European History: Year in Review (2017-2018)

These two counties make up the first and second phase of the Thirty Years' War in that they fought religiously.

Bohemia, Denmark

These Marxist revolutionaries ruthlessly pursued power, using any means necessary in order to succeed. They believed that violence is just fine.

Bolsheviks

Term used for the business owners in Russia.

Bourgeoisie

Following the Seven Years' War, this country emerges as the real winner, gaining sole ownership of this country. France lost its colonies in North America.

Britain, India

Henry IV was baptized as a ______ but raised in the ______ faith, hence he is a Huguenot.

Catholic, Protestant

The second phase of the Thirty Years' War includes Denmark, who has some control in the Holy Roman Empire. The Lutheran ruler of Denmark, Christian IV, gets thrown out. It marks a win for (Catholics/Protestants).

Catholics

This artist showed the deep Catholic faith of Spain through his works during the Spanish Renaissance. He painted with clashing colors, distorted the human figure, and expressed emotion symbolically in his paintings. He is nicknamed "The Greek".

El Greco

On this date, Roosevelt set up this type of program and loss of property for these people, since they were considered a threat to the United States (they could have been spies). The last camp was closed during this year.

February 19th, 1942, internment, 1946

The Thirty Years' War began as this person from Bohemia from the Habsburg family tried to close Protestant Churches and the Protestants revolted and the Bohemian king sent an army to crush the revolt.

Ferdinand II

This person believed that monarchs are not chosen by God. He also believed in the consent of the governed for protection of natural rights (life, liberty, and property). He wrote this book. He believed in a democracy (self-government; one ruled by people) and that the best kind of government is one that has limited powers. He had an optimistic view on people.

John Locke, Two Treatises on Government

Nationalism contributed to the formation of these two new nations in Europe, and a new political order.

Italy, Germany

This person believed that people can learn from experience and improve themselves. He favored self-government (democracy or a republic). He believed that people are born with natural rights (life, liberty, and property).

John Locke

This writer wrote The Prince, which examines the imperfect conduct of human beings. For the first time, politics was presented as an objective science. He was not concerned with what was morally right, but with what was politically effective.

Niccolo Machiavelli

This person developed the heliocentric theory.

Nicolaus Copernicus

The (Southern/Northern) Renaissance advocated "Christian" humanism or humility, tolerance, focus on the individual, and the importance of earnest life on Earth.

Northern

The (Southern/Northern) Renaissance emphasized the sciences and new technology.

Northern

The (Southern/Northern) Renaissance saw more universities and education.

Northern

The Vikings were also called _____, or Norsemen.

Northmen

These laws said that Jews were not German citizens, rather "subjects". They could not marry Ayrans, and could not employ women who were under 35 years old. They also could not vote or hold public office.

Nuremberg Laws

In this epic poem, a person named Roland is portrayed as the ideal knight, demonstrating unwavering loyalty, military prowess and social fellowship.

The Song of Roland

Term used for Rome's first written laws which were displayed in the Forum. It provided the idea that all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law. Under it, the plebeians would gain more rights.

Twelve Tables

These gods/goddesses were the two monsters sent by Mother Earth to fight Zeus.

Typhon, Echidna

Pericles had three goals under his 32 year leadership: The second one was to strengthen the Athenian _____ by moving the Delian League alliance from Delos (a small Greek island in the Aegean Sea) to Athens.

empire

Francis bacon believed in this, that scientists should observe, gather information, and then make decisions.

empiricism

Term used for the monarchs who made reforms based on Enlightenment ideas.

enlightened despots

This branch of the Spartan oligarchy, consisting of 5 elected officials, carried out the laws by the Council of Elders.

ephors

Term used for the narrative poems which would celebrate heroic deeds due to a lack of writing.

epics

In the new feudal system, in exchange for military protection, a Lord granted a land called a ____ to a____.

fief, vassal

Through these, Greeks sought to understand nature and the power of human passions, like the changing of seasons.

myths

Term used for people who study and write about the past, who are concerned with understanding the events that happened in the past, who have a passion about learning about ideas and passing them down, and the actions and beliefs of people who lived before our time.

historians

Pope Gregory VII banned this, the appointment of religious officials (commonly bishops) by secular subjects (commonly kings or nobles). Henry IV, a German emperor, fired back and was then excommunicated.

lay investiture

All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the Roman Army for 10 years. They were organized into units called these.

legions

The Congress of Vienna discussed these four things.

legitimacy, balance of power, alliance, security

Term used for money that is lended to you by the bank. You have to pay it back.

loan

The basic economic unit of feudal times was this place: the estate of the Lord which consisted of all his land and the people he controlled.

manor

After World War I, this allowed for cheaper prices. This person is created for creating the assembly line.

mass production

Hitler believed that the German people were a "______," the Versailles treaty was an outrage, and that Germany was overcrowded and needed more, or living space. The new regime made Germany a one-party state by outlawing all oppositional parties and repressing the different-minded parts of the public with the party's own organizations ____ and ____, as well as the newly founded state security police called the _____.

master race, lebensraum, SA, SS, Gestapo

Under Napoleon, (men/women) had more rights.

men

Because outside Germanic tribes began to weaken the Roman legions, the Romans began to recruit these, foreign soldiers who fought for money. *Loyalty to Rome was no longer there.*

mercenaries

Term used for the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war.

militarism

This type of government is ruled by a king.

monarchy

These were built for monks who would give up their possessions to convert the tribes. They were places of learning and worship.

monasteries

(Catholics/Protestants/No one) wins the Thirty Years' War.

no one

These wealthy landowners could vote or stand in elections to the Roman Senate.

patricians

In nationalism, loyalty is to the ____ and not to the kings or queens.

people

This type of formation was used during the Persian War.

phalanx

These people, nicknamed "lovers of wisdom", were determined to find the truth/answers after the Athenian's decline during the Peloponnesian War. They focused on two principles: that the ____ is put together in an orderly way and subject to absolute unchanging laws, and that people can understand these laws through _______ and _______.

philosophers, universe, logic, reason

Term that means a separation between the church and state.

secular

True or False: European cities challenged the feudal system as agriculture, trade, finance and universities developed.

true

True or False: Following the French Revolution and the rule of Napoleon, Europe was left in shambles.

true

True or False: France was faced with a rapidly failing economy due to heavy tax burden and failing crops.

true

True or False: The Glorious Revolution is also called the Bloodless Revolution because it was a peaceful war.

true

True or False: The Petition of Right is similar to the Magna Carta.

true

True or False: The feudal system was supported by the serfs.

true

This French ruler was the last member of the Carolingian Dynasty by Pepin the short. He died with no successor.

Louis the Sluggard

Due to the lack of success in St. Domingue and the sale of this place to America which cost 15 million dollars, Napoleon turned his attention towards Europe. He had the Austrian Netherlands, parts of Italy, Switzerland, and was forced to face this alliance, consisting of these four countries.

Louisiana, Third Coalition, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden

Plato did not want this type of government. He'd rather a smart doctor than a random person on the street.

democracy

Radicals would preach this type of government following the Congress of Vienna.

democracy

This person converted to Christianity and united the Franks into one kingdom. He became the leader of the Franks at 15 years old.

Clovis

After the death of Justinian, Latin was no longer the official language of the eastern empire. This became the new official language.

Greek

The Mycenaeans adopted a form of Minoan script that would become an early form of this language.

Greek

All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the Roman Army for this many years.

10

Stalin seized control of the economy and began an Industrial and Agricultural Revolution in which these many people were killed for not following his rules. His revolution plans were known as this, which focused on mobilization of natural resources to build up the country's heavy industrial base by increasing output of coal, iron, and other vital resources.

10 million, 5-year plans

The first crusade was launched during this year, AD. It ended in 1099.

1095

In this year, Saladin began a major campaign against the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem. His troops virtually destroyed the Christian army at this battle, taking back the important city along with a large amount of territory. Outrage over these defeats inspired this holy war.

1187, Battle of Hattin, third crusade

During the *third crusade* in this year, the battle for this land was the *deadliest event*. In the end, the Christians won back the land.

1191, Acre

During this year, a truce was signed between King Richard the Lionhearted and Saladin stating that Jerusalem was under *Muslim control* while Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city without harm. Thus, the third crusade is over.

1192

This many people fought in the Crusades.

12,000

The Byzantine Empire will fall during this year.

1453

This many Russians died in the three years of civil war.

15 million

List the years of the Enlightenment.

1550, 1789

By 1929, investors began to sell their stocks. As prices decreased, more and more people starting selling their stocks (this many stocks a day). It led to the stock market crash (Black Tuesday). $14 billion was lost.

16

Spain was never able to regain control of the north. Spain finally recognized Dutch independence during this year.

1648

This amendment prohibited alcohol.

18th Amendment

Under the presidency of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, the U.S. improved relations with China and the Soviet Union. However, in the late 1970s, President Jimmy Carter was concerned about the treatment of protesters in the Soviet Union. That jeopardized the possibility of a second round of SALT negotiations. In June of this year, Carter and Brezhnev finally signed this treaty. Unfortunately, the Soviets could not control themselves and decided to invade Afghanistan later that year, resulting in the U.S. congress refusing to ratify the treaty.

1979, SALT II

This amendment gave women the right to vote.

19th Amendment

In 1994, the Palace of Versailles was valued at __ billion.

2

This place served as the gateway into the Holy Land.

Acre

This person and the Nationalist German Worker's Party (NAZI's) began to gain popularity in Germany. This was its good luck symbol. The weakness of the Weimar Republic encouraged him to overthrow the government (his plan was called the ______). However, he failed and was arrested.

Adolf Hitler, swastika, Beer Hall Putsch

The Enlightenment is also called this because people started to question things, and this.

Age of Reason, The Great Awakening

In 1905, this person theorized (Theory of Relativity) that while the speed of light is constant, other things that seem constant, such as space and time, are not. He used this formula. He challenged Newton's absolute laws of motion and gravity.

Albert Einstein, e=m(c^2)

This German artist is regarded as the greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance. He was a painter, a print-maker, and theorist from Nuremberg. His high-quality woodcuts established his reputation and influence across Europe when he was still in his twenties.

Albrecht Durer

This person was the leader of the reforms in Czechoslovakia who was put down by Leonid Brezhnev because he brought this, a brief period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia. He claimed that he was offering "socialism with a human face". Soviet armed forces invaded the country and quickly occupied it.

Alexander Dubeck, Prague Spring

This is the area that forms a union between Austria and Germany.

Anschluss

This person was the goddess of love and beauty and was the only god to have neither a mother or a father.

Aphrodite

This god was the god of sun and music.

Apollo

This goddess was turned into a spider for insulting the gods.

Arachne

This person estimated the value of pi, proposed the law of the lever, and invented the compound pulley.

Archimedes

This person was the god of war and was the brother of Athena. He was admired by Aphrodite.

Ares

This person was the goddess of wisdom, the guardian of Athens, and the daughter of Metis and Zeus.

Athena

During the Peloponnesian War, these people had the strongest sea power, but these people had the land advantage.

Athenians, Spartans

Which two city-states were the most powerful in Greece?

Athens, Sparta

This god was punished by having to hold the vault of the sky on his back.

Atlas

Octavian took this title, meaning "exalted one", as the new imperator (emperor or supreme military commander) of Rome.

Augustus

List the three extermination camps that Jews were sent to.

Aushwitz, Chelmno, Treblinka

After the Congress of Vienna, Italy was ruled by these two foreign rulers.

Austria, Spanish bourbon family

These four countries made up the Central Powers.

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire

In 1862, Bismarck created an alliance with these people to fight Denmark. Denmark had tried to annex the lands of Schleswig-Holstein. They were easily defeated, but now Austria was surrounded by a Prussian empire. So, Bismarck used that opportunity to eliminate Austria as a threat during this war, or the Austro-Prussian War.

Austrians, Seven Weeks War

These people are known as the "powder keg".

Balkans

Match the person who believed in the following: "All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish".

Baron de Montesquieu

This country stayed neutral during World War I, its independence guaranteed by Britain, France, and Germany.

Belgium

This person believed that laws existed to preserve order, not to avenge crimes. He did not believe in torture or cruel and unusual punishment. He believed that everyone has the right to a speedy trial. He wrote this book.

Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments

Pope Leo III crowned this person a Roman Emperor in the year 800.

Charlemagne

The conflicts between the Soviet Union and the capitalist countries marked the beginning of this type of war in which there is no fighting. As a result, in 1949, the United States and nine other countries entered into its first peacetime alliance called the _____. Similarly, the Soviets responded with their own form of peacetime alliance called the ____.

Cold War, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Warsaw Pact

Michelangelo Buonarroti painted this; it took four years to be completed. It can be found in the Sistine Chapel. Pictured on the right is Adam and on the left is God, extending their hands toward each other. God's hands give light.

Creation of Man

During the Hundred Year's War (Specifically during the Battle of _____ on August 26th, 1346), the English fought with this new weapon.

Crecy, longbow

Term used for the rapid growth in bank credit and loans in the United States.

Credit Boom

Religious conflicts lasted ___ years. The Catholic Church had control over many aspects of life. What led to its power were the _____ and the _____ and _____ led by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.

Crusades, Spanish Inquisition, Reconquista

In August of 1789, the National Assembly took a number of actions to remake society. They established social equality, and signed this, which was a social contract. It provided for freedom of religion, taxation of equality, legal equality, and freedom of press and expression. They wrote a constitution that established a ______ with a parliament. The parliament was to be run by the bourgeois, who were considered "active" citizens, while the rest of the citizens were considered "passive" citizens and would not be allowed to take part in government. People in government were to progress based upon merit. Finally, the National Assembly established this, in which clergymen would eventually be required to swear an oath to in 1791. In addition to nationalizing church property, it also abolished religious vows and turned all church clerics (including monks and nuns) into civil servants who received their pay and assignments not from Rome, but from here. While this was initially well-received by many Frenchmen who applauded the "bringing home" of the church, the subsequent punitive measures taken against clergy who did not swear the oath would be a cause of great resentment in the Western provinces.

Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen, constitutional monarchy, Civil Constitution of the Clergy, Paris

The Greeks formed this alliance of 140 city-states to prevent the Persians from attacking them in the future; it dispelled the Persians once and for all.

Delian League

The 1300s were filled with disasters with the arrival of a plague and wars between these two kingdoms. It is no wonder why that by the end of the century, the medieval way of life was beginning to disappear.

England, France

These two nations will pioneer the development of more centralized governments and nations due to the growth of towns, villages, and the breakup of the feudal system in the high middle ages.

England, France

This Greek philosopher would found a school of thought called Epicureanism. He taught that God had no interest in humans,and that the only real objects were those that the five senses perceived. *It proposed the main goal of humans was to achieve harmony of body and mind.*

Epicurus

This goddess was the spirit of strife.

Eris

Prussia was located near here.

Germany

This country spent had the most soldiers and spent the most money on weapons during World War I.

Germany

This country was hit the hardest during the Great Depression.

Germany

List the three countries a part of the Triple Alliance during World War I.

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

List the four countries a part of the Central Powers.

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

Following the Peace of Augsburg treaty, this country stood divided between Lutheran and Catholic states. However, the treaty did not take into account the fastest growing denomination, Calvinism. It became apparent that neither Protestant nor Catholic leaders had any intention of treating Augsburg as a permanent settlement to the country's religious division. What complicated matters was the elective nature of the _________, nominally the political leader of Catholicism and still a position of importance.

Germany, Holy Roman Empire

This person, a descendant of William the Conqueror's, was able to add to his French territory by marrying this person - the only woman in history to have married two kings and have given birth to two sons. The king strengthened his rule in France and England by sending royal judges to tax collect at least once a year. He also created a jury system and a unified body of law in England that became known as this.

Henry II, Eleanor of Aquitaine, common law

This group of inhabitants founded the city of Rome.

Latins

This French, who was a former duke, succeeded Louis the Sluggard and began this dynasty. He ruled from 987 to 1328.

Hugh Carpet, Capetian dynasty

Term used for a French Protestant.

Huguenot

This series of wars started when the last Capetian king of France died without a successor. This person from England, grandson of Philip IV, claimed the rights to the throne.

Hundred Years' War, King Edward III

Louis XIV famously declared, "_________", which means that he is the heart and soul of France.

I am the state

This god was the blood of the gods which made the gods immortal.

Ichor

This Russian composer used irregular rhythms and harsh combinations of sounds to create his ballet masterpiece, The Rite of Spring.

Igor Stravinsky

List the three groups of inhabitants in early Rome.

Latins, Greeks, Etruscans

This, established by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, was an effort to unify people in Europe under Christianity. Its aim was to combat heresy. Many heretics were tortured or burned at the stake.

Inquisition

In 1987, Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan signed this treaty (INF). The treaty banned nuclear missiles within ranges of 300 and 3,400 miles.

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

List the three seas, or transportation routes, that surround Greece.

Ionian Sea, Black Sea, Aegean Sea

During the Phony War, the British and French sat behind this French defense system.

Maginot Line

As Viking invasions declined as they began to accept Christianity, Europe was welcomed by these two other invaders: these people from Hungary, and these people.

Magyars, Muslims

In 1756, Frederick II attacked this Austrian ally, bringing all of Europe into the Seven Years' War.

Saxony

The ceiling of this place were painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti out of gold, plaster, and paint. The ceilings were originally painted blue. It depicts the Creation of Man. The style was fresco. During the process, Michelangelo permanently damaged his eyes. Today, it is currently located in Vatican City.

Sistine Chapel

To make it easier to identify Jews, they would wear a bright, yellow star called this.

Star of David

This estate was made up of the bourgeoisie, the urban lower class, and the peasants (population: _____ million). They made all of the taxes, had no influence in the government, and embraced Enlightenment ideas. They began to call for these three things based on the American Revolution.

Third Estate, 27, equality, liberty, democracy

In this war following the Battle of Zama, the Romans destroyed Carthage by fire and sold the surviving inhabitants into slavery and salted the land so that the crops would not grow back.

Third Punic War

Philip IV Hapsburg of Spain married Marianna Hapsburg of Austria, and the two of them produced Charles II, the ruler of Spain. Since Charles was incapable of producing heirs, upon his death bed he was left to decide who would rule Spain after his death. France argued that they had the best claim to the throne, since they were Catholic, strong, and Charles' half-sister was married to Louis XIV. Therefore, this war broke out, putting a coalition led by William III Orange of the Netherlands against France in an effort to maintain the European balance of power.

