Exam 1 - PSYC. 3600
B
Gauthier and coworkers experiment on experience-dependent plasticity showed that after extensive "Greeble recognition" training sessions, FFA neurons had a(n) _________ response to faces and an ___________ response to Greebles. a. Unvaried; unvaried b. Decreased; increased c. Unvaried; increased d. Increased; increased
neural circuits
Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as
neural networks
Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called __________.
The mind as problem solver
How is the term mind used in this statement: "If you put your mind to it, I'm sure you can solve that math problem"?
top-down
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.
less than one second
In Donders's research on human decision making, he found that it took ____________ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus.
D
Viewpoint ___________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives a. Consistency b. Resistance c. Constancy d. Invariance
Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior
Which of the following events is most closely associated with a resurgence in interest in the mind within the study of psychology?
Behaviorism
approach by John Watson stating that observable conduct provides the only valid data for psychology
Structuralism
approach to psychology that explained perception as the combination of small elementary units called sensations
Connectome
Determining the sequence of DNA in humans was a major scientific advance that opened the door to new ideas about illness and approaches to treatment. An individual's unique DNA sequence is similar to which of the following?
In an experiment, a rat can choose between hitting a blue button (which provides a snack) or a yellow button (which provides a shock). In each round of the experiment, the buttons may or may not switch colors. This experiment combines elements of which two researchers?
Donders and Skinner
decision making
Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study
binding
During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________.
fixation
Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________.
While George takes the bus home, he is thinking about how to resolve a difficult issue at work. This is an example of the mind ___.
as a problem solver
According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter? a. communicating with others b. experiencing neuromodulaiton c. answering questions d. solving problems
b.
Cedric is participating in a university research study inspired by the work of Stephen Palmer. The study is likely focused on measuring Cedric's level of _____.
contextual knowledge
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing. a. bottom-up b. sequential c. serial d. top-down
d
When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English. a. algorithms b. the likelihood principle c. bottom up processing d. speech segementation
d
When does bottom-up processing start? a.When the brain encodes information received by the receptors b.When an electrical signal is passed to the brain c.When motor neurons at the extremities are activated d.When environmental energy stimulates the receptors
d
Which of the following would play a key role in research on the physiology of cognition?
functional magnetic resonance imaging
Which of the following has become one of the dominant approaches in contemporary psychology?
information processing
In a classic paper from the 1950s, George Miller argued that the information-processing capacity of the mind is ___.
limited to about 7 items
As Latoya sat down to take her final exam in European History, what did she draw upon to answer the 100 questions?
long-term memory
Reaction Time
measurement of how long it takes to respond to presentation of a stimulus
Cognitive map
mental conception of a spatial layout
The use of positron emission tomography enables psychological research to get down to the level of _____.
neurons
Scientific revolution
occurs when there is a shift in thinking from one scientific paradigm to another
Joe and Meg are doing a study in psychology. Joe is asked to push a button as soon as he sees a red light, whereas Meg is asked to push a red button if she sees a red light and a green button if she sees a green light. From the information, who appear(s) to be involved in a task measuring choice reaction time?
only Meg
Savings curve
plot showing the amount remembered versus he time between initial learning and testing
The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of a. continuity b. pragnanz c. similarity d. common fate
pragnanz
Celia loved to knit when she was a young girl, but she hadn't done it in years. So she was excited when she joined a group making blankets for homeless kids and started knitting like she had just done it yesterday. What did Celia access to start knitting again?
procedural memory
Which of the following terms best reflects the concept of cognition?
processes
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with
prosopagnosia
Cognitive psychology
scientific study of the mind and mental processes
Cognitive revolution
shift in psychology from the behaviorist approach to explaining behavior in terms of the mind
C
Which of the following is NOT an example of physical regularity in the text? a. The oblique effect b. The light-from-above assumption c. Angled orientation d. Having one object that is partially covered by another "come out the other side"
thinking
Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception?
The whole is different from the sum of its parts
Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology?
The whole is different from the sum of its parts.
Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology?
According to Miller, which of the following would be the shortest password that a person would have difficulty remembering?
