EVR 1001 exam 5!
How many MWh per year of savings are possible for HVAC? A) 1,500 MWh B) 1,100 MWh C) 1,050 MWh D) 1,000 MWh
A) 1,500 MWh
In what year did uranium oxide production peak in the United States? A) 1980 B) 1960 C) 1950 D) 1970
A) 1980
According to the projected data, after what year will the majority of people in less developed regions be living in urban areas? A) 2018 B) 2028 C) 2038 D) 2048
A) 2018
Assume that photovoltaic conversion of solar energy has 10% efficiency. Calculate how many square meters of photovoltaic cells would be needed to supply one person's electricity for the year, based on the yearly average values. A) 28.5 m2 B) 2.85 m2 C) 0.0285 m2 D) 0.285 m2
A) 28.5 m2
As of 2014, under the jurisdiction of the EPA, approximately ________% of hazardous sites identified under CERCLA as a national priority have been cleaned up. A) 30 B) 50 C) 3 D) 40 E) 60
A) 30
The average American produces how much trash per day? A) 4.4 pounds B) 10 pounds C) 25 pounds D) 100 pounds
A) 4.4 pounds
How much uranium oxide did the United States produce in 2005? A) 5 million pounds B) 65 million pounds C) 40 million pounds D) 20 million pounds
A) 5 million pounds
Why is there little to no growth expected for hydropower? A) Almost all rivers that can be dammed for power generation have been dammed already. B) Too much pollution is generated when the dams are in operation. C) The cost of generating power is much too high. D) Hydropower uses a nonrenewable resource that is quickly being depleted.
A) Almost all rivers that can be dammed for power generation have been dammed already
Which of the following statements is the best description of the per capita generation of solid waste between 1960 and 2010? A) Between 1960 and 2000, per capita generation increased. After 2000, per capita generation declined. B) Between 1960 and 1990, per capita generation increased at a steady rate. After 1990, per capita generation continued to increase, but at a slower rate. C) Between 1960 and 2010, per capita generation of solid waste increased steadily. D) Between 1960 and 2010, per capita generation was relatively constant.
A) Between 1960 and 2000, per capita generation increased. After 2000, per capita generation declined.
Which of the following actions is required for the recycling loop to be successful? A) Consumers and businesses must purchase products made from recycled materials. B) Corporations must make more products from virgin (raw) materials. C) Consumers must purchase only products made in the United States. D) Genetically modified bacteria must be found to consume toxic components.
A) Consumers and businesses must purchase products made from recycled materials.
What are the goals of waste management? A) Disposing of waste safely as well as effectively, minimizing the amount of waste generated, and increasing recovery B) Developing technology for more efficient incineration C) Promoting mid-level managers to high-level managers to more effectively manage waste D) Developing management training for supervisors of disposal companies
A) Disposing of waste safely as well as effectively, minimizing the amount of waste generated, and increasing recovery
Describe the trends in uranium oxide domestic production from the peak production year to 2005. A) Domestic production declined dramatically. B) Domestic production increased slightly. C) Domestic production increased dramatically. D) Domestic production declined slightly.
A) Domestic production declined dramatically.
Which of the following statements is NOT accurate regarding geothermal power? A) Geothermal power generators are one of the true fully sustainable energy sources. B) Geothermal power can deplete groundwater sources. C) Geothermal energy can be used as heat exchangers for heat pumps for homes and businesses. D) Geothermal power reduces but does not eliminate emissions.
A) Geothermal power generators are one of the true fully sustainable energy sources.
Which of the following statements about ethanol is true? A) Growing corn for ethanol requires substantial inputs of fossil fuel energy. B) We can supply all of the automotive fuel used in the United States if we just double ethanol production. C) We can easily grow enough corn ethanol and supply the world's food needs. D) Corn-based ethanol has a high energy returned on investment (EROI) value.
A) Growing corn for ethanol requires substantial inputs of fossil fuel energy.
Why do industries tend to produce so much waste even though it is not the most efficient way to do business? A) In most cases, there is no financial incentive for becoming efficient. B) It is more profitable to be efficient with waste. C) Industry ecologists do not recommend streamlining industrial waste. D) Most of industry is run by disorganized people.
A) In most cases, there is no financial incentive for becoming efficient.
What is an urban growth boundary (UGB)? A) It is a line on a map separating regions open to urban development from rural areas. B) A type of urban zoning act that is specific to Oregon. C) A place in an urban area in which one can grow vegetables. D) It is a type of zoning ordinance.
A) It is a line on a map separating regions open to urban development from rural areas.
Which of the following is one of the three current major drawbacks of solar energy? A) This resource is intermittent in nature. B) Certain greenhouse gases are emitted with its use. C) It emits radiation. D) The resource is nonrenewable.
A) This resource is intermittent in nature.
