Exam 1- HDFS 3570

Formal Operational Thinking

1. Abstractions (using symbols) 2. Propositions (arguing from the basis of a statement) 3. Ideals (ability to imagine possiblilites) 4. Metacognition 5. Combinatorial logic (hold many variables in mind at once)

G. Stanley Hall

1904. Published "Storm and Stress" Believed adolescence was a stressful time where we go from being "beast-like" to "civilized"

Margaret Mead

1928, the foil to storm and stress.

Adaptation: Accommodation vs. Assimilation

Accommodation: chaning schema to adapt to new information. Assimilations: altering information to fit in an existing scheme.

Historical events leading to "Adolescence"

Adolescence is a product of the 20th century. -Industrial revolution (fields to factories) -Child Labor laws (factories to streets) -Mandatory school (streets to school)

Personal Fable

Adolescents' belief that they are invunerable and that their feelings are special and unique.

Growth spurt

Age 10 for Girls (3.5 inches), age 12 for boys (4 inches). Weight gain follows roughtly the same timetable. Girls gain hip width, boys gain shoulder width.

Organization (Equilibration)

As humans, we strive for a harmonious state of mental schemes.

functional invariants

Assimilation and accommodation are referred to as this because they occur at all levels of intellectual development

Pruning

At 9 or 10, grow spurt occurs and thousand of neurons being ot developm new connections, for the next few years the brain works to maintain these connections, espeically the useful ones.

Sexual Maturtion (signs for girls and boys)

Boys: Testicular development, pubic hair, then penile/height growth Girls: Breast buds/pubic hair, height, then menarche.

Response Inhibitor studies

Children 10 years of age failed 45% of the time, Adults succeded almost 80% of the time, adolescents 15 years failed 35-48% of the time unless they were insentivised.

passive genotype-environment correlations

Children inherit genetic tendencies and parent also provide an environment that match the own genetic tendencies.

Puberty word origin

Derived from the Latin word 'Pubescence' which means to grow hair.

Origin of term Adolescence

Derived from the Latin word 'adolescere' means to "grow up" or "to grow to maturity"

Types of Research Designs

Descriptives (e.g., case-study, naturalistic observation, survey) Correlational (e.g., case-control study, observational study) non-experimental (e.g., field experiment) Experimental (experiment with random assignment)(quasi-experiment) Review (literature review, systematic review)

brain development in adolescence

Early theorist thought the brain was fully developed by age 6 (because the brain is 95% its adult size). Piagetican thought: formal operations possible at age eleven.

Egg and sperm production differences

Females are born with about 400,000 mature eggs in each ovary. One egg (follicle) develops into a mature egg (ovum) every 28 days. Relase about 400 eggs over the course of their reporductive lifetimes Males have no sperm and do not produce any until they reach puberty. Spermarche begins around 12 yrs. Produce between 30-500 million sperm in the typical male ejaculation.

evocative genotype-environment correlations

Genetic tendiences lead to environmental reienforcement (Ex: a happy person gets smiles for those around her)

Genotype vs. Phenotype

Genotype: acutal genetic material that makes up a persons genetic heritage Phenotype: the outward manifestations of the persons phenotype (observable and measerable characteristics)

Role of GnRH, FSH, LH

GnRH: gonadatrophin relasing hormone FSH & LH: stimulate the development of gametes.

Role of Hypothalamus & Role of Pituitary

Hypothalamus: where hormonal chnages being, gradually increases production of GnRH. Pituitary gland is triggered and releases FSH and LH which stimulate the development of gametes.

Concrete Operational Thinking

Logical thought; Conservation, Classification, seriation, Critical Evaluation.

Muscle to Fat proportions in boys and girls

Muslce mass: same around age 11, then boys increase. Body fat: same around age 7, girls drastically increase while boys moderatly increase.

Data Collection Methods: Naturalistic Observation & ESM

Naturalistic Observation: observing subjects in their natural environment. ESM: Experience sampling method. Longitudinal research that involves asking participants to report on their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and/or environment on multiple occasions over time.

*Aristotle/Plato views on Adolescence

Plato: reasoning starts in adolescence (children lack it), its a time of "passion" Aristotle: adolescence focused on acquiring the ability to make choices (can't control more base influences).

Limbic/prefrontal cortex

Prefrontal cortex: "Judgement" region, handles ambigous info, weighs evidence, decisions, regulating emotion. Limbic: is located deep in the brain and is the sorce of strong feelings and emotional reactions; fight or flights.

Early maturation for boys & girls

Puberty begins ealier in cultures when good nutrituion and medical care are widely avaliable. Early maturation is better for boys and worse for girls.

quantitative and qualitative

Quantitative: data about numeric variables (e.g. how many; how much; or how often). Qualitative: data are measures of 'types' and may be represented by a name, symbol, or a number code.

Characteristics of Stages (Piaget)

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

nucleus accumbens (dompaine squirt)

Small pieve of the limbic system, enlarges at puberty and contracts in adulthood, produces a dompamine squirt (good, strong emotions).

Cognition (Piaget)

The act of process of thinking and knowing

Age of Full Brain Development

The brain is not fully developed until 20-25 years of age.

Pseudo-stupidity

The tendency to approach problems at much too complex a level and to fail; not because the task are too difficult but because they are too simple. They just lack cognitive experience.

ethnic gloss

Using an ethnic label such as African American or Latino in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is.

fMRI studies comparing adult and youth brain activity

Various regions of the brain mature at different rates. Twho regions where development is delayed implicate: use of judgement and emotional control.

Schema

a concept of framework that organizes and interprets information, how a person makes sense of the world.

Imaginary Audience

adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern. A constant feeling of being on stage; playing to the audience of shying away.

Set point theory

belief that brain mechanisms regulate body weight around a genetically predetermined 'set point' (must be reached for puberty to occur).

Epigenetic view

emphasizes a bidirectional interaction between genes and environment

Estradiol & Testosterone

female and male sex hormones

Menarche/Spermarche

first menstrual period first ejaculation

First signs of puberty

growth spurt

Amygdala

limbic system structure that is espeically involved in emotion.

secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Puberty defining characteristic

perod of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal changes that take place primarily in early adolescence. Androgen: male sex hormones Estrogen: female sex hormones.

primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

Endocrine System

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Metacognition

thinking about thinking, enables adolesnces to learn and solve problems more efficiently.

Asynchronicity

uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty (hands, feet, and head-- the extremities grow first faster).

active genotype-environment correlation

we actively seek out environments that support genetic inclinations.