodine 2. Ketoconazole 3. Metronidazole 4. Voriconazole

UV beams

Which beam emits most UV radiation?

1. Ammonia Specific indicators of liver disease: ・SDH ・GGT ・Bile acids ・Arginase ・GLDH ・Direct bilirubin ・Ammonia ・Bromosulphthalein half-life ・↓ Branched-chain amino acid to aromatic amino acid ratio ・Urine bilirubin Non-specific indicators of liver disease: ・Total bilirubin ・Indirect bilirubin ・LDH-3 ・AST ・(ALT) ・ALP ・↓ blood urea nitrogen ・↓ globulins ・↓ albumin ・↓ glucose ・PTT ・APTT ・Triglyceride ・↑↓ WBC

Which blood parameter is suitable for the examination of the liver in horses? 1. Ammonia 2. Creatinine 3. Creatinine kinase 4. Lipase

4. Cephalic vein IV drug administration: 1. V. jugularis 2. V. cephalica 3. V. thoracica 4. V. saphena

Which blood vessel is suitable for intravenous drug administration in horses? 1. Internal jugular vein 2. Internal thoracic vein 3. Femoral vein 4. Cephalic vein

Deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve. which branches into med and lat plantar metatarsal nerves

Which branch of which nerve is innervating the suspensory ligament (m. interosseus medius) origin on the hind limb?

2. Shire

Which breed is affected more frequently by coronary band dysplasia? 1. Standardbred 2. Shire 3. Horse 4. Arabian

1. Aphacic crescent

Which can be correlate with a lenticular disease 1. Aphacic crescent 2. Descemetocele 3. Asteroid hyalosis 4. Coloboma

2. Grade 3 early diastolic Physiological systolic murmurs: ・Cause: Blood flow in aorta and pulmonary artery in early systole ・Location: Left side of thorax ・PMI over aortic or pulmonary valves ・Grade 1-3/6 (1-3 are physiological) ・Crescendo-decrescendo or decrescendo Physiological diastolic murmur: ・Cause: Ventricular filling ・Common in young horses and thoroughbreds ・Location: Left side of thorax ・Early diastolic (S2-S3) or late diastolic (S1-S4) ・Quality is often musical/squeaking

Which cardiac murmur is physiological in horses? 1. Grade 2 pandiastolic 2. Grade 3 early diastolic 3. Grade 3 holosystolic 4. There are none

3. Closed castration with a transfixation ligature in general anaesthesia

Which castration method should you advise in a 2-year old 550 kg body weight Lipizzaner stallion? This horse was kept just on free pasture, was not handled before 1. Standing closed castration, it is quick and cheap, no chances for the intestines to prolapse 2. Open castration in general anaesthesia because it is probably difficult to handle in standing 3. Closed castration with a transfixation ligature in general anaesthesia 4. Open castration with primary closure of the vaginal tunic because this is the most delicate castration technique with the last risks for postop complications

・High heels ・Concave front wall ・Convex solar surface ・Widened white line ・Divergent growth rings

Which characteristics are typical of the hoof capsule in chronic laminitis

Hyperosmotic/ionic iodine

Which contrast media in urinary tract examination?

3. CT

Which diagnostic imaging tool is best for diagnosing bone oedema? 1. Ultrasound 2. Radiography 3. CT 4. MRI

2. Equine leukoencephalomalacia, fumonisin-B1 toxin

Which disease is abbreviated with ELE(M) and what is its cause? 1. Equine leukoencephalomyelitis, togavirus 2. Equine leukoencephalomalacia, fumonisin-B1 toxin 3. Equine lekoencepahlomacia and myelosis, satratoxin 4. Equine lymphocytic encephalitis viral infection

3. Equine Leukoencephalomalacia ELE

Which disease most resembles rabies in horses? 1. Tetanus 2. Botulismus 3. Equine Leukoencephalomalacia ELE 4. Equine meningoencephalaitis THEME causes by Haemophilus somnus

1. Dobutamine (positive inotropic)

Which drug is suitable for raising mean arterial blood pressure (ABP) intraoperatively? 1. Dobutamine 2. Lidocaine 3. Guaiphenesin 4. Atropine

2. Gentamicin

Which drug is unsuitable for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia in adult horses? 1. Penicillin 2. Gentamicin 3. Erythromycin 4. Ceftiofur

2. Ketamine Premedication: 1. Phenothiazines: Acepromazine 2. Alpha-2 adrenergic agents 3. Opioids 4. Benzodiazepines (neonatal foals) Induction: 1. Ketamin 2. Guaiphenesin 3. Barbiturates: Thiopental 4. Propofol

Which drug is used for induction in general anaesthesia? 1. Xylazine 2. Ketamine 3. Acepromazine 4. Dobutamine

3. Acepromazine Premedication: 1. Phenothiazines: Acepromazine 2. Alpha-2 adrenergic agents 3. Opioids 4. Benzodiazepines (neonatal foals) Induction: 1. Ketamin 2. Guaiphenesin 3. Barbiturates: Thiopental 4. Propofol

Which drug is used for premedication for general anaesthesia? 1. Propionil promazine 2. Ketamine 3. Acepromazine 4. Dobutamine

4. Butyl scopolamine

Which drug is used only parenterally in horses? 1. Meloxicam 2. Flunixin meglumine 3. Phenylbutasone 4. Butyl scopolamine

Above elbow or stifle (connected to body)

Which fracture can you not stabilize with a splint?

2. 10th Normal lung border: ・Deltoid tuberosity: 7th ICS ・Point of shoulder: 10th ICS ・Ischiadic tuber: 14th ICS ・Tuber coxae: 16th ICS

Which intercostal space is the caudoventral lung border located at the level of the shoulder joint in a healthy horse? 1. 8th 2. 10th 3. 12th 4. 14th

3. Caecum apex

Which intestine is first explored regularly from the abdomen during midline laparotomy in a colic horse? 1. Small intestines 2. Caecum basis 3. Caecum apex 4. Ileum

3. It describes the extent of the hypoxia caused by endotoxemias

Which is correct regarding the lactate level of the abdominal fluid in colic horses 1. It has no significance concerning the prognosis 2. Tissue perfusion of the brain can be related to the lactate level 3. It describes the extent of the hypoxia caused by endotoxemias 4. It can reach max. the half of the concentration in blood