Which of the following occupations is tasked with designing cities in such a way as to maximize their efficiency, functionality, and beauty? A) city planner B) regional planner C) ecologist D) member of the zoning commission
A) city planner
Plastic ________. A) from beverage containers is easily recyclable if uncapped, washed, and flattened B) polystyrene is considered a plastic contaminant C) from grocery bags is labeled with recycling symbols #1 and #2 D) containers from motor oil are recycled with beverage bottles to make new bottles E) not made from recyclables is made from renewable raw materials
A) from beverage containers is easily recyclable if uncapped, washed, and flattened
Worldwide, the fastest growing cities today are mostly ________. A) in developing nations, such as Delhi, India B) large cities worldwide, such as Paris, London, and Los Angeles C) the megacities such as Tokyo, Mexico City, and New York City D) cities in the northern United States, such as Chicago, Illinois, and Portland, Oregon E) small cities in the southern United States, such as Austin, Texas, and Raleigh, North Carolina
A) in developing nations, such as Delhi, India
Urban sprawl typically results in ________. A) increased commuting distances B) increased population densities C) decreased reliance on automobiles D) high-density housing outside of the central city narrower highways
A) increased commuting distances
Deep-well injection ________. A) involves putting hazardous wastes into layers of porous rock deep beneath human water supplies B) is a method of disposing of hazardous wastes in deep aquifers C) is a pool of strong acids on the land surface used for breaking down e-waste D) has been banned as unsafe by the Department of the Interior E) is the EPA-approved method of disposing of low-level radioactive wastes
A) involves putting hazardous wastes into layers of porous rock deep beneath human water supplies
To safeguard against groundwater contamination, sanitary landfills are ________. A) lined with plastic and clay B) lined with cement C) located in unpopulated areas D) located on industrial sites where groundwater is not used for drinking or agriculture E) located on slopes so water runs downhill
A) lined with plastic and clay
It costs less to operate an automobile in a small city than in a large city because ________. A) people generally drive fewer miles to and from work in a small city than in a large city B) automobiles generally cost less to purchase in a small city than in a large city C) people in smaller cities tend to use mass transit more than they do in large cities D) parking costs more in a large city than in a small city E) people tend to drive smaller cars in small cities than in large cities
A) people generally drive fewer miles to and from work in a small city than in a large city
The University of Florida's athletic program became carbon neutral because it _____. A) promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon B) recycled all paper used in its program and at football games C) replaced all vehicles with electric cars D) eliminated consumption of all plastics throughout its program and athletic events
A) promoted programs that reduced fossil fuel use and sequestered carbon
Industrial ecologists ________. A) redesign industrial systems to maximize physical and economic efficiency B) favor an economy that moves linearly rather than circularly C) primarily analyze industrial inputs D) advocate for taxes on green industries E) urge an emphasis on internal manufacturing costs rather than external costs
A) redesign industrial systems to maximize physical and economic efficiency
RCRA is a U.S. law enacted in the 1970s to ________. A) regulate how hazardous waste is handled B) protect endangered species C) regulate greenhouse gas emissions from power plants D) restrict use of off-road vehicles in national parks E) reduce environmental levels of the 12 most toxic chemicals, called the "dirty dozen"
A) regulate how hazardous waste is handled
To determine whether using a food crop as a source of biofuels is environmentally sustainable, one would have to consider all of the following EXCEPT: A) the corporate profits that would be made. B) the amount of fertilizers used and their impact on aquatic ecosystems. C) the impact on food supplies and prices. D) the amount of water and land necessary for the crops. E) the amount of pesticides used and their impact on biodiversity and groundwater.
A) the corporate profits that would be made.
Whether a hydrogen-based energy system is environmentally cleaner than a fossil fuel system depends on ________. A) the source of energy used to produce the hydrogen B) the source of oxygen used for the process governmental incentives for research C) the car driven D) the amount of fossil fuels that are invested in long-term storage
A) the source of energy used to produce the hydrogen
What sort of waste is predominantly generated by U.S. industrial facilities? A) wastewater B) organic C) radioactive D) heavy metals
A) wastewater
Which of the following statements are supported by the graph? Select all that apply. A) Rural populations are projected to drop in both more developed and less developed regions. B) In 2050, rural populations in less developed regions are projected to drop below 3 billion. C) In 1950, urban populations in more developed regions and less developed regions were almost equal. D) Urban growth in more developed regions is projected to be faster than urban growth in less developed regions. E) In 2050, urban populations in less developed regions are projected to reach 5 billion. F) Urban populations are growing because more people are moving from farms to cities.
A, B, C, E
What is specifically restricted outside of urban growth boundaries (UGBs) as mentioned in the video concerning the UGS put into place in 2007? Select all that apply. A) Population size is restricted according to zoning ordinances. B) The 2007 UGB restricts development that is on a large scale or that impacts sensitive natural areas outside its boundaries. C) Water use is restricted through rationing. D) Farming is restricted outside the UGB boundary.
B&C
Based on the yearly average values, calculate the solar radiation per square meter for one year. A) 130 kWh per year B) 1,560 kWh per year C) 370 kWh per year D) 4,440 kWh per year
B) 1,560 kWh per year
What is the difference between the amount of paper within the waste stream before and after recycling/composting? A) 1.2% B) 12.3% C) 16.2% D) 27.4%
B) 12.3%
Which decade was associated with the greatest percentage increase in the amount of waste disposed of in landfills? A) 1990s B) 1960s C) 1980s D) 2000s E) 1970s
B) 1960s
How many megawatt hours (MWh) per year of savings did the students identify for computers at the Penn State Mueller Laboratory Building? A) 12 MWh B) 30 MWh C) 120 MWh D) 10 MWh
B) 30 MWh
What was the net amount of uranium imported into the United States in 2005? A) 5 million pounds B) 45 million pounds C) 65 million pounds D) 20 million pounds
B) 45 million pounds
In 2000, how much solid waste did the average person in the United States produce? A) 220 metric tons per year B) 770 kilograms per year C) 190 metric tons per year D) 840 kilograms per year
B) 770 kilograms per year
Which of the following statements is the best description of the total MSW generation between 1960 and 2010? A) Between 1960 and 2010, total MSW generation increased steadily. B) Between 1960 and 2005, total MSW generation increased at a steady rate. After 2005, total generation leveled off. C) Between 1960 and 2010, total MSW generation remained constant. D) Between 1960 and 2000, total MSW generation increased. After 2000, total MSW generation declined.
B) Between 1960 and 2005, total MSW generation increased at a steady rate. After 2005, total generation leveled off.
__________ is the process of recovering organic waste through decomposition. A) Combustion B) Composting C) Recycling D) Recovery
B) Composting
Which statement about e-waste is accurate? A) E-waste is biodegradable. B) E-waste contains toxic heavy metals that can leach into the environment. C) Electronic devices die easily, so few of the devices thrown out in the United States could be reused. D) There is no financial incentive to recycle e-waste.
B) E-waste contains toxic heavy metals that can leach into the environment.