War of Spanish Succession

Germany's new democratic government, the ______ , faced serious problems following the Treaty of Versailles. Though Kaiser Wilhelm II had abdicated and the wartime military leadership had lost its authority, Germans widely refused to admit that their army had lost the war. A significant number believed that Germany could have continued to fight and eventually gotten the upper hand, and that surrender was a "stab in the back" of an army capable of winning the war.

Weimar Republic

Term used for the political and military system of protective alliances and relationships.

feudalism

Term used for the wealthy peasants who resisted Stalin.

kulaks

Overall, the Congress of Vienna was very ____ (in favor of monarchies), allowing this country to return to its border pre-1789 and a restoration of the monarchy.

conservative, France

These three forces struggled for supremacy in Europe.

conservatives, liberals, radicals

The Bubonic Plague can be controlled through the elimination of these animals.

rats

This person was an English poet, playwright, and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Some of his most famous plays include the tragedies, Macbeth, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and the comedies, A Midsummer NIght's Dream and The Taming of the Shrew.

William Shakespeare

In response to the revolt by the Dutch against Philip II in 1566, in 1579, with the help of this person who fled to Germany where he would incite a rebellion, the Northern provinces were able to declare independence. Then, due to this flood, many regions were left devastated and the Spanish authorities showed little care. So, he decided to have pirates, or sea beggars, invade the ports of the coast.

William of Orange, All Saints Flood

James II will be overthrown by his daughter, Mary, and this person, her husband (William III) for the sake of the Protestant faith. The bloodless overthrow of King James II is called the ______.

William of Orange, Glorious Revolution

This person wanted the peace treaty following the war to be settled around his Fourteen Points which centered around self-determination to the League of Nations.

Woodrow Wilson

This term means "to add on".

annex

This amount of Greece was made up of mountains. Because of that, it was (easy/hard) for civilizations to unite under a single government.

three-fourths, hard

Peasants and serfs paid taxes in high price to live on the lord's land. They also payed a priest this: one-tenth of their income.

tithe

World War I was a ____ in that countries devoted all of their resources to the war effort.

total war

This allowed for a slow drawn out war (stalemate).

trench warfare

How many kings ruled over Spartan's military?

two

Due to the repeated clashes between the rulers and the common people, powerful individuals could seize the power of government and form this type of government. Those individuals were looked upon as leaders who would work for the interest of the people.

tyranny

The Years of Crisis were also known as the period of _____.

uncertainty

During the Middle Ages, these became the centers of learning.

universities

The third step to knighthood was this: at this age, one would officially become a ___ as long as he still respected the land, church, and women.

21, knight

World War I costed this many billion dollars.

338

The Congress of Vienna declared that Germany become a confederation of ___ states that were somewhat united.

39

During World War I, this many million Russian soldiers died the first year of the war. In the Autumn of 1915, Czar Nicholas II had taken direct command of the army. While in the war, he left this person, his wife, in charge of the government. She ignored his commands and was influenced by this self-proclaimed "holy man" once he healed his children from hemophilia. This allowed a great deal of corruption.

4, Czarina Alexandra, Grigori Rasputin

One cause of the Great Depression was that this percent of families in the country were still living at or below the poverty level.

40

During the Reign of Terror, it is believed that as many as ____ people were killed; this percent of them being poor or from the middle class.

40,000, 85

Historians believed that Joseph Stalin killed ___ to ___ million people.

8, 13

Charlemagne died during this year.

814

This percent of all films were made in Hollywood district of Los Angeles for the purpose of entertainment.

90

The Capetian Dynasty will rule France from ____ to ____.

987, 1328

King Phillip II wanted to conquer the Persian Empire but was unable to. So, this person, his 20 year old son, took on the responsibility. He was (successful/failed), and by spreading this belief, blended the customs (Egyptian, Indian, Persian) of his conquered territories because he wanted them all under the same government.

Alexander the Great, successful, Hellenism

This Egyptian city became the center of the Hellenistic civilization. It was lined with statues of Greek gods, magnificent palaces, a museum, and a library.

Alexandria

This Anglo-Saxon king turned back the Danish Vikings (made peace with them) to eventually call it *England* ("land of the Angles") in AD 871. He is one of only two English monarchs to be given the epithet "the Great". Education was very important to him.

Alfred the Great

The legislative acts in the New Deal were referred to as Roosevelt's __________ because they were referred to by initials.

Alphabet Soup

One thing that caused World War I was that France had lost a piece of land to Germany during the Franco-Prussian War.

Alsace-Lorraine

This person became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic from Canada to England.

Amelia Earhart

During the middle ages, in universities, students were expected to study the Bible and the fathers of the early Church, and to debate them in public. They also studied the works of great classical writers from Greece and Rome, especially this philosopher who brought about scholasticism.

Aristotle

This philosopher was a student of Plato and a teacher of Alexander of Macedonia (________________). He invented the _____ for arguing according to rules of logic in the field of science.

Aristotle, Alexander the Great, Scientific Method

These two people are important in regards to the geocentric theory.

Aristotle, Ptolemy

The War Guilt Clause is also called this.

Article 231

As part of the vision for Germany, a new racial order was created proclaiming that the Germanic people, or ___, were a "master race". The Nazis misused the term, which really referred to the Indo-Europeans who migrated into the Indian subcontinent. The Nazis claimed that people that are not a part of the "master race" were inferior, and this message would eventually lead to the systematic mass murdering known as the ___.

Aryans, Holocaust

One thing that caused World War I was that Austria-Hungary and Russia both tried to dominate this region in Southeast Europe. There, the Serbs, Bulgarians, and Romanians wanted independence.

Balkans

This person believed that this country was the best run government of the day due to its separation of powers. He wrote On the Spirit of Laws, which explains that separating powers prevents one individual or group from gaining complete power (checks and balances). He agreed with a constitutional monarchy.

Baron de Montesquieu, Great Britain

This person believed that the best form of government includes separation of powers (checks and balances). He wrote this book. He believed that Great Britain was the best government.

Baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws

In Paris, rumors flew as some people suggested that Louis was intent on using military force to dismiss the National Assembly. Others charged that the foreign troops were coming to Paris to massacre French citizens. On this date, the revolting Paris mob stormed this, a major prison and armory in Paris.

Bastille, July 14, 1789

This battle resulted in the destruction of the French naval fleet by the British. It assured the dominance of the British Navy for the next 100 years. It forces Napoleon to give up his plans of invading Britain.

Battle of Trafalgar

This was the longest battle of the war. It was a German offensive against France and Britain. The battle became a symbol of French determination and self-sacrifice. It resulted in over this many deaths.

Battle of Verdun, 300,000

After the Second Punic War, in this battle, Hannibal was defeated by this Roman general. Following the battle, Hannibal was hunted down and he eventually killed himself to avoid capture.

Battle of Zama, Scipio

During the D-Day Invasion, as the Allied forces were moving towards Berlin from the west, the Soviets were making their way from the east. Germany was now facing a two front war, and in a desperate gamble, Hitler ordered a counterattack in the west. Hitler hoped that his army could split the American and British forces and cut off their supply line. On December 16, German tanks rolled through a 75 mile American front in the Ardennes. The Allies gave this campaign the name the _____. Although the Allies were cut off guard, they eventually pushed back the German forces. This time for Hitler, there were no reinforcements available.

Battle of the Bulge

While Europe was beginning to rebuild, tension between the Allied countries over Germany was brewing. Concerned over the economic conditions of Germany and Soviet reparations policies, the U.S., Britain, and France merged their zones. In response to this merger, the Soviets imposed a _____ blockade, cutting the western part of the city off from rail and auto traffic, threatening to "starve it out." Rather than confronting the Soviets with force, President Truman authorized a _____. For the next 11 months, Allied planes would fly over the blockade and parachute supplies to the West Berliners. In May 1949, the Soviets lifted the blockade and admitted defeat.

Berlin, Berlin Airlift

The '36 Olympics were held here in Germany, and Hitler planned to show off the "superior Aryan race". However, this African-American runner ruined Hitler's plans.

Berlin, Jesse Owens

This was an invention brought about during the Great War which hurled one-ton shells a distance of more than 15 kilometers (nine miles).

Big Bertha

William of Orange and Mary Stuart both signed this document which guaranteed that the king would call Parliament every three years and not dismiss them and that taxation and war must be approved by Parliament.

Bill of Rights

In June 1991, voters chose this person to become the Russian Federation's (Commonwealth of Independent States) first directly elected president.

Boris Yeltsin

List the three countries a part of the Triple Entente during World War I. However, this country did not fight in the war.

Britain, France, Russia, Britain

In 1437, this, or the Black Death (named because of the black spots it produced on the skin), was the result of fleas and rats transmitting the bacteria Y. Pestis. It killed about _____ of the population by 1351. These people served as the common scapegoat for the disease.

Bubonic Plague, one-third, Jews

The English writer, Geoffrey Chaucer, wrote this famous poem which was a story of characters on a religious journey from London to Canterbury. The poem is said to be the first popular use of the English language in literature.

Canterbury Tales

As Roman legions conquered Spain, Italy, and Greece, this powerful trading city located in North Africa wanted this piece of the pie. It resulted in this, a collection of three wars.

Carthage, Sicily, Punic Wars

Religious conflict in France was really played out in a series of thirteen short wars. In 1572, Henry IV (Henry Bourbon) agreed to marry this Italian noblewoman's daughter as a sign of reconciliation. However, during the wedding celebration in Paris, rumors flared that these people were plotting to take over the government. What followed was a slaughter of the nobles by the French court who people thought wanted to take over the government, in Paris and throughout France, known as St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. In all, approximately this many thousand nobles were killed, though Henry escaped by converting to this religion.

Catherine de' Medici, Protestants, 10, Catholicism

This Russian empress ruled Russia with absolute authority while making reforms and modernizing the country. She tried religious reform and put an end to torture. She had also helped the peasants until they brought about a revolt.

Catherine the Great

This person promoted criminal justice. He was an Italian jurist. He wrote this book. He believed in a speedy trial and that laws existed to preserve order, not to punish people.

Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments

This person, Pepin the Short's son, also named this, built an empire called the Carolingian Empire greater than any known since Ancient Rome. He was known for spreading Christianity. The empire lasted for this many years. In the year 800 on Christmas Day, he is crowned this by this pope.

Charlemagne, Charles the Great, 46, Roman Emperor, Pope Leo III

In 1649, during the English Civil War, Cromwell and the Puritans brought this person to trial for treason and against Parliament. They found him guilty and sentenced him to death.

Charles I

One of the most popular comic geniuses of the Hollywood's silent screen was the this person. He was known for his portrayal of the lonely tramp, long-term homeless person who travels from place to place bewildered by life.

Charlie Chaplin

This crusade took place in 1212 when thousands of young children between the ages of 6 to 18 years old vowed to march to Jerusalem. However, it proved unsuccessful.

Children's Crusade

Term used for the spiritual kingdom on Earth.

Christendom

One of the reasons for the fall of Rome was because of this - The Roman Empire needed a powerful army to keep control of conquered countries, but many Romans believed in living together without wars and in peace.

Christianity

This Italian author wrote the book titled The City of Ladies.

Christine de Pisan

The Modern Era began with the voyage of this person in 1492. It is also called the Renaissance, or "rebirth".

Christopher Columbus

In Europe, the Bubonic Plague made people lose their faith in the ______.

Church

This legislative act in the New Deal gave jobs to more than two million men in environmental improvement projects, especially the National Park System.

Civilian Conservation Corps

In 500 BC, this person replaced Solon in Athens and introduced a new system of government called a limited democracy because of the problem between the rich and the poor. All citizens were allowed to submit laws. He increased the size of the assembly. He created the Council of Five Hundred which proposed laws and counseled the assembly.

Cleisthenes

After Pope Boniface VIII is imprisoned, in 1305, King Philip IV gets this person elected as the new pope, who moves the office of the pope to this area in France.

Clement V, Avignon

The leading body of the National Convention was the _______, who worked to suppress dissent and protect the revolution. The Committee was composed of twelve members, of whom the dominant individual was this person. His rule as a dictator will become known as this. Anyone who challenged his leadership was an enemy. The Convention successfully wrote a new constitution, establishing a government known as this as a permanent _____, in which power was placed in the hands of the upper middle class, called for a two-house legislature, and an executive body of five men.

Committee of Public Safety, Maximilien de Robespierre, Reign of Terror, Directory, republic

Karl Marx wrote this book. It was a product of the social, economic and political turmoil that characterized Europe before 1850.

Communist Manifesto

In March of 1918, Vladimir Lenin established this party, the "dictatorship of the proletariat" (Marxism). They believed in not having a social class or command economy; workers would produce and share what they need.

Communist Party

The issue between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV in terms of lay investiture was settled with this agreement. It stated that if the pope appoints a priest or a bishop to power, the emperor can influence on the decision.

Concordat of Worms

After exiling Napoleon, European leaders met here to try to restore order and reestablish peace.

Congress of Vienna

In Vienna, Austria in 1814, this meeting was held to discuss the future of Europe following the rule of Napoleon and the French Revolution. It would bring peace for the next ___ years.

Congress of Vienna, 100

In an expedition to strengthen French sea trade while weakening British trade in India, Napoleon would confront his military rival British Admiral Horatio Nelson. Though Nelson will successfully disrupt Napoleon's plan, the general made sure that news of this defeat never make it back to France. By 1799, the Directory had lost control of the political situation and the confidence of the French people. When Napoleon returned from Egypt, his friends urged him to seize political power. Joined with two other conspirators, Napoleon's coup d' etat succeeded in creating a new government, the ___ (with three Consuls). Chosen as _____, Bonaparte quickly outmaneuvered the other two consuls and in 1801 proclaimed himself the title for life. At the age of thirty two, Bonaparte commanded France and set out to institutionalize the principles of the revolution.

Consulate, First Consul

As a result of the Battle of Trafalgar, in 1806, Napoleon employed this, a method of economic warfare. He prohibited trade with the British by blockading all coasts of a Europe from English export. These two counties, among others, did not follow his orders. Unfortunately, that failed (strike one). Britain responded with its own blockade which ultimately caused this war.

Continental System, Holland, Portugal, War of 1812

This branch of the Spartan oligarchy proposed the laws by the assembly, or the free adult males who voted on issues.

Council of Elders

This person is known as the wealthiest Roman.

Crassus

After this person of Russia withdrew from the Continental System, Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812. For the first time, Napoleon failed, as the Russian army employed _____ tactics to defeat Napoleon's army. However, Napoleon quickly raised a new army, but this army was crushed by the Quadruple Alliance of England (Fourth Coalition), Austria, Russia, and Prussia at the Battle of Nations. Napoleon was exiled to this island, but the unpopularity of this person in France allowed Napoleon to return 1815 in a period known as the _____. The Quadruple Alliance again crushed his new army at this battle. Napoleon was then exiled to this island where he died in 1821 at this age.

Czar Alexander I, scorched earth, Elba, Louis XVIII, Hundred Days, Battle of Waterloo, Saint Helena, 57

In 1881, due to the slow pace of political change, revolutionaries assassinated this person. Russia, being a firecracker with a long fuse, was heading towards a full-scale revolution.

Czar Alexander II

This person, the heir to the Russian throne after Czar Alexander III, continued the tradition of Russian autocracy. Under him, Russia launched a program to build up heavy industries, particularly steel. By 1900, Russia became the ___ ranking producer of steel.

Czar Nicholas II, 4th

In 1939, following the Munich Conference, Germany seized the rest of here, showing that war was inevitable and that appeasement had failed. Poland and Hungary also participated, taking sections of Czech and Slovak territory adjacent to their borders. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain responded to the occupation of the area by giving a guarantee to Poland that Britain would help them if Germany ever attacked. The Polish government had not requested this alliance. In response to Chamberlain's pledge to Poland and for Germany to avoid a two front war, Germany and the Soviet Union shocked the Western powers by this.

Czechoslovakia, Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact

This movement from 1916 to 1924 preached that established values (in the arts) had been made meaningless by the savagery of World War I. It means "hobby horse" in French. Works were meant to be nonsensical and meaningless.

Dada

Karl Marx wrote this book which provides a materialistic view of history (economics/production), class warfare (class struggle), the theory of surplus, and opinions on change (Proletariats overthrow Bourgeoisie).

Das Kapital

Donatello sculptured this, the first statue to ever be sculpted out of bronze. The sculptor was controversial because it wasn't placed in the town hall of Florence. People thought that the statue was a sculpture of Mercy of Hermes.

David

This, sculpted by Michelangelo Buonarroti when he was 26 years old, was created in 1501 based on the story of David and Goliath in the Bible. It is made out of a single block of Carraea marble. It currently stands in Piazza Dei Signori in Florence, Italy. It stands 17 feet tall, and weighs as much as eighty men.

David

This person was the goddess of agriculture. She also caused the change of the seasons along with Persephone.

Demeter

This person achieved fame for his editing of the Encyclopedia, a seventeen volume reference work that ambitiously set out to arrange the sum total of human knowledge alphabetically. His work was condemned by the former government and the Catholic Church because it went against traditional beliefs.

Denis Diderot

The Phony War ended with a German surprise invasion by Hitler on these two countries. With the Germans securing these two countries, they began to build bases along their coastline so they could launch strikes on this country.

Denmark, Norway, Great Britain

This Christian humanist wrote the Praise of Folly. He poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome lovers, and pompous priests. He believed in a Christianity of the heart. He stood as the most famous intellectual of his day and his name today remains a symbol of tolerance and scholarship.

Desiderius Erasmus

This Spanish painter was the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV and one of the most important painters of the Spanish Golden Age. He painted the Spanish royalty.

Diego Valazquez

These two people saved Rome from falling.

Diocletian, Constantine

This new emperor of Rome ruled with an iron fist. He controlled inflation by setting fixed prices for goods. He divided the empire into two - the east for these people, and the west for these people, realizing that the empire was too big. This person will gain control of the western part of the empire.

Diocletion, Greeks, Latins, Constantine

This god was the god of merrymaking and good times.

Dionysus

The Italian writer, Dante Alighieri, wrote this famous poem which incorporated Christian and classical elements. It addresses theological issues of sin, repentance, and salvation. The poem was of his journey through hell, purgatory, and heaven.

