Ex 3
Which flow tube length had the greatest flow rate? 10 mm 40 mm 20 mm 30 mm All flow tube lengths had the same flow rate.
10 nm
Which of the following changes would produce the greatest change in total peripheral resistance? 10%% change in vessel diameter 10%% change in blood viscosity 10%% change in vessel length 10%% change in cardiac output
10%% change in vessel diameter
Measurements in a nephron reveal a glomerular hydrostatic pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a fluid pressure in the Bowman's capsule of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the plasma colloid osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtered by the glomerulus, what is the net glomerular filtration pressure in this case? Net filtration pressure (NFP) = glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (GBHP) - [capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) + blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)]
24
Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.
25
What is the normal range for glomerular filtration rate? 80 - 140 ml/min 200 - 250 ml/min 20 - 40 ml/min 1 - 5 ml/min
80 - 140 ml/min
If a female has a blood pressure of 120/80, her mean arterial pressure would be 120 = SBP systolic pressure 80 = DPB diabolic pressure MAP = DBP + 1/3 (SBP - DBP) [mm Hg] PP = SBP - DBP
93
Increased pressure in the ventricles would close what valve(s)? semilunar valves only both semilunar and AV valves AV valves only
AV valves only
________ are also known as the pressure reservoir of the cardiovascular system. Capillaries Veins Arterioles Venules Arteries
Arteries
Which type of vessel changes most to regulate resistance to blood flow? Why? Arterioles, because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls Arteries, because of the large amount of muscle in their walls Arterioles, because they are the only type of vessel with an adjustable diameter Veins, because they are the lowest-pressure vessels and can thus develop greater pressure increases with regulation
Arterioles, because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls
The AV node is important because it A) directs electrical impulses from the ventricles to the atria. B) slows the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting. C) serves as the pacemaker in a normal heart. D) electrically opens the AV valves. E) None of these answers are correct.
B) slows the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the atria to finish contracting.
The three filtration barriers that substances must pass through when leaving the blood and entering the tubule lumen are the glomerular capillary endothelium, the epithelium of Bowman's capsule, and which other structure? Granular cells Macula densa Efferent arteriole Basement membrane
Basement membrane
As blood flows away from the heart, how does overall blood pressure in vessels change? Why?
Blood pressure decreases, because of the effects of friction between the vessel walls and the moving blood.
What is the main factor in the net driving force for filtration in the glomerulus? Capsular hydrostatic pressure Colloid osmotic pressure Capillary hydrostatic pressure Glomerular filtration rate
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
A patient is vomiting and has diarrhea. Which would you expect? [increased/decreased] blood volume and [increased/decreased] blood pressure
Decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure
Which is the correct relationship among pressure, flow, and resistance? Flow is directly proportional to change in both pressure and resistance. Flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance. Flow is inversely proportional to change in both pressure and resistance. Flow is inversely proportional to change in pressure and directly proportional to resistance.
Flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance.
Where does all filtration take place in the kidneys? Loop of Henle Glomerulus Collecting duct Proximal convoluted tubule
Glomerulus
What is the role of heart valves?
Heart valves ensure one-way flow of blood through the heart chambers.
Which of the following is correct about the filling of the ventricles? Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves. The majority of ventricular filling is caused by contraction of the atria.
Most blood flows passively into the ventricles through open AV valves.
Using a sphygmomanometer, a nurse measures a patient's blood pressure as 134/86. What are the patient's pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure? PP = SBP - DBP MAP = DBP + 1/3 PP
PP = 48 mm Hg and MAP = 102 mm Hg
Describe the pressures in the atria and ventricles that would cause the opening of the AV valves. Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles. Pressures in the atria and ventricles would be equal. Pressure in the ventricles would be greater than in the atria.
Pressure in the atria would be greater than the pressure in the ventricles.