Hydroelectric power accounts for approximately how much of the world's electricity production? A) One-half B) One-sixth C) Two-thirds D) One-third
B) One-sixth
What is the largest component of the U.S. municipal solid waste stream? A) Metals B) Paper and paper products C) All varieties of plastics D) Yard waste
B) Paper and paper products
From the 1950s to the 1970s many cities experienced a loss in population as people left for the suburbs. Which one of the following is not a factor that led to this migration? A) Cities experienced a rise in unemployment and crime. B) People sought out the better public transportation options present in the suburbs. C) People liked the room and privacy of the larger houses and lots in the suburbs. D) Government subsidies built highways, making commuting from the suburbs into the cities easier.
B) People sought out the better public transportation options present in the suburbs.
Which of the following statements is true regarding sustainable cities? A) Sustainable cities usually have more garbage accumulation. B) Sustainable cities tend to be livable cities that provide a good quality of life for their residents. C) Sustainable cities usually have problems with sewage treatment. D) Sustainable cities do not typically limit sprawl.
B) Sustainable cities tend to be livable cities that provide a good quality of life for their residents.
How did the University of Florida help address the problem of global warming? A) The athletic program collected money during games to recycle newspapers and plastics. B) The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees. C) The athletic program eliminated all carbon emissions. D) The athletic program used solar energy during games to remove carbon dioxide from the air.
B) The athletic program reduced local energy consumption and planted trees.
Between 2000 and 2010, per capita generation of solid waste declined, but the total amount of MSW remained relatively constant. What caused the difference in these two trends? A) The amount of industrial waste was increasing. B) The total population was increasing. C) Per capita generation of waste is not included in the figures for total MSW generation. D) The answer cannot be determined from this graph.
B) The total population was increasing.
LEED-certified buildings could be described by all of the following EXCEPT: A) They are energy efficient. B) Their construction usually costs less than for conventional buildings. C) They have a reduced ecological footprint. D) They limit pollution and recycle wastes. E) They are built with sustainable materials.
B) Their construction usually costs less than for conventional buildings.
Historically, large cities have tended to develop ________. A) in locations where explorers first landed B) along trade routes C) away from large bodies of water that might cause flooding during storms D) within walking distance of hunting and gathering grounds E) their own agricultural areas within city limits
B) along trade routes
According to the figure, which of the following trends occurred from 1960 to 2000? A) a decrease in the amount of waste being combusted B) an increase in the amount of waste being recycled C) a decrease in the amount of waste sent to landfills D) an increase in the number of functioning landfills E) a decrease in the amount of waste produced
B) an increase in the amount of waste being recycled
Passive solar energy collection includes which of the following technologies? A) panels installed on roofs of houses B) buildings designed and building materials chosen to maximize their direct absorption of sunlight C) solar ovens D) heating of water using solar panels
B) buildings designed and building materials chosen to maximize their direct absorption of sunlight
Biodiesel ________. A) is the most common type of diesel in the United States B) can be used in vehicles with diesel engines without engine modification C) is produced from sugarcane D) produces more pollution than conventional diesel E) is twice as expensive as conventional diesel
B) can be used in vehicles with diesel engines without engine modification
LEED standards in the construction of new buildings establishes criteria that __________. A) limit construction to the use of recycled materials B) conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality C) encourage the consumption of local foods D) require that all energy used in the building comes from wind or solar sources
B) conserve energy and water and improve indoor air quality
The water reuse system on the campus of Georgia Southern University __________. A) collects runoff water from lawns and parking lots to water lawns and gardens on campus B) conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation C) uses tap water to water lawns and gardens and then catches and reuses any water that runs off of these systems D) uses water from campus sinks and toilets to water lawns and gardens on campus
B) conserves water by using treated city wastewater instead of city tap water for irrigation
The rotational energy of the blades of a wind turbine ________. A) generates as much greenhouse gases as burning natural gas B) drives a generator inside the nacelle compartment to produce electricity C) will not occur unless electricity is provided to generate the motion D) is so expensive to produce that no commercial development has been possible E) is used to generate hydrogen from water
B) drives a generator inside the nacelle compartment to produce electricity
Life-cycle analysis ________. A) is the study of statistical changes in the human population B) examines the life of products to increase efficiency C) is an environmental movement designed to reduce municipal traffic and encourage alternative forms of transport D) examines the cycling of carbon in the environment E) defines how different organisms interact within ecosystems
B) examines the life of products to increase efficiency
Which of the following represents the proper ranking of total primary energy consumed in the United States from the greatest to least used? A) renewables, fossil fuels, nuclear, hydropower B) fossil fuels, nuclear, hydropower, solar C) fossil fuels, hydropower, solar, nuclear D) nuclear, fossil fuels, hydropower, wind E) fossil fuels, hydropower, nuclear, geothermal
B) fossil fuels, nuclear, hydropower, solar
What is one problem associated with the incineration of solid waste? A) leachate the may contaminate groundwater B) hazardous chemicals are often created and released into the atmosphere C) the waste is radioactive D) the volume of waste increases
B) hazardous chemicals are often created and released into the atmosphere
The form of energy delivered to an electrical generating turbine in a geothermal facility is in the form of ________. A) molten magma B) hot water or steam C) radioactive isotopes D) heated hydrogen gas E) warm soils and crushed rock
B) hot water or steam
How can urbanization threaten communities and landscapes? A) increased population growth B) increased traffic jams C) increased crime D) climate change
B) increased traffic jams
Which of the following sectors produces the most hazardous waste? A) small businesses B) industry C) grocery stores D) residential
B) industry
Which of the following actions would not reduce the per capita generation of solid waste? A) composting kitchen scraps and yard waste B) installation of waste-to-energy incinerators C) recycling paper and plastic bottles D) reducing the volume of product packaging E) reusing items such as shopping bags and clothing
B) installation of waste-to-energy incinerators
Which of the following represents the largest waste disposal practice in the United States? A) recycling B) landfills C) incineration D) composting