Divine Comedy

Following Bloody Sunday, protesters forced Czar Nicholas to put forth the October Manifesto which would see the creation of this, Russia's first parliament. Leaders wanted Russia to become a constitutional monarchy similar to Britain, but the parliament never had any real power.

Duma

While Poland was moving toward reform, this aged and increasingly out of touch ruler of East Germany ruled strictly with the aid of the state police, the Stasi. In 1989, Hungary allowed vacationing East Germans to cross into Austria borders, defecting from East Germany. In response, the East German government closed its borders. By October 1989, huge demonstrations had broken out all over East Germany. The new East German leader, this person, gambled that he could restore stability by allowing people to leave East Germany. On this date, he opened the Berlin Wall. Krenz's gamble will not save communism, and by the end of 1989, the East German Communist Party had ceased to exist.

Erich Honecker, Egon Krenz, November 9th, 1989

Fascist leader Mussolini began his plans for creating an Italian empire. Mussolini's target was one of Africa's three independent nations, _____.

Ethiopia

This group of inhabitants were native to Northern Italy. They were skilled metalworkers.

Etruscans

This person was a highly regarded mathematician whose work in geometry is still used today for the basis for geometry.

Euclid

Hitler favored deportation of Jews at first. But, later, they became dissatisfied and a group of Nazi leaders met in Wansee, a rather nice Berlin suburb, to plan what they called the "________". It was simple. Non-Aryans would be rounded up and put on trains, and sent off to one of a network of special extermination camps in Poland, where they would be gassed.

Final Solution

In this battle, the Allies rushed reinforcements from here -- along with over this many people in taxicabs -- to the western front, and by the first week of September, amid heavy fighting, the Germans had been halted along the River Marne. The battle was perhaps the single most important event of the war. It marked the beginning of the static trench lines which would define the front in Western Europe for four years.

First Battle of the Marne, Paris, 600

This estate was made up of the Catholic Church. They made up ___ percent of the population (100,000 citizens), owning about this percent of land. They were exempt from paying taxes.

First Estate, 1, 10

In this war which lasted 23 years, the Romans advanced their Carthaginian ships and defeated them.

First Punic War

During the Northern Renaissance, these people will become the artistic center of Northern Europe. They emphasized realism, like the artist, Jan van Eyck, who perfected oil painting.

Flanders

The Northern Renaissance happened here, first, in Belgium.

Flanders

Term used for the heart of political life in Rome, where discussions and debates about running the government were held. (Think of a marketplace)

Forum

As the United States lends money to Germany, Germany builds up their economy and uses the increased tax to repay this country. Then, the country pays back war loans to the United States and imports on the American goods. Then, America pays off its debs using their own money.

France

The fourth phase of the Thirty Years' War includes this country which funds Sweden. They will fight on behalf of the Protestants.

France

As the Allies were dealing with many issues both on the home front and the world war, since 1943, they have been secretly building an invasion force in Great Britain. The objective was to invade German occupied ____. By the summer of 1944, the invasion was ready. A military force of more than these many million allied soldiers was to be led by this US General across the English Channel and strike the northern beaches of France called ____.

France, 3.5, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Normandy

Following the Phony War, Hitler began to invade the countries of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg. The strategy was to distract the Allies and draw their attention to these countries as Hitler sends a force of tanks through the Ardennes Forest into this country to trap the them and the British around this port. There, these many soldiers were brought out of the port to safety.

France, Dunkirk, 338,000

In 1670, Charles II signed the Secret Treaty of Dover with Louis XIV, secretly pledging ____ and ____ as allies to work together to return England to the Catholic Church.

France, England

This person believed that scientists should observe, gather information, and then make decisions (empiricism).

Francis Bacon

This writer during the Renaissance came up with the idea of the Renaissance. He wrote sonnets, which are fourteen line poems. He is often called the "Father of Humanism".

Francisco Petrarch

Thanks to this war, the French had to leave Rome and the Italian army was able to take the city of Rome in 1870.

Franco-Prussian War

This enlightened despot, king of Prussia, allowed religious freedom, reduced censorship, improved education, reformed the justice system, and did not allow torture for crimes. His goal was to always serve and strengthen his country.

Frederick II

The War of Austrian Succession began with a cynical attack by this person, King of Prussia, on Austria. These people, who opposed the Hapsburgs, joined the assault in alliance with Prussia. To prevent dismemberment of Austria and maintain the balance of power on the continent, these people fought on the side of Maria Theresa, the new Hapsburg ruler.

Frederick II, French, British

This person, the "Great Elector" who led Prussia's Hohenzollerns, worked towards an absolute monarchy and became a rigidly controlled military society.

Frederick William

These people ultimately win the Hundred Year's War.

French

With the rise of Napoleon in France, it led to a conquering of Italy by these people.

French

This marks the beginning of modern history.

French Revolution

This person developed the law of the pendulum in which falling objects accelerate at a fixed rate. He built his own telescope and later noted that the earth's moon was rough and uneven. He wrote this book.

Galileo Galilei, Starry Messenger

Donatello sculptured this which served as a representation of Erasmo of Narni and was made as a sign of gratitude and respect for him from the republic of Venice. It was created in Piazza Del Santo. It's the earliest surviving Renaissance equestrian statue.

Gattamelata

In this Roman province, modern day France, these Germanic people held power. They came out on top.

Gaul, Franks

After serving his one year term as a consul, Julius Caesar appointed himself governor of this place (modern day France). With his growing popularity, this person tries to stop Julius in a civil war, but eventually is defeated.

Gaul, Pompey

This person wrote the poem titled Canterbury Tales. He is known as the "father of English literature".

Geoffrey Chaucer

These people helped Vladimir Lenin return to Russia where the Bolsheviks would now have power of the streets in Russia.

Germans

These three countries will later come together and form the Axis Powers.

Germany, Italy, Japan

The ____ was the first national standard of American feminine beauty. Then, during World War I, as young men went off to die in muddy fields, women were left behind to enter the work force. When the war ended there were no more men to take up those jobs again. So women, who had found an independence both in the work force and socially during the war, were not forced by returning men to give up their jobs or their new found security. In fact, they pushed the boundaries. Called ____, they became more outspoken and openly challenged religious and social mores. They drank and smoked in public, listened to jazz, and they were much more open and frank about their sexuality and their overt disdain for authority. They were independent and strong-willed.

Gibson Girl, Flappers

This writer wrote the Decameron about the Black Death. The book focused on people's responses to the plague rather than God's wrath.

Giovanni Bocciaccio

These five countries made up the Allies.

Great Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Italy

During the stock market crash, billions of dollars disappeared. Stocks were made worthless and unemployment increased. That led to this. By 1933, one out of every four people were out of work.

Great Depression

In 1934, this (Great Terror) was a period of time in which Stalin would have his secret police eliminate anyone who threatened his power.

Great Purge

This god was the brother of Zeus and the lord of the dead. He never went to Olympus. He was the god of the underworld.

Hades

This monumental work, also called "Holy Wisdom", was a church built by Justinian.

Hagia Sophia

This person was a German artist and print-maker. He is best known as one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century. He also produced art, satire, and Reformation propaganda, and made a significant contribution to the history of book design. He would eventually immigrate to England where he painted portraits of King Henry VIII and other members of the English royal family.

Hans Holbein

France gets involved in the Thirty Years' War to stop ____ dominance in Europe.

Hapsburg

The Holy Roman Empire was weakened following the Thirty Years' War leaving no true authority. That changes with this family of Austria - they will become the most powerful state in the Holy Roman Empire.

Hapsburg Dynasty

This was one of the powerful families of Central Europe. In 1711, this person became the Hapsburg ruler. With the diversity of people, he was responsible for Czechs, Hungarians, Italians, Croatians, and Germans and made it difficult at first to rule.

Hapsburgs of Austria, Charles VI

This person of Navarre was the first member of the Bourbon family to become king of France. He gave up Protestantism to become Catholic to heal the wounds.

Henry IV

This god was a skilled craftsman who made jewelry for Aphrodite.

Hephaestus

This goddess was the queen of the gods and the wife of Zeus.

Hera

This person was the god of shepherds.

Hermes

Under Hitler, boys were forced to join this, and the girls were forced to join this.

Hitler Youth, League of German Girls

Prussia relied heavily on these three factors for its amazing rise to power: a skillful and resolute leadership from this dynasty, and an efficient use of resources and an outstanding military tradition.

Hohenzollern Dynasty

Prussia was ruled by this family.

Hohenzollerns

This family is associated with Prussia. Frederick William and Frederick the Great come from it.

Hohenzollerns

Before the Congress of Vienna, "Germany" was known as this.

Holy Roman Empire

This blind "author" passed down the story of the Trojan War through epics, narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds. He would write these two epics based on the war.

Homer, Illead, Odyssey

These people, foot soldiers, and citizens, were expected to defend the Spartan polis.

Hoplites

After several years of struggle in Italy, in October 1922 the fascists attempted a coup called the March on Rome. The fascist forces were largely inferior, but the king, Victor Emmanuel III, ordered the army not to intervene, formed an alliance with Mussolini, and convinced the liberal party to endorse a fascist-led government. Over the next few years, Mussolini (who became known as "____", the leader) eliminated all political parties, including the liberals, and curtailed personal liberties under the pretext of preventing revolution.

Il Duce

Winston Churchill used this phrase to represent the Cold War, in that Germany was divided into democratic and communist blocs. Stalin felt that his speech was the beginnings of an act of war against the Soviet Union.

Iron Curtain

This person believed that the same force ruled the motion of the planets, the pendulum, and all matter on earth and in space. He believed in this, that every object in the universe attracts every other object (three laws of motion).

Isaac Newton, universal gravitation

The rise of fascism in ____ was due to frustrations over a lack of territorial gain following the Treaty of Versailles, rising inflation, and unemployment. The current democratic government seemed helpless to deal with the country's problems. The citizens wanted someone to take action. As a result, a newspaper editor and politician named ____ would answer the call.

Italy, Benito Mussolini

Term used for the radical revolutionaries who wanted to remove the king and establish a republic. The National Convention will declare France a republic, put Louis on trial for treason, and beheaded by this machine.

Jacobins, gullotine

Following Charles II, this person, an overly Catholic monarch, took the throne. With his first wife he bore two daughters, Mary and Anne, who were both ___, but with his second wife, he bore a son, James, who was baptized ___. He upset Parliament at his demand to repeal the Test Act, and instituted the Declaration of Indulgences, which allowed for freedom of worship.

James II, Protestant, Catholic

This Dutch painter specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle-class life. He is particular renowned for his mastery treatment and use of light in his work.

Jan Vermeer

On this date, 200,000 workers and their families approached the czar's palace at St. Petersburg. They argued over better working conditions, more freedoms, and an elected legislature. However, what they got in return was soldiers firing into the crowd and many unarmed people were killed. The day would become known as "_______". Lenin called the incident a "________".

January 2nd, 1905, Bloody Sunday, dress rehearsal

This person was the minister of finance who tired to make France self-sufficient under Louis XIV. He increased tariffs on goods from other countries, and encouraged trade from colonies. It benefited French companies.

Jean Baptiste Colbert

This person believed that the state must have a central authority to manage behavior, and that humans look to government for self protection. He wrote this book. He believed in a direct democracy and natural rights.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract

Despite having no plan and being unprepared, the Crusaders captured this city and Acre on July 15th, 1099 (eight days) during the first crusade.

Jerusalem

One problem that weakened the Spanish Empire was that there was no ____ population, which caused a heavy tax burden on the lower classes. (Remember that they were moved to the ghettos, and were forced to leave due to the Reconquista and Inquisition).

Jewish

Since Christians could not commit usury, or lend money at interest, these people became the moneymakers and bankers.

Jews

This person believed that Jesus was the head of the Church, not the pope. He also believed that the clergy should not own land or possess wealth, and that the Bible alone was the sole authority. He translated the Bible into vernacular.

John Wycliffe

This enlightened despot, king of Austria, allowed freedom of worship, abolished serfdom, and ordered that peasants must be paid for their labor. This made the rich mad. All of those reforms ended with his death.

Joseph I

This person will eventually emerge after the civil war to bring order to Rome. He enlisted these two people, one who is a wealthy Roman, and the other a general, to help him become a consul. Together, they would dominate as this, a group of three leaders.

Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey, triumverate

Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie, Austria-Hungary wanted to punish Serbia. They presented Serbia with a bunch of ultimatums which would end all anti-Austrian activity and allow Austrian officials into their country to conduct an investigation. However, both sides did not agree and on this date, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

July 28th, 1914

On this date, Mussolini declared war on Great Britain and France. Unfortunately, the French declared Paris an Open City, meaning that the city would not defend itself, and the Germans marched in. On this date, France falls. The Germans took control of the northern part of the country and left the southern part to a puppet government located here, led by this French hero during World War I.

June 10th, 1940, June 22nd, 1940, Vichy, Marshal Henri Philippe Petain

On this date, this person, the heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife, this person, went to Sarajevo (the capital of Bosnia). There, the archduke and his wife were shot dead by this person, one of a group of six assassins coordinated by a secret society called the _____ whose goal was to end the rule of the Austrians. The political objective of the assassination was to break off Austria-Hungary's South Slav provinces so they could be combined into a Yugoslavia. The assassination led directly to the First World War.

June 28th, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Sophie, Gavrilo Princip, Black Hand

On this date, the Allied invasion into Normandy, code-named _____, commenced. It was the greatest land and sea attack in history. The operation is also called ____. Near the city of Saint-Lo, this American General led the Third Army in successfully punching a hole in the German defenses.

June 6th, 1944, Operation Overlord, D-Day Invasion, General George Patton

To establish a uniform Russian culture, Alexander III oppressed other national groups within Russia. Through his reform called this, he made Russian the official language of the empire and forbade the use of minority languages. He also made these people the target of persecution. A wave of ____, or organized violence against them, broke out in many parts of Russia.

Justification, Jews, pogroms

The Byzantine Empire was at its highest period under the rule of this nobleman. He retook Italy, Africa, and Spain under one empire.

Justinian

Justinian developed this body of civil law which answered legal questions such as marriage, slavery, property, inheritance, women's rights, and crime. It served the eastern empire for 900 years.

Justinian's Code

Otto Von Bismarck was able to accomplish his goals along with this Prussian king.

Kaiser Wilhelm I

This person forced Germany's chancellor, Otto Von Bismarck, to resign and took complete control. He ended Germany's treaty with this country and started to challenge England's empire. In response, the country will attack them and find allies.

Kaiser Wilhelm II, Russia

This person was the son of King James I. He was forced to sign the Petition of Right, which limited the power of the king.

King Charles I

This English king needed to raise taxes to assist in wars against France and Scotland. He summoned two _____, or wealthy people, from every country to form a _____, which consisted of the House of Commons and the House of Lords which decide on laws.

King Edward I, burgesses, parliament

This person was the king of Scotland and became the king of England after the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603. His rule established the Stuart Dynasty. He felt it was beneath him to work with Parliament. He was a Calvinist who failed to help the Puritans.

King James I

Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine's son, this person, was involved in the third crusade.

King Richard the Lionhearted

The Congress of Vienna was led by this foreign minister of Austria.

Klemens von Metternich

This foreign minister from Austria wanted to prevent future French aggression, a restoration of balance of power, and a restoration of Europe's royal families at the Congress of Vienna.

Klemens von Metternich

Russia and Japan were at odds over control of these two countries during the Russo-Japanese War (Japan attacked the Russians first because Russia broke the agreement over the two territories). The Russians were defeated.

Korea, Manchuria

Sparta's citizens descended from these two colonies.

Laconia, Messenia

Michelangelo Buonarroti painted this, a fresco painting made with paint plaster. It depicts the second coming of Christ: humans rising and descending to their gates as judged by Christ who is surrounded by prominent saints. Michelangelo was 67 when the piece was completed. Today, it is located in the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City.

Last Judgement

This is the language of Rome.

Latin

This is the official language of the Catholic Church.

Latin

The Treaty of Versailles brought about these four changes.

League of Nations, territorial losses for Germany, military restrictions, War Guilt Clause

With the king proving that he cannot be trusted, in September 1791, a constitution was created and formed a limited constitutional monarchy. It stripped the king of much of his authority. It also created a new legislative body called the ______. However, it failed quickly for a number of reasons. The lower third estate felt abandoned by the bourgeois politically. In addition, it failed to fix the food and unemployment problems. As a result, the working men of France, or the sans-culottes, rose against the assembly.

Legislative Assembly

Another group called Emigres, or nobility that had fled France during the Revolution, in Austria wanted the Austrian government to crush the Revolution. Other nations feared revolution in their own countries. Austria signed the Declaration of Pillnitz (1791), which stated that if the other powers attack France, so would Austria. The French interpreted this as a virtual declaration of war. In April 1792, the_____ declared war on Austria. Prussia would also join Austria in this war to crush the revolution. In September 1792, rumors were spreading that the royal family and political prisoners in France were going to break out and aid the advancing Austrian-Prussian army. In response, Parisian revolutionaries broke into prisons across France and massacred thousands in what became called the _____. The Legislative Assembly will depose the king and call for the election of this new legislature.

Legislative Assembly, September Massacres, National Convention

This person was a politician and member of the second triumvirate who will be forced to resign.

Lepidus

Pope Gregory I negotiated peace treaties with Rome's biggest barbarian threat, these people.

Lombards

When the dictator of Florence, Cosimo, died, this person took the role next. He will help finance the Renaissance movement. He was one of the patron of the arts. He was given the nickname "the magnificent".

Lorenzo de Medici

After King Henry IV, this person, his son with Marie de Medici, became the next king. However, this person was the true ruler, who worked against the Huguenots, decreased the power of the nobility, and got involved in war with Spain.

Louis XIII, Cardinal Richelieu

After a century of wars and riots, this person, the most powerful monarch of his time, also known as the Sun King, ruled France.

Louis XIV

The efforts of Henry IV and Cardinal Richelieu to strengthen the French monarchy paved the way for this person, the most powerful ruler in French history. Early in his reign, this person was the real ruler of France. However, after the ruler's death, he took personal control of government at the age of 23 and decreased the power of the nobility.