1. Neonatal foals will be expected to have higher mac for inhalational anesthetics than adults

Which is false 1. Neonatal foals will be expected to have higher mac for inhalational anesthetics than adults 2. Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis can occur in certain horse breeds during general anaesthesia 3. Alpha-2 agonists are not used in the premedication of sick neonatal foals 4. It is important to prevent hypothermia and hyperglycemia in the anaesthetized neonatal foals

2. Dehydration can only be in the indolent phase

Which is false concerning a colic horse? 1. The degree of pain mostly correlates with the severity of the disease 2. Dehydration can only be in the indolent phase 3. Electrolyte loss is significant

4. This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon

Which is false regarding the Winslow herniation (hernia foraminis ometalis) in horses? 1. Cribbing and aerophagia are predisposing factors 2. At late, intolerant stage of colic, the animal is apathic 3. Mostly the ileum or jejunum is involved 4. This kind of herniation is also called right dorsal displacement of the large colon

1. It has no significance concerning the prognosis

Which is false regarding the lactate level of the abdominal fluid in colic horses? 1. It has no significance concerning the prognosis 2. The peripheral tissue perfusion can be related to lactate level 3. It describes the extent of hypoxia caused by...

1. Blepharospasm Acute clinical signs: ・Blepharospasm ・Epiphora ・Photophobia ・Conjunctival hyperemia ・Aqueous flare ・Keratic prec. (KPs) ・Miosis ・↓ intraocular pressure ・Corneal edema ・Ciliary injection ・Swollen, dark infiltrated iris ・Hyalitis ・Chorioiditis

Which is not an acute sign of uveitis? 1. Blepharospasm 2. Mydriasis 3. Epiphora 4. Blood aqueous barrier breakdown

2. The obstipation can always be treated conservatively

Which is not characteristic of large colon obstipation in horse? 1. Sometimes it can cause severe colic signs 2. The obstipation can always be treated conservatively 3. It can be easily diagnosed with rectal palpation 4. It is more common in winter time

2. It can occur on the medial trochlear ridge of the femur in the femoro- patellar joint

Which is not characteristic of the OCD in equine stifle 1. It can occur on the lateral trochlear ridge of the femur in the femoro-patellar joint 2. It can occur on the medial trochlear ridge of the femur in the femoro- patellar joint 3. It is associated with joint effusion 4. It is usually manifested in young animals

2. pH is less than 7

Which is not correct regarding reflux In horses? 1. Thin liquid 2. pH is less than 7 3. More than 2 liters 4. Green-brownish color

1. Spiral humeral fracture

Which is not indicated to conservative treatment by splinted bandage? 1. Spiral humeral fracture 2. Greenstick tibial fracture 3. Isolated ulnar fracture

4. After debridement of the abscess, the lameness disappears soon

Which is not typical of hoof abscess 1. Severe lameness 2. No palpable digital artery pulsation 3. Easily localized pain elicited with hoof tester 4. After debridement of the abscess, the lameness disappears soon

Always need surgical treatment

Which is not typical of the left dorsal displacement of the large colon in horses

2. Palpable

Which is pathognomonic in intestinal invagination? 1. X-Ray with contrast medium shows it 2. Palpable 3. Diarrhoea 4. Vomitus

3. Administration of drugs to reduce edema

Which is the adequate treatment of paramphimosis in horses 1. Amputation of the penis 2. Retaining the penis into the prepuce and suture a mesh to the preputial orifice to prevent re-prolapse 3. Administration of drugs to reduce edema 4. Conservative treatment

1. Open, unsutured

Which is the advised castration technique in standing horse? 1. Open, unsutured 2. Open, sutured 3. Closed, unsutured 4. Closed, sutured

2. Bilateral 10 - 10 ml 2% lidocaine into testicular parenchyma

Which is the advised local anesthetic method in standing horse castration? 1. Bilateral 20 - 20 ml 2% lidocaine into testicular parenchyma 2. Bilateral 10 - 10 ml 2% lidocaine into testicular parenchyma 3. Bilateral 20 - 20 ml 2% lidocaine into spermatic cord 4. Bilateral 10 - 10 ml 2% lidocaine into spermatic cord

3. Fixation with cerclage wire

Which is the advised surgical treatment for unilateral incisor fracture of a horse? 1. Lag screw fixation 2. Osteosynthesis with plate fixation 3. Fixation with cerclage wire 4. Fixateur externe

1. Ultrasonography

Which is the first line diagnostic imaging tool to detect a tendon injury? 1. Ultrasonography 2. Radiography 3. CT 4. MRI

1 eller 4

Which is the location of the most common OCD sites in the equine hock 1. Medial malleolus of the distal tibia 2. Lateral malleolus of the distal tibia 3. Lateral trochlear ridge of the talus 4. Distal intermediate ridge of the tibia

Lidocaine

Which is the most irritative local anaesthetic, which is known and used compared to others?

3. Isofluran

Which is the most often used inhalational anaesthetic in horse? 1. Desfluran 2. Halothan 3. Isofluran 4. Enfluran

2. Mid-metacarpal region

Which is the predilection site of superficial digital flexor tendon lesion in racehorses? 1. Proximal metacarpal region 2. Mid-metacarpal region 3. Fetlock region 4. Pastern region

2. Mid-metacarpal region

Which is the predilection site of superficial digital tendon injuries in racing Thoroughbreds? 1. In the carpal sheath 2. Mid-metacarpal region 3. In the digital flexor tendon sheath 4. The pasten region

2. Above 100mA always death Electricity caused injuries: ・Above 50mA: Critical general status ・Above 100mA: Always death

Which is true? 1. Above 50mA always death 2. Above 100mA always death 3. Both 4. None

4. Lymphoid hyperplasia typically affects young horses

Which is true? 1. Left laryngeal hemiplegia more common in ponies 2. Tracheal collapse is more common in thorougbreds 3. Guttural pouch tympany typically affects older horses 4. Lymphoid hyperplasia typically affects young horses

Talocalcaneal joint / tarsocrural joint

Which joint is communicating with the proximal intertarsal joint in all cases?

4. None of them

Which ligament is required in case of patellar luxation? 1. Cranial cruciate ligament 2. Patellar straight ligament 3. Both of them 4. None of them

2. Myelography Diagnosis: ・Clinical findings ・Radiographic findings (luxation, narrowing of spinal canal and other bony arthritic lesions in the vertebral bodies) ・Myelography (confirms compression) CSF is usually normal

Which method is suitable for diagnosing spinal cord compression definitively in horses 1. Plain latero - lateral radiographs 2. Myelography 3. Detailed neurological examination 4. Laboratory evaluation of a cerebrospinal fluid sample

2. M. gluteus IM injection: 1. Neck (btw lig. nuchae, cervical vertebrae and scapulae) 2. M. pectoralis 3. M. gluteus 4. M. semitendinosus 4. M. semimembranosus

Which muscle is used for IM drug administration in horses? 1. M. quadriceps femoris 2. M. gluteus 3. M. Triceps brachii 4. M. Supraspinatus

Sacrococcygeal dorsalis muscle

Which muscle should be biopsied for the diagnosis of equine motor neuron disease?