Abnormally slow conduction through the ventricles would change the ________ in an ECG tracing. QRS complex RT interval T wave PR interval P wave
QRS complex
Secretion is similar to ____. Reabsorption, because in both, substances cross endothelial cells lining the peritubular capillaries and epithelial cells lining the nephron tubule Filtration, because in both, substances cross endothelial cells lining the glomerulus and epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule Filtration, because in both, substances cross endothelial cells lining the peritubular capillaries and epithelial cells lining the nephron tubule Reabsoprtion, because in both, substances cross endothelial cells lining the glomerulus and epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule
Reabsorption, because in both, substances cross endothelial cells lining the peritubular capillaries and epithelial cells lining the nephron tubule
Which tissue in the walls of blood vessels allows for regulation of vessel diameter? Cardiac muscle Neural tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle
Which electrical event happens at the start of a cardiac cycle? The SA node fires. Blood is ejected from the atrium. The P wave develops. Ventricular systole occurs. Atrial systole occurs.
The SA node fires.
If all glucose is normally reabsorbed in the proximal tubule of the nephron, why do people with diabetes have glucose in their urine?
The plasma concentration is greater than the renal threshold.
What effect would an increase in blood volume have on the resistance to blood flow? Resistance would decrease, since the greater volume would cause the veins to stretch more. Resistance would increase, because more blood would be harder to push through the vessels. Resistance would increase, because the increased volume would stretch the arteries to a greater degree. There would be no effect; blood volume and resistance to blood flow are not directly linked.
There would be no effect; blood volume and resistance to blood flow are not directly linked.
________: the amount of friction blood encounters during flow through blood vessels.
Total peripheral resistance
Which of the following tube would have the highest flow rate? Tube 1: water flowing in a 4-centimeter-long tube with a radius of 4 millimeters Tube 2: water flowing in a 2-centimeter-long tube with a radius of 8 millimeters Tube 3: blood flowing in a 4-centimeter-long tube with a radius of 4 millimeters
Tube 2
A patient takes a beta2 receptor antagonist. Which of the following would you expect? Vasoconstriction in blood vessels supplying the gastrointestinal tract Vasodilation in blood vessels supplying the liver Vasoconstriction in blood vessels supplying the liver Vasodilation in blood vessels supplying the gastrointestinal tract
Vasoconstriction in blood vessels supplying the liver
Which blood vessels return blood to the heart?
Veins
In a normal kidney, which condition would increase glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? a decrease in the net glomerular filtration pressure an increase in the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule constriction of the afferent arteriole a decrease in the hydrostatic pressure of the glomerulus a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood
a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood
Which of the following describes the order in which blood flows through the nephron? efferent arteriole, glomerulus, afferent arteriole afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, glomerulus glomerulus, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole
afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole
Smooth muscle is present in the walls of arteries only. muscular arteries only. veins only. all vessel types except capillaries and venules. all vessel types.
all vessel types except capillaries and venules
blood vessels in order of highest to lowest (the order in which blood flows from the heart through the circulatory system)
aorta arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins venae cavae
Autorhythmic cells have organized sarcomeres. are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat. contribute to the force of contraction. are the same size as myocardial contractile cells. None of the answers are correct.
are also called pacemakers because they set the rate of the heartbeat.
Stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as ________ are located in some artery walls. elasticeptors nociceptors chemoreceptors baroreceptors
baroreceptors
Which valves have chordae tendineae? A) aortic and pulmonary valves B) bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid valves C) valves in veins D) semilunar valves E) coronary valves
bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid valves
(15) Perfusion is
blood flow through an organ.
_______: the force of the blood against the vessel wall.
blood pressure
Which of the following is occurring during systole? more stress is placed on arterial walls blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls blood pressure increases and pulse pressure decreases blood pressure increases pulse pressure decreases
blood pressure increases and more stress is placed on arterial walls
[15, 33] Which is greater? blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases blood pressure when parasympathetic stimulation to the heart increases
blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases
Which is greater? blood pressure when the peripheral vessels dilate blood pressure when the peripheral vessels constrict
blood pressure when the peripheral vessels constrict
Blood pressure would INCREASE as a result of a DECREASE in __________. View Available Hint(s) Hint 1. Factors affecting blood pressure. A decrease in either cardiac output or total peripheral resistance decreases blood pressure. You're looking for some other factor that, when decreased, causes blood pressure to increase instead. blood vessel diameter blood viscosity blood volume cardiac output
blood vessel diameter
Which of the following has the greatest effect on blood flow? blood vessel radius blood vessel length Blood vessel radius, viscosity and blood vessel length all have an equal effect. viscosity
blood vessel radius
________: the friction red blood cells encounter when moving past each other. blood viscosity blood pressure total peripheral resistance cardiac output
blood viscosity
Blood pressure and cardiac output can be altered according to body temperature, emotional responses, and blood oxygen levels. blood oxygen levels. body temperature. emotional responses. body temperature and emotional responses.
body temperature, emotional responses, and blood oxygen levels.