Louis XIV, Cardinal Mazarin

A year before Charlemagne died, he crowned this person, his only surviving sun, as emperor of the Franks.

Louis the Pious

This period of time refers to the peak between the world war which will form a late part of the Second Industrial Revolution. During that time, new advancements and inventions arose.

Machine Age

Donatello sculpted this in 1450 under the comission of the Basilica Sant'Antonio in Padua. It was originally supposed to be a bronze altar piece. The sculpture expresses the intimacy of a relationship with Christ and how his relationship was with his mother. It is now located in the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. Donatello carved the image in flattened relief, a technique in which a sculptor "could create the illusion of volumetric forms set into deep, continuous space with the most subtle and shallow carving".

Madonna and Child (Madonna of the Clouds)

These people began to invade Europe - they were superb horsemen that swept across Western Europe in the late 800s. They *did not* conquer in settled lands; they took captives and sold them as slaves.

Magyars

During the 1920s, the Japanese government became more democratic and signed treaties with China and the Kellogg-Briand Pact. However, once the Great Depression struck in 1929, many Japanese blamed the government. The results were militarists taking over control of the government. These militarists were extreme nationalists and planned a Pacific empire that included China. Japan's first target was ____, China. Due to previous treaties with China, many Japanese businesses were already heavily invested in this area and it was an area rich in ____ and ____. Despite objections from the Japanese government in 1931, Japan seized this northeast province. A puppet government was created and Japanese engineers began arriving to build mines and factories. This was a direct challenge to the League of Nations. Unfortunately, since the league did not have a standing army, it was powerless against Japan's aggressions. The result would be a "domino effect" of other aggressive nations who too will want to expand their empires.

Manchuria, coal, iron

As a result of the Persian War, which took place on these plains, these people won. This person ran all the way to Athens with the news from Marathon and then dropped dead from exhaustion.

Marathon, Athenians, Pheidippides

The Pax Romana will end with the death of this person.

Marcus Aurelius

Having been fearful of Julius Caesar's growing power as dictator, these two senators plotted his death on this date, also called this. As a result, Julius Caesar is stabbed to death in the Senate Chamber.

Marcus Brutus, Gaius Cassius, March 15th, 44 BC, Ides of March

Charles VI spent much of his reign persuading leaders of Europe to sign an agreement to recognize his daughter, this person, as the heir to all his Hapsburg territories. In theory, the agreement guaranteed her a peaceful reign. However, her main enemy were the people of this state, North of Austria.

Maria Theresa, Prussia

This person is a general who will fall in love with the queen of Egypt, but will be defeated by Octavian in the second triumvirate.

Mark Antony

After Julius Caesar's death, these three people, supporters of Julius, formed the second triumvirate. It will ultimately end in violence and jealousy, and this person will eventually come out victorious.

Mark Antony, Lepidus, Octavian

This person penned the first modern statements of the feminist movement. She wrote this book and believed that women needed to be educated regardless if whether or not they are mothers or had jobs. She defended equality between women and men.

Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Women

Operation Sea Lion (Battle of Britain) continued until this date when Hitler called off the operations. With the damage done from the operation, Great Britain will call this country for help.

May 10th, 1941, United States

On this date, we remember the sinking of this British ship in which 128 Americans were killed by a German U-boat. President Woodrow of the United States insisted that Germany stops. Germany agreed, but, later, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine war fare. That meant America's participation in the war on this side.

May 7th, 1915, RMS Lusitania, Allies

During the D-Day Invasion, Hitler retired himself to an underground bunker. Knowing that the war was over for him, he married Eva Braun, and together, they committed suicide, blaming the war on the Jews and blaming his generals for losing. On this date, the Germans officially surrendered. The United States and the allied powers celebrated. That date is known as victory day, or V-E Day, in Europe.

May 8th, 1945

One advantage that Italy had during the Renaissance was this family, which was made up of four social classes: grandi, popolo grosso, popolo minuto, and the paupers. The family had banks and traded wool. They has a classical heritage, bringing things back from the Romans and the Greeks. *They ruled the economics of Florence.*

Medici family

One advantage that Italy had during the Renaissance was the fact that the Italians lived at the center of this sea, which made it a crossroads of trade and boasted centers of ancient culture.

Mediterranean Sea

Rome's victories in the Punic Wars gave it dominance over this sea.

Mediterranean Sea

In 1903, Russian Marxists split into these two groups over revolutionary tactics.

Mensheviks, Bolsheviks

This person sculpted David and Pieta, painted the Sistine Chapel and the Last Judgement, and built St. Peter's Basilica Dome and the Laurentian Library. Later, he also composed poetry.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Europe entered this period (A.D. 500-1500). The period of time would have roots in the classical heritage of Rome, the beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church, and the customs of various Germanic tribes.

Middle Ages

This period of time was between the end of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the modern world.

Middle Ages

These people were the first Greek settlers.

Minoans

This painting by Leonardo da Vinci took four years to complete. The pictured woman is Lisa Del Giocondo who was a wife of a wealthy Florentine. When you move your position, her face appears to change. Today, it is located in the Louvre of France. It is forbidden from ever being sold.

Mona Lisa

The leaders of the nations wondered if perhaps Germany should be allowed to take those territories (Anschluss). The leaders of France, Britain, and Italy met in Munich, Germany on September 29, 1938. In this meeting, this British Prime Minister believed he could preserve peace by giving into Hitler's demands. France and Britain agreed to allow Germany to take this area, a western region of Czechoslovakia where three million German-speaking people lived, in exchange for Hitler's pledge to respect Czechoslovakia's new borders.

Munich Conference, Neville Chamberlain, Sudetenland

These people attacked from the South. They were expert seafarers who were able to strike any settlement on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts.

Muslims

These three people share the Holy Land.

Muslims, Christians, Jews

The Minoan civilization would be replaced by these people who were ruled under warrior kings who controlled local production and commercial trade. They introduced sea trading and a culture that would become the roots of some western civilization.

Mycenaeans

Some have labeled this person as the "first modern man." He was born into a minor Italian family on this island, which the French had annexed in 1768. In October 1795, fate handed the young officer a chance for glory. When royalist rebels marched on the National Convention, a government official told him to defend the delegates. He was able to protect the National Convention and in 1796, the Directory appointed him to lead a French army against the forces of Austria and the Kingdom of Sardinia.

Napoleon Bonaparte, Corsica,

Napoleon established this code, which gave the country a uniform set of laws and eliminated many injustices. It actually limited liberty and promoted order and authority over individual rights.

Napoleonic Code

This legislative act in the New Deal encouraged business owners and labor unions to cooperate in regulating prices, production, and wages.

National Recovery Administration

In Spain in 1936, a civil war broke out that was marked by numerous small battles and sieges, until the rebels (_____) led by this person won in 1939 and became a Fascist dictator. There was military intervention as Italy sent land forces, and Germany sent smaller elite air force and armored units to the rebels. The civil war did not escalate into a larger conflict, but it did lead many countries to develop a growing sense that another world war was imminent, and that it would be worth fighting for.

Nationalists, Francisco Franco

Louis XIV desired control over this country because of its economic power as a result of trade, because he wanted to crush Protestants (Calvinists), and because he desired increased territory.

Netherlands

The United States passed this act which made it illegal to sell arms or lend money to nations at war. However, as the war progressed, it became apparent that if the Allies failed that the United States would be pulled into the war. So, in March of 1941, President Roosevelt convinced Congress to pass this act, giving the president power to lend arms and other supplies to any country vital to the United States.

Neutrality Acts, Lend-Lease Act

Vladimir Lenin enacted this policy following the civil war, which put his state-controlled economy (Marxism) to the side and allowed for a small version of capitalism (communism) in which the means of production are owned mostly privately, and any surplus could be traded for goods or profit in a free market.

New Economic Policy

This event, also called the Kristallnacht, occurred where German mobs attacked and destroyed Jewish owned buildings.

Night of the Broken Glass

This, or Kristallnacht, started when Nazi storm troopers launched a violent attack on the Jewish community, killing close to 100 Jews. The main streets of cities were littered with shattered glass.

Night of the Broken Glass

In 1953 Stalin died, and three years later the Soviet Union was under the direction of this person. He gave a "secret speech" to the 20th Party Congress of the Communist Party condemning Stalin for jailing and killing loyal Soviet citizens. As a result, he started a policy of _____, or purging the memories of the former dictator, and suggested the possibility of "peaceful coexistence" between the capitalist West and communism.

Nikita Khrushchev, de-Stalinization

The ____ of Italy was industrialized, while the other was not.

North

During 1945 and 1946, an International Military Tribunal would host trials for war crimes in Nuremberg, Germany. The trials would become known as this. It would lead to these many Nazi leaders to be found guilty of war crimes and "crimes against humanity".

Nuremberg Trials, 22

This person is Julius Caesar's adopted son who would be a part of the second triumvirate after his death.

Octavian

King Edward the Confessor left England with no heir to the throne. On this date, during this battle, this Anglo-Saxon and this Norman, a of cousin of the late King Edward fought to become the next heir. Eventually, the _____ will win the battle, and this person becomes the undisputed king of England on Christmas, 1066.

October 14th, 1066, Battle of Hastings, Harold Godwinson, William, Duke of Normandy France, Normans, William, Duke of Normandy France

Momentum became unstoppable toward the unification of Germany. With the approval of the four WWII allied powers, including the Soviet Union, Germany was reunified on this date under the leadership of this West German chancellor.

October 3rd, 1990, Helmut Kohl

During the civil war by the Puritans, in 1649, the Roundheads captured Charles I and was put on trial. A jury found him guilty of treason and cut off his head. For the next nine years, this person and the Puritans ruled England. As a dictator, he could do anything he wanted. When he died, Charles I son, Charles II, became King of England.

Oliver Cromwell

In Rome, this event features things like horse races and gladiator fights.

Olympics

During the D-Day Invasion, Americans found their way on these two beaches.

Omaha, Utah

To prepare for the invasion of the Soviet Union, Hitler threatened military forces in the countries of Romania, Hugary, and Bulgaria to join the Axis Powers. Yugoslovia and Greece, who both had British governments, resisted, so Hitler invaded both countries. On June 22nd, 1941, the Nazis began the invasion of the Soviet Union. The plan was called this. As the Red Army retreated, they burned and destroyed any resource that the German army could use, called ____. These people won the war.

Operation Barbarossa, scorched-earth, Russias

During the D-Day Invasion, the Germans knew that an attack was coming. To keep the Germans honest, the Allies set up this fake operation to appear as if they were going to attack the French seaport of Calais.

Operation Fortitude

This person gained support of the clergy to put down the nobility. He was crowned emperor by the pope for defeating invaders.

Otto I

This man was at the forefront of German unification. He was the Prussian Chancellor whose goal was to make Prussia stronger while weakening Austria.

Otto Von Bismarck

By the early 1900s, this country, including the Balkan region, was in decline. This country had a large Slavic population in the Balkans. Russia supported them. However, this country did not support them because they feared that a Slavic nation would stir rebellions upon its Slavic population. They precipitated the Bosnian crisis of 1908-1909 by officially annexing the former Ottoman territory of _______, which it had occupied since 1878. Those were two Balkan areas with a large Slavic population, and Serbian leaders who had sought to rule these provinces were outraged. The Serbs vowed to take the territory away from Austria, and Austria-Hungary vowed to crush any Serbian effort to undermine its authority in the Balkans.

Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina

The first step to knighthood was this: at this age, one would *learn* about the knighthood.

Page, 7

Louis XIV established this palace, which took fourteen years to Construct.

Palace at Versailles

With Russia out, the Germans attacked British forces near the French city of Amiens (Battle of Belleu Wood and Argonne Forest). The front moved to within 75 miles of Paris. Many Germans thought victory was near. This French general pressed to use the arriving American troops as individual replacements. He was appointed supreme commander of the Allied forces. The German forces were weakened, and the Allies launched this counter-attack.

Paris, General Ferdinand Foch, Second Battle of the Marne

The final stage of France's war is called the War of the Three Henry's. In 1588, Henry of Guise, leader of the ultra-Catholics, took this city, threatening the Valois hold on the nation. Henry III of Valois felt that he had no alternative but to form an alliance against the ultra-Catholics with Henry Bourbon, whom he promised to make next in line to the throne. On the pretext of compromise, both Henry's invited Guise to the palace and had him assassinated. In reprisal, a fanatical monk killed Henry III, leaving this person to become the ruler of France. However, his way to Paris was barred by Spanish troops, and he would spend the next decade winning control of the nation. To bring peace to France, he converted back to Catholicism, supposedly saying "__________" and then engineered this, which allowed Huguenots (French Protestants) to practice their religion outside of the city and fortify towns to protect their hard-won liberties.

Paris, Henry Bourbon, Paris is worth a mass, Edict of Nantes

Rome would enter the peak of their power under Augusts's rule for 207 years of this, or Roman peace. Agriculture was the most important industry in the empire. This, a silver coin, was used for money to make trade easier. Also, stone roads were developed and this was created so that Augustus could pay plebeians to maintain the affairs of government.

Pax Romana, denarius, paid civil service

This treaty ended the Thirty Years' War. The treaty weakened these two Habsburg states, strengthened this country by awarding it German territories, made German princes independent of the emperor from here, and introduced a new method of peace negotiation whereby all participants meet to settle the problems of a war and decide the terms of peace. It also marked the beginning of this, the idea that Europe was a group of independent states that could negotiate for themselves.

Peace of Westphalia, Spain, Austria, France, Holy Roman Empire, modern state system

As Athens grew in power under Pericles, Sparta felt more and more threatened and began to demand concessions from Athenians. Therefore, this war arose.

Peloponnesian War

This person, Charles Martel's son, was declared the "king by the grace of God" by the papacy after fighting the Lombards. He formed an alliance with the pope. He was also the founder of this dynasty.

Pepin the Short, Carolingian Dynasty

During the Peloponnesian War, this person and his two sons were killed during a plague, along with two thirds of Athens' population.

Pericles

This person, a strategos (military general), led *Athens* during its golden age. According to Thucydides, he was "the first citizen".

Pericles

These gods/goddesses caused the change of the seasons.

Persephone, Demeter

This is the term used for the military formation in Athens.

Phalanx

This king of France, along with the German emperor Frederick I and the English king Richard the Lionhearted, led the third crusade.

Philip Augustus

This person from the Habsburg family ruled Spain and the Low Countries, parts of Italy, and the New World. The New World gifted Spain this many pieces of silver and this many pieces of gold. He saw himself as the political protector of Catholicism in Europe, which gained him a lot of support. He also defeated the Great Spanish Armada with this many ships.

Philip II, 339,000, 16,000, 30

One reason for the weakening of the Spanish Empire was that this person raised taxes and tried to suppress Protestantism in the Netherlands and form an absolute monarchy there. He was a devout Catholic. In response, a revolt by these people, Protestants, broke out in 1566. They started to burn Churches and works of art.

Philip II, Dutch

This was the first country in Eastern Europe to embrace the spirit of change. Unique in a communist nation, workers founded an independent labor union called this, led by this militant shipyard worker, which soon boasted a membership of 10 million workers. Emboldened by the Catholic Church, and a newly elected Polish pope, this person, workers demonstrated for free elections and to share in government. Fearing Soviet intervention, a new communist leader General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law in 1981. The Communist Party discovered that military rule could not revive the Polish economy, leading to the country's foreign debt rising to more than $40 billion. In August 1988, defiant workers walked off their jobs. They demanded raises and the legalization of of the union. In 1989, Jaruzelski legalized the union, and agreed to hold Poland's first free election. The result was the voters voted against Communists and chose the private labor union's candidate, this person, as president.

Poland, Solidarity, Lech Walesa, John Paul II, Lech Walesa

Hitler ordered all Jews in all countries under his control to be moved to certain cities in this country called these surrounded by barb wire and stone walls. The goal was that the Jews inside would just die from either starvation or disease.

Poland, ghettos

This person created a new rule which said that the pope should bow to the emperor in political powers, and that the emperor should bow down to the pope in religious manners.It didn't make people happy.

Pope Gelasius I

Napoleon sent an army to invade this place (____ War) for failing to follow the Continental System. They protested as French troops went through. Spanish guerrillas will attack French troops in Spain. Other countries were beginning to feel abused by a foreign conquerer (strike two).

Portugal, Peninsular

This god was the ruler of the seas.

Poseidon

Following the Yalta Conference, in July of 1945 here, the Allies will meet again. During the interim, Roosevelt died and this person replaced him. Also, Great Britain voted on this person into office as prime minister, replacing Churchill. The allies agreed to host war crime trials of top Nazi leaders at Nuremberg, and divide Germany into ___ occupational zones. The north was given to this country, the south this country, a small part along the Rhine to these people, and the whole eastern half of Germany to these people. This capital city in the eastern half was also divided amongst the countries.

Potsdam, Harry Truman, Clement Atlee, four, Britain, United States, French, Soviet Union, Berlin

As relations between the Western and Eastern bloc worsen by 1947, this person had to create a new strategy in handing the Soviet Union. He would call upon the expertise of a former diplomat and historian to help develop this strategy, the idea to employ a variety of techniques to halt the spread of communism throughout the world. His document, _____, states that the United States will "free peoples who are resisting attempted overthrow by armed minorities or by outside pressures". It supported Turkey and Greece in times of civil war, and any other country, that rejected communism.

President Harry Truman, Truman Doctrine

Term used for the working class in Russia.

Proletariat

Austrian Hapsburgs conquered Bohemia and wiped out this belief system, and created a new Czech nobility loyal to them. They also centralized the government and created a standing army. They later retook Hungary from the Ottomans. Central Europe was tough to control because of the diverse populations living within the borders, which allows outside people to invade or attack them.

Protestantism

The loose confederation of 39 states before German unification was led by this kingdom.

Prussia

In the 1740s this kingdom started to increase its military, its industry, and acquire new lands. This kingdom on the other hand had lost a big ally in Russia in failing to support it during the Crimean war. They were also forced to cede some lands when they lost a war against the French and Italians. This weakeing of ___ allowed ___ to challenge ____'s dominance.

Prussia, Austria, Austria, Prussia, Austria

This person incorrectly placed Earth at the center of the solar system.

Ptolemy

The Treaty of Versailles was also called this.