B) landfills
What sort of process converts the mechanized energy in the ocean into electricity? A) wave energy B) ocean thermal energy conversion C) fuel cells D) geothermal energy
B) ocean thermal energy conversion
Which of the following approaches best helps congested cities deal with the problems related to transportation? A) double-deck all roads and have more limited-access expressways B) provide access to rail and bus transportation in the inner city or other high-density areas C) build more roads D) make the city transportation "bus only"
B) provide access to rail and bus transportation in the inner city or other high-density areas
Which of the following approaches would earn points toward LEED certification? A) building on a golf course B) recycling all construction wastes C) building a children's cancer hospital D) building with mahogany imported from Brazil E) building near a school
B) recycling all construction wastes
The best solution to the solid waste problem is to ________. A) increase the number of WTE facilities B) reduce the amount of material that enters the waste stream C) increase the number of sanitary landfills D) subsidize WTE facilities E) increase the number of oceanic burial sites
B) reduce the amount of material that enters the waste stream
This figure shows the population of Portland, Oregon, from 1850 to 2015. What is the explanation for the population trend from 1950 to 1980? A) the adoption of urban growth regulations that prohibited population growth B) the exodus of residents to the suburbs C) the preservation of sensitive habitat within Portland's borders D) growth driven by the shipping trade E) the downturn of Portland's economy caused by the crash of the stock market
B) the exodus of residents to the suburbs
A city undergoing gentrification is experiencing ________. A) an increase in violent crimes and an increase in vacancy and abandonment of homes B) the loss of working-class people from traditional neighborhoods as housing prices become too expensive C) white flight D) an aging population and a declining tax base E) urban decay
B) the loss of working-class people from traditional neighborhoods as housing prices become too expensive
Since 2009, for the first time ever, more people in the world are living in __________ areas than __________ areas. A) rural; urban B) urban; rural C) developed; urban D) developed; developing
B) urban; rural
Which of the following methods would be considered a type of passive solar energy collection? A) rooftop solar panels B) using heat-absorbing construction materials C) ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) D) photovoltaic cells E) rooftop flat-plate solar collectors
B) using heat-absorbing construction materials
What two waste products are produced by hydrogen fuel cells? A) oxygen and heat B) water and heat C) hydrogen and oxygen D) carbon dioxide and water
B) water and heat
Commercially available household photovoltaic systems cost approximately $20,000. The average cost of electricity in the United States is approximately $0.09 per kilowatt hour. At these prices how long would it take for the photovoltaic system to generate $20,000 of electricity? Assume the system will produce enough kilowatt hours for a four-person household in Topeka, Kansas. A) 0.1 year B) 35 years C) 12.5 years D) 50 years
C) 12.5 years
Based on the yearly average values, calculate one person's residential electricity needs for a year. A) 130 kWh per year B) 1,560 kWh per year C) 4,440 kWh per year D) 370 kWh per year
C) 4,440 kWh per year
The average American generates approximately ________ lbs. of solid waste per day. A) 13.7 B) 9 C) 4.4 D) 40 E) 1.5
C) 4.4
Estimate the total energy use at the lab building and the total estimated savings. Approximately what percentage of the total electrical energy use do these savings represent? A) 55% B) 5% C) 62% D) 95%
C) 62%
If efficiency of photovoltaic cells improves to 40%, how many square meters of photovoltaic cells would be needed for one person's yearly electricity use? A) 1.14 m2 B) 11.4 m2 C) 7.12 m2 D) 2.85 m2
C) 7.12 m2
Bagasse- and sugarcane-based ethanol are major items in the energy resources of ________. A) China B) Mexico C) Brazil D) the Maldives E) the United States
C) Brazil
What is the basis for the use of hydrogen fuel cells? A) It is an example of a renewable energy source in action. B) It will result in the release of pollution to the atmosphere. C) It is extremely energy-efficient. D) It has not been demonstrated to work for powering vehicles.
C) It is extremely energy-efficient.
How is compost used? A) It is used as animal feed. B) It is used to generate energy. C) It is used to enrich soil. D) It is used as building material.
C) It is used to enrich soil.
You are a member of a student committee at your college that is evaluating building energy use and potential savings. If your committee finds that your college's potential savings would be similar to those shown for Penn State, action in which area or combination of areas would result in approximately 5% energy savings? A) Printers and elevator B) HVAC C) Lighting D) Computers, printers, and elevator
C) Lighting
Which of the following statements about U.S. landfills is true? A) It is against the law to build anything on an abandoned landfill. B) Landfills should be kept as dry as possible to maintain high biodegradation levels. C) More than three-fourths of the landfills in the United States have been closed since 1988. D) There are more active landfills in existence today than ever before.
C) More than three-fourths of the landfills in the United States have been closed since 1988.
Which of the following is not something urban-sustainability advocates suggest that cities follow using ecosystem-centered models? A) Encourage urban agriculture B) Improve the soil through organic waste and wastewater techniques C) Reduce recycling initiatives D) Use locally produced resources
C) Reduce recycling initiatives
How can an engineered cover on landfills reduce decomposition of the trash? A) The cover causes paper to bond to plastic in the landfill. B) The cap prevents hawks and blue jays from decomposing the trash. C) The cover keeps the landfill dry, which decreases the ability of bacteria to decompose trash. D) The cover keeps the landfill moist on the inside, preventing decomposition.
C) The cover keeps the landfill dry, which decreases the ability of bacteria to decompose trash.
Paper and plastic waste share which of the following characteristics? A) They are both made from petrochemicals. B) They cannot be incinerated to produce energy. C) Their increased consumption leads to increased waste. D) They readily degrade in landfills. E) Both are more than 90% recycled in the United States.
C) Their increased consumption leads to increased waste.
What do chromium, mercury, copper, and tin have in common? A) They are all corrosive materials. B) They are all gases. C) They are heavy metals. D) They are ignitable.
C) They are heavy metals.
Which of the following is true regarding zoning laws? A) They have been outlawed in most cities. B) They discourage sprawl. C) They can encourage sprawl. D) They encourage sustainability.
C) They can encourage sprawl.
What is a potential, and likely, drawback to the deep-well injection of hazardous wastes? A) Large buildings must be constructed to house these wells. B) It is hard to drill very deep into the ground. C) Well casings can corrode leaking hazardous waste into soil, rock, and gravel. D) The wells tend to catch fire.
C) Well casings can corrode leaking hazardous waste into soil, rock, and gravel.
