European history
What Florentine artist was commissioned by Pope Julius II to build his tomb and paint the Sistine Chapel?
Michelangelo
According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on whether it
provided order, security and safety of the populace.
Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany
Appealed to the national sentiment of German princes
What individuals believed that merging of Christian and classical traditions could provide reform for the church and deepen the spiritual lives of people?
Christian Humanists
How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?
Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teaching and practices
What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?
Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works
The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a
confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation
John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would
detract from sovereignty of God
The Colloquy of Marburg
failed to resolve the difference among Protestants on the issue of Eucharist.
Who was the wealthy Florentine responsible for the vast patronage of Renaissance artists?
Cosimo de Medici
What is the name given to French Protestants
Huguenots
Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century?
Political loyalty and feeling centered on a passionate attachment to the individual city-state.
Bruni's oration beset illustrates which of the following elements of the Renaissance?
The revival of classical literature and ancient texts.
Who was the most prominent metal smith who helped develop metal movable print?
Johann Gutenberg
How did the cannon affect the power of monarchies?
only Central governments could afford cannons, enhancing the military power of the central states over its nobility
The dissolution of the English monasteries
resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth
The approaches of humanist scholars such as Bruni led t which of the following developments by early sixteenth century?
Christian humanists employing Renaissance learning in service of religious reform
How were the consequences of the "little ice age" experiences in Europe?
Economic disruptions in one region had serious implications for its trading partners in other, distant regions.
which of the following identifies the term race in the Renaissance?
Groupings of people based on ethnic, national, or religious factors
How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?
Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified
Why did Jan Hus gain so many followers?
His attack on papal authority and his call for the translation of the Bible into Czech resonated with many people who opposed to the church's wealth and were experiencing an emerging Czech nationalism
The image above best reflects which of the following historical trends?
Humanist revival of Greek and Roman texts shifted the focus of education away from theology and toward the study of classical texts.
Why did a woman's work receive less compensation than a man's work?
It was understood that a woman was either married or to be married and, therefore, not responsible for supporting a family.
How did minority groups suffer during the subsistence crises of the fourteenth century?
Jews and lepers were accused of poisoning wells to kill Christians, and, as a result, many were killed, beaten, or heavily fined.
What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?
Lutherans taught respect for authority while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly
Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?
Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth
The artwork above serves as evidence of which of the following historical developments
Princes and Popes, concerned with enhancing their prestige, commissioned painting and architectural works based on classical styles that often employed the newly invented technique of geometric perspective
In this excerpt, Calvin's writing best serves as evidence of which of the following practices occuring in Europe at the time?
Reformers criticized Catholic abuses and established new interpretation of Christian doctrine and practice
What key difference between Renaissance humanists and sixteenth-century natural philosophers is best reflected in the painting above?
Renaissance humanists studied classical texts, whereas natural philosophers conducted observation and experiments
Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation
Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace
what was theologian John Wyelif's main argument?
Scripture alone should determine church belief and practice
In Hungary, Lutheranism was
Spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg.
What educational book by Baldassare Castiglione provided a treatise on training a young man in the discipline and fashion needed for the courtly ideal of being a gentleman?
The Courtier
How did the choice to embrace or reject the Reform movement occur in a territory or region in the Holy Roman Empire?
The political leader(s) of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms.
Which of the following was the most direct consequence of the changes promoted by Calvin
The weakening of religious institutions during the Reformation left city governments with the task of regulation public morals
Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?
They viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and entire community
Which of the following sixteenth-century developments best exemplifies Argula von Grumbach's claim to represent the "church of Christ"
Though Christianity fragmented in Europe, religious uniformity remained the ideal
In terms of gender relations, Renaissance humanists argued that
Women's sphere of activity was the private and domestic
Which of the following was one of the central components of the Italian Renaissance?
a glorification of individual genius
Luther believed that he church consisted of
all those who supported his views
During the Great Schism, how did the powers of Europe align themselves?
along the traditioinal political alliances, with France and her allies supporting the French Pope and the others favoring the Italian Pope
Based on the above excerpt, the Act of Supremacy best represents?
an attempt by Henry VIII to impose religious reform from the top down and expand royal authority
Henry VIII used to Act of Supremacy to
assert control of religious institutions such as monasteries
As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany
became wither Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince
How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?
marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women
Luther views celibacy as
opposed to human nature and God's commandments
The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to
popular opposition, in norther England, to Henry VIII's reformation
France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to
prevent Charles V from increasing his power
Which of the following illustrates a major similarity between John Calvin and sixteenth-century Roman Catholic popes.
some Protestants refused to recognize that subordination of the church to the state
Italian humanists stressed the
study of the classics for what they could reveal about human nature
What was a long-term outcome of the conflict represented in the excerpt above?
the Catholic Church in Europe was permanently fragmented
The critiques expressed by Calvin generated which of the following broader religious changes in the sixteenth century?
the Catholic Reformation revived the church but cemented the division within Christianity.
Which of the following theological reforms is best illustrated by Argula von Grumbach's interpretation of the Bible
the Reformation placed new emphasis on the individual's direct relationship to God
What does the document above suggest about the role of women in popular anticlerical movements of the Reformation era?
the Reformation raised debates about female roles in the family, society, and the church
the immediate cause of the English peasant rebellion of 1381 was
the collection of a tax on all adult males
The Reformation in England was primarily the result of
the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII
One international impact of the religious reform evidenced in the Act of Supremacy in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries was
the effort by Hapsburg rulers to restore Catholic unity across Europe
What characteristic of political thought during the Italian Renaissance is raised by Bruni's oration?
the emphasis on secular models of individual and political behavior
What was the basis of financial support for the evolution of the renaissance artists?
the patronage of wealthy individuals and rulers
How did the flagellants respond to the Black Death?
they whipped and scourged their bodies as penance, believing that the Black Death was God's punishment for humanity's wickedness.
Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War was
to side with the peasants
The highly infectious nature of the plague was enhanced by
urban congestion and lack of sanitation
During the Hundred Years' War, the English kings were supported by some French barons because the latter
wanted to stop the French monarchy's centralizing efforts
In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that
was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes
who benefited from the Black Death?
workers: those who survived demanded high wages after the Black Death, increasing the standard of living for the broad mass of people