Quicksand Peace

This person painted the School of Athens, which stands as a tribute to the ancient world and his fellow artists, as the Greek philosophers take on the physical appearance of his contemporaries. He also painted numerous portraits if the Madonna and the Mother of Jesus.

Raphael

In November of 1917, these people from the Bolsheviks (armed factory workers) stormed the Winter Palace and took over the provisional government.

Red Guards

This Dutch painter is considered one of the greatest printmakers in European art and the most important in Dutch history. He was known for painting portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants.

Rembrandt van Rijn

This was a rebirth of learning that produced many great works of art and literature in Italy.

Renaissance

During the Renaissance, a person who excelled in many fields was praised as a "________".

Renaissance Man

This person relied on mathematics and logic, and that everything should be doubted until proven reason ("_________").

Rene Descartes, I think therefore I am

This period of time of revolutions consisted of rebellions by liberals and revolutionaries (middle class) from 1827 to 1832 against conservative kings and governments. It started in France, prompted by this person's publication of four ordinances dissolving the Chamber of Deputies, suspending freedom of the press, modifying the electoral laws so that three-fourths of the electorate lost their votes, and calling for new elections to the Chamber in September. He believed in absolute monarchies. Strikes and protests were followed by armed confrontations. He then abdicated the throne, and this person came to power, keeping a constitutional monarchy.

Revolutions of 1830, Charles X, Louis-Philippe

Competing ideals of the French Revolution and Congress of Vienna caused these two time periods of revolutions.

Revolutions of 1830, Revolutions of 1848

This period of time of revolutions consisted of republican revolts against European monarchies. In 1846, famine arose which reduced profit and jobs. As a result of the revolutions, this person has absolute rule and brings little political change.

Revolutions of 1848, Louis Napoleon

In 1933, Germany left the League of Nations. In 1936, Germany remilitarized the _____, a territorial "buffer zone" between France and Germany. In 1938, Germany annexed Austria, called ____, which was prohibited by the Treaty of Versailles. The lack of response from Great Britain and France allowed for Hitler to get bolder in his goals. Hitler made these goals clear to his adviser because he wanted to create the Third Reich, or German Empire.

Rhineland, Anschluss

The French king Philip Augustus along with the German emperor Frederick I and this English king led the third crusade.

Richard the Lionhearted

Since the downfall of this empire, Italy had been a loose confederation of states loosely connected together.

Roman Empire

The Middle Ages began with the collapse of this empire.

Roman Empire

French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian are ____ languages.

Romance

Term used for the rule of Czarina Alexandra and Rasputin in Russia.

Romanov

The end of ancient Greek civilization is connected to the fall of ___ by the Middle Ages.

Rome

While the Western Front had reached stalemate, the war continued in East Europe. Germany and Austria-Hungary had gained the advantage of this country after these two battles because its war effort was near collapse (it had not been industrialized). These group of allies controlled the sea routes to the country, so the Allies were unable to send over supplies.

Russia, Battle of Tannenberg, Battle of Limanowa, Central Powers

After the Persians take Athens and burn the Acropolis, Themistocles, an Athenian leader, lured the Persians into a great *sea* battle off this island. Persian warships could not maneuver through the channel and were defeated.

Salamis

This person's novel, Pamela, is considered to be the first true English novel.

Samuel Richardson

Facing a two front war, Germany had developed this battle strategy, in which they would attack this country first and then go after these people who lacked many railroads to quickly travel.

Schlieffen Plan, France, Russians

Term used for the logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas. It proves things true; there are six steps.

Scientific Method

If things for Germany could not get any worse, in 1943, Germany's biggest ally, Italy, was about to fall. On July 10th, 1943, Allied forces landed on this island. This king of Italy had Mussolini arrested. On September 3rd, Italy surrendered. However, the Germans were successful in supporting and securing Italy and giving Mussolini one last chance to save his country. The Allies were able to secure Rome. A year later, a group of Italian resistance fighters ambushed a German truck near Milan. To their surprise, they discovered the once powerful leader Mussolini disguised as a German soldier trying to escape Italy. The next day on this date, Mussolini was shot and hung over a gasoline sign in Milan.

Sicily, King Victor Emmanuel III, April 25th, 1945

During the Phony War, the German forces sat behind this defense system.

Siegfried Line

This legislative act in the New Deal established a federal pension system for elderly Americans by using money from payroll deductions and matching employer contributions.

Social Security

This philosopher developed the ________ of teaching and learning, where people would be challenged to use their minds in order to find the truth about the world around them. He believed that "the unexamined life is not worth living". He was killed for "corrupting the youth in Athens".

Socrates, Socratic Method

Term used for the councils of workers, peasants and soldiers in Russia (Leninism). They believed that the state comes before the individual. They believed in a command economy where the state makes all economic decisions. They consisted of this, the dominant, political, economic, and military power.

Soviets, USSR

People from this area had the most powerful army, but had no arts or real culture.

Sparta

Women were highly respected in (Athens/Sparta).

Sparta

With an arms race going on between the United States and Soviet Union, it led both sides to compete in other sectors like science and education. In 1957, the Soviets scored first with their announcement that they have developed a rocket that could travel great distances called an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). In October of that year, they used an ICBM to push the first unmanned satellite into orbit called ____. Americans felt that they have fallen behind in science and technology, and the government poured money into science education. In 1958, the U.S. launched its own satellite called this.

Sputnik, Explorer

The second step to knighthood was this: at this age, one would *learn* how to fight with a sword.

Squire, 14

This Italian monk agreed that Christians should withdraw from the world and devote themselves to prayer, but thought the Egyptian style of practice was unhealthy. So, he drew up this, a set of rules for how to run a monastery.

St. Benedict, The Rule of St. Benedict

Donatello sculptured this person who was a Pillar of the Church; the person is depicted as a noble and a great prophet. Today, it us located in the museum dell'Opera Del Duomo in Florence, Italy.

St. John

The teachings of Plato and Aristotle would influence Hellenistic philosophers. These two philosophies will emerge from this type of thinking.

Stoicism, Epicureanism

Three months after visiting Communist China, Richard Nixon visited the Soviet Union. There after a series of meetings called this (SALT), Nixon and Brezhnev signed this treaty. The five year treaty that began in 1972, limited the number of ICBM and submarine missiles each country can have. In 1975, 33 nations will also join the U.S. and Soviet Union in signing a commitment to detente called the Helsinki Accords.

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, SALT I

In 1983, Reagan announced this (SDI), or as it became known Star Wars, a program to protect against enemy missiles. Though the program never took off, it remained as a symbol of U.S. anti-Communist sentiment. Under the presidency of this person, its name was changed to this.

Strategic Defense Initiative, Ballistic Missile Defense Organization

These two counties make up the third and fourth phase of the Thirty Years' War in that they fought politically.

Sweden, France

During the D-Day Invasion, the British found their way on these two beaches.

Sword, Gold

This Roman historian was notable for his accurate facts. He speaks about political power, among other things.

Tacitus

The Italian author, Christine de Pisan, wrote this book which portrays women as being the building blocks of society.

The City of Ladies

Term used for the revolution in intellectual activity that changed Europeans' view of government and society.

The Enlightenment

This painting by Leonardo da Vinci was painted using pitch, a dark, thick substance. Pictured are Jesus and His Twelve Disciples, who are shocked and terrified, learning that one of them will betray Jesus. It is currently located in the convent, Santa Maria de Grazie.

The Last Supper

This conflict began as a civil war over religion in Germany but escalated into a continental conflagration involving territorial and political ambitions. Years before war started, German Catholics and Protestants geared up for battle by forming alliances with outside powers. These alliances, the _____ and the _____, ensured that when war did come, it would involve the great powers of Europe.

Thirty Years' War, Protestant Union, Delian League

This philosopher and theologian argued that the most basic truths could be proved by logical argument. He wrote the Summa Theologica which combined truth, reason, and faith in his teachings. In the Catholic Church, he is seen as a saint.

Thomas Aquinas

This person wrote Laviathan. He believed that humans were selfish and that governments keep order. He believed in a social contract in which people give up their rights in exchange for law and order. He believed that the ruler needed total power (absolute monarchy).

Thomas Hobbes

Rome was built on seven rolling hills along this river and served as a spot for trading on this sea.

Tiber River, Mediterranean Sea

These two plebeian brothers, members of the tribune, attempted to help Rome's poor by suggesting a reform which would limit the size of the latifundias and give the remaining land to the poor. However, the Senate felt threatened, which would result in the death of the two brothers.

Tiberius Gracchus, Gaius Gracchus

The Bolsheviks ended their involvement in World War I with the signing of this treaty. They would distribute all farmland among the peasants. It triggered wisespread anger among many Russians; they began to object to Bolshevik policies, which would result in a civil war.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The War of Spanish Succession resulted in this treaty, at which it was agreed that the ruler of Spain had to give up his or her claim to the French throne. Thus, Philip V was recognized as the King of Spain, but the unification of France and Spain was barred.

Treaty of Utrecht

Term used for the Greek warship used during the Persian wars.

Trireme

This ten year war was fought between the Mycenaeans and Troy, an independent trading city. It arose because Trojan king, King Priam, had kidnapped this person, the beautiful wife of a Greek king.

Trojan War, Helen

Term used for the poet-musicians at the castles of Europe who sang mostly songs about love.

Troubadours

In 1922, Russia was renamed this (USSR). This was made the capital city. These people became the communists (they and Lenin obtained more power).

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Bolsheviks

At the Yalta Conference, the Big Three agreed to the creation of this international organization of 48 nations in hopes of resolving future security issues. It is based in New York today. There are two parts called the _____, where each nation can cast its vote on a broad range of issues, and this, an eleven member body who had the power to investigate and settle disputes. These are its five permanent members.

United Nations, General Assembly, Security Council, United States, Britain, France, China, Soviet Union

World War I left every major country bankrupt. European nations were counting on loans from this country to help rebuild, since they didn't have damage during the war and their wealth was doubled.

United States

In 1378, after Gregory Xi dies, person is elected pope during the Great Schism.

Urban I

Garabaldi felt that this person from Piedmont-Sardinia was the most qualified leader for a unified Italy and handed over the reigns of unification to him.

Victor Emmanuel II

These Germanic people from Scandinavia burnt down famous monasteries, slaughtered the monks, and made them slaves in Europe.

Vikings

These people, or the Northmen, were fierce invaders from Scandinavia.

Vikings

This Roman poet wrote about the Trojan War, after the Greek epics of Homer.

Virgil

This person was the leader of the Bolsheviks. He was a ruthless leader who lived in western Europe during the czarist regime to avoid arrest.

Vladimir Lenin

In November of 1917, in result of the discontent and weakness of the Provisional Government in Russia, there was a rise of the Bolshevik Party, led by this person, which demanded an immediate end to the war. The successful armed uprising was followed by an armistice and negotiations with Germany. They signed this document on this date, which freed them from the war. Russia's withdrawal from the war resulted in an end to the Triple Entente and allowed Germany to send nearly all its forces to the Western Front.

Vladimir Lenin, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3rd, 1918

Match the person who believed in the following: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof".

Voltaire

This person published many books using satire against his opponents. He never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech. He wrote Candide.

Voltaire

This person believed in religious toleration, separation of church and states, and freedom of speech. He wrote this book. He also wrote satires in which he poked fun at his opponents.

Voltaire, Candide

The dramatic tribes (the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Angles, Saxons, Bergundians, Alemanni, and Vandals) poured into this part of Roman territory and drove their emperors from their throne. Specifically, these mongol people from China, ruled under this person, forced the other groups into the Roman empire. However, due to famine and disease, it kept them from capturing the city. This Pope will negotiate their withdrawal.

Western Empire, Huns, Attila, Pope Leo I

This king of Persia, Darius' son, led a massive invasion to avenge Marathon (crush Greece). When he arrived to the narrow pass here, the Greeks would block the pass for three days until a traitor revealed a secret path to the Persians. The Persians took Athens and burned this place.

Xerxes, Thermopylae, Acropolis

With the collapse of the Soviet Union, it led to other Eastern European countries to find begin dealing with their own serious issues. This country, formed after WWI, had eight major ethnic groups. Ethnic and religious differences dating back centuries caused these groups to view one another with suspicion. After WWII, the country became a federation of six republics, with each having a mixed population. This person held the country together. After his death, this Serbian leader asserted leadership. Many Serbs opposed Milosevic and his policies. In 1992, Bosnia-Herzegovina, which was a mixed area of Serbs, Croats, and Muslims declared independence. The Serbs retaliated with what they called ethnic cleansing. This policy was intended to rid Bosnia of its ____ population.

Yugoslavia, Joseph Tito, Slobodan Milosevic, Muslim

This Greek philosopher would found a school of philosophy called *Stoicism*. Stoics preached that human desires, power, and wealth (vices) could become distractions that should be checked. *They believed that the divine power controlled the universe.*

Zeno

This god was the king of all of the gods who lived on Mt. Olympus. He became the lord of the universe after Cronus.

Zeus

Term used for the type of monarchy in which kings and queens have absolute power.

absolute monarchy

Between the Greek city-states was where political business (by men only) was conducted. It was located on top of this, a fortified hilltop.

acropolis

One weapon introduced during World War I includes this, a one- or two-seat propeller plane equipped with a machine gun.

airplane

This, the hatred of Jews, was a key part of Nazi ideology. They were used as scapegoats for Germany's problems.

anti-semitism

The Romans constructed these in order to bring water from distant sources into their cities and towns, supplying public baths, latrines, fountains, and private households.

aqueducts

Greece is an ______ of hundreds of islands and narrow peninsulas.

archipelago

This type of government is ruled by the nobles (wealthy).

aristocracy

Alexander III, son of the assassinated Czar Alexander III, clung to the principles of this system of government by which one person has absolute power. He sent political prisoners to here, a remote region of eastern Russia.

autocracy, Siberia

Alexander III was determined to strengthen these three things.

autocracy, orthodoxy, nationality

One weapon introduced during World War I includes this, a mounted gun that fires a rapid, continuous stream of bullets.

automatic machine gun

One cause of the Great Depression was that ___ overextended credit to farmers.

banks

This type of market is when stock prices drop. The investor cannot use the sale proceeds to pay off a loan.

bear market

These people protected Benito Mussolini from opposition.

black shirts

Hitler used these people as the private militia of the Nazis and quickly became the _____ (leader) of the group.

brownshirts, der Fuhrer

This type of market is when stock prices rise. The investor pays a small amount of stock price and borrows the rest from a stockbroker.

bull market

By doing this, you pay 10%-20% of money and you borrow 80%-90%. You pay a small portion of the stock and borrow the rest from a stockbroker.

buying in margin

Germanic warriors showed their loyalty to this person who proudly fought for them.

chief

Term used for the code of conduct for the perfect courtly Christian warrior. It demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters and were brave, loyal, and courteous.

chivalry

Term used for the type of war between groups of the same country.

civil war

This resulted in the death of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus.

civil war

Following World War I, many new governments were tinkering with democracy. Many were forced to form these temporary alliances of several parties (so that there would not be a dictatorship), so that they could form a parliamentary majority.

coalition governments

In 1928, the government began to seize privately owned farms and combined them into large, government owned farms called ____.

collective farms

Term used for a system in which the government makes all economic decisions.

command economy

Term used for the money system in which the government makes all economic decisions.

command economy

With this type of economy, the government controls the industry and agriculture. They can decide on the producer, products, quantities, and prices.

command economy

Oliver Cromwell abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords and established this, a republican form of government.

commonwealth

After the war, the countries of Germany, France and Italy were ashamed & many people in those countries turned toward this system of government.

communism

Napoleon signed this, or an agreement, with this pope, where the government recognized the influence of the Church but rejected church control in national affairs. This became the official religion of France, but he allowed his people religious freedom.

concordat, Pope Pius VII, Catholicism

Fascists opposed democracy because it led to greed, weakness, and _________.

corruption

Napoleon's sudden seizure of power became known as this, or "blow of state."

coup'd etat

Term used for a religious war.

crusade

This style of art, used by this person, transformed neutral shapes into geometric forms. Objects were broken down into different parts with sharp angles and edges.

cubism, Pablo Picasso

Term used for the spreading of ideas and cultures from one part of the world to another part.

cultural diffusion

Julius Caesar was eventually appointed by the senate to become this, who would govern as an absolute ruler for life of Rome. He granted citizenship to people in the provinces, expanded the Senate with friends and supporters, created jobs through construction programs, gave land to the poor through colonies, and increased the pay for soldiers.

dictator

In times of crisis, the consuls and senate could elect this type of person who would have absolute power to make laws and command the army. It lasted only this many months.

dictator, six

This is the type of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.

direct democracy

Term used for the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God's representative on Earth.

divine right

Napoleon will be crowned this by the pope. He even put the crown on his own head, signaling that he was more powerful than the church.

emperor

Term used for professed vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

evangelical counsels

Term used for the banishment of an individual from the Church.

excommunication

True or False: Galileo agrees with Copernicus.

false

True or False: Parliament believed in the divine right of rulers.

false

True or False: Roman culture was very popular during the Middle Ages.

false

True or False: Russia was present at the meeting in Versailles with the Big Four following the war.

false

True or False: Spain was able to regain control of the north.

false

In the first crusade, this many armies, or crusader states, were formed from troops of different Western European regions. However, they would eventually be recaptured by the Turks.

four

One weapon introduced during World War I is this, which would protect soldiers from poison gas.

gas mask

Term used for the systematic killing of a group of people.

genocide

This theory stated that the earth was unmoving at the center of the universe.

geocentric theory

In Rome, some men will become these to fight to their death.

gladiators

Mikhail Gorbachev instituted this policy which allowed Soviet citizens to discuss ways for improvement (allowed criticizing of the government). As a result, churches opened, banned books were allowed, reporters could investigate issues, and people were allowed to criticize the government without fear. It also brought this, or economic restructuring, in which people would gain greater control over their farms and factories and own their own businesses (capitalism).

glasnost, perestroika

During Pax Romana, Rome emphasized the virtue of this, or dignity, seriousness, and duty.

gravitas

One reason for why the Spanish Empire fell was that Spanish ______ forced people to look elsewhere for goods. No work led to no jobs, no jobs led to no money, and no money led to no resources for food to live.

guilds

These, which controlled the production of goods in a particular craft, were created as an association of people who worked the same occupation.