1. Sternohyoideus 2. Sternothyroideus 3. Omohyoideus

Which muscles are exicised at surgery of cribbing in horses

2. 20 G

Which needle is the most appropriate for intra-articular anaesthesia of the stifle? 1. 18 G 2. 20 G 3. 22 G 4. 24 G

4. 24 G

Which needle is the most appropriate for low four point block? 1. 18 G 2. 20 G 3. 22 G 4. 24 G

4. Medial and lateral plantar abaxial sesamoid nerves

Which nerve are desensitized with the abaxial sesamoid nerve blocks in the hindlimb? 1. Medial and lateral plantar metatarsal nerves 2. Medial and lateral plantar nerves 3. Medial and lateral plantar digital nerves 4. Medial and lateral plantar abaxial sesamoid nerves

2. Auriculopalpebral nerve

Which nerve block is used most commonly at ocular examination in the horse? 1. Frontal nerve 2. Auriculopalpebral nerve 3. Supraorbital nerve 4. Infraorbital nerve

2. Hypoglossal nerve N. trigeminus: ・Facial cutaneous sensation ・Palpebral reflex ・Corneal reflex ・Ability to chew, movement of the jaw N. facialis: ・Evaluation of facial symmetry and movement ・Palpebral and corneal reflex Vestibulocochlear nerve: ・Evaluation of hearing (cochlear) ・Evaluation of balance (vestibular) N. glossopharyngeus, vagus, accessorius: ・Swallowing reflex ・Slap test N. hypoglossus: Tongue function

Which nerve is affected when the tongue is paralyzed in a horse? 1. Median nerve 2. Hypoglossal nerve 3. Vagal nerve 4. Maxillary nerve

3. Superficial inguinal Palpable ln. in normal horses: ・Mandibular lnn. ・Superficial inguinal ln. Palpable in. only when enlarged: ・Lateral retropharyngeal lnn. ・Superficial cervical lnn. Palpable ln. by rectal palpation: ・Iliosacral lnn. ・Mesenteric lnn.

Which of of the following lymph nodes can be palpated in any normal horse? 1. Superficial cervical 2. Parotid 3. Superficial inguinal 4. Lateral retropharyngeal

3. When one jugular vein jugular vein is obstructed, it is usually cannulated with one of the thoracic external veins

Which of the following is true regarding the placement of an intravenous cannula 1. In horses, primarily the transversa facial vein is used for catheterization 2. It is not necessary to scrape the cannula inserted into the lo wine, usually a cover 3. When one jugular vein jugular vein is obstructed, it is usually cannulated with one of the thoracic external veins 4. There is no need for sterile preparation at cannula preparation

1. Physiological saline

Which of the following solutions can be used for guttural pouch lavage? 1. Physiological saline 2. 3% povidion 3. 3% vinegar solution 4. Hydrogen peroxide solution

3. The stomach is distended consequently

Which of the followings is typical of the strangulation ileus of the small intestines in horses? 1. There is a secondary dehydration of the content in the large colon 2. Secondary cecal impaction develops 3. The stomach is distended consequently 4. 1 and 2 together

4. Common digital extensor tendon Position role: Digital extensor tendon Energy storing: SDFT

Which of these tendons/ligaments have a positional role? 1. Suspensory ligament 2. Deep digital flexor tendon 3. Superficial digital flexor tendon 4. Common digital extensor tendon

3. Measurement of the peritoneal lactate level Normal lactate level: <1.8 mmol/l Lactate level when strangulation: >4.4 mmol/l

Which one has significance examining a colic horse under field conditions 1. Measurement of the ionized Ca level of the blood 2. Determination of bacterial count from peritoneal fluid 3. Measurement of the peritoneal lactate level 4. Measurement of PCV and TPP

3. Transverse facial Palpation: ・Facial artery ・Transverse facial artery ・Medial and lateral digital artery (fore- and hind limbs)

Which one of the following arteries is suitable for the palpation of the pulse in normal adult horses? 1. External thoracic 2. Femoral artery 3. Transverse facial 4. Median artery

3. Hyponatraemia Biochemistry: ・Hyponatraemia ・Hypochloraemia ・Hypokalaemia ・Prerenal azotaemia ・↑ AST, AP, GGT ・Metabolic acidosis ・↑ PCV, TTP, lactate Abdominocentesis: ・Dark yellow, turbid ・Diapedesis: Serosanguineous ・↑ cell count (< 10 g/l) ・↑ TP (>35 g/l)

Which one of the following biochemical serum abnormalities may develop in a horse with proximalis enteritis 1. Hyperchloraemia 2. Metabolikus alkalosis 3. Hyponatraemia 4. Hyperkalaemia

4. Grade 5 holodiastolic Grading of murmur: 1/6: Quiet murmur, heard only after careful auscultation 2/6: Quiet murmur, heard immediately once the stethoscope is placed over its PMI 3/6: Louder than grade 2, audible over a larger area 4/6: Loud, very good audibility, without fremitus 5/6: Louder than grade 4, with fremitus, audible with loose contact of the thoracic wall 6/6: Loudest, audible when the stethoscope is held apart from the thoracic wall

Which one of the following cardiac murmurs causes precordial thrill (fremitus)? 1. Grade 2 early systolic 2. Grade 3 late diastolic 3. Grade 4 pansystolic 4. Grade 5 holodiastolic

1. Quidding Prepharyngeal dysphagia: Quidding, reluctance to chew Pharyngeal & postpharyngeal (esophageal) dysphagia: Cough, nasal discharge (saliva, food), gagging, neck extension

Which one of the following clinical signs can be seen in case of prepharyngeal dysphagia? 1. Quidding 2. Nasal discharge 3. Cough 4. Epiphora

1. Equine motor neuron disease Vitamin W and selenium deficiency: ・Equine Motor Neuron Disease (EMND) ・Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (EDM) ・White Muscle Disease + yellow Fat Disease