During the plateau phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells, which ion(s) is/are crossing the membrane?
both Ca2+ and K+
_________: the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle each minute.
cardiac output
Blood pressure and flow to the brain are monitored by receptors located in the wall of the venae cavae. cerebral arteries. cephalic arteries. aorta. carotid artery.
carotid artery.
Which of the following would best help a clinician understand how well the kidney was able to remove a substance from the body? filtration of the substance reabsorption of the substance secretion of the substance clearance of the substance the concentration of the substance in the plasma
clearance of the substance
When blood pressure is normal, the receptors in arterial walls fire action potentials very seldom. continuously.
continuously
If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?
decrease
When blood pressure receptors sense a loss of blood pressure, they ________ their firing rate. decrease increase
decrease
What is the effect of increased viscosity?
decreased flow rate
How would a decrease in blood volume affect both stroke volume and cardiac output? decreased stroke volume and decreased cardiac output decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output no change in stroke volume and decreased cardiac output increased stroke volume and increased cardiac output
decreased stroke volume and no change in cardiac output
The P wave of an ECG corresponds to depolarization of the atria. repolarization of the atria. the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization. repolarization of the ventricles. None of the answers are correct.
depolarization of the atria
Which condition would have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance? doubling the turbulence of the blood doubling the diameter of a vessel doubling the number of white cells in the blood doubling the length of a vessel doubling the viscosity of the blood
doubling the diameter of a vessel
The term used to describe the amount of blood in the ventricle available to be pumped out of the heart during the next contraction is stroke volume (SV). cardiac output (CO). end-diastolic volume (EDV). heart rate (HR). end-systolic volume (ESV).
end-diastolic volume (EDV).
The inner lining of blood vessels is called basal lamina. endostatin. endothelium. endoangium. endocardium.
endothelium
The purpose of valves in the cardiovascular system is to ensure that blood flows in one direction. prevent blood from flowing too quickly. regulate blood pressure. provide the force for circulation. provide sounds so that heart health can be monitored.
ensure that blood flows in one direction.
Which of the following would increase heart rate? increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system epinephrine and norepinephrine acetylcholine
epinephrine and norepinephrine
When threshold is reached at the SA node (an autorhythmic cell), what channels open causing further depolarization of the membrane? potassium slow calcium fast sodium fast calcium
fast calcium
Action potentials generated by the autorhythmic cells spread to the contractile cells through what structures in the membrane?
gap junctions
Which structures form the filtration membrane in the nephron? efferent arteriole and the glomerular capsule afferent arteriole and the glomerular capsule afferent arteriole and the efferent arteriole glomerulus and the glomerular capsule
glomerulus and the glomerular capsule
What causes the aortic semilunar valve to close? higher ventricular pressure than aortic pressure greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle equal ventricular and aortic pressures
greater pressure in the aorta than in the left ventricle
Increasing blood vessel length _______.
has the same effect as decreasing blood vessel radius and increases resistance to flow
Which of the following correctly indicates the direction of the different forces causing filtration in the renal corpuscle (of fluid flow into or out of Bowman's capsule from the glomerular capillaries)? Blood hydrostatic pressure-____; blood colloid osmotic pressure-_____; hydrostatic fluid pressure of the Bowman's capsule-_____ in/out , in/out , in/out
in out out
Formed elements in the blood _______.
include platelets and whole cells that slide past one another
Which will increase flow in a vessel the most? decrease viscosity by 1 unit decrease length by 1 unit increase radius by 1 unit All have the same effect on flow.