guilds

These Messenian people conquered by Sparta were peasants who were forced to stay on the land that they worked. They were viewed a little better than the slaves.

helots

Oxen will be replaced by these animals which increased food production. New harnesses allowed them to be properly utilized.

horses

Term used for the emperor or supreme military commander of Rome.

imperator

Term used for when stronger countries take over weaker ones with force to create an empire. European countries continued to compete for an overseas empire in ____ and ____. As a result, mistrust and rivalry deepened.

imperialism, Asia, Africa

Due to money and trade issues in Rome, the government raised taxes and printed more coins, making the money less valuable. This is called ______.

inflation

One problem that weakened the Spanish Empire was this, which was caused by increased population and a devaluing of money.

inflation

Term used for an authoritative prohibition whereas sacraments and religious services could not be performed in the king's land.

interdict

In the Roman Catholic Church, the pope claims authority over these two types of people, while the emperor in the Eastern Orthodox Church claims authority over these two types of people.

kings, emperors, patriarchs, bishops

Term used for a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch or other political leader for service to the Monarch or country, especially in a military capacity. He would be skilled in fighting on horseback.

knight

In the new feudal system, under the kings and vassals, this type of person pledged their loyalty to fight for the vassal in exchange for a fief.

knights

The Romans were better fighting here, and the Carthaginians were better here.

land, sea

Many of Rome's rich landowners lived on huge estates called these. Many small farmers would be formed to sell their lands to the rich and become homeless.

latifundias

This was Rome's most lasting and important contribution to civilization.

law

"______, ______, ______" will become the new slogan of the revolution.

liberty, equality, fraternity

Term used for a medieval Europe map of the world. It was circular, which indicated the idea of ______, or a never-ending cycle. ____ was the center.

mappa mundi, infinity, Jerusalem

List the MAIN causes of World War I.

militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism

The French Revolution started as a struggle for human rights against a bankrupt and corrupt ____, but soon revolutionaries instituted rule by terror.

monarchy

With this type of government, a person receives their power from God - he or she has the divine right to rule. The person has the support of the religious leadership, the military, and the wealthy.

monarchy

Term used for the way of life characterized by prayer and self-denial lived in seclusion from the world and under a fixed rule with professed vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

monasticism

This was a form of art created by Roman artists. They were destroyed in Pompeii due to Mt. Vesuvius's eruption in 79 AD.

mosaics

This style of art and music will replace the baroque style during the Enlightenment. Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ledwith von Beethoven were among the most influential musicians.

neoclassical

Communism (Marxism) was a political theory with _____; the Proletariat and Bourgeoisie would share the ownership of the means of production.

no class

About this much of the Roman population was made up of slaves.

one-third

This was Vladimir Lenin's slogan.

peace, land, and bread

In the new feudal system, these people would be at the base of the pyramid working in the fields. Most of them also being ____, they could not leave the place where they were born. They were seen as farmers.

peasants, serfs

These common farmers, artisans, and merchants who made up the majority of the Roman population were barred by law from holding important government positions. However, the patricians will allow them to form their own assembly called this and participate in the government.

plebeians, tribunes

In 1800, this, or vote of the people, was held to approve a new constitution in France in order to restore order. Under Napoleon, France would have order and stability, however, he would keep many changes of the revolution. He set up an efficient ____ system and established a _____ in order to fix France's economy because it was bankrupt prior to this. He also set up these, or government run public schools. Common and wealthy attended those schools, however, these people did not.

plebiscite, tax-collection, national bank, lycees, women

This sparked revolutions in Russia.

poor living conditions

This social class of the Medici family were merchants because trade was popular. They were nicknamed "big people".

popolo grosso

This social class of the Medici family was made up of the working (business) middle class. They were nicknamed "little people".

popolo minuto

During the war, governments used this, one-sided information designed to persuade and keep up morale and support for the war.

propaganda

The Thirty Years' War was a (religious/political) issue in which the Catholics were trying to take control of the Protestants (Protestant Union v. Catholic League).

religious

In the early days, Rome was ruled by kings. However, due to Tarquin the Proud, the worst Roman king, they set up this type of government, in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders.

republic

These served as places for social gatherings held by the wealthy women of Paris. There, great intellectuals met to discuss ideas. This person was the most influential.

salons, Marie-Therese Geoffrin

Term used to describe someone or something needing no outside help in satisfying one's basic needs, especially with regard to the production of food.

self-sufficient

According to all fascists, the most important duty of all people was to do this.

serve the state

The Phony War lasted this many months.

seven

One of the reasons for the fall of Rome was because of this - There were not enough jobs for all of the people because slaves did most of the work.

slavery

Instead of the Magyars settling in conquered lands, they took captives and sold them as _____.

slaves

What made the Vikings so feared was how they carried out their raids with terrifying _____ with the new engineering of their longships, which would have the ability to sail in a mere three feet of water.

speed

Due to a lack of writing, people learned about the Trojan War by doing this.

storytelling

One weapon used during World War I is this, an underwater ship that can launch torpedoes, or guide underwater bombs.

submarine

One of the reasons for the fall of Rome was because of this - It was very hard to defend the empire. It eventually divided into the Western Empire and the Eastern Empire.

the empire was too big

After Lenin died, Stalin seized power and transformed the Soviet Union into a ______ state.

totalitarian

Term used for the policy that Germany declared that states that they would use their submarines to sink any ship in the waters around Great Britain in 1917.

unrestricted submarine warfare

Term used for the action of lending money at interest.

usury

Often, a knight was a ____ who served as a fighter for a lord, with payment in the form of land holdings.

vassal

During the middle ages, these types of languages gained popularity. It is the native language of a certain population.

vernacular

Many writers during the Renaissance wrote in this language, their native tongue, instead of Latin.

vernacular

In Rome, women were nearly equal to men, but could not do this.

vote

As the Roman legions conquered Spain, Italy, and Greece, it would offer its captives a chance to become a citizen of Rome with all rights except the right to do this. If the captives declined, then this was made between the two sides.

vote, alliance

Term used for the Prussian nobility, the wealthy landowners.

Junkers

True or False: Central Europe allowed for the development of strong kings.

false

Term used for a deep devotion to one's nation. England had been the initiator and leader in Europe during the Industrial Revolution, but the new country of Germany wanted a piece of the industrial pie and started competing with England in industry and its navy.

nationalism

The Congress of Vienna renewed feelings throughout Europe. This was one of those feelings: a feeling that people have of being loyal to and proud of their country often with the belief that it is better and more important than other countries.

nationalism

The three seas that surround Greece were used to gather ____, since it was hard to do so due to the surrounding mountains.

natural resources

Only this percentage of land in Greece was farmable.

20

A marathon is this many miles.

26

The Middle Ages date from ____ to ____.

500 AD, 1500 AD

Louis XIV's reign lasted this many years.

52

The men of Sparta were obligated to serve the military until this age, serving for 40 years (since age 20).

60

World War II left this many million people dead, 50 million people without homes, and billions in damage.

60

These many people die during World War II.

60,000,000

In Sparta, boys at this age were taken from their home and sent to army barracks for *military training*.

7

True or False: Charlemagne's empire, the Carolingian Empire, included *all* of Western Europe.

false

True or False: Charlemagne's empire, the Carolingian Empire, lasted for over 400 years.

false

True or False: Maria Theresa was able to hold onto Silesia following the Seven Years' War.

false

True or False: New and improved weapons helped to kill many soldiers and speed up the Great War.

false

True or False: One of Pericles' goals for Athens during the Golden Age was to have the most powerful army.

false

True or False: Stalin agreed to hold free elections in Eastern Europe. He disagreed with communism.

false

True or False: The Allies were successful in capturing Constaninople and opening a supply line to Russia.

false

True or False: The Crusaders were able to capture the Holy Land from the Muslims at the end.

false

True or False: The Germanic invaders could read and write.

false

True or False: The Islamic world was in the Dark Ages about the same time that Europe was.

false

True or False: The Magyars settled in conquered lands just like the Vikings did.

false

Vladimir Lenin suffered a stroke in 1924, leaving power between these two people. However, this person would be sent into exile, allowing this person, whom Lenin felt was dangerous, to have total control of the Community Party (dictatorship).

Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin

In civil war in Russia, the Red Army led by this person helped to defeat this army, or the opponents to the Bolsheviks. About 16 million Russians died in the three-year struggle and famine followed. As a result, the Red Army wins and Russian economy was left in ruins.

Leon Trotsky, White Army

This person was perhaps the foremost "Renaissance Man" as he gained fame for just a few paintings: the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and the Madonna of the Rocks. His diverse interests led him into science, engineering, and anatomy. He introduced the notion of systematic observation, which he tracked in his notebooks, written backwards to make it difficult for imitators to steal his ideas.

Leonardo da Vinci

This person from Czechoslovakia limited freedom of speech and worship and censored publications an protests against the government. His authority was shown when he put down Alexander Dubeck.

Leonid Brezhnev

With the fall of France, Great Britain stood alone against the Nazis (Hitler). Hitler wanted to get on with his planning of the invasion of this country. Surprisingly, the British government under this person made clear that that was not going to happen. Hitler then gave the order for this battle plan, the invasion of this country.

Russia, Winston Churchill, Operation Sea Lion, Great Britain

Napoleon was not just contempt in controlling France. He wanted to not only control the rest of Europe but he wanted to establish a western empire here (now called Haiti) on the island of Hispaniola. When the ideas of the revolution reached the planters there, they demanded that the National Assembly give them the same privileges as the people of France. Eventually, enslaved ____ in the colony demanded their rights and freedom. A civil war erupted, and they, under the leadership of Toussaint L'Ouverture, seized control of the colony. Napoleon decided to take back the colony and restore its productive sugar industry. However, the French forces were devastated by disease. Following these events Napoleon wanted to cut his ties with his western empire and basicly "cashed out" and focused all of his attention to his European expansions. The French Empire was huge but unstable. Napoleon was able to maintain it at its greatest extent for only five years, from 1807 to 1812. Then it quickly fell to pieces.

Saint Domingue, Africans

True or False: The owner of a manor, his family, and any knights in attendance, performed labor along with the peasants and serfs.

false

As a result of the Great Depression, many lost faith in democratic governments throughout Europe. In response, people turned to this extreme system of government, a strong centralized government with stringent social and economic control, often led by a charismatic dictator and characterized by fervent patriotism.

fascism

In chivalry, the knight had to fight bravely in defense of these three masters.

feudal lord, Heavenly Lord, chosen lady

After Louis the Pious' split the Carolingian empire, the lack of strong rulers led to this new system of governing and landholding.

feudalism

In result of the crusades, _____ ended, ____ increased, _____ became important, _______ advanced, and the ______ took control of the Holy Land in 1291 (200 years of fighting).

feudalism, trade, cities, civilizations, Muslims

This was the immediate spark of the French Revolution. As a result, Louis called on these people for assistance and advice to resolve it at the Palace at Versailles. The third estate, angry over their disproportionate representation and their inability to act according to their needs, rebelled, and declared itself the _____. Three days later on this date, members of the third estate took the ______, swearing allegiance to the French nation and drawing up a list of grievances against the king. They aimed to democratically represent the will of the people and give the people a constitution (republic).

financial crisis, Estates-General, National Assembly, June 17th, 1789, Oath of the Tennis Court

The support of these people, wealthy landowners, allowed Bismarck to come to power. Kaiser Wilhelm I saw parliament as a threat, so he named Bismarck prime minister.

Junkers

During the D-Day Invasion, Canadians found their way on this beach.

Juno

The Romans borrowed religious ideas from the Greeks. The Greek god of all gods, Zeus, will have its name changed to this. Athena becomes this.

Jupiter, Minerva

This year marks the end of the Enlightenment.

1789

This god was the servant of Hera. He was commemorated by the spots on a peacock's tail.

Argus

This person claimed that the sun was larger than Earth.

Aristarchus

These three people are important in regards to the heliocentric theory.

Aristarchus, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler

During this battle, an attack on the Germans by the British and French, this new invention was introduced. The battle resulted in about these many deaths.

Battle of Somme, tank, 500,000

This family is associated with France. Henry IV, Louis XIII, and Louis XIV come from it.

Bourbons

Having control of the western part of the Roman Empire, Constantine will move the capital from Rome to here, and then renaming it to this, meaning "New Rome". The new location was important due to it being near these two seas.

Byzantium, Constantine, Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea

This empire (its capital being in Constantinople) was the direct continuation of the eastern half of the old Roman Empire.

Byzantine Empire

After Gorbachev announces his resignation, under Boris Yeltsin, this, the Commonwealth of Independent States (the loose federation of former Soviet territories) is formed.

CIS

France's long series of religious conflicts grew from religious and political roots. Despite Catholic kings' attempts to stamp out the spread of Protestant faiths, this religion continued to grow in the kingdom.

Calvinism

This person, an American banker, initiated a ____ million dollar loan from American banks to help stop the rapid inflation in Germany. The Germany economy began to recover and began to attract more loans and investments from the United States.

Charles Dawes, 200

Following the English Civil War, with the people tired of military rule, Cromwell resigned, resulting in the restoration of this person and thus the Stuart line to the throne.

Charles II

This American pilot is credited for capturing the world's attention with a 33-hour solo flight from New York to Paris.

Charles Lindbergh

During the Great Schism, this person is elected pope by the French Cardinals along with Urban VI and Martin V. This period of time where there are three popes was settled in this council.

Clement VII, Council of Constance

This person wrote the poem titled Divine Comedy.

Dante Alighieri

In order to open a supply line to Russia, the Allies felt that they needed to attack this region in the Ottoman Empire and sack this place, the capital. The plan was called the ____.

Dardanelles, Constaninople, Gallipoli Campaign

In 546 BC, Greece and the Persian Empire began a war in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia. The Persians conquered the area, so the Greeks revolt. The Persians crushed (prevented) the revolts and this king of the Persian Empire invaded the Greek mainland. Thus, this war began on these plains.

Darius, Persian War, Marathon

These are two other names for the Middle Ages.

Dark Ages, Medieval Period

This is Miguel de Cervantes' major work which tells of the story of a Spanish nobleman who went crazy after reading too many books about knights and tried to become one. Many believe that Cervantes was mocking chivalry and the Middle Ages.

Don Quixote

The second crusade was organized in order to recapture this city. It resulted in Jerusalem falling to this Muslim leader.

Edessa, Saladin

This person sculpted St. John the Baptist, David, and St. George. His first sculpture, David, is the first full-size cast in bronze since ancient times.

Donatello

This is the name of the stock market index.

Dow Jones Industrial

In 621 BC, this person took power of Athens and drew up a set of harsh laws.

Draco

One cause of the Great Depression was this event where dry winds picked up tons of topsoil and blew it across the prairies, creating huge, suffocating clouds of dirt that buried towns and turned farms into deserts.

Dust Bowl

If tensions between the sides couldn't get any worse, it did with the election of this new in 1953. He and his new secretary of state created a policy called this. If the Soviet Union attacked U.S. interests they would "retaliate instantly". This would lead both sides to build up their militaries and nuclear stockpile, which went on for four decades.

Dwight D. Eisenhower, brinkmanship

The first phase of the Thirty Years' War includes this Catholic king who tries to weaken the Protestants and the nobility in Bohemia; he revokes religious toleration. It made the Protestants mad, and caused them to revolt in the Defenestration of Prague by the Bohemians, in which two representatives of the Catholic king were thrown out of a window. Then, following the Battle of White Mountain, the (Catholics/Protestants) win.

Ferdinand II, Catholics

With southern Prussia remaining non-unified, Bismarck will force France into this war by doctoring this document, insulting all parties involved. In the end, the Prussians soundly defeated the French and demanded this piece of land. Prussia was able to unite the German confederation and make this person emperor of the Second Reich (kingdom).

Franco-Prussian War, EMS Telegram, Alsace-Lorraine, Kaiser Wilhelm I

This architect believed in designing structures that were in harmony with humanity and its environment (organic architecture). In 1935, he built this structure which has been called "the best all-time work of American architecture". Back then it cost $155,000. Today, it is worth over 2.6 million dollars.

Frank Lloyd Wright, Fallingwater

The U.S. recovery process would begin in 1932 with the election of this person. He immediately began to create government reform programs to help ignite the country's economy called the ______. The reforms would create large public work projects to deal with the unemployment, create new government agencies to give financial help to businesses and farms, spend public money on welfare, and impose regulations to the stock market and banking systems. It would eventually reform the American economic system and bring faith in democratic systems.

Franklin D. Roosevelt, New Deal

These two people met secretly and issued a joint declaration called the _____, which would uphold free trade among nations and all people the rights to self-determination. It would later become part of the post World War II peace plans.

Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill

These people became the Romans' favorite barbarians.

Franks

The French king Philip Augustus along with this German emperor and the English king Richard the Lionhearted led the third crusade.

Frederick I

The Enlightenment led to these two revolutions.

French Revolution, American Revolution

Camillo di Cavour was able to manipulate politics. He signed an alliance with these people to dispel these people out of Italy. Their victory seized this area for the Italians. Cavour had wanted more; after the victory they ended their alliance. Later, the Italians "made up" with them and created a unified Northern Italy.

French, Austrians, Lombardy

This existentialist wrote that Western ideas such as democracy and progress had muted people's creativity and actions. He encouraged a return to ancient heroic values of pride and strength, seen in the ancient societies like Greece and Rome.

Friedrich Nietzsche

This goddess was angry with Zeus for locking the Titans in Tartarus.

Gaea

Following the civil war in Rome, this Roman general allowed the poor (plebeians) to become soldiers, promising them land in exchange for their allegiance.

Gaius Marius

In response to General Rommel's takeover of the British controlled port city of Tobruk, Great Britain sent this person to take control of British operations in North Africa. By the time of his arrival, the Nazis were already there, so Great Britain's only choice was to launch a full frontal attack. The British attacked the German offenses by surprise. As Rommel retreated, allied troops launched this battle, led by this person from the United States. Rommel's Afrika Korps were defeated.

General Bernard Montgomery, Operation Torch, Dwight D. Eisenhower

Following the fall of France, this French officer who escaped to England refused to accept that France was out of the war. He organized a fighting unit and issued a radio call over the BBC saying that France had lost the battle, but she had not lost the war. At the time, no one really heard his appeals.

General Charles de Gaulle

After winning the war, these four people met in Versailles to discuss major decisions (the big four).

Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of Great Britain, Woodrow Wilson of the United States, Vittorio Orlando of Italy

An absolute monarch answered only to this person.

God

Humanists suggested that a person could enjoy life without offending this person.

God

Crying "_________", crusaders went out to fight the good fight, but many would not return. Many fought for these four reasons.

God wills it, religious zeal, wealth, adventure, sins will be forgiven

Term used for the combination of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman Culture acknowledged by Western civilization.

Greco-Roman Culture

Radio development was a real push after World War I thanks to this person's successful experiments with the radio in 1895. In 1920, a Pittsburgh radio station, ____, successful began broadcasting and became the world's first commercial radio station. In Britain, this radio station became a monopoly (run by the government).

Guglielmo Marconi, KDKA, BBC

The Italians unifying Northern Italy along with the French sparked revolution in the southern areas of the state. This person's army, the _____, will prove to be the most successful. He moved throughout Southern Italy conquering areas such as Sicily and became a national hero. Cavour felt threatened by him.

Guiseppe Garibaldi, red shirts

The idea of Italian unification began with this person. The failures of revolutions in the 1840s prevented a major push for unification. However, by 1848, the unification call reapearred with this kingdom at the forefront. The area was known for its wealth and embrace of liberalism. This person was the king and this person was the leading statesman. They were both the leaders of the new push for unification.

Guiseppe Mazzini, Piedmont-Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II, Count Camillo di Cavour

The third phase of the Thirty Years' War includes this Lutheran king of Sweden who uses a mobile canon to win the Battle of Brettenfield, in which the (Catholics/Protestants) won. As a result, the king receives money from this country who supported the Protestants out of fear of Habsburg power.

Gustavus Adolphus, Protestants, France

By 1949, President Truman authorized the production of thermonuclear weapons. By 1952, the United States accomplished its goal by testing this nuclear weapon.

H bomb

In 1679, Charles II and Parliament passed this, an important guarantee of freedom which gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that the prisoner be brought before a judge to specify the charges against the prisoner. The judge would decide whether the prisoner should be tried or set free. Because of it, a Monarch could not put someone in jail simply for opposing the ruler. Also, prisoners could not be held indefinately without trials.

Habeas Corpus

Austria was ruled by this family.

Habsburgs

This family is associated with the Spain and the Dutch. Phillip II and Frederick II come from it.

Habsburgs

Like John Locke and Rousseau, this person believed that civilization had corrupted people's natural goodness, and that the only good government was one that was freely formed by the people and guided by the general will of society (direct democracy). He wrote this book, which explains an agreement between society and government.

Jean-Jacques, Social Contract

Throughout history, many Germans and Europeans would blame these people for their country's failures, in wars like World War I and even their country's failing economies. They were not seen as Germans, rather, they were seen as "guests".

Jews

In 1429, this peasant girl believed the voice of God called her back to break the siege of Orleans (guided the French to victory). Despite her success, she was charged for ____ and burned at the stake once captured by the Burgundians and handed over to the English.

Joan of Arc, witchcraft

This person and his colleagues perfected the skill of moveable type in the 1450s, publishing this, their famous Bible, of which several dozen still exist. Later, they would invent this machine which allowed mass production of a single work.

Johann Gutenberg, Gutenberg Bible, printing press

Nicolaus Copernicus' work on the heliocentric theory was proven through this person, who proved that the planets move in an elliptical orbit.

Johannes Kepler

The Calvinists were led by this person. It is a branch of Protestantism. It stresses man's relationship with God and self-control of life in which one can be saved.

John Calvin

During this person's presidency in the United States, this event almost brought the USSR and the United States into a nuclear war. Later, this president used this policy of lessening Cold War tensions. He is also the first person to visit Communist China and the Soviet Union.

John F. Kennedy, Cuban Missile Crisis, Richard Nixon, detente

This person believed that the authority of the Bible was higher than the pope. He was burned at the stake for being a heretic.

John Hus

Match the person who believed in the following: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness".

John Locke

As a result of the poor conditions in Russia, several revolutionary movements by revolutionaries who followed the views of this person, a German philosopher, successfully established a following. They believed that the industrial class of workers would overthrow the Czar and share equally in society's wealth.

Karl Marx

In 1925, this treaty was signed promising that France and Germany would never go to war against each other. However, the treaty could not be enforced by the League of Nations because it did not have an armed force.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

In AD 1016, after Alfred the Great, the Danish Vikings returned, and this time, they were successful in taking over the "land of the angles" (England). Eventually, in AD 1042, this person, a descendant of Alfred the Great, took back the the throne. He was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. He will die without a male heir, leaving England to one last great invasion.

King Edward the Confessor

This king of England, son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and brother of King Richard the Lionhearted, was cruel and harsh because he raised taxes to an all time high to finance his wars. He lost control of Normandy France and was hence nicknamed this. He signed this on this date, which would guarantee certain basic political rights such as no taxation without representation, a jury trial, and the protection of law. It was also called the "Great Charter".

King John, John Softsword, Magna Carta, June 15th, 1215

King Philip II's centralized government would continue to get stronger under this person, his grandson who ruled from 1226 to 1270. His grandson created a French appeals court, which would overturn the decisions of the local courts. He became a saint for the Catholic Church. He destroyed Protestant churches.

King Louis IX

The personalities of this person and this person, his Austrian wife, acted as a magnet for discontent with the regime. By all accounts, the king was a pious, well-meaning family man. However, as events unfolded, it became clear that he lacked the energy and purpose to see his nation through its crisis. The king's behavior during key moments of the revolution often escalated conflict and fueled radicals' demands for a _____. As for his wife, she was widely condemned for her extravagance, extreme even for a queen, and the most quoted remark never said; when told that the peasants of France were so poor that they could not put bread on the table, she was said to have replied, "_______," which supposedly "proved" that she was out of touch with the general populace.

King Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, republic, let them eat cake

This person was one of the most important Capetian kings. He was also known as Philip Augustus. He took the throne at the age of 15. He was unsuccessful against King Henry II and King Richard the Lionhearted, but was very successful against King John: he took control of Normandy from King John. In order to strengthen his government, he created royal officials called ____ to preside over the king's courts and collect taxes. He was also part of the third crusade. He was the first king to be more powerful than his vassals.

King Philip II, bailiffs

In 1302, this French king clashed with the pope because he wanted local priests of his kingdom to pay taxes, which the pope refused to allow. In order to push this policy, he called for a meeting of the Estates-General - the representative assembly of 3 estates. The first estate was made up of these people, the second estate was made up of these people, and the third estate was made up of these people.

King Philip IV, church leaders, nobility, commoners

Germany's plan during Operation Sea Lion was to use their air force, the _____, in order to first knock out the Royal Air Force (Britain) until they could launch a major ground defensive. However, the Royal Air Force fought back.

Luftwaffe,

Following the Peloponnesian War, many Greek city-states were weakened militarily and economically. In this nearby kingdom, this person took great interest to conquer Greece and eventually the Persian Empire. It will end in (success/failure) for the Macedonians.

Macedonia, King Phillip II, success

This plan instituted by US Secretary of State George Marshall states that America would aid any European country that needed it.

Marshall Plan

The protestant reformation was led by this person who questioned the practices of the Catholic Church. He found that the Bible and the Catholic Church disagreed on certain aspects. He wrote this book which outlined his objections to certain practices.

Martin Luther, Ninety-Five Theses,

This person addressed the lack of educational opportunities for women. She wrote this book.

Mary Astell, A Serious Proposal to Ladies

This person addressed the lack of educational opportunities for women through this book.

Mary Astell, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies

This person believed that women needed to be educated even if they are mothers and have jobs. She believed that every woman should be able to become doctors and participate in the government. She led a movement for equal rights between men and women. She wrote this book.

Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication for the Rights of Women

These Marxist revolutionaries favored gradual, peaceful change, without the use of violence or terror. They wanted more popular support. They were the majority party.

Mensheviks

After trying to overthrow the Weimer Republic, in jail, Hitler wrote this biography (My Struggle) which will become the Nazi blueprint.

Mein Kampf

This, sculpted by Michelangelo Buonarroti when he was 24 years old, was constructed out of marble. It is the only sculpture in which Michelangelo signed his name. It is a depiction of Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus Christ. Today, the 5'9 by 6'5 sculpture is located in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City.

Pieta

Because the Schlieffen Plan failed, the French came up with this strategy, an offensive into Alsace and Lorraine, in which it was believed that this, or fighting spirit, would carry the offensive. To defend themselves, Germans invaded this area which stayed neutral during the war.

Plan XIV, élan, Belgium

This philosopher was a student of Socrates and a teacher of Aristotle. He wrote this which depicted his vision of a perfectly governed society (not a democracy). All citizens would fall into three groups: farmers, warriors, and the ruling class. The person with the greatest intellect would be chosen as a philosopher-king.

Plato, The Republic

As a result of the world war, this country was created from land that belonged to Germany and Russia.

Poland

World War II starts when Germany invades this country.

Poland

Leonid Brezhnev and the ____, ruling committee of the Communist Party, crushed all political disagreements. After Brezhnev's death in 1982, the Communist Party began to age and struggle to maintain a hold on power. The ruling committee had to try to find a way to make the Communist Party younger and they did in selecting this person as the party's new general secretary. The thing that the they did not realize is that by selecting the 54 year old leader, that it would unleash another Russian Revolution.

Politburo, Mikhail Gorbachev

This person was imprisoned by French king Philip IV after he responded to Philip's influence over the French bishops. He will die and the pope will no longer be able to exert their influence over the monarchs.

Pope Boniface VIII

This person made the papacy into the leading power in Western Europe. The papacy became a secular, or worldly, power involved in politics.

Pope Gregory I

In 1198, this person appealed for the fourth crusade against Constantinople because of power struggles within and between Europe and Byzantium. It ultimately saw the looting of this place, causing a breach or a division between the east and the west in 1204.

Pope Innocent III, Constantinople

This person ruled the Papal States during Italian unification.

Pope Pius IX

From 1095 to 1291, this person called on Western Christians for a crusade, or a "holy war", to gain control of the Holy Land from the Muslim invaders. For the next 200 years, wars will be launched to recapture this place.

Pope Urban II, Jerusalem

This place will become the new capital of the united Italian state.

Rome

This person was the last Roman emperor. He was ousted (driven out) by German forces under the leadership of this German general during this year. This will result in the end of this part of Rome. However, the Byzantine Empire will flourish until this year.

Romulus Augustine, Odoacer, 476 AD, Western Empire, 1453

According to legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 BC by these two brothers.

Romulus, Remus

In 1642, a civil war began when the Puritans started a revolt. One side were the ____. They were members of Parliament, Puritans, and the middle class. Their leader was Oliver Cromwell. On the other side were the ____. They backed the King. They included Catholics, nobles, and rich landowners.

Roundheads, Cavaliers

Immediately after the war, the Weimar Republic encountered severe economic problems. Millions of demobilized soldiers arrived home to find little or no work. Hunger was widespread. In addition, France and Britain owed war debts to the United States, and in order to pay them demanded reparation from Germany. Germany was unable to pay, so France seized the industrial towns of the ____. The German response was to print money to pay the unemployed workers there, which resulted in massive inflation in Germany.

Ruhr valley

In March of 1917, civil unrest here, due in large part to war-related shortages of food and fuel, forced this person to step down and the appointment of a weak Provisional Government was formed. The arrangement led to confusion and chaos both as the front and at home. The army became increasingly ineffective.

Russia, Czar Nicholas

Following Austria-Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia, this Slavic country and friend of Serbia's mobilized its forces in preparation for war. Then, this country, allies with Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia and France (an ally of Russia) by going through this area on this date which remained neutral, to get to France easily. Then, this country declares war on Germany.

Russia, Germany, Belgium, August 3rd, 1914, Britain

Term used for scholars who debated the basic truths.

Scholastics

Raphael painted this, which stands as a tribute to the ancient world and his fellow artists, as the Greek philosophers take on the physical appearance of his contemporaries. He used the method of pouncing in order to create the painting. Pictured is Plato and Aristotle. It is now located in Vatican City.

School of Athens

This "revolution" was based upon careful observation and willingness to question accepted beliefs. The old ancient beliefs and new technologies did not coincide with the observations surrounding them.

Scientific Revolution

On July of 1918, this battle took place in which the Allies stormed Germany. Germany's allies began to disappear and Kaiser stepped down. Later, on this date, armistice was signed marking an end to the world war.

Second Battle of the Marne, November 11th, 1918

This estate was made up of rich nobles (military or government). They made up ___ percent of the population (400,000 citizens), owning this percent of land. They were exempt from paying taxes.

Second Estate, 2, 10

In this war, the Carthaginians decided to conquer Spain. However, the Romans were allied with some Spanish cities. Under this Carthaginian commander, the Carthaginians took an army from Spain and attacked the Romans over these mountains (which run through France, Monaco, Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia).

Second Punic War, Hannibal, Alps Mountains

On this date, Germany invaded this area with its new war machine using what was called lightning warfare, or ____. The fighting style involves using fast-moving airplanes and tanks, followed by a massive infantry force to overwhelm the enemy. As a result, on this date, these two countries declared war on Germany. On this date, this country invaded Poland. In 1940, these three countries formed the Axis powers.

September 1st, 1939, Poland, Blitzkrieg, September 3rd, 1939, Great Britain, France, September 17th, 1939, USSR, Germany, Italy, Japan

Under Nicholas II, this Foreign Finance Minister boosted the growth of the steel industry and saw the completion of this railway which connected European Russia in the west with Russian ports on the Pacific Ocean.

Sergei Witte

Following the War of Austrian Succession, this war arose out of the attempt of the Austrian Hapsburgs to win back the rich province of Silesia. Maria Theresa formed an alliance with this country, and Frederick II signed an alliance with this country (both sides against each other).

Seven Years' War, France, England

This person was an Austrian neurologist, known as the "father of psychoanalysis". He believed that most of human behavior is irrational, or beyond reason. He called the irrational part of the mind the unconscious.

Sigmund Freud

The War of Austrian Succession was fought over this Austrian land, which was known for its iron ore, textiles, and food products.

Silesia

In 594 BC, this person replaced Draco in Athens and introduced a fairer system of government, and outlawed debt slavery. He was soon forced to leave Athens after making many enemies.

Solon

The (Southern/Northern) Renaissance emphasized art and culture.

Southern

Michelangelo built this, which is divided into 16 ribs. Some of the figures included are Christ, Mary, and St. John the Baptist. Michelangelo was 89 when he finished construction. It was created using only stone and paint. Today, the United States' capital building, as well as other buildings within the nation and around the world, use the same style that Michelangelo did.

St. Peter's Basilica Dome

As the Germans suffered a major defeat in North Africa, they will also meet their doom in the Soviet Union. In the summer of 1942, Hitler ordered his army to capture this place. As the Russian winter set in, the Soviet armies launched a counterattack and cut off all the German supplies. It was a matter of time when in February, frostbitten German troops surrendered to the Soviets, leaving the eastern front defenseless to Soviet invasion into Germany.

Stalingrad

This family is associated with the English. James I, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, and James II come from it.

Stuarts

Following Operation Sea Lion, Germany targeted North Africa mainly because his partner, Mussolini, was there. In September of 1940, Italy attacked British controlled Egypt's _____, a key place to reach the oil fields of the Middle East. To reinforce the Italians, Hitler sent in a tank force called the ____, led by this person (Desert Fox), in March of 1941. He caught the British by surprise, and by June of 1942, he seized the British controlled city of ____. However, the British victory (with American help) here saved the Suez Canal.

Suez Canal, Afrika Korps, General Erwin Rommel, Tobruk, El Alemein

Thomas Aquinas wrote this book which combined truth, reason, and faith in his teachings.

Summa Theologica

The peasants were unhappy with the Czar as a result of losses from World War I, the lack of real representation, and the Czar's dismissal of the Duma, the influence of Rasputin upon Alexandra, hunger, foot shortages, and industrial working conditions. As a result, this revolution broke out in St. Petersburg on March 8th, 1917. Later, on March 15th, the Czar attempted to return to Russia by train, but was stopped by troops, forced to abdicate the throne, and was eventually killed. From March through November, the Duma established this type of government (temporary government) under this person, a socialist. Under him, Russia continued to fight in the world war and the food shortage problem was not solved.

The March Revolution, provisional goverment, Alexander Kerensky

True or False: For the Athenians, fighting on the sea was successful, preventing the Spartans from invading them throughout the whole Peloponnesian War.

false

This person believed that the government is a contract between rulers and people (a social contract). He wrote this book. He viewed that people were evil and corrupt, in absolute monarchy, and that people give up rights for law and order.

Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan

True or False: If the lord of a manor left, and a new lord took over, the serfs were able to leave.

false

Louis the Pious' sons, Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German will eventually *divide* the Carolingian empire into three kingdoms after much fighting. Signing this treaty brought that into effect.

Treaty of Verdun

Match two people who believed in the following: "The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious rights of man. Every citizen may thus speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom shall be defended by law".

Voltaire, Thomas Hobbes

As a result of the Treaty of Versailles, this document stated that Germany be blamed for the war (also called Article 231).

War Guilt Clause

Our of fear of James II's open Catholicism and the birth of a male Catholic heir, Parliament invited Mary Stuart and this person, her husband, to rule England in 1688. Under their rule, England will become a _____ monarchy - a monarchy in which a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government.

William of Orange, constitutional

William, Duke of Normandy France, will eventually be nicknamed this.

William the Conquerer

In 1942, the allied leaders, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin met here to discuss how to win the war, and what should happen afterwards. The strategy was to strike North Africa first, and then Italy. This angered Stalin, who felt that the western allies were purposely holding back from invading Western Europe.

Yalta

Following World War II, Germany was split due to this conference.

Yalta Conference

The German Foreign Minister, Arthur Zimmerman, released this document which asked this country to join the war as Germany's ally against the United States. In return, the Germans would gift the country many of the United States' land. Later, the United Kingdom retrieved and intercepted the letter and sent it to President Wilson of the United States; he then released it to the public and Americans saw it as a justification for war. So, on this date, America enters World War I.