Which one of the following conditions is related to Vitamin E deficiency? 1. Equine motor neuron disease 2. Hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis 3. Recurrent rhabdomyolysis 4. Tying up syndrome

4. Five small ulcers Squamous ulcer grading: ・Grade 0: Intact epithelium ・Grade 1: Hyperaemia and hyperkeratosis ・Grade 2: Small single or small multifocal lesions ・Grade 3: Large single or multifocal lesions or extensive superficial lesions ・Grade 4: Multiple deep, bleeding ulcers

Which one of the following descriptions define most accurately a grade 2 squamous gastric ulceration in an adult horse? 1. Hyperkeratosis and reddened mucosa 2. A large solitary ulcer 3. A small bleeding ulcer 4. Five small ulcers

1. Proliferative enteropathy

Which one of the following diseases has a known aetiology? 1. Proliferative enteropathy 2. Granulomatous enteritis 3. Lymphocytic - plasmacytic enterocolitis 4. Multisystemic eosinophilic epitheliotropic disease

3. Immaturity of the musculoskeletal system

Which one of the following does not contraindicate use of NSAIDs? 1. Shock 2. Prolonged mucous membrane bleeding time 3. Immaturity of the musculoskeletal system 4. Active gastro-intestinal ulceration

1. Lidocaine Prokinetic drugs: ・Lidocaine ・Metoclopramide ・Neostigmine

Which one of the following drugs have prokinetic effect? 1. Lidocaine 2. Butyl scopolamine 3. Meloxicam 4. Ranitidine

3. Metformin Cause of EMS: ・Obesity (main known risk factor) ・Insulin resistance (with or without hyperinsulnaemia) ・Chronic, active laminitis Laboratory tests in EMS: ・Base insulin level ・Glucose/insulin tolerance and response test Treatment of EMS: ・Strict diet ・Shoeing ・Grazing muzzle ・Metformin

Which one of the following drugs is suitable for the treatment of equine metabolic syndrome? 1. Pergolide 2. Bromocryptine 3. Metformin 4. Cyproheptadine

2. Azithromycin Treatment of proliferative enteropathy: ・Erythromycin +/- rifampicin ・Azithromycin, clarithromycin ・Oxytetracycline, doxycycline ・Metronidazole ・Chloramphenicol ・Fluids and electrolytes, colloids, plasma ・NSAIDs + omeprazole (if fever)

Which one of the following drugs is suitable for the treatment of proliferative enteropathy? 1. Benzylpenicillin 2. Azithromycin 3. Ceftiofur 4. Gentamicin

1. Intestinal damage Causes of pain and exhaustion in colic: Non-strangulating ・Muscle spasm ・Intestinal damage ・Tense mesenterium Causes of hypovolaemina in colic: Strangulating ・Local circulatory disorder ・Fluid sequestration Causes of endotoxaemia in colic: Enteritis ・Wall permability ・Dysbacteriosis

Which one of the following features does contribute to the development of pain in colic horses? 1. Intestinal damage 2. Dysbacteriosis 3. Fluid sequestration 4. Azotaemia

2. Intravenous fluid pump Basic ICU: ・Fluid administration system ・ECG ・Centrifuge ・Refractometer ・Glucosemeter ・Lactatemeter ・Urinalysisstrips ・Microscope (cytology, Gram stain) ・Ultrasound including Doppler capabilities ・Oxygen tank and regulator ・Biosecurity equipment and personal protective equipment Intermediate ICU: ・Basic level equipment ・Blood gas, electrolyte, glucose analyser ・Complete blood count analyser ・Coagulation profile testing ・Blood pressure monitor (direct, indirect) ・IV fluid pump delivery systems ・Sling and hoist Advanced ICU: ・Intermediate level equipment ・Pulse oximeter ・Mechanical ventilator ・Colloid osmometer ・Capnograph ・Continuous ECG (holter, telemetry) ・Syringe infusion pumps

Which one of the following instruments is part of the intermediate level equipment list of an equine intensive care unit? 1. Mechanical ventilator 2. Intravenous fluid pump 3. Capnograph 4. Pulse oximeter

4. Crackling Non-musical (crackles): ・Clicking ・Rattling ・Crackling Musical (wheezes): Whistling

Which one of the following is a non-musical adventitious sound? 1. Stertor 2. Stridor 3. Wheezing 4. Crackling

4. Haemorrhagic anovulatory follicle

Which one of the following is an abnormal finding in the ovary? 1. Preovulatory follicle 2. Corpus haemorrhagicum 3. Corpus luteum 4. Haemorrhagic anovulatory follicle

3. White blood cell count Increased parameters: ・Hematocrit ・Total plasma protein (TPP) concentration ・Albumin ・Lactate ・Creatinine ・Urea Decreased: ・Leucocytes (leukopenia) ・Neutrophils (neutropenia)

Which one of the following parameters may usually decrease in horses with shock? 1. Hematocrit 2. Albumin concentration 3. White blood cell count 4. Lactic acid concentration

1. Lichenification Primary skin lesions: ・Macule ・Papule / plaque ・Vesicule ・Pustule ・Urticaria ・Nodule ・Tumour ・Cyst Secondary skin lesions: ・Alopecia ・Scaling ・Crusting ・Scar ・Erosion ・Ulcer ・Lichenification ・Fissure ・Hypo-/hyperpigmentation ・Necrosis

Which one of the following skin lesions is secondary? 1. Lichenification 2. Pustule 3. Urticaria 4. Cyst

1. Mainly indirect bilirubin concentration increases in horses with haemolytic icterus Bilirubin: ・Haemolytic/prehepatic icterus: ↑ indirect Br ・Retention/hepatic icterus: ↑ direct and indirect Br ・Regurgitation/posthepatic icterus (cholestasis): ↑ direct

Which one of the following statements is correct? 1. Mainly indirect bilirubin concentration increases in horses with haemolytic icterus 2. The third isoenzyme of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH - 3) and ammonia are specific liver parameters in horses 3. In horses with cholestasis, the increase of direct bilirubin concentration is less than 25% of the concentration of total bilirubin 4. Tyzzer`s disease affects mainly 4 to 5 months old foals

3. Somatostatin Inhibitors of HCl secretion: ・Somatostatin ・Epidermal growth factor (in saliva) Stimulators of HCl secretion: ・Gastrin (↑ gastric dilation, ↑ pH) ・Histamine ・Acetylcholine (vagal nerve)

Which one of the following substances does inhibit hydrochloric acid secretion in the equine stomach 1. Acetylcholine 2. Gastrin 3. Somatostatin 4. Histamine

