exam 1: chapter 1-5
Richard Tremblay found that more than 80% of the juveniles in his study became physically aggressive by 17 months of age.
true
Robert Merton characterizes the main goals of a society as the acquisition of wealth and status.
true
After reading the online material on AMERICA'S CHILDREN: KEY NATIONAL INDICATORS OF WELL-BEING, the evidence shows that youth are _____________________.
"getting better."
Psychological theories argue that the social environment is largely to blame for delinquency.
false
When using __________ therapy, children are taught to connect unwanted behavior with punishment.
Aversion
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay divided __________ into five concentric zones to determine that delinquency resulted from the neighborhood where a child lives.
Chicago
The work of the __________ led to the founding of the nation's first juvenile court.
Child savers
Which of the following best describes the parens patriae philosophy of the juvenile court ? Parens patriae is Latin for "parent of the people."
Best interests of the child
This 1961 research study found that crime tends to "run in families."
Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development
Superego
Comprises the moral code
Neighborhoods that are impoverished and often racially segregated often experience __________.
Concentrated disadvantage
__________ refers to the sharing of a characteristic between twins.
Concordance
Linda Teplin found that more than 40% of Chicago's youth housed in detention centers were diagnosed with oppositional defiant or __________.
Conduct disorder
The part of the UCR that was once used to gauge the amount of crime in the United States was called the __________.
Crime Index
__________ theory argues that delinquency is a result of conditions in certain neighborhoods.
Cultural deviance
This longitudinal study yielded strong indications of risk factors among delinquents.
Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Human Development Study
The span of the offense(s)
Duration
Introverted, overly sensitive, and love privacy
Ectomorphs
Differential association theory
Edwin Sutherland
Relaxed, comfortable, extroverted "softies"
Endomorphs
________________ has clear implications for involvement in delinquency because it deals with regulating impulsive tendencies, controlling emotions, sustaining attention, appreciating behavioral consequences, and inhibiting inappropriate conduct.
Executive functioning
A belief in __________ is a belief in an individual's ability to make choices.
Free will
The number of offenses committed
Frequency
The first research to focus on juvenile psychopathy.
Gluecks' Research
__________ is the idea that criminal law must reflect differences among people and their circumstances.
Individual Justice
Paul is 14 years old and was involved in vandalizing the local high school he attends causing $1,500 in damages. He was arrested and is set to appear in juvenile court. What is the term that refers to a minor child who has been found to violate the penal code?
Juvenile delinquent
__________ are persons who are typically younger than age 18.
Juveniles
Deborah Denno concluded that __________ was a principal predictor in delinquency and chronic adulthood.
Lead Poisoning
__________ are children whose serious delinquency often continues throughout every stage of life.
Life-course persistent offenders
Active, assertive, and lust for power
Mesomorphs
When are assignments due each week?
Most are due the night before class
The Child Savers sent poor children to live in a boot camp atmosphere that was designed to break the link between poverty and idleness. In 1825, the first institution opened. It was the ____________.
New York House of Refuge
__________ theory's main argument is that an individual's personality has important implications for his or her behavior.
Personality
Chronic offenders were discovered to commit 63% of all Index Crimes.
Philadelphia Birth Cohorts Study
The cognitive approach is most associated with _________________ who hypothesized that reasoning processes develop in an orderly fashion, beginning at birth and continuing until age 12 and older.
Piaget
Walter Reckless identified four __________ that influence whether a child will become delinquent.
Pressures and Pulls
The importance of committing offense to the youth
Priority
Psychopathic youth appear to be impervious to both legal and moral __________.
Punishment
Police bias might result from __________, a practice where police use race as an explicit factor in guiding their decision making.
Racial Profiling
Strain theory
Robert Merton
The gravity of the offense(s)
Seriousness
Cultural deviance theory
Shaw and McKay
__________ theory is based on the writings of the philosopher Thomas Hobbes.
Social control
__________ are distinguished persons with psychopathic characteristics that are the result of early life abuse and neglect.
Sociopaths
According to Cesare Beccaria, there should be __________ trials.
Speedy
According to routine activities theory, the volume and distribution of predatory crimes in a particular area and at a particular time are influenced by the interaction of three variables. Which of the following is not one of these variables?
The absence of law enforcement
General __________ theory is limited because it recognizes only economic failure and poor school performance as the two possible sources of strain on a juvenile.
Strain
In the American colonies, under the __________, children who disobeyed their parents could be sentenced to death.
Stubborn Child Law
Ego
The problem-solving component of the personality
__________ can linger for months, depending on ventilation and the level of contaminants.
Thirdhand smoke
Many chronic status offenders commit new status offenses while on probation and then are charged with the criminal offense of violating their probation. This process is known as bootstrapping.