What are green buildings? A) buildings covered in vines and plant life that enable energy-efficient cooling and heating as well as providing food B) inexpensively constructed buildings that help save taxpayers a lot of money C) buildings constructed out of sustainable materials, which limit the use of energy and water, minimize health impacts, control pollution, and recycle waste D) buildings painted green to help reflect sunlight
C) buildings constructed out of sustainable materials, which limit the use of energy and water, minimize health impacts, control pollution, and recycle waste
The conversion of organic waste to mulch or humus usable for enriching soil by encouraging natural biological processes of decomposition in a controlled manner is called __________. A) compromising B) combustion C) composting D) composition
C) composting
The Neutral Gator program used methods that _____. A) reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere B) increased production of carbon dioxide C) decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere D) decreased production of carbon dioxide
C) decreased production of carbon dioxide and reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere
One common way to increase the sustainability of a food system is to buy and consume __________. A) food that is individually wrapped B) meat instead of fruits and vegetables C) foods that are grown locally D) processed foods that require little to no preparation before consumption
C) foods that are grown locally
American cities in the northern United States, such as Chicago, Philadelphia, and Detroit, ________. A) have maintained a steady-state population since the 1970s B) have steadily lost population over the past 100 years C) grew very rapidly in the 19th and early 20th centuries D) have always grown rapidly and continue to do so E) have increased their rate of growth dramatically in the past 20 years
C) grew very rapidly in the 19th and early 20th centuries
Why does the average U.S. citizen create more waste today than 50 years ago? A) lack of composting facilities B) high rates of recycling C) higher rates of consumption D) lack of landfill space
C) higher rates of consumption
Which of the following was most influential in shifting the population of developed countries from the farms to the cities? A) more farmland available per capita B) light rail systems C) industrialization D) Catholicism
C) industrialization
Of the following, ________ produce(s) the largest amount of hazardous waste. A) building demolitions B) households C) industry D) utilities E) agriculture
C) industry
All of the following are considered to define types of hazardous waste except ________. A) corrosive B) ignitable C) inert D) toxic E) reactive
C) inert
Wind turbines convert the wind's __________ energy into electricity. A) potential B) solar C) kinetic D) chemical
C) kinetic
Compared to the use of fossil fuels for generating electricity, wind energy ________. A) requires very little investment B) is more consistent C) produces no exhaust pollutants and contributes little to global climate change D) is less renewable E) is more widely used in the United States
C) produces no exhaust pollutants and contributes little to global climate change
Harvesting fuelwood at unsustainably high rates often leads to ________. A) more land being available for corn fields B) higher levels of plant biodiversity C) soil erosion and desertification D) removal of pest insect species E) increases in soil fertility
C) soil erosion and desertification
What is the term that refers to the reduction of the amount of waste entering the waste stream? A) inventory B) liquidation C) source reduction D) recycling
C) source reduction
What are smaller communities that surround cities called? A) urban growth boundaries B) highways C) suburbs D) towns
C) suburbs
Volume of waste recovered by composting was insignificant until ________. A) 1980 B) 2009 C) the late 1980s D) 2000 E) the early 1960s
C) the late 1980s
The practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use is referred to as ________. A) deregulation B) urbanism C) zoning D) boundary-setting E) green-washing
C) zoning
What practice classifies areas for different types of land use? A) urban growth boundaries B) smart growth technologies C) zoning D) sprawl
C) zoning
A potential energy source from oceans is ________. A) chemiluminescent bacteria B) solar reflection C) lightning strikes in salt water D) ocean thermal energy E) magnetic field generators
D) ocean thermal energy
The student report estimated $45,500 in electricity savings. What was the approximate cost of electricity in cents per kilowatt hour (kWh) used to calculate this savings? A) 0.027 cents per kWh B) $2.70 per kWh C) 27 cents per kWh D) 2.7 cents per kWh
D) 2.7 cents per kWh
Of the following renewable energy resources, which one has the highest life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions? A) Solar power B) Hydropower C) Wind power D) Biomass
D) Biomass
________ built the first offshore wind farm in 1991. A) France B) Spain C) Mexico D) Denmark E) The United States
D) Denmark
What sort of threat does wind energy pose to certain kinds of wildlife? A) The force of the wind emitted can divert the flight path of birds and other flying animals. B) Wires leading to the nacelle are often exposed, and this can shock creatures such as squirrels. C) The towers can topple during storms. D) Flying creatures such as birds and bats are killed when they fly into wind turbine blades.
D) Flying creatures such as birds and bats are killed when they fly into wind turbine blades.
As recycling and composting efforts have grown, what has occurred with the annual amount of waste sent to landfills? A) It has stayed the same. B) It has disproportionally increased. C) It has increased. D) It has decreased.
D) It has decreased.
What prevents the contamination of groundwater in landfills? A) Locating them below the water table B) Locating them in deserts C) Locating them in layers of impermeable rock D) Locating them at least 6 meters above the water table and lining them with a heavy duty plastic
D) Locating them at least 6 meters above the water table and lining them with a heavy duty plastic
Which of the following types of hazardous waste are unstable and pose dangers when in contact with other compounds? A) Toxic B) Corrosive C) Ignitable D) Reactive
D) Reactive
What is an abandoned waste site that poses a direct threat to health and the environment, designated to have U.S. government funds applied to its cleanup? A) hazardous waste site B) landfill leachate-producing site C) surface impoundment site D) Superfund site
D) Superfund site
How is the generation of municipal solid waste likely to change in the next 20 years? A) Total municipal waste generation will continue at its current rate. B) Per capita generation of waste will continue to decline. C) Total municipal waste generation will decline. D) The answer cannot be determined from the graph.
D) The answer cannot be determined from the graph.
How does planting trees offset carbon generated by the University of Florida athletic program? A) The planted trees will be cut down to produce paper products for the athletic program. B) The planted trees will be cut down to produce construction materials for the athletic program. C) The planted trees will be burned to generate electricity for the athletic program. D) The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow.
D) The planted trees will sequester carbon dioxide from the air as they grow.
