Exam 1 Questions

List the four main families of biomolecules

1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic Acids

Aerobic metabolism of glucose produces _________molecules of ATP while anaerobic metabolism of glucose produces _____________molecules of ATP A) 2, 30-32 B) 0, 16 C) 6, 6 D) 30-32, 2

30-32, 2

Each is an example of homeostasis EXCEPT one. Identify the exception A) Increased pressure in the aorta triggers mechanisms to lower blood pressure. B) A rise in blood calcium levels triggers the release of a hormone that lowers blood calcium levels. C) A rise in estrogen during the menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus. D) Increased blood sugar stimulates the release of a hormone from the pancreas that stimulates the liver to store blood sugar. E) A decrease in body temperature triggers a neural response that initiates physiological changes to increase body temperature.

A rise in estrogen during the menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus

Name the two types of physiological signals

Chemical Electrical

A gap junction forms when opposing membrane-spanning proteins called ________ on two adjacent cells unite, creating a protein channel that is capable of opening and closing

Connexins

Design a flow chart or concept map summarizing the steps of protein synthesis. Be sure to identify where in a cell each step occurs.

DNA transcription, mRNA leaves nucleus, mRNA interacts with ribosomes, RNA translation,RT proteins sent into ER for transport and modification, proteins sent to Golgi, packaged and sent to destination

Gases cannot act as signaling molecules T/F?

False

Define Wolf's Law

Form follows function

The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are then sent to the A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage. B) Golgi complex for packaging. C) lysosome for modification. D) cell membrane for secretion. E) nucleus for cellular use

Golgi complex for packaging

Red blood cells are in a buffer solution with an osmolarity of 200 mOsM. The red blood cells have an osmolarity of 300 mOsM. The solution is (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic) to the cells. Water will move (into the cells, out of the cells, or not at all). Circle your answers

Hypotonic into the cells

Order levels of body organization from smallest to largest A) tissue B) cell C) organ D) molecule E) organism F) organ system

Molecule Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins A) respond to extracellular molecules B) creating junctions between cells C) act as transport molecules for various solutes D) anchor or stabilize the cell membrane E) produce energy

Produce energy

Fick's Law of Diffusion is A) Rate of movement = mass X volume / time B) Rate of diffusion = distance / voltage C) Rate of diffusion = surface area X concentration gradient X membrane permeability D) Rate of movement = surface are X yards X membrane potential

Rate of diffusion = surface area X concentration gradient X membrane permeability

List 4 categories of membrane receptors

Receptor-channel G protein coupled receptor-enzyme integrin receptors

Why do some normal cells fail to respond to a chemical signal A) Chemical signals are only delivered to specific cells. B) Some cells lack the necessary receptors. C) Some cells are completely without receptors. D) Some cells are completely without ligands. E) Signal chemicals often break down before reaching a distant target.

Some cells lack the necessary receptors

Each of the following statements concerning the mitochondria are true except A) the mitochondrial cristae form the inner membrane forming separate compartments B) The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. C) The intermembrane space plays an important role in mitochondrial ATP production. D) The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA.

The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA

Lipophilic ligands induce slower cellular responses than lipophobic ligands T/F

True

Saturation occurs when A) molecules are moved by the use of vesicles. B) the energy required to move molecules results from a high-energy bond. C) a group of carrier proteins is operating at its maximum rate. D) a preference of a carrier protein for a substance is demonstrated based on the differing affinities of the carrier for the substrates. E) a carrier molecule has the ability to transport only one molecule or a group of closely related molecules

a group of carrier proteins is operating at its maximum rate

The intracellular effector in chemical signaling is often A) a hormone. B) a membrane receptor molecule. C) ATP. D) a protein kinase. E) cholesterol

a protein kinase

A receptor may have multiple ligands. Receptor __________ mimic the action of a signal molecule. Receptor _____________block the signal pathway A) activator, agonist B) agonist, antagonist C) antagonist, agonist D) activator, agonist

agonist, antagonist

Essential amino acids that are used to build proteins A) exist in twenty six different configurations. B) are linked together by ionic chemical bonds in proteins. C) can be used medically for both diagnosis and treatment of diseases. D) are derived from the foods we eat and digest. E) can only be made by cells within our bodies.