1. Left 10th intercostal space Ultrasonic windows: 1. Ventral abdomen 2. Gastric window (10th ICS) 3. Renosplenic window 4. Left middle third of abdomen 5. Duodenal window 6. Right middle third of abdomen 7. Cranial ventral thorax

Which one of the following ultrasonographic windows is used for abdominal ultrasonography in acutely colicing horses? 1. Left 10th intercostal space 2. Right dorsal third of the abdomen 3. Left ventral third of the abdomen 4. Right 12th intercostal space

4. Head tilt Clinical signs can be classified into 3 forms: 1. Cerebral or fusiform form 2. Brain stem or dumb form 3. Spinal or paralytic form 1. Cerebral or fusiform form: ・Aggressive behaviour ・Photophobia ・Hydrophobia ・Hyperaesthesia ・Straining ・Muscular tremors ・Convulsions 2. Brain stem or dumb form: ・Depression ・Anorexia ・Head tilt ・Circling ・Ataxia ・Dementia ・Excess salivation ・Facial and pharyngeal paralysis •Blindness ・Flaccid tail and anus ・Urinary incontinence ・Self-mutilation 3. Spinal or paralytic form: ・Progressing ascending limb paralysis ・Ataxia or shifting lameness ・Hyperaesthesia ・Self-mutilation of an extremity ・Recumbency, convulsions Horses may have clinical signs of 2 or all forms

Which one of the followings is a clinical sign of the brainstem form of rabies? 1. Muscle tremors 2. Hyperaesthesia 3. Convulsions 4. Head tilt

1. The sharp point must be closed with the ven (approx. 45 degrees)

Which option is not true for intravenous drug delivery? 1. The sharp point must be closed with the ven (approx. 45 degrees) 2. Paravenous administration of thipental and phenylbutazone causes skin necrosis 3. Inflammation of the jugular vein exterior does not (or does?) have long-lasting, severe consequences 4. The jugular vein in the upper third of the neck is the most suitable for suction

1. Maxillary

Which paranasal sinus is affected most frequently by sinusitis in horses? 1. Maxillary 2. Frontal 3. Conchal 4. Spehenopalatine

The cartilage

Which part of the carpus is most affected in OCD?

3. Cerebellum

Which part of the cervical system is affected when a horse shows intention tremor? 1. Brain stem 2. Cerebrum 3. Cerebellum 4. Cervical spinal cord

1 eller 2

Which part of the metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint is visible clearly on the dorsal 45 degree lateral-palmaromedial oblique (45 degree) view in the horse 1. Medial proximal sesamoid bone 2. Lateral proximal sesamoid bone 3. Statumen 4. A and C together

1. Radial nerve

Which peripheral nerve is most commonly damaged in postanesthetic neuropathy in the horse 1. Radial nerve 2. Tibial nerve 3. Musculocutaneous nerve 4. Mental nerve

4. Flexed lateromedial

Which projection is best to highlight the dorsomedial aspect of the carpus? 1. Dorsoplantar 2. Dorolatero-paloaromedial oblique 3. Palarolateral-dorsomedial oblique 4. Flexed lateromedial

1. Medial and lateral femorotibial joints, and femoropatellar joint, 20 ml in each

Which protocol is used for stifle joint anesthesia in the horse 1. Medial and lateral femorotibial joints, and femoropatellar joint, 20 ml in each 2. Medial and lateral femorotibial joints, 20 ml in each 3. Medial and lateral femoropatellar, and femorotibial joints, 20 ml in each 4. Medial and lateral femoropatellar joints, 20 ml in each

4. Periarticular osteophytes

Which radiological abnormalities can be associated with osteoarthritis in the distal interphalangeal joint? 1. Rotation of the distal phalanx 2. Sinking of the distal phalanx 3. Fracture of the middle phalanx 4. Periarticular osteophytes

IV, PO

Which routes are suitable to give phenylbutazone to adult horses?

Cervical segment (C2-C7) 2 types: ・Cervical vertebral instability (CVI), subluxation, dynamic compression: C3-C5 ・Cervical static stenosis (CSS), static compression: C5-C7

Which segment is involved in Wobbler

1. AST, CK, LDH

Which serum parameters would be increased in this foal with Se - Vitamin - E deficiency? 1. AST, CK, LDH 2. GGT, AST, ALT 3. CK, SDH, GLDH 4. Creatinine, ALT, CK

2. Folliculitis long hair follicles on the hock, dorsal margin of the neck, root of the tail

Which statement describes sycosis horses? 1. Folliculitis on the back due to the untended saddle 2. Folliculitis long hair follicles on the hock, dorsal margin of the neck, root of the tail 3. Painful pustulous skin disease appearing on the skin of neck, back due to poor handling

3. Both

Which statement is correct 1. Acute laminitis is always a secondary disease 2. Acute laminitis is a common issue of endotoxemia in horses 3. Both 4. None

2. In case of a horse standing surgery 0.05 mg/kg butorphanol cannot be given

Which statement is correct 1. In case of horse standing surgery 0.5 mg/kg thiopental can be given 2. In case of a horse standing surgery 0.05 mg/kg butorphanol cannot be given 3. In case of a horse standing surgery 0.2 mg/kg ketamine can be given intravenously 4. In case of a horse standing surgery 2mg/kg detomidine can be given intravenously

4. All of them are correct Less irritant local anaesthetics: ・Mepivacine ・Bupivacine ・Prilocaine More irritant local anaesthetic: Lidocaine Fast acting (2h): ・Mepivacine ・Prilocaine Slow acting (4h): Bupivacine

Which statement is correct 1. Mepivacaine is less irritant than lidocaine 2. Bupivacain has longer duration than mepivacaine 3. Bupivacain has approx. 4 hours of duration 4. All of them are correct

2. The dorsal wall of the hoof capsule will be anesthetized wit palmar digital block

Which statement is correct 1. Palmar digital nerve block needs min. 2,5 ml anesthetic solution per side 2. The dorsal wall of the hoof capsule will be anesthetized wit palmar digital block 3. The sites of the palmar digital nerve block are medially from the hoof cartilages 4. All of them are true

3. The blowout crack is a horizontal hoof crack Horizontal cracks: ・Usually causes no lameness, seldom increase in size ・Can predispose to vertical cracks if not in ML balance

Which statement is correct 1. The blowout crack is a serious vertical hoof crack 2. The blowout crack is causing serious lameness in most of the cases 3. The blowout crack is a horizontal hoof crack 4. None