How is the sun's energy production different from the process in which energy is produced in current nuclear power plants? A) Both the sun and nuclear power plants release energy through the chemical reaction of hydrogen and helium. B) The sun releases energy through nuclear fission, whereas our current nuclear power technology releases energy through nuclear fusion. C) Both the sun and nuclear power plants release energy through the chemical reaction of uranium and hydrogen. D) The sun releases energy through nuclear fusion, whereas our current nuclear power technology releases energy through nuclear fission.
D) The sun releases energy through nuclear fusion, whereas our current nuclear power technology releases energy through nuclear fission.
How is wind energy related to solar energy? A) Solar energy heats windmills and allows them to conduct electricity. B) Windmills turn to produce electricity that then increases the sun's power. C) Wind energy produces solar energy. D) Wind energy is the result of the sun's producing wind.
D) Wind energy is the result of the sun's producing wind.
The bioenergy garden at Georgia Southern University is used to show plants that can be used __________. A) to conserve water B) to directly generate electricity from photosynthesis in the leaves C) as landscaping, providing energy-saving shade to homes and businesses D) as biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
D) as biofuels that will not add any extra carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
Heavy metals ________. A) are unregulated by the U.S. government B) are not harmful unless they are directly ingested C) become less hazardous after incineration D) bioaccumulate in animal tissues E) become less hazardous over time as they degrade chemically
D) bioaccumulate in animal tissues
Which of the following consume the bulk of the electricity used in the United States? A) automobiles B) street lights C) tire production D) buildings
D) buildings
The best way to reduce plastic in landfills is to ________. A) urge the government to pass more bottle bills B) use biodegradable plastic items C) reuse beverage bottles D) buy products produced locally with minimal packaging E) increase use of recycled items
D) buy products produced locally with minimal packaging
How can consumers decrease waste generation? A) by choosing to purchase only imported goods B) by choosing to buy locally made goods C) by purchasing goods with the Energy Star label D) by choosing minimally packaged goods
D) by choosing minimally packaged goods
Recently, how has Germany reduced its dependence on fossil fuels? A) by mass producing biogas resources B) by utilizing fusion power C) by subsidizing the hydraulic fracturing production in oil shale deposits D) by utilizing the feed-in tariff system
D) by utilizing the feed-in tariff system
Substances that degrade the metals that make up storage tanks or equipment are called __________. A) toxics B) ignitables C) alkaline caustic agents D) corrosives
D) corrosives
If current trends continue, the United States is likely to A) increase domestic production and increase imports and exports. B) decrease domestic production and decrease imports and exports. C) increase domestic production and decrease imports and exports. D) decrease domestic production and increase imports and exports.
D) decrease domestic production and increase imports and exports.
Fans attending University of Florida athletic events are responsible for providing carbon offsets for _____. A) any use of hot water in the stadium, which is heated using gas B) all plastic products used in the stadium to provide fans with food and beverages C) any use of electricity in the stadium D) fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium
D) fossil fuels used to get fans to and from the stadium
All of the following factors have contributed to movement of people to suburbs EXCEPT: A) better economic opportunities. B) better schools. C) lower crime rates. D) greater availability of mass transit. E) more space.
D) greater availability of mass transit.
The urban heat island effect is caused by ________. A) air warmed over adjacent oceans blowing into urban areas B) nuclear power plants venting excess heat into the urban landscape C) street lighting and burning of wastes in landfills D) heat-generating buildings and dark, heat-absorbing surfaces E) green buildings
D) heat-generating buildings and dark, heat-absorbing surfaces
Suburban living encourages ________. A) increased agricultural activities B) walking, riding bicycles, and other kinds of physical activity C) driving electric cars D) increased use of automobiles E) investment in and improvement of downtown centers
D) increased use of automobiles
The Fresh Kills Landfill ________. A) is a Superfund site located in Philadelphia B) collapsed onto a residential neighborhood because it had been filled to too great a height C) is New York's first and only modern sanitary landfill D) is being converted into a public park E) will remain open until late 2020
D) is being converted into a public park
Hydropower uses the __________ energy of water to generate electricity. A) nuclear B) static C) potential D) kinetic
D) kinetic
Which type of analysis is performed by industrial ecologists when they examine a product from its beginning as a raw material until its disposal? A) full-term analysis B) disposal-tracking analysis C) reverse-engineering analysis D) life-cycle analysis
D) life-cycle analysis
While Kayla is driving along a busy highway just outside a major city, she suddenly comes to a standstill in traffic. For the first time ever, she notices that alongside the highway are stretches of forest and wetland. She hears the noise of frogs and insects and birds that she never would have noticed if not trapped in traffic. Why does Kayla never notice these natural wonders on her route? A) thermal pollution B) light pollution C) acid rain D) noise pollution
D) noise pollution
Which of the following is an example of a product found in a "throwaway society," such as the United States? A) reusable cloth diapers B) fine silverware C) reusable razor blades D) paper napkins
D) paper napkins
The earthworms, fungi, and bacteria in your compost pile will NOT be happy if you give them ________. A) grass clippings B) autumn leaves C) food scraps D) plastic E) paper
D) plastic
Closing the recycling loop refers to ________. A) avoiding contamination of plastic and paper collectables during sorting B) covering landfills once they have outlived their usefulness and converting the sites to public parks C) composting of biodegradable plastic D) purchasing items made from recycled materials E) finding ways to recycle all plastics, including polystyrene
D) purchasing items made from recycled materials
Which of the following follows the philosophy of "building up, not out"? A) sprawl B) unbridled growth C) subdivisions D) smart growth
D) smart growth
The birth of __________ initiated the phenomenon of sprawl. A) cities B) farms C) schools D) suburbs
D) suburbs
What does the red line on the graph represent? A) the average amount of solid waste generated by each household in the United States per year B) the period of time in years C) the total amount of solid waste generated by all people in the United States per year D) the average amount of solid waste generated by each person in the United States per year
D) the average amount of solid waste generated by each person in the United States per year
How can solid waste incineration be of benefit? A) the fly ash can be used as compost or mulch B) it can be used to clean the air C) it can generate methane D) the heat from waste combustion can be used to generate energy
D) the heat from waste combustion can be used to generate energy
All of the following are drawbacks of corn-based ethanol production, EXCEPT: A) inputs of fossil fuel energy. B) depletion of fresh water. C) increased use of pesticides. D) the inability to store the product. E) increased use of fertilizers.