are derived from the foods we eat and digest

The organic molecules known as phospholipids are key components of cell membranes and composed of which molecules A) amino acids B) nucleotides C) glycerol D) fatty acids E) both glycerol and fatty acids

both glycerol and fatty acid

When a cell reaches equilibrium it is _________ A) in homeostasis B) at neutral pH C) at steady state D) dead

dead

Caveolae and clathrin-coated pits are both used in A) endocytosis. B) exocytosis. C) phagocytosis. D) All of the answers are correct. E) None of the answers are correct

endocytosis

Large molecules are brought into cells by _____________. Large molecules leave cells through __________ A) pinocytosis, endocytosis B) endocytosis, exocytosis C) exocytosis, mitocytosis D) Both A and B

endocytosis, exocytosis

The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells is ______________ adipose (fat) cells A) greater than B) less than C) equal to

greater than

Hyposmotic solutions A) have higher concentrations of solutes than hyperosmotic solutions. B) have lower concentrations of solutes than other hyposmotic solutions. C) have the same concentration of solutes as hyperosmotic solutions. D) have lower concentrations of solutes than hyperosmotic solutions. E) None of the answers are correct.

have lower concentrations of solutes than hyperosmotic solutions

All but one of the structures below are a type of cell junction. Identify the exception A) desmosomes B) tight junctions C) gap junctions D) loose junctions E) adherens junctions

loose junctions

Enzymes increase reaction rate by A) lowering the activation energy of a reaction. B) increasing the free energy in the products. C) raising the activation energy of a reaction. D) converting an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction

lowering the activation energy of a reaction

_________ signaling molecules bind to receptors on neighboring cells while _________ signaling molecules bind to receptors on the cells in which the signal originated

paracrine autocrine

Epithelial cells that are adapted for membrane transport of materials, such as ions and nutrients, usually have ________ on their apical surface A) mitochondria B) cilia or flagella C) microvilli D) junctional complexes E) vesicles

microvilli

Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the A) ribosomes. B) endoplasmic reticulum. C) nucleus. D) mitochondria. E) Golgi apparatus.

mitochondria

Nucleic acids are polymers of units called A) amino acids. B) fatty acids. C) bases. D) ribose. E) nucleotides.

nucleotides

Receptors for signal pathways may be found in the ___________, the___________, or the ____________ of the cell A) mitochondria, nucleus, lysosome B) nucleus, cytosol, cell membrane C) cell membrane, Golgi apparatus, ribosome D) cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus

nucleus, cytosol, cell membrane

Homeostasis is the ability of the body to A) prevent the external environment from changing. B) prevent the internal environment from changing. C) quickly restore changed conditions to normal. D) ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest. E) prevent excessive blood loss.

quickly restore changed conditions to normal

The following are types of mediated transport EXCEPT one. Identify the exception A) facilitated diffusion B) primary active transport C) simple diffusion D) secondary active transport

simple diffusion

. Match the membrane protein with its function. A. transfer signals from the extracellular environment to the cytoplasm of the cell B. form cell-to-cell connections C. bind to molecules to facilitate entry to or exit from the cell D. ligands bind to these proteins and are changed by the protein Structural proteins ____________ enzymes __________ receptors__________ transporters_________

structural proteins__B___ enzymes__A_____ receptors___D_____ transporters__C______

The law of mass balance states A) that if the amount of substance in the body is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss. B) that every action has an equal and opposite reaction C) that the total amount of energy in the universe is constant

that if the amount of substance in the body is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss

A competitive inhibitor binds to A) a region of the enzyme other than the active site. B) the active site. C) the substrate. D) the product. E) the surrounding tissue.

the active site

Energy is defined as A) doing tasks that make you tired. B) the capacity to do work. C) the light and heat from the sun. D) using glucose to synthesize ATP.

the capacity to do work

What is the smallest unit of life

the cell

Physiology if the study of A) the structure of the body. B) the tissues and organs of the body at the microscopic level. C) growth and reproduction. D) the normal function of living organisms. E) the facial features as an indication of personality.

the normal function of living organisms

Both insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that target liver cells. The response of the target cells to each of these two hormones is opposite. This information implies that A) the two hormones bind to different cell surface receptors. B) one hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane and the other to an intracellular receptor. C) each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger. D) both hormones interact with receptors at the cell nucleus. E) the two hormones bind to different receptors and use a different second messenger.

the two hormones bind to different receptors and use a different second messenger

Molecules that pass through epithelial cells use the ___________route A) intercellular B) paracellular C) extracellular D) transcellular

transcellular

Chemical reactions in a living system function to A) only transfer energy from one molecule to another. B) create new energy. C) only use energy stored in a molecule. D) transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule

transfer energy from one molecule to another or use energy stored in a molecule

An ion widely important in intracellular signaling is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) chloride. E) cobalt.

calcium

Each amino acid differs from others in the A) number of central carbon atoms. B) size of the amino group. C) number of carboxyl groups. D) chemical structure of the R group. E) number of peptide bonds in the molecule

chemical structure of the R group