True
Sheldon Glueck and Eleanor Glueck found that career delinquents experienced an earlier onset of problem behaviors than did other children.
True
Containment theory
Walter Reckless
__________ are those whose law-breaking behavior is restricted to their teenage years.
adolescence-limited offenders
According to the text, the __________ refers to the trend that delinquency peaks in adolescence and, as illustrated, steadily declines thereafter.
age-crime curve
According to choice theorists, offenders:
are rational actors who choose to commit crime because they believe their actions will be beneficial
A person's connection to society is referred to as a __________.
bond
Marvin Wolfgang and colleagues found that __________ account for more than half of the delinquency in a population.
chronic/habitual offenders
The __________ refers to the continuum of antisocial behavior across the life span.
continuity of crime
The crimes that are the focus of the NCVS are called the __________.
crimes of interest
When juveniles justify their behavior by arguing that "no one was hurt," which of David Matza's techniques of neutralization is being used?
denial of injury
A guiding principle of ______________ theory is that the more severe, certain, and swift the punishment, the greater the ability to prevent crime.
deterrence
Blaming the victim is an example of moral __________.
disengagement
For social ties to be effective in reducing delinquency, a neighborhood must share collective __________, mutual trust, and a willingness to intervene in things for the common good.
efficacy
Children with conduct disorder have a difficult time regulating their __________.
emotions
According to rational choice theory, delinquents commit crimes when the benefits __________ the costs.
exceed
According to Daniel Murphy and Matthew Robinson, the "maximizer" is a mix of the rebel and the innovator.
false
Cultural deviance theory refers to an individual's inability to deal with anomie.
false
Dan Olweus concluded that when it comes to aggression, people can change over time.
false
Gossiping is an example of direct aggression.
false
In schools, the "middle-class measuring rod" is an explicit set of expectations for lower-class boys.
false
Oppositional defiant disorder is a protective factor that often pushes adolescents away from delinquent behavior.
false
The dark __________ of crime is the gap between the actual amount of crime committed and crime reported to the police.
figure
Participation in juvenile delinquency varies from child to child in four main ways: duration, __________, priority, and seriousness.
frequency
The __________ is responsible for shaping, structuring, and selecting the environments that allow for optimal gene expression.
genotype
In the UCR, police record only the most serious crime in a given incident. For example, if someone was raped and robbed, only the rape would be counted. This decision is based on the __________.
hierarchy rule
Cesare Beccaria's essay, On Crimes and Punishments, emphasized:
humanity, consistency, and rationality.
Id
left unchecked, this part of the personality would destroy a person
The __________ is a set of standards, which American adults use to judge all children.
middle-class measuring rod
Both __________ and nurture contribute to psychopathy.
nature
One way social reformers chose to deal with the problem of throwaway children in New York City was to put them on __________ for possible adoption by farm families.
orphan trains
The doctrine of __________ defined the state as a benevolent parent, looking out for the care and development of children.
parens patriae
The most common treatment for ADHD is __________ therapy.
pharmaceutical
__________ is a personality disorder that results in severe affective, interpersonal, and behavioral problems, allowing offenders to victimize and manipulate others without conscience.
psychopathy
In strain theory, __________ do not subscribe to the goals of a society yet must participate to support them.
ritualists
Treatment works some of the time for some offenders in __________ situations.
some
Running away from home is an example of a __________, which is an act that is illegal only for children.
status offense
According to research by Cesare Lombroso, __________ are distinctive physical features that distinguish criminals from noncriminals.
stigmata
According to the text, __________ makes psychopathic individuals more dangerous.
treatment
A person who shares psychopathic characteristics that can be attributed to childhood abuse and neglect is called a sociopath.
true
According to Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay, social disorganization fosters cultural conflict, which allows delinquency to flourish.
true
According to the text, body type has a statistically significant effect on violent forms of delinquency.
true
Biological theories that take environmental factors into account suggest that delinquency may be caused by an interaction of social factors with biology, chemistry, nutrition, and other environmental issues.
true
Crime may have as much to do with situational factors and free will as it does with the offender's psychology.
true
Edward Banfield contends that poor people are attracted to the inner city because they are looking for support for their low aspirations.
true
Robert Sampson expanded on Shaw and McKay's research by also looking at the mutual trust between neighbors as a predictor of violent crime in certain neighborhoods.
true
Thirdhand smoke can linger for months depending on ventilation and the level of contaminants.
true
Travis Hirschi's social bond theory discusses juveniles' attachment to, commitment to, involvement with, and beliefs about conventional social institutions.
true