D) the inability to store the product.
One group proposes to convert the base to a new city suburb, with low-cost housing for several thousand of the current inner-city residents. A possible major problem with this might include ________. A) insufficient recreational opportunities for the new suburb B) that the inner-city residents may not be able to fully appreciate the natural areas and miss the inner-city quality of life C) the highway traffic to and from the city D) the lack of jobs and lack of transportation to jobs E) that there is no guarantee that the buildings are in good condition
D) the lack of jobs and lack of transportation to jobs
What environmental problem is being addressed by the use of bio swales, large vegetated ditches or depressions, on the campus of Georgia Southern University? A) the production of biofuels used to generate electricity on campus B) the local production of food C) a shortage of water for irrigating lawns and landscaping D) the pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots
D) the pollution of streams by oily runoff water from parking lots
What is the ultimate source for geothermal energy? A) rocks melting into magma due to geysers B) ignition due to crude oil and natural gas deposits C) magma that wells up from Earth's core D) the radioactive decay of elements deep within Earth
D) the radioactive decay of elements deep within Earth
Which of the following is a problem that occurs within cities because of the concentrated use of energy in buildings and vehicles and the large amount of dark surfaces that absorb solar energy? A) global warming B) light pollution C) noise pollution D) the urban heat island effect
D) the urban heat island effect
As an ecological resource manager, your preliminary environmental studies should include inquiry into whether ________. A) the financial situation of some potential investors is shaky B) the lake should be provided with docks and a marina for sport fishermen C) a new housing development just outside the city limits may increase traffic on the connecting highway D) the wetlands include oyster beds and shallow estuaries that are habitats for shrimp, crabs, and fish which are supporting many local industries E) the city needs to obtain a great deal of revenue from the final choice
D) the wetlands include oyster beds and shallow estuaries that are habitats for shrimp, crabs, and fish which are supporting many local industries
Photovoltaic technology is best described as ________. A) using the sun's energy to warm a room without mechanical devices B) trapping the sun's heat and storing it for various uses C) using mirrors to concentrate sunlight, in order to heat water and produce steam for electricity generation D) using sunlight to directly generate electricity E) a passive solar technology
D) using sunlight to directly generate electricity
Approximately ________% of all U.S. residents are served by curbside recycling programs, and the part of the U.S. waste stream that is recycled (not including composting) is currently about ________%. A) 50; 50 B) 30; 30 C) 30; 90 D) 70; 73 E) 70; 25
E) 70; 25
Recycling aluminum cans saves ________% of the energy needed to make the same amount of aluminum from virgin bauxite. A) 50 B) 70 C) 25 D) 80 E) 95
E) 95
A "throwaway mentality" and increased packaging have amplified the consumption of paper and plastic in our society. Disposable plates, cups, and utensils are convenient, sanitary, and inexpensive, and packaging preserves freshness, prevents breakage, protects against tampering, provides information to consumers, and allows shipment of products over long distances. However, paper and plastic do not degrade readily in sanitary landfills. Garbologist William Rathje found legible newspapers in landfills decades after disposal. Because trees used to make virgin paper and petrochemicals used to make plastics may soon become depleted, source reduction is the best solution to the waste dilemma. Denmark has banned the use of nonrefillable beverage containers, and McDonald's restaurants in Austria and Sweden have been using biodegradable, compostable cutlery. Recycling has value as well, as long as the recycling loop is closed and people purchase recycled items. Bottle bills and municipal curbside collection provide recycling incentives. Paper recycling is profitable if waste is properly sorted. All kinds of paper and cardboard are recyclable. Food and paperboard (noncorrugated thin coated board such as cereal boxes) can contaminate collections, however, reducing their value. After processing, paper and cardboard are used to make paper towels and paperboard for packaging cereal, shoes, and toys. Uncapped, washed, and flattened plastic is recycled into carpets, pillows, and new bottles. Although low-density polyethylene (LDPE), from which grocery bags are made, is the most widely used plastic, beverage bottle polyethylene terephthalate, or PET(E), and high-density polyethylene, or HDPE, are the most widely recycled plastics. Containers from toxic substances such as motor oil, pesticides, and solvents are not usually accepted with collected plastic because of contamination. Methods to reuse and recycle polystyrene are in development, although presently, Styrofoam is not collected with other plastics and is considered a contaminant as well. ________ can contaminate wastepaper and decrease the value of collected paper and cardboard. A) Paper shopping bags B) Office papers C) Corrugated cardboard boxes D) Newspapers E) Cereal boxes
E) Cereal boxes
________ is the conversion of organic waste into mulch or humus. A) Cogeneration B) Compacting C) Injecting D) Reusing E) Composting
E) Composting
Pat and Terry are considering moving from near the center of a large city into the suburbs. Which of the following discussion points is valid? A) They'll experience more stress if they move to the suburbs. B) If they move to the suburbs, it will cost much less for transportation. C) If they stay in the city, they'll probably get less exercise. D) If they stay in the city, they will contribute more to local pollution. E) It will be easier to have a place for a vegetable garden if they move to the suburbs.
E) It will be easier to have a place for a vegetable garden if they move to the suburbs.