4LP91DMG
Which of the following is true about perception? a. it occurs separately form action b. it involves rapid processes c. it is mostly automatic d. it is the result of many cognitions such as creating memories, acquiring knowledge, and solving problems.
?
Classical conditioning
Which of the following terms is correct in context with "Pairing one stimulus with another"?
Cognitive mapping
Which of the following terms is correct in context with "conception within the rat's mind of the maze's layout"?
Receptors
Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment?
The dictionary unit
Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component?
B
You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of a. Simplicity b. Similarity c. Pragnanz d. Familiarity
in different parts of the brain
You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed
A
You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of a. Good continuation b. Simplicity c. Familiarity d. Good figure
behavioral; physiological
Your author points out that studying the mind requires both __________ and __________ experiments
A
"Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible" refers to which Gestalt law? a. Good figure b. Similarity c. Familiarity d. Common fate
B
"Perceiving machines" are used by the US postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of a. Bottom-up processing b. Top-down processing c. Their in-depth understanding of principles of perception d. Repeated practice at the task
it takes a strong signal to cause activation
A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that
beliefs
A person with strong ________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence
elapsed time
According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function of
Brain imaging has made it possible to
Brain imaging has made it possible to
determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes
Brain imaging has made it possible to
Nick has perfected the skill of tuning out his mother's lectures about cleaning his room while still being able to text his friends and listen to music. What concept is Nick displaying?
Broadbent's filter
the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information
Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because
C
Computer programs have been designed that can recognize matching human faces with the same accuracy as a human being, but the computer loses its efficiency at this process when a. Animal faces are substituted for human faces b. The faces are of children c. The faces are viewed from an angle d. The faces are of people with scars or deformities
Functioning and survival
Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize?
A
Damage to the temporal lobe makes the __________ more difficult. a. Object discrimination problem b. Landmark discrimination problem c. Double dissociation problem d. Single dissociation problem
the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli
The cocktail party effect is
B
The demonstration in the text that asks to visualize such scenes as an office, often result in more details in the scene than the same scene with a lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of __________ in those scenes. a. Physical regularities b. Semantic regularities c. Pragnanz d. Double dissociation
pragnanz
The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of
C
The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of a. Common fate b. Similarity c. Pragnanz d. Continuity
B
The pathway leading from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe is known as the a. What pathway b. Where pathway c. Landmark pathway d. Action pathway
what; where
The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway
B
The perception pathway corresponds to the __________ pathway , while the action pathway corresponds to the __________ pathway. a. Where; what b. What; where c. Size; distance d. Distance; size
cognitive task and the mental response
The relationship between the ____________ is NOT measured directly by cognitive psychologists
C
During a baseball game, a ball is hit down the first baseline toward the foul line. If it goes to the right of the pole it will be a foul, if it goes to the left, it will be a home run. The umpire making this call will have the most difficulty making the judgement because a. The umpire will be looking right at the foul pole instead of viewing it from an angle b. The human visual perceptual system is simply inefficient at making judgments in cases where the visual stimuli are more than a few feet away c. It can be very difficult to distinguish one item from another when there is overlap between the two d. The ball will probably disappear from view whether it goes in front of or behind the foul pole
scene schema
Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of
D
In the "finding faces in a landscape" demonstration in the text, once you perceive a particular grouping of rocks as a face, it is often difficult not to perceive them this way. This is due to a. The inverse problem b. Shift in your attentional focus c. A recency effect d. Your prior knowledge
Information processing model
In the mid-20th century, the study of the mind began using which technique or model inspired by digital computers?
A
In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles? a. Simplicity b. Contiguity c. Figure-ground d. Common fate
schema
In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important?
1976
In which year was positron emission tomography (PET) introduced and made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity?
Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.
Invariance
synapses
It's often said that "life doesn't exist in a vacuum." However, the emptiness of ________ is critical for brain functioning
Being able to hear a friend talk to you while at a noisy party reflects concepts studied by which of the following?
James and Cherry
Which of the following correctly pairs a researcher with a core concept of their work?