1. This is a dynamic endoscopic diagnosis

Which statement is correct about a grade III recurrent laryngeal neuropathy? 1. This is a dynamic endoscopic diagnosis 2. In grade III. RLN is not necessary to advice dynamic endoscopy 3. It means partial paresis of the left laryngeal abductor muscles 4. In needs to be operated, ventriculocordectomy and tie - back surgery should be carried out

3. MCV may decrease in iron deficiency Erythrocyte indices: ・↓ MCV, MCH and MCHC in iron deficiency ・↑ MCHC in haemolysis

Which statement is correct about erythrocyte indices in horses? 1. MCV is often increased in anaemia 2. MCH is often increased in anaemia 3. MCV may decrease in iron deficiency 4. MCHC significantly decreases in haemolysis

4. Abnormal intestinal sections are always visible during abdominal ultrasonography

Which statement is correct about the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in horses? 1. Abdominocentesis contributes to diagnose the disease definitively in most cases 2. It is usually not necessary to perform oral glucose tolerance test to diagnose the disease 3. Normal histopathological results of a rectal biopsy sample does not rule out the disease 4. Abnormal intestinal sections are always visible during abdominal ultrasonography

1. The degree of pain shows severity of the disease

Which statement is correct concerning a colic horse 1. The degree of pain shows severity of the disease 2. Dehydration is only in the indolent phase present 3. In very painful cases electrolyte loss is significant 4. Primary cecum tympany can lead to death

Serosanguineous abdominal fluid, elevated TP and progressively worse general status indicate celiotomy

Which statement is correct concerning abdominal surgery in horses

2. The indirect inguinal hernia is more common than the direct one

Which statement is correct concerning inguinal hernia in horse 1. In direct inguinal hernia: the small intestines escape to the subcutaneous space of the scrotum 2. The indirect inguinal hernia is more common than the direct one 3. Both 4. None

3. Both

Which statement is correct concerning the rupture of the stomach in horses? 1. Symptoms of primary and secondary stomach rupture do not differ significantly 2. Rectal examination and abdominal paracentesis are helpful methods to diagnose a stomach rupture 3. Both 4. None

1. In the categories by 'Obel' there are 4 grades to classify acute laminitis

Which statement is correct regarding acute laminitis in horses? 1. In the categories by 'Obel' there are 4 grades to classify acute laminitis 2. The acute laminitis is more common in the hindlimbs 3. The corrective trimming and shoeing have great importance in the treatment of peracute laminitis 4. To trot on hard ground with a patient with acute laminitis is really useful

Dorsal tenia is avascular and continues in the ileocecal ligament

Which statement is correct regarding the cecum in horses?

4. The testosterone level of a gelding is usually: < 40pg/ml Geldings: ・Testosterone: <40 pg/ml ・Estrone sulphate: <50 pg/ml Stallion: ・Testosterone: >100-200 pg/ml ・Estrogen sulphate: >400-1000 pg/ml

Which statement is correct? 1. Left side cryptorchids are in 45% of the cases abdominal cryptorchids 2. In bilateral cryptorchids one testicle is often located inguinal while the other side is abdominal cryptorchid 3. If you have the possibility, you should remove abdominal cryptorchids just with the help of a laparoscopic approach, because other methods are all more invasive. 4. The testosterone level of a gelding is usually: < 40pg/ml

4. You can see fibrillation and wear lines on the weight bearing joint surface in equine osteoarthritis

Which statement is correct? 1. One possible treatment option in tibiotarsal osteoarthritis is performing arthrodesis with lag screw fixation 2. One point treatment option in equine osteoarthrithis is oral application PSGAGs (New zeland green mussel extracts) (wrong) 3. The PSGAG content of the hyaline cartilage is increasing in equine osteoarthritis, leading to fibrillation of the surface (wrong) 4. You can see fibrillation and wear lines on the weight bearing joint surface in equine osteoarthritis

1. Parts of the supporting phase of the stride are: landing, loading, stance, breakover Weight bearing phase: 1. Landing 2. Loading 3. Stance 4. Break over / push off: heels, toe Swinging/propulsion phase: 1. Flexion 2. Extension

Which statement is correct? 1. Parts of the supporting phase of the stride are: landing, loading, stance, breakover 2. Parts of the supporting phase of the stride are: landing, stance, breakover, flexion, extension 3. Phases of the breakover are: heel lift, solar lift, toe pivot 4. None

2. It is a distal axonopathy of recurrent nerve

Which statement is correct? 1. Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy is common in all breeds in horses 2. It is a distal axonopathy of recurrent nerve 3. This is a proximal axonopathy of the recurrent nerve 4. It is a congenital disorder with high heritability index

1 eller 3

Which statement is correct? 1. Stride is shortening in horses with navicular disease 2. Navicular disease is really uncommon in frisian horse 3. Both 4. None

1. The cranial phase of the stride is longer in supporting limb lameness

Which statement is correct? 1. The cranial phase of the stride is longer in supporting limb lameness 2. The origin of the pain is usually located in the proximal area in supporting limb lameness 3. Both 4. None

2. The puncture site of the shoulder joint is between the cranial and caudal part of the major tubercle of the humerus, in front of infraspinatus muscle insertion

Which statement is correct? 1. The puncture site of the shoulder joint is between the cranial and caudal part of the major tubercle of the humerus, behind the infraspinatus muscle insertion 2. The puncture site of the shoulder joint is between the cranial and caudal part of the major tubercle of the humerus, in front of infraspinatus muscle insertion 3. Intraarticular analgesia of the shoulder needs min 40 ml anesthesia solution 4. A and C are correct

1 eller 3

Which statement is correct? 1. The sites of the low palmar nerve block are at the level of the proximal sesamoids 2. Low palmar block anesthetizes the navicular region and the DIPJ as well 3. Low palmar block anesthetizes the distal (in the hoof capsule) DDFT lesions 4. All of them are correct

2. The vaginal tunic is a protrusion of the abdominal peritoneum, so if you open it, you will open the free abdomen at the same time

Which statement is correct? 1. The vaginal tunic is in closed contact with the tunica dartos and the scrotal skin, that is the reason, that are moving 2. The vaginal tunic is a protrusion of the abdominal peritoneum, so if you open it, you will open the free abdomen at the same time 3. The vaginal tunic is a very strong layer, however flexible surrounding the testis 4. The vaginal tunic visceral wall is adhered to the epididymis through the proper testicular ligament