________ strongly influences the amount of energy generated from hydropower. A) The temperature of reservoir water B) Latitude C) The phase of the moon D) The temperature of water in the boiler and turbine E) The volume of water released and the height of the fall
E) The volume of water released and the height of the fall
Greenways ________. A) are waterways within city parks B) prohibit hiking and biking or recreational opportunities C) are urban golf courses D) contain parks that are large enough to harbor populations of exotic flora and fauna E) are links that provide pathways for wildlife to travel between parks and preserves
E) are links that provide pathways for wildlife to travel between parks and preserves
Worldwide, the most widely used renewable energy resource is ________. A) wind B) solar C) hydroelectric D) nuclear E) bioenergy
E) bioenergy
Although photovoltaic electricity is considered a "clean" power source, one issue with this electricity is that it ________. A) is dangerous if stored too long B) is not sufficiently understood C) is less efficient than fossil fuels D) will be replaced shortly with other sources of power for homes E) cannot be stored easily in large quantities
E) cannot be stored easily in large quantities
The role of zoning is to ________. a) promote taxation according to land use B) promote urbanization C) run city governments like the federal government D) integrate agriculture with urban land use E) classify areas for different types of urban development and land use
E) classify areas for different types of urban development and land use
Which of the following are documented negative impacts of dams? A) increased atmospheric carbon dioxide and CFCs B) acid deposition C) alteration of river salinity D) increased carbon monoxide emissions, decreased rainfall E) flooding, habitat destruction, alteration of river sediment deposition
E) flooding, habitat destruction, alteration of river sediment deposition
E-wastes are a source of ________. A) radioactive materials B) compostable organic compounds C) ignitables D) acid corrosives E) heavy and precious metals
E) heavy and precious metals
The EPA is charged with cleaning up brownfields, which are ________. A) urban areas contaminated by acid drainage from mining B) coastal sea grass beds damaged by industrial dumping C) desert regions used for unsafe nuclear waste disposal D) agricultural lands polluted by acid and heavy metals E) lands whose reuse or development is complicated by the presence of hazardous materials
E) lands whose reuse or development is complicated by the presence of hazardous materials
All of the following are landscaping features of green buildings EXCEPT: A) rooftops planted with vegetation. B) the use of plants that are native to the area where the building is being constructed. C) rain gardens that absorb runoff. D) planting deciduous trees to allow light to pass in the winter and shade buildings in the summer. E) landscaping with AstroTurf in dry environments.
E) landscaping with AstroTurf in dry environments.
Of the following, ________ are classified as hazardous heavy metals. A) any non-biodegradable materials B) nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium C) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen D) aluminum, iron, silicon E) lead, mercury, cadmium
E) lead, mercury, cadmium
From the 1960s to 2005, the trend was that ________ over time. A) less waste was recovered for recycling B) less waste was sent to landfills C) there have been equal ratios of land disposal, combustion, and recovery D) less overall waste was produced E) more overall waste was produced
E) more overall waste was produced
More and more wind farms are being located ________ because winds are stronger there. A) in mature forests B) in the Arctic C) in densely populated urban areas D) in deserts E) offshore
E) offshore
The original purpose of parks in eastern U.S. cities was to ________. A) provide open places for picnics and games, such as football, cricket, and lawn tennis B) provide protected places for hunting foxes, birds, and deer C) provide wildlife sanctuaries within cities D) protect passenger pigeons, Carolina parakeets, and other rapidly declining species E) provide a European style experience of the beauty and intimacy of formal landscapes
E) provide a European style experience of the beauty and intimacy of formal landscapes
An urban growth boundary (UGB) is intended to ________. A) help an area retain its distinctive character B) maintain low housing costs for the average homeowner C) enforce certain restrictions within neighborhoods D) ensure that businesses do not locate in residential areas E) provide guidelines for city development to separate areas desired to be urban from areas desired to be rural
E) provide guidelines for city development to separate areas desired to be urban from areas desired to be rural
A major advantage of solar power is that ________. A) all regions are sunny enough to provide adequate power with current technology B) the only emissions are carbon dioxide and water C) it is inexpensive compared to other renewable energy sources D) there is a lack of knowledge on long-term impacts E) solar systems provide local, decentralized control over power
E) solar systems provide local, decentralized control over power
The first stage in generating power from a hydrogen fuel cell is to ________. A) split methane (CH4) into hydrogen atoms and carbon B) reduce water to hydrogen and oxygen gases C) convert water into a hydrocarbon D) react water with CO2 E) split hydrogen atoms into hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons
E) split hydrogen atoms into hydrogen ions (H+) and electrons
Ethanol produced from bioenergy starts with ________ produced by ________. A) hydrogen gas; wind turbines B) ammonia; anaerobic bacteria C) CO2; burning fossil fuels D) methane; sewage sludge E) starch; corn or sugar cane
E) starch; corn or sugar cane
Mass transit systems include all of the following EXCEPT: A) subways. B) light rail. C) buses. D) commuter rail. E) taxicabs.
E) taxicabs.
Passive solar power involves using ________. A) silicon wafers to generate light energy B) mirrors to concentrate the sun's rays on a tower or a series of pipes holding water C) photovoltaic cells to produce light energy D) mechanical devices to heat water and buildings or electrical devices to generate electricity E) the energy of sunlight without relying on electrical or mechanical devices
E) the energy of sunlight without relying on electrical or mechanical devices
People who seek to improve resource sustainability of our cities urge us to ________. A) use zoning and taxation to promote livable cities B) oppose strict limits on growth (UGBs) C) find a balance between imports and exports of resources D) maintain a steady pattern of growth and development E) use renewable energy sources and recycle materials
E) use renewable energy sources and recycle materials
Which of the following would be characteristic of sprawl? A) an empty, ruined temple surrounded by nothing but grasslands and herds of wild animals B) a state university surrounded by miles and miles of businesses and dwellings housed in large multi-story structures C) a few single-family dwellings near the edge of an enormous forest, adjacent to some cabbage farms and D) a small town situated 15 miles to the north E) widely spaced homes spread evenly across a vast tract of land
E) widely spaced homes spread evenly across a vast tract of land
Hydroelectric, solar, and wind power are well-known types of renewable energy. Can you identify some of their advantages and disadvantages? Drag the labels onto the tables to identify advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric, solar, and wind power. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
advantage: no fossil fuel required for production types: hydroelectric, solar, and wind advantage: generation process is pollution-free types: solar and wind advantage: production can be increased on demand type: hydroelectric only advantage: infinitely renewable types: solar and wind disadvantage: geographically limited types: hydroelectric, solar, and wind disadvantage: harmful to nearby wildlife types: hydroelectric, solar, and wind