James—attention
B
Palmer's experiment, in which he asked people to identify objects in a kitchen, showed how __________ can affect perception. a. Illusory conjunctions b. Context c. Naming associations d. Attention
B
People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the a. Principle of size constancy b. Oblique effect c. Law of pragnanz d. Law of good continuation
top-down processing
Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of
Ebbinghaus
Quantitative measurement of mental processes
Extrastriate body area (EBA)
Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?
reaction to physical properties of stimulus
Saccadic eye movement is a ______________.
knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.
Scene schema is
meaning between properties of an object
Semantic regularity refers to the _____.
invariance
Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.
Which of the following researchers would most likely subscribe to the adage that "seeing is believing"?
Watson
Results were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes
Watson became dissatisfied with the method of analytic introspection in which context?
the source of information
What differentiates bottom-up processing from top-down processing?
Behavior of people with brain damage
What does the field of neuropsychology study?
Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system.
What does the principal of neural representation state?
Knowledge of what a scene typically contains
What is a scene schema?
Synapse
What is the gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron known as?
When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment
What is the process of unconscious inference?
When environmental energy stimulates the receptors
When does bottom-up processing start?
A
Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing? a. Speech segmentation b. Seeing a flask of lightning in a thunderstorm c. The response of a feature detector d. Perceiving all of the birds in a flock as belonging together
Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover
Which of the following is an example of unconscious inference?
-Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. -Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. -Specific areas of the brain serve different functions
Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function?
Binding
Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?
It involves rapid processes.
Which of the following is true about perception?
The likelihood principle state that: a.we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received. b. it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations. c.feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object. d.we perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances.
a
An animal might learn how to navigate a maze through the use of ___.
a cognitive map
The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway. a. what, where b.size, distance c. where, what d. distance, size
a.
The theory of unconscious inference includes the; a. likelihood principle b. oblique effect c. principle of speech segmentation d. principle of componential recovery
a.
Which of the following word strings all refer to the same pathway? a. dorsal, where, action b. perception, dorsal, what c. where, ventral, perception d. what, action, dorsal
a. Dorsal pathway: where/action, occipital lobe to parietal. Ventral pathway: what/perception, parietal to temporal lobe
The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using language. a. anticipator b. intellectual c. reductive d. cultural
a. Transitional probabilitites: the likelihood that one sound will follow another within a word.
Who is likely to be most active in cycling information through their short-term memory?
an actor
Speech segmentation is defined as: a.ignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence. b.organizing the sounds of speech into individual words. c.creating a sentence from a series of spoken words. d.recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language.
b.
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the _____. a. radiated wavelength paradox b. inverse projection problem c. serial location task d. fusiform face role
b.
The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____ lobe. a. temporal b. parietal c. frontal d. occipital
b. Landmark: problem in which the task is to remember an object's location and to choose that location after a delay. Associated with research on where processing streams.
Percetion is not essential for: a. solving problems b.improving empath c. creating memories d. acquiring knowledge
b.improving empathy
Noam Chomsky argued that language development was primarily determined by ___.
biological processes
Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception? a. feeling b. seeing c. thinking d. hearing
c
Operant conditioning
theory that behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers or withdrawal of negative reinforcers
Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples? a.When someone can easily select a target that has a feature distinct from distracters b.When someone cannot read an illegible word in a written sentence c.When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception d.When someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that context (e.g., identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator)
c.
The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual a. conjunction b. fusion c. organization d. discrminability
c.
Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing? a. Landmark discrimination problem b. greeble recognition task c. object discrimination problem d. dissociation task
c. Object: problem in which the task is to remember an object based on its shape and choose it when presented with another object after a delay. What processing stream
Paradigm shift
change of a system of ideas that dominate science at a particular time
Information-processing approach
concept of psychology that describes the mind as processing data through a sequence of stages
Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt psychology? a. Truth is relative b. many parts make up a whole c. apparent motion is due to sensation. d. The whole is different from the sum of its parts
d.
Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities: a. skyscraper b. forest c. toll booth d. shopping mall
d. Are the characteristics associated with the function carried out in different types of scenes. Meaning of a scene.