Zimmerman Note, Mexico, April 6th, 1917

True or False: In Athens, at the age of seven, boys were taken back to training centers where they lived without parents. They would train to be soldiers.

false

Many serfs fled the manors to start a new life in one of the many towns that were developing. Any serf who ran away and hid safely in a town for this much time was declared, by law, a free person.

a year and one day

True or False: In Athens, each man was required to serve for four years in the army.

false

True or False: In Athens, women and those not native born had as many rights as regular male citizens did.

false

True or False: Jews became a part of the feudal system and lived a wealthy life.

false

True or False: Lenin promised once in power to keep Russia in World War I.

false

True or False: Louis XIV was successful in capturing the Dutch Netherlands.

false

Term used for when people pay a small portion of a stock and borrow the rest from a stockbroker.

buying stock on margin

During the 1700s, if both Parliament and the King came to a standstill on an issue, the potential problem was remedied by the development of this, a group of government ministers, or officials. The ministers acted in the ruler's name, but in reality, represented the majority of Parliament. Therefore, they became the link between the monarch and the majority party in Parliament.

cabinet

All Christians were subject to this - law by papal pronouncements.

canon law

This place located in the manor was the focal point.

castle

Unlike _____ which believed in a classless society, fascism believed that every class had a place and function.

communism

Stalin declared that ____ and ___ cannot exist in the same world.

communism, capitalism

The eastern side of the divided Germany was (democratic/communist).

communist

Fascists were nationalists unlike _____ who were internationalists.

communists

True or False: Louis the Pious brought many advancements to the Carolingian empire he ruled.

false

Increased unemployment lead to a decrease in ______ for goods.

demand

Term used for an economic principle that describes a consumer's desire and willingness to pay a price for a specific good or service. It is what is being bought.

demand

Lessening ____ for consumer goods = less people bought goods = less _____ of production of goods = less need for ____ = ___ and no chance to earn ___.

demand, need, employees, unemployment, profit

In Japan, MacArthur instituted this process in which Japanese armed forces were disbanded. Later, him and his advisers drew up a constitution with this type of government, called a ____.

demilitarization, parliamentary democracy, diet

With this type of government, a person receives their power from being elected by a majority of citizens. The person has the support of some people, some military, and some religious leaders. *The person is responsible for protecting the rights of the minority as well as the majority of their electorate.*

democracy

Pericles had three goals under his 32 year leadership: The first one was to strengthen the Athenian ___ (he wanted to increase the number of paid officials so not just the wealthy Athenians could participate in government - now that Athens has more citizens engaged in self-government, it introduced this type of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives).

democracy, direct democracy

The Vikings from Scandinavia followed the principles of these types of principles.

democratic

The westerm side of the divided Germany was (democratic/communist).

democratic

Gorbachev also knew that for the economy to improve, the Communist Party would have loosened up their control on Soviet society and politics. In 1987, he announced a third policy called _______, calling for new elections of a legislative body. In the past the Communist Party would handpick candidates for people to vote on. Now the voters can choose which surprisingly led to the voting of lesser-known candidates over powerful party bosses.

democratization

With this type of government, a person deserves their power from the support of his or her followers. The person in charge can use any means necessary to stay in power. The person has the support of the small group of special followers, the military for now, and the person may have the religious leaders under his or her thumb.

dictatorship

True or False: Maria Theresa was able to hold onto Silesia during the War of Austrian Succession.

false

Clovis had laid the foundations for the Frankish kingdom. By 700, this, "the mayor of the palace", was technically in charge. This person, nicknamed "the hammer", will extend the Frank's kingdom and will defeat these people in Spain in this battle, making him a Christian hero.

domo, Charles Martel, Muslims, Battle of Tours

One of the reasons for the fall of Rome was because of this - There was not enough food to feed all the people in the empire. Taxes were very high.

economic problems

Roman art was intended for this.

education

In all, this many major Crusade expeditions occurred between 1096 and 1291.

eight

The Schlieffen Plan (works/fails) because the Russians mobilized ____ than expected and because German supply lines got bogged down on the northern front.

fails, quicker

Term used for the philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will. In other words, there is no universal meaning to life and each person creates his or her own meaning in life through choices made and actions taken. Among those who believed in the theory were Karl Jaspers, Jean Paul Sartre, and Friedrich Nietzsche.

existentialism

During the Peloponnesian War, Athens (succeeded/failed) in destroying the polis of Syracuse (Sparta's wealthiest ally which would help them transport supplies). Athens (keeps fighting/surrenders) which makes people lose confidence in the democratic government and begin looking for answers.

failed, surrenders

At the Yalta Conference, it was agreed that Germany will be divided into _____ zones. Great Britain, France, the United States, and the Soviet Union will each share a piece of the pie. The Soviet Union will allow _____ in Eastern European countries. Later, the Soviet Union will declare war on this country for attacking the United States during Pearl Harbor.

free elections, Japan

Pericles had three goals under his 32 year leadership: The third one was to _____ Athens by making it more beautiful and innovating social activities (fine arts) like tragedies and dramas which poked fun at a subject. This, made of white marble, was built on top of the Acropolis. It gave people more jobs. It was dedicated to the Greek goddess, Athena.

glorify, Parthenon

Romanesque churches were replaced by the ____ style from the Germanic tribe of the Goths, filled with high ceilings and large stained glass windows. The churches were called these, or, "Cities of God".

gothic, cathedrals

This social class of the Medici family was made up of the wealthy and the educated. They were the rulers. They were nicknamed "the great".

grandi

According to John Locke, the purpose of government is to protect these rights. He believed that if a government fails to do so, citizens have a right to overthrow it (social contract). His views are expressed in this book.

natural rights, Two Treatises on Government

In the beginning of the Renaissance, Italy was the center of culture in Europe. Middleclass writers were supported by noble patronage, and as a result, during the beginning of the Renaissance literature blossomed alongside classic revival. That resulted in the rise of this, an intellectual movement that advocated the study of history and literature as the chief means of identifying with the glories of the ancient world. It classical learning and active participation of the individual in civic affairs.

humanism

As the eastern empire was in decline, in 730, Emperor Leo III banned the use of icons. The army broke into Churches and destroyed those icons, also called these. The Pope ordered the excommunication of the Byzantine emperor. This ultimately caused a split in the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, also called this.

iconoclasts, schism

True or False: Following the world war, Japan was completely destroyed and all of their holdings were taken away. The United States occupied Japan following that.

true

True or False: Frederick II believed that governments should extend their borders and encouraged religious toleration and legal reform.

true

With a loan, you pay the exact amount of money plus this to the stockbroker when you eventually sell the stock.

interest

One of the reasons for the fall of Rome was because of this - The Barbarians started to invade the empire.

invasions

This material replaced bronze because the Spartans could fight faster.

iron

In the United States, this new lovely, loose beat style emerged, capturing the new freedom of the age.

jazz

This issue arose following the Congress of Vienna: the theories of liberty, equality, and human rights that began during the intellectual movement of the Enlightenment. Most ideologies wanted a government free of oppression and free of government involvement.

liberalism

With this type of economy, people and businesses decide what to produce, sell, and purchase. It is also known as a capitalist system. Businesses may compete for profits.

market economy

In 1625 James I died. His son, Charles I, became king. He believed in the same things as his father. He also had lots of problems with Parliament. These problems got worse when England went to war with France and Spain. When Parliament refused to give Charles I ______ for the war, he closed Parliament down. When he called them back in 1628, Parliament forced him to sign this document which limited the King's power.

money, Petition of Right

These people live lives consecrated to God and focused on spiritual perfection in order to honor the Lord.

monks

This type of government was used by Sparta, in which power rested with a small number of people (totalitarian government).

oligarchy

With this type of government, a person works within a group of people - he or she represents the group. He or she gets the power because they are thought to be superior because of their wealth and family connections. He or she was selected by a few citizens like themselves. The person has the support of others like him or her, mostly the military, and a few religious leaders.

oligarchy

Dwight D. Eisenhower came up with this policy of allowing both the Soviets and the United States to have planes freely fly over each others countries. However, the Soviets reject it because they did not want spies.

open skies policy

By the 1450's, Northern Europe negan to recover from the plague and the Hundred Years' War. The fact that England and France were united under strong monarchs allowed them to become ____, who supports, protects, or champions someone or something.

patrons

This social class of the Medici family was made up of the poor. They made up one-third of the population.

paupers

One weapon introduced during World War I includes this, various gases that cause choking, blinding, or severe skin blisters.

poison gas

The Greeks set up these, or self-governing cities (city-states)/fundamental political units in Greece.

polis

The Thirty Years' War was a (religious/political) issue in which the Hapsburgs from Spain were trying to keep control of the Holy Roman Empire.

political

Otto Von Bismark was about being ___ and not ___. It is said that he remarked "_____", not "speeches and resolutions" would get things done.

practical, idealistic, blood and iron

More supply and less demand results in this. So, store owners dropped prices to sell goods and cut back on orders to factories.

price depression

Term used for the original records of an event through documents left by eyewitnesses or records that were written at the time of the event, etc.

primary sources

During Operation Sea Lion, the British had the advantage of this electronic tracking device, which allowed them to get fighter planes in the air at a moment's notice, and this German code making machine which enabled them to decode German messages.

radar, Enigma

During the war, there were so many goods in short supply, so governments turned to doing this.

rationing

Otto Von Bismarck was a master at this, the understanding of the situation currently in the German Confederation.

realpolitik

The philosophers during the Enlightenment advocated these five things.

reason, nature, happiness, progress, liberty

This, the effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain, was eventually done by these two people. (Fun fact: They also authorize Christopher Columbus' voyage to the New World, and establish the Spanish Inquisition)

reconquista, King Ferdinand, Queen Isabella

With the help of William of Orange in 1579, the Northern provinces were able to declare independence, called the United Provinces of the Netherlands. The provinces tolerated many religious and had this type of government in which people elect their representatives. The Dutch will create a great, vast trading empire through grain and lumber, eventually replacing the Italians as the bankers (Dutch Golden Age).

republic

Leonardo Da Vinci believed that studying this subject made him a better artist.

science

Term used for writings and interpretations of historians and other writers given in textbooks and articles.

secondary sources

Under Stalin, kids learned the virtues of the communist party. These people kept a watchful eye on both teachers and students.

secret police

Yeltsin's first goal was to reform the economy in Russia. He adopted a plan known as "_______", an abrupt shift to a free market. Yeltsin lowered trade barriers, removed price controls, and ended state-owned industries. The policy did definitely shock the economy, leading to an 800 percent inflation rate in 1994. That led to a shutdown of many factories, leaving many unemployed.

shock therapy

Term used for the economic system where everyone benefits from industrialization. More power is invested into the hands of the workers.

socialism

Term used for the artistic style (propaganda) that praised Soviet life and communist values.

socialist realism

In 1929, American factories were producing more than half of the world's industrial goods. However, low wages at the time resulted in less purchasing power and many citizens were running to the banks to borrow the money. An agricultural depression and falling prices resulted in increased agricultural output but decreased demand. Overproduction in the factories, and over expansion of credit would lead to the _____ beginning on this date. People were unable to pay the money they owed on margin purchases, the purchase of an asset by paying the margin and borrowing the balance from a bank or broker. Within months of the crash, unemployment rose while industrial production, prices, and wages declined.

stock market crash, October 29th, 1929

Term used for the fundamental economic concept that describes the total amount of specific good or service that is available to the consumer. It is what is being sold.

supply

Term used for the fundamental economic concept that describes the total amount of specific goods or services that are available to the consumer.

supply and demand

Inspired by Freud's ideas, this style of art was to resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality. Artists painted unnerving, illogical scenes with photographic precision, created strange creatures from everyday objects and developed painting techniques that allowed the unconscious to express itself and/or an idea of concept.

surrealism

One weapon used during World War I includes this, an armored vehicle that travels on a track allowing it to cross many types of land.

tank

During the Great Depression, American bankers began to call in their loans from Europe. The government placed high ____ so people from other countries would buy American goods, paying lots of tax on products so America could fix their debt. World trade dropped by this percent and European countries' economies were left in ruin.

tariffs, 66

True or False: Following the world war, the Hohenzollern Dynasty, the Habsburg Dynasty, the Romanov Dynasty and the Ottoman Dynasty ended.

tgrue

Using this system, similar to the manors, farmers were able to utilize more of their land which meant more food, increased population, and healthier people.

three-crop field rotation

After a succession of unsuccessful cabinets on January 29, 1933 President Paul von Hindenburg, seeing little alternative and pushed by advisors, appointed Adolf Hitler Chancellor of Germany. On February 27, 1933, the Reichstag (lower house of Germany's legislature) was set on fire. Basic rights were abrogated under an emergency decree. An Enabling Act gave Hitler's government full legislative power. A centralized _____ state was established, no longer based on the rule of democratic law.

totalitarian

This type of regime has complete control of an individual's life.

totalitarian

Term used for the mock battles that some knights would fight in.

tournaments

Self-sufficiency of the manors turned to these, exhibitions at which businesses in a particular industry promote their products and services.

trade fairs

With this type of economy, people survive by farming, herding, fishing, or a combination of all three. It is also known as a barter system which involves trading.

traditional economy

True or False: Cavour was able to prevent Guiseppe Garibaldi from invading the Papal States so as not to upset the Catholics (pope).

true

True or False: Charlemagne forced Christianity on the Saxons, or he would threaten to kill them.

true

True or False: Czar Nicholas II believed in the Divine Right.

true

True or False: English archers were successful at the Battle of Poiters and the Battle of Agincourt during the Hundred Year's War.

true

True or False: Enlightenment ideas spread throughout the Western world and profoundly influenced the arts and government.

true

True or False: Following the fall of Rome, there was no longer a centralized government or center of administration because people fled the cities.

true

Introduced by Pericles, these were serious dramas about common themes such as love, hate, war or betrayal; serious drama with a tragic hero. He subsidized theater admission for poorer citizens to allow them to see the performances.

tragedies

These were cut through battlefield fronts in Europe to protect troops from deadly artillery and machine-gun fire. ____ trenches were backed by ____ trenches, which provided a second line of defense in case enemies overran the trench. Each trench was about ___-___ feet deep. Off-duty troops lived in dugouts in the ____ trenches. Supplies, food, and fresh troops moved to the front through this network of reserve and _____ trenches. This lay between the trenches of opposing forces. Crossing it often resulted in death, because it was strewn with barbed wire and open to the sights of enemy guns.

trenches, firing, cover, 6, 8, support, communications, no-man's-land

This plebeian assembly protected the rights of the plebeians from unfair acts of patrician officials.

tribunes

True or False: Absolute rulers in England were overthrown, and Parliament gained power.

true

True or False: All citizens who owned land were required to serve in the Roman Army for 10 years.

true

True or False: An alliance was made between Clovis and the Church, which allowed for a beautiful relationship.

true

True or False: An economic depression in the United States spread throughout the world and lasted a decade.

true

True or False: As a result of the Hundred Year's War, England's parliament was strengthened during the War of the Roses.

true

True or False: As the Renaissance advanced, artistic styles changed.

true

True or False: At the Yalta Conference, the Big Three agreed to self-determination and free elections in Eastern Europe.

true

True or False: Because they had so many slaves, known as helots, Spartans were always afraid there would be a slave revolt.

true

True or False: By 1560, fully forty percent of French nobles advocated the Huguenot faith; they posed a threat to the Catholic Valois monarchy because they held important positions in the government and military.

true

True or False: Calvinism is a form of Protestantism.

true

True or False: Frederick William I gave the Junkers, the Prussian nobility or wealthy landowners, important positions in the army and allowed them almost complete power over their serfs in order to gain their support.

true

True or False: Great Britain greatly benefited from the Treaty of Utrecht by receiving colonies and the slave trade.

true

True or False: Henry IV will be stabbed to death by a Catholic schoolmaster for his religious toleration.

true

True or False: Humanism focused on human potential and achievements, and was no longer connected to the Christian teachings.

true

True or False: In 1673, Charles II signed the Declaration of Indulgence, which stated that Catholics could hold political and military office. Parliament then responded with the Test Act that stated that citizens would have to profess Anglicanism to join the Parliament and military by taking Anglican Communion.

true

True or False: Jews never became a part of the feudal system. They were forced to live in ghettos heavily due to antisemitism.

true

True or False: King James I believed in the divine right of rulers.

true

True or False: Learning was an important part of Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire.

true

True or False: Like the men, women also received some military training.

true

True or False: Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes, which allowed Huguenots (French Protestants) who followed the belief of Calvinism to practice their religion outside of the city and fortify towns to protect their hard-won liberties. The rejection caused some economic problems.

true

True or False: Louis XIV surrounded himself with luxury, made the nobles dress him in the morning, and live with him at the palace at Versailles.

true

True or False: Louis XIV's foreign goals were territorial expansion and the spread of Catholicism.

true

True or False: Louis the Pious' three sons, Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Pepin the Tall will divide the Frankish kingdom.

true

True or False: Napoleon abolished hereditary nobility.

true

True or False: Oliver Cromwell promoted Puritan morality.

true

True or False: People joined the crusades for adventure, in order to serve God, to regain the holy land, and for wealth.

true

True or False: Protestants despised Louis XIV.

true

True or False: Robespierre supported the Third Estate.

true

True or False: The Church built monasteries to adapt to rural conditions.

true

True or False: The Congress of Vienna called for a restoration of a monarchy.

true

True or False: The Crusaders used siege towers to enter Jerusalem during the third crusade.

true

True or False: The horrors of World War 1 shattered the Enlightenment belief that progress would continue and reason would prevail.

true

True or False: The landowning aristocracy in Central Europe passed laws restricting the ability of serfs to gain freedom and move into cities.

true

True or False: The palace at Versailles became the center of the arts

true

True or False: The puritans wanted to "purify" or make the Church of England pure, which King James I disagreed with; he tried to have his son marry a Spanish Catholic princess.

true

True or False: Today, Joan of Arc is a saint.

true

True or False: Under Joseph Stalin, women were very successful in careers such as engineering, science, and were forced to become mothers and housewives.

true

True or False: Western European monarchs taxed the new independent towns after feudalism.

true

True or False: With iron replacing bronze, ordinary citizens could arm to defend themselves in Sparta.

true

True or False: Women in the Middle Ages were able to send knights into battle. They also participated in attacks.

true

True or False: in the mid-1500's, scientists began to question accepted beliefs (because of the Catholic Church) and make new theories based on experimentation.

true