1. They cannot be administered intraoperatively

Which statement is false concerning opioids? 1. They cannot be administered intraoperatively 2. Administered alone can cause excitation in horses 3. They raise CO₂ threshold

3 eller 4

Which statement is false regarding the slit lamp biomicroscopy? 1. Aqueous humour transparency or turbidity can be distinguished 2. In a normal eye light beam is not visible crossing the anterior chamber 3. Tyndall - effect can be noticed in acute uveitis 4. Width of the anterior chamber can not be estimated

4. Most postoperative complications can be manifested using balanced anesthesia (PIVA)

Which statement is false: 1. Acepromazine given to a horse IM in the premedication decreases the intraoperative mortality rate 2. Anesthetized foals without premedication have greater intraoperative mortality risk 3. Inhalational anesthesia induces greater stress response than intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) 4. Most postoperative complications can be manifested using balanced anesthesia (PIVA)

4. Only the indirect measurement of the arterial blood pressure is available in anesthetized horses

Which statement is false: 1. Inhalational anesthetic drugs usually decrease the arterial blood pressure 2. The shorter the time of anesthesia the fewer complications can manifest intra or postoperatively 3. Propofol has shorter context-sensitive half-life, than short acting barbiturates 4. Only the indirect measurement of the arterial blood pressure is available in anesthetized horses

4. Phenothiazines are given most frequently to colic horses to reduce visceral pain

Which statement is false: 1. Phenothiazine should be used with care in stallions 2. Phenothiazines are not useable in shock patient 3. Midazolam is an adequate drug to treat tetanus in horses 4. Phenothiazines are given most frequently to colic horses to reduce visceral pain

4. Phenothiazines are given most frequently to colic horses to reduce visceral pain

Which statement is false? 1. Phenothiazines should be used with care in stallions 2. Phenothiazines are not usable in shock patients 3. Midazolam is an adequate drug to treat tetanus in horses 4. Phenothiazines are given most frequently to colic horses to reduce visceral pain

3. Both

Which statement is true 1. Acids can cause coagulation necrosis 2. Alkaline can cause colliquation necrosis 3. Both 4. None

3. The foot is the most commonly examined region

Which statement is true about MRI examinations? 1. It can only be performed in standing horses 2. It can only be performed under general anesthesia 3. The foot is the most commonly examined region 4. The hock is the most commonly examined region

3. Both

Which statement is true for navicular disease? 1. It can cause supporting limb lameness 2. Worse in inside circle 3. Both 4. None

1. Effectivity gives information about the severity of the uveitis ・Induces constricted pupil for a couple of weeks in a healthy eye ・It has a stronger effect on eyes with brown iris

Which statement is true regarding atropine? 1. Effectivity gives information about the severity of the uveitis 2. Induces constricted pupil for a couple of days in a healthy eye 3. Can be used for pupil dilation at the eye exam 4. It has a stronger effect on eyes with blue iris

2. The tissue damage is extensive in continuous wounds

Which statement is true? 1. The prognosis is favorable in contused wounds for primary wound healing 2. The tissue damage is extensive in continuous wounds 3. The underlying tissues have minimal damage in most of the cases of contused wounds 4. Anaerob wound infection is rare in continuous wounds

2. Duodenal ligament

Which structure cannot be palpable certainly at rectal examination in a horse? 1. Ventral taenia of caecum 2. Duodenal ligament 3. Ligamentum latum uteri 4. Ligamentum renolienale

3. Bursa podotrochlearis, digital flexor tendon sheet, distal interphalangeal joint, navicular bone

Which structures are affected in a streetnail procedure? 1. Bursa podotrochlearis, digital flexor tendon sheet 2. Bursa podotrochlearis, digital flexor tendon sheet, distal interphalangeal joint 3. Bursa podotrochlearis, digital flexor tendon sheet, distal interphalangeal joint, navicular bone 4. Bursa podotrochlearis, digital flexor tendon sheet, distal interphalangeal joint, navicular bone, proximal interphalangeal joint

2. Rupture of the deep digital flexor tendon in the pastern region

Which tendon/ligament injury is commonly a result of a single traumatic incident? 1. A core lesion of the superficial digital flexor tendon 2. Rupture of the deep digital flexor tendon in the pastern region 3. Proximal suspensory desmopathy 4. Rupture of the collateral ligament of the fetlock joint

2. Rupture of the deep digital flexor tendon in the pastern region Racing thoroughbreds: SDFT in FL Elite show-jumpers: SDFT and DDFT in FL Elite eventers: SDFT in LF Dressage horses: Suspensory ligament in HL

Which tendon/ligament injury is the most common in showjumper horses? 1. Core lesion of the superficial digital flexor tendon 2. Rupture of the deep digital flexor tendon in the pastern region 3. Proximal suspensory desmopathy 4. Rupture of the collateral ligament of the fetlock joint

4. If possible flexed lateromedial

Which terminology is correct for view of stifle in horse? 1. Lateromedial, caudocranial 2. Cranio45lateral-caudomedial oblique 3. Caudal60lateral-craniomedial oblique 4. If possible flexed lateromedial

4. All listed above Conservative treatment of ERU: ・Local corticosteroids (dexamethason, prednisolone, triamcinolon) ・Atropine ・Corneal injury: Cyclosporine, diclofenac, bromfenac ・Systemic NSAIDs Prevention of recurrence of ERU: Gentamycin Surgical treatment of ERU: ・Pars plana vitrectomy (in calm period)

Which treatment can be successful in the long term management of ERU in a sighted eye? 1. Low dose gentamicin intravitreal injection 2. Subscleral Cyclosporine - A implantation 3. Pars plana vitrectomy 4. All listed above

2. Corticosteroids (causes calcification)

Which treatment is contraindicated for intra-lesional injection of tendon injuries? 1. Hyaluronic acid 2. Corticosteroids 3. Stem cells 4. Platelet rich plasma

4. Oliguria Clinical signs in acute renal failure: ・Depression, anorexia ・Dehydration ・Mild colic, abdominal pain ・Signs of primary disorder ・Oliguria (anuria is uncommon) Clinical signs of chronic renal failure: ・Weight loss, depression ・Ventral edema from hypoproteinaemia ・Polyuria, polydipsia ・Disuria ・Haematuria, polyuria ・Dental tartar, melaena, ulceration ・Small and irregular kidney +/- painful

Which type of urination can be usually seen in horses with acute renal failure? 1. Normuria 2. Anuria 3. Polyuria 4. Oliguria