A person with strong ________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence. a. principles b. eyesight b. sensation d. beliefs
d. Bayesian influence: our estimate of the probability of an outcom is determined by : the prior probability, prior, which is our initial belief about the probability of an outcome and the extent to which the available evidience is consistent with the outcome, likelihood.
How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work? a.The retina sends overlapping electrical signals to the brain when motion is perceived. b.The perceptual system detects stationary images more slowly than motion is perceived. c.The perceptual system slows when flashing objects are introduced. d.The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images. Next
d. Light flashes one point then another, perceive movement.
Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing? a.Seeing a flash of lightning in a thunderstorm b.Walking all around a car and always knowing it's a car c.Perceiving all of the birds in a flock as belonging together d. Recognizing a crying friend's sounds as words in a sentence
d. Recognizing a crying friend's sounds as words in a sentence
If you are thinking about experiences about a previous vacation, then you are most likely making use of ___ memories.
episodic
In Broadbent's flow diagram of attention, messages first enter a(n) ___.
filter
The __________ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving.
frontal
Neuropsychology
study of the behavior of people with brain damage
Paradigm
system of ideas that dominate science at a particular time
Brain imaging
technique that creates pictures of the brain
Artificial intelligence
the ability of a computer to perform tasks usually associated with the human mind
The United Negro College fund organization once used the marketing slogan "A mind is a terrible thing to waste." Conceptually, the organization was stating that the human mind is _________.
valuable
Which of the following would best fit Watson's approach to psychological research?
watching people react to a scary movie
The likelihood principle states that
we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received
The density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain
Why is it easier to study brain tissue from newborn animals than brain tissue from adults?
We can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes
With which of the following sentences would the author disagree?
The periodic table that identifies iron as having the symbol FE and an atomic number of 26 is conceptually similar to which of the following?
Wundt's structural sensations
The predominant theme of the information-processing approach holds that the operation of the mind occurs ___.
in a number of stages
You studied a lot of information to ace this quiz. According to Ebbinghaus, when will the rate at which you begin to forget the information begin to level off?
2 days
whether the perceptual load is low or high
Anne Treisman's attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of the following EXCEPT
Which of the following are conceptually similar?
Atkinson and Shiffrin's short-term memory and Broadbent's flow diagram filter
The decline in shopping at brick-and-mortar stores and the explosion of online shopping can be considered a shift in _____.
paradigms
A
Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called a. Perception b. Sensation c. Transduction d. Consolidation
According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills noted by the chapter?
Experiencing neuromodulation
James
First psychology textbook; some of his observations are still valid today
physiologist who performed the first cognitive psychology experiment
Franciscus Donders
A
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of ___________ processing. a. Top-down b. Bottom-up c. Serial d. Sequential
Savings
measure used by Ebbinghaus to determine the magnitude of memory left from initial learning
Electrophysiology
measurement of electrical responses of the nervous system
low-load
If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.
Axons
Which part of a neuron transmits signals to other neurons?
C
Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists? a. We must understand the basic components of perception b. We need to identify the number of geons needed for object recognition c. We want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations d. We need to identify the neurons that create perception
When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate
Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?
simple reaction time task
In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a
semantic regularities
The demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department store than the scene with the lion or microscope. The latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of _____ in those scenes.
Change
The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.
physical regularity
The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of ____.
inferred from the participant's behavior
The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
specificity coding
The idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object is called _____________.
distributed representation
The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain is known as
operant conditioning
The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as
cell body, dendrites, and axons
The key structural components of neurons are the
an effect of experience-dependent plasticity
The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate
A
When Carlos moved to the US, he didn't understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick," didn't make any sense. Now that he has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream, Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ___________ in English. a. Speech segmentation b. The likelihood principle c. Bottom-up processing d. Algorithm
selective
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention
sparse
When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding.
the neuron is at rest
When the axon is at rest, the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 millivolts more negative than the outside. This difference will continue as long as
A
When you listen to someone speaking in a foreign language that you don't know, the words may all seem to sound the same. You may find yourself wondering how the speakers are communicating, when they are using the same words over and over again. The Gestalt law that is affecting you here is the law of a. Similarity b. Familiarity c. Nearness d. Good continuation
conscious
Which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception?