increase radius by 1 unit
How would an increase in the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume? increased end systolic volume increased end diastolic volume increased contractility decreased end diastolic volume
increased contractility
By what mechanism would an increase in venous return increase stroke volume? increased contractility increased end systolic volume decreased end diastolic volume increased end diastolic volume
increased end diastolic volume
Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent? decreased heart rate and decreased stroke increased heart rate and increased stroke volume increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume
increased heart rate and increased stroke volume
Polycythemia results in _______.
increased resistance to flow
Increased blood volume ________ blood pressure. increases decreases has no effect on
increases
Which of the following resulted in a decrease in glomerular capillary pressure? increasing the afferent arteriole diameter increasing the efferent arteriole diameter decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter
increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter
Which of the following resulted in an increase in glomerular filtration rate? decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter increasing the efferent arteriole diameter decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter
increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter
Put the phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting after ventricular filling. ventricular ejection, isovolumetric contraction, isovolumetric relaxation ventricular ejection, ventricular relaxation, isovolumetric contraction isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric contraction
isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation
Which organ is NOT part of the cardiovascular system and plays an important role in regulating blood pressure? liver kidney lung spleen skin
kidney
Which heart chamber receives blood from the pulmonary veins?
left atrium
Which chamber pumps oxygenated blood out the aorta to the systemic circuit?
left ventricle
The integrating center for neural control of blood pressure resides in the hypothalamus. cerebellum. medulla oblongata. cerebrum. pons variolli.
medulla oblongata.
Capillaries are thick walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart. thin walled vessels that carry blood toward the heart. thick walled vessels that carry blood rich in oxygen. thin walled vessels that carry blood deficient in oxygen. microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid.
microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid.
Regarding the cardiovascular system, the main role(s) of the kidneys is/are to minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain ________ ________, and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce ________ _________.
minimize fluid loss from the blood and therefore maintain blood pressure, and reduce blood volume and therefore reduce blood pressure.
The ECG of a person with complete heart block would show a smaller QRS complex. an increased PR interval. no visible T wave. an inverted P wave. more P waves than QRS complexes per minute.
more P waves than QRS complexes per minute.
1. Clearance of a substance is less than the glomerular filtration rate: net secretion net reabsorption no net reabsorption or secretion
net reabsorption
3. Clearance of the substance is greater than the glomerular filtration rate: net secretion net reabsorption no net reabsorption or secretion
net secretion
2. Clearance of the substance is the same as the glomerular filtration rate: net secretion net reabsorption no net reabsorption or secretion
no net reabsorption or secretion
In normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are filtered and secreted. filtered then reabsorbed. not filtered. secreted then reabsorbed.
not filtered.
Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood will result in decreased cardiac output. blood flow to the lungs. parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. heart rate. All of the answers are correct.
parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
clearance of X = excretion rate of x / __________ concentration of x urine plasma urine flow GFR
plasma
One of the changes that occurs in the pacemaker potential (unstable resting membrane potential) in the SA node (an autorhythmic cell) is a decreased efflux of what ion? calcium potassium sodium
potassium
The driving force for blood flow is a(n) ________ gradient. pressure osmotic volume gravity
pressure
The importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in
preventing tetanus.
The cardiac output is equal to the
product of heart rate and stroke volume.
Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged? protein creatinine chloride glucose
protein Yes, large proteins are not normally filtered by a healthy glomerular membrane.
Most reabsorption of fluid from the filtrate back into the blood occurs from the __________. proximal tubule descending limb of the loop of Henle ascending limb of the loop of Henle distal tubule
proximal tubule
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures is called the circulatory pressure. systemic pressure. blood pressure. mean arterial pressure. pulse pressure.
pulse pressure.
The primary function of the proximal tubule is secretion of acids and ammonia. reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water. adjusting the urine volume. secretion of drugs. filtration.
reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, and water.
As blood vessel length increases, flow decreases only. resistance increases only. friction decreases only. resistance increases and flow decreases. both resistance and flow increase.
resistance increases and flow decreases.