2. We can examine the entire surface of the fundus

With a direct ophthalmoscope 1. We can observe an erected magnified image of the fundus 2. We can examine the entire surface of the fundus 3. The fundus can be examined sharply with + 20 D lens if the examiner is emmetrope 4. The image is magnified upside down

Proximal tibia

Write down one example of a frequently occuring location for SH-2 (Salter-Harris) type fracture

1. Glide hole 2. Thread hole 3. Countersink Steps of lag screw technique: 1. Glide hole by drilling through the fracture 2. Thread hole 3. Countersink 4. Measuring with depth gauge 5. Tap 6. Screw insertion

Write down the first 3 steps of cortical screw fixation in lag fashion

Treatment of subchondral bone cyst: ・Steroid injection into the cyst ・Extra-articular approach (drilling) and Parathormone (PTH) hydrogel ・Enucleation of the cyst inside lining ・Defect filled out with TGF-1 + Ca activated thrombin + fibrinogen ・Position screw through the cyst ・Bone morphogenic protein-2 into the debrided cyts ・Autologous osteochondral transplantation (mosaicplasty)

Write down three options for treating subchondral bone cyst of the prox. radius in a yearling

1. Fat tissue discoloration, degeneration, and steatitis mainly in pony foals

Yellow fat disease and steatosis horse 1. Fat tissue discoloration, degeneration, and steatitis mainly in pony foals 2. Yellow discoloration of SC fat tissue in overfed horses. Icterus, swelling in the fat tissue. 3. In lg breed, fat horses. Yellow swellings in the skin, formation of increments, icterus

2. Lesions of adipocytes because of fatty acid peroxidases at the embryonic stage, Se or E-vitamin deficiency, food rich in peroxidases

Yellow fat disease and steatosis pathogenesis 1. Fat degeneration and steatitis because of Fe- and E-vitamin deficiency, Fe- and/or Se- deficient nutrition, formation of glutathione-peroxidase decr 2. Lesions of adipocytes because of fatty acid peroxidases at the embryonic stage, Se or E-vitamin deficiency, food rich in peroxidases 3. In areas lacking Se, without Fe-replacement in case of dominance of oxiperoxidases: adipocytes degeneration and necrosis

3. Muscle weakness, foal paralysis, painful movement of the head and neck, painful swellings on the neck

Yellow fat disease and steatosis symptoms 1. Muscle weakness, gradually slowing movement, SC oedema, painful movement of neck. 2. Skin discoloured into yellow; yellow, palpable, sensitive swellings on the head + neck 3. Muscle weakness, foal paralysis, painful movement of the head and neck, painful swellings on the neck

1. High energy/carbohydrate food, Se and E-vitamin replacement, analgesics

Yellow fat disease and steatosis treatment and prevention 1. High energy/carbohydrate food, Se and E-vitamin replacement, analgesics 2. Liver protective therapy, glucose infusions, analgesics 3. Food rich in fibre, analgesics, spasmolytics, physiotherapy

4. Antibacterial therapy should be initiated immediately

You examine a 5 - year old horse for acute depression, anorexia, and abdominal discomfort. The horse has a fever (39.7) and a tachycardia (66 beats/min). The mucous membranes are dry, and the skin tent test is prolonged. The horse has not passed faeces in 10 hours. Which statement is most accurate? 1. Salmonellosis can be ruled out by the lack of diarrhea 2. Colitis should be included as a likely differential diagnosis 3. Intestinal parasitosis is the likely cause of these clinical signs 4. Antibacterial therapy should be initiated immediately

1. Sedation - orthopedic painkillers (Fibrocoxib) 2. Check circulation 3. Stabilize with Robert Jones bandage extending from the ground to the elbow with at least two splints incorporated on the caudal and lateral sides of the limb

You have a call to give first aid help as a vet in a McIII closed middiaphyseal fracture in a 300 kg sport pony. List the three most important issues you must do, once you arrive

Compensatory lameness. Same side cranial leg. Right front leg will be lame (ipsilateral principle)

You have a horse with 365 degree of lameness on the right hind limb. On which leg are you going to have an appearing limb lameness in trot?

SDF eller suspensory ligament rupture

You have a horse with a swollen fetlock and cannon bone area. During the stance P1 is in horizontal position, the fetlock in extreme hyperextension. Which anatomical structure is ruptured?

Patella fixation. If permanent cut medial patellar ligament. If left untreated = hip luxation (It happens due to the reciprocal apparatus, locks patella but is not able to unlock)

You have a horse with severe lameness. He can't flex the hock and stifle, however can flex the digits. He can support the limb and put full weight on it, while having the digits in extension. What is your diagnosis?

Aortoiliac thrombosis (diagnose with US, can be Strongylus vulgaris) Subchondral bone cyst

You have a lame horse with worsening lameness during training. The affected hock is cooler, saphenous vein is "empty" in contrast to the opposite vein. Following 30 min. rest, the lameness is improving again. What is your most likely diagnosis?

Something wrong with the reciprocal apparatus

You have an 18 year-old Hungarian Halfbred gelding with a mild to medium lameness. While extending the hock passively the Achilles tendon becomes loosed. At the same time you can flex the stifle. What is your diagnosis?

4. Grade 3 (out of 6) mitral regurgitation

You hear a relatively well audible cardiac murmur between S1 and S2 in a horse. The murmur is audible in a wider area and point of maximum intensity which is located in the left 5th intercostal space. How would you describe this abnormality? 1. Grade 2 (out of 6) mitral stenosis 2. Grade 2 (out of 6) mitral regurgitation 3. Grade 3 (out of 6) mitral stenosis 4. Grade 3 (out of 6) mitral regurgitation

2. Citrate

You need to collect blood from a horse to use for transfusion. Which anticoagulant is best suited for this purpose? 1. EDTA 2. Citrate 3. Oxalate 4. Heparin

3. Candidiasis, satratoxicosis

​​Mycotic stomatitis of horses/Aetiology? 1. Fusariosus, actinomycosis 2. Cryptococcosis, aflatoxicosis 3. Candidiasis, satratoxicosis 4. Aspergilliosis, trichomoniasis

1. Always evidentially diagnosed with rectal palpation

​​Which is characteristic of large colon volvulus in horses 1. Always evidentially diagnosed with rectal palpation 2. More than 180 degree volvulus induces fast intestinal wall necrosis 3. Less than 180 degree volvulus induces fast intestinal wall necrosis 4. Can cause mild colic symptoms for several days