Treisman's attenuator
Which of the following attention model components produces two levels of output?
Default mode network
Which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation"?
Inattentional blindness
Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?
has high stimulus salience
A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that
Wundt
Established the first laboratory of scientific psychology
___ founded behaviorism which ___ the study of inner mental processes.
John Watson; rejected
cognitive psychology.
The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called
cocktail party effect
The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called
parietal
A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the __________ lobe.
analytic introspection
A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as
The word "platypus"
According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?
preattentive
According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage
B
According to the textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is not one of those skills as noted by the chapter? a. Solving problems b. Experiencing neuromodulation c. Communicating with other people d. Answering questions
task cueing
According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT
D
Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is he doing? a. Landmark discrimination problem b. Dissociation task c. Greeble recognition task d. Object discrimination problem
Which one of these early pioneers in cognitive psychology was the first to undertake quantitative measurements of mental processes?
Ebbinghaus
When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?
D
Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples? a. When someone can easily select a target that has a feature distinct from distractors b. When someone cannot read an illegible word in a written sentence c. When someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that context (ex. identifying a telephone in a refrigerator) d. When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
C
Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk". Suprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by a. Reception of the stimulus b. Bottom-up processing c. Top-down processing d. Focused attention
Cognition
Mental processes involved in perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, reasoning, and decision making
feature detectors
Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called
created proofs for problems in logic
Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers for artificial intelligence. Their computer program
C
Some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of. This theory of unconscious inference was developed by a. Goldstein b. Gestalt psychologists c. Helmholtz d. Gibson
C
Speech segmentation is defined as a. Creating a sentence from a series of spoken words b. Ignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence c. Organizing the sounds of speech into individual words d. Recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language
Mind
System that creates mental representations of the world and controls mental functions
Hierarchical processing
Taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are then used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings, is similar to which of the following neural concepts?
was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades
The "cognitive revolution"
physical characteristics
The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on
D
The "textured wall" example from the text illustrates a. Semantic regularities b. The oblique effect c. Size constancy d. The light-from-above heuristic
try to name colors and ignore words
The Stroop effect occurs when participants
frontal
The __________ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving.
A
The likelihood principle states that a. We perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received b. We perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances c. It is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations d. Feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object
B
The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of a. Conjunction b. Perceptual organization c. Perceptual discriminability d. Perceptual fusion
C
The results of Gautheir's "Greeble" experiment illustrate a. That neurons specialized to respond to faces are present in our brains when we are born b. That training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey's neuron's fire to these objects c. An effect of experience-dependent plasticity d. That our nervous systems remain fairly stable in different environments
A
The sequence of steps that includes the images on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, this neural processing is an example of ___________ processing. a. Bottom-up b. Top-down c. Sequential d. Serial
A
The study of the behavior of humans with brain damage is called a. Neuropsychology b. Functional localization c. Position emission tomography d. The subtraction technique
B
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the a. Radiated wavelength paradox b. Inverse projection problem c. Serial location task d. Fusiform face role
dichotic listening
The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as
likelihood principle
The theory of unconscious inference includes the
B
The theory of unconscious inference includes the a. oblique effect b. Likelihood principle c. Principle of componential recovery d. Principle of speech segmentation
John McCarthy
The use of the term artificial intelligence was coined by
resting potential
The value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as
IP emphasizes stimulus-response relationships in cognitive processes
Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?
Analytic introspection
Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt
Close attention
Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?
B. F. Skinner
Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?
A chemical process takes place in the synapse
Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text? a.Having one object that is partially covered by another "come out the other side" b.Angled orientation c.The light-from-above assumption d.the oblique effect
b. Physical regularity: regularly occuring physical properties of the environment. Oblique effect: people can perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations. Light-from-above assumption: assume that light is coming from above, because light in our environment including the sun an dmost artificial light, usually comes from above
Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina? a. interpret it b. confirm it c. reverse it d. infer it
c. x
Choice reaction time
measurement of how long it takes to react to one of multiple stimuli
Simple reaction time
measurement of how long it takes to respond to a single stimulus