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
right atrium
Which heart chamber pumps unoxygenated blood out the pulmonary trunk?
right ventricle
[19] movement from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron lumen excretion filtration reabsorption secretion
secretion
Myogenic autoregulation means that stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively and blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body. increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel and blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body. increased blood pressure in a vessel triggers relaxation in that vessel. stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively. blood vessel diameter is adjusted by centers in the brain through monitoring blood pressure in areas throughout the body.
stretched smooth muscle in a blood vessel constricts reflexively.
When the baroreceptor reflex is stimulated by a decrease in blood pressure, peripheral resistance decreases. sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases. sympathetic activity increases, cardiac output increases, and peripheral resistance decreases. sympathetic activity increases. cardiac output increases.
sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases.
During the isovolumic phase of ventricular systole, blood is ejected into the great vessels. the ventricles are filling with blood. the atria contract. the ventricles are relaxing. the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.
the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.
The electrocardiogram represents __________. the contractile activity of most of the myocardium the electrical activity of only the pacemaker cells the electrical activity of all of the cardiac muscle cells the chemical activity of the nerves that regulate the heartbeat
the electrical activity of all of the cardiac muscle cells
The term myogenic indicates that the heart muscle is the source of
the electrical signal that stimulates heart contraction.
Which of the following variables must be known in order to calculate the clearance of a substance? glomerular filtration rate the excretion rate of the substance the concentration of solute in the plasma the amount of substance ingested by the body
the excretion rate of the substance the concentration of solute in the plasma
In order to cause cardiac muscle contraction, the contractile cells must also depolarize. What causes the depolarization of the contractile cells? the flow of negative ions from adjacent cells an unstable resting membrane potential in the contractile cells the flow of positive ions from adjacent cells
the flow of positive ions from adjacent cells
The QRS complex of an ECG represents repolarization of the atria. repolarization of the ventricles. depolarization of the atria. the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization. None of the answers are correct.
the progressive wave of ventricular depolarization.
Which of the following statements best describes clearance? the amount of urine produced by the body in an hour best the rate at which plasma is filtered at the glomerulus the rate at which a solute is delivered back into the blood the rate at which a solute disappears from the plasma by either excretion or metabolism
the rate at which a solute disappears from the plasma by either excretion or metabolism
What are the two main parts of the nephron? the efferent and afferent arteriole the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule glomerular filtration and tubular reabsorption the glomerulus and the proximal convoluted tubule
the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule
During ventricular ejection, the ventricles are in systole. the AV valves are open. blood is forced into veins. the semilunar valves are closed. the QRS complex is just starting.
the ventricles are in systole.
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched? erythrocytes - red blood cells leukocytes - white blood cells thrombocytes - plasma proteins All of the above are matched correctly.
thrombocytes - plasma proteins
Which of the following describes why the body might need to increase vessel length? -to accommodate weight gain and height changes -to accommodate weight loss -to accommodate height changes -to accommodate weight gain
to accommodate weight gain and height changes
An artery is a vessel that
transports blood away from the heart.
At an intercalated disc, the myofibrils are loosely attached to the membrane of the disc. the cell membranes of two cardiac muscle fibers are completely separated by a synapse. t-tubules unite the membranes of the adjoining cells. two cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions. All of the answers are correct.
two cardiac muscle cells are connected by gap junctions.
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps? one pump two pumps three pumps
two pumps
Which would decrease peripheral resistance? increased levels of epinephrine increased sympathetic stimulation factors that cause increased hematocrit vasodilation plaques in the vessel walls
vasodilation
Which blood vessels have the lowest blood pressure? Arteries Veins Capillaries Venules
veins
Isovolumetric relaxation and ventricular filling (two phases of the cardiac cycle) take place during __________.
ventricular diastole
Left ventricular pressure is higher than pressure in the aorta during atrial systole and ventricular systole. atrial systole only. ventricular diastole only. ventricular systole only. All of the answers are correct.
ventricular systole only.
The only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the capillaries. arterioles. venules. arterioles and capillaries. venules and capillaries.
venules and capillaries
Repolarization of an autorhythmic cell is due to the opening of which channels? voltage-gated potassium channels voltage-gated sodium channels Chemically gated potassium channels chemically gated calcium channels
voltage-gated potassium channels
