Exam 1: Quizzes 1-4

By _______ activists from the Abolitionist Movement finally persuaded Congress to outlaw the further importing of slaves.

1807

Speakeasy

A gang-controlled establishment, often employing jazz musicians, where liquor was sold illegally during Prohibition.

Trumpet Style Piano

A more modern style developed by Earl "Fatha" Hines at a time when stride piano was still very popular

MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) allows ________ to interact with computers. Keyboards Digital samplers Drum machines All of above

All of above

The discriminatory codes

Also known as Jim Crow Laws, these regulatory codes were passed all across the South after Reconstruction by white supremacists in response to Reconstruction and the ending of slavery.

The ______ was a group of white Chicago jazz musicians whose style became known as the Chicago Style.

Austin High Gang

Considered to be the first white innovator of jazz, ______ was known for his beautiful bell-like cornet tone, and his lyrical and melodic playing. In 1923, he helped form the Chicago jazz group called the Wolverines, eventually becoming the spiritual leader of the white Chicago scene.

Bix Beiderbecke

The blues

Buddy Bolden and others played this style in the sporting houses of black Storyville as early as the mid-1890's

Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Alberta Hunber, Ida Cox, Victoria Spivey and Chippie Hill are examples of _________.

Classic Blues Singers

In an improvised solo, the technique of playing rhythmically twice as fast as the established tempo is referred to as ____________.

Double Time

A ____________ is a book made up of tunes in lead sheet form (often standard).

Fake Book

T/F: Dizzy Gilespie, often played very low notes, and far fewer than Miles Davis.

False

T/F: After performing at the Sunset Cafe, Earl "Fatha" Hines went on to lead his own big band that stayed at Florida's Lincoln Gardens from 1928 to 1938.

False

T/F: Buddy Bolden was a clarinet player and important New Orleans musician who briefly moved to Los Angeles in 1917 to play with Jelly Roll Morton, but then returned to New Orleans where he led a variety of bands until his death in 1931.

False

T/F: During the mid 1920s, Bix and Tram joined one of the most popular dance bands in South Africa lead by Paul Whiteman. This society band allowed Bix to gain many performance opportunities and it was this exposure that eventually made him famous.

False

T/F: Frank Sinatra is considered to be the first important vocal interpreter of jazz and popular songs.

False

T/F: Jelly Roll Morton's Red Hot Peppers made what are generally considered to be the first important jazz recordings on April 5 and 6, 1923.

False

Which of the following instruments was not typically included in Minstrel shows? -Bone Castanets -Banjo -Tambourine -Guitar -Fiddle

Guitar

During the years from 1900-1920, a new style of piano playing was evolving from New York City's ________ neighborhood.

Harlem

The Black Code of 1724

Laws passed in Louisiana, providing for the freeing of slaves (particularly wives, mistresses, and children) with the consent of their owners.

Because most jazz uses established rules of _____, _____ and ______, a soloist must have a thorough understanding of those principles.

Melody, Harmony, and Rhythm

European Songs and classical music

Most black Creole musicians in New Orleans were well versed waltzes, mazurkas, polkas, quadrilles and standard repertoire of this musical style

Creoles of Color

Offspring of French and Spanish slave owners and their female slaves, who over time achieved a social status that was nearly on par with whites with many becoming artists, architects, doctors, and wealthy businessmen.

Which instrument is "not" part of the rhythm section -Piano -Bass -Drums -Saxophonist

Saxophonist

One of the early Hot Five recordings also included one of the first examples of _________.

Scat Singing

There are four different types of saxophones. Identify them below.

Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Baritone

The Head

The Melody//slang that refers to melody of a song

T/F: A jazz quartet is no different than a panel discussion with four speakers; the conversation must be interactive, with each participant responding in turn to something another said.

True

T/F: It is nearly impossible to come up with a set of hard and fast rules in which to define jazz.

True

T/F: Jazz is American music that was created out of the social conditions that were present in the southern United States, where musicians first began synthesizing the oral traditions of African music and the literal traditions of Western European music

True

T/F: Jazz is performed in so many styles and its influence can be heard in so many other types of music

True

T/F: Art Tatum's use of Reharmonization was years ahead of its time and was an influence on nearly every jazz musician who came after him.

True

T/F: Eventually, the blues became an emotional release for feelings of lost love, sexual frustration, poverty, jealousy, and a whole list of other things.

True

T/F: Joe "King" Oliver was Louis Armstrong's mentor, and he popularized jazz after leaving New Orleans in 1918 to travel with his band, King Oliver's Original Creole Jazz Band.

True

T/F: King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band made what are generally considered to be the first important jazz recordings on April 5 and 6, 1923, at The Gennett Studio located in Richmond, Indiana.

True

T/F: Referring to the recording technology of the early and mid 20th century, the "acoustical process" utilized an acoustical horn that would capture the sound of the musicians huddled in front of it, then transfer the vibrations to a cutting stylus that cut grooves onto a wax disc.

True

T/F: The blues as it is performed today is usually in a 12-bar form with a standardized chord progression. The lyric form is AAB

True

T/F: The three cities most influential in the development of jazz: New Orleans, New York City (Harlem), and Chicago

True

Because African music has an oral tradition, the ____, ______, and ______ that were a part of everyday life in Africa were committed to memory and retained when slaves were brought to the New World.

Works songs, Shouts, and Field Hollers

In many ways, Bix Beiderbeck is the poster boy for the bohemian jazz age, living fast and dying young. In 1950, the movie ______, starring Kirk Douglas, was released which was loosely based on Bix's life.

Young Man with a Horn

Jazz Standard

a jazz or pop tune that is widely known by jazz musicians and is played often

Harmony

a set of chords that define accompany the melody

Melody

a succession of notes that are played or sung in a specific order or rhythm

Downbeat

beat one of each measure.

Jazz is an art of human interactions, and like democracy, the individual is free to pursue expresson, as long as the responsibilities to the group are __________.

maintained

Dissonance

non-harmonious, dissonant tonalities.

Syncopation

rhythmically placing or accenting notes away from the beat and in unexpected places.

______, ______, and _____ were each created to meet the specific needs of their performers and their respective audiences, and each found different ways to achieve the cross-fertilization of the African and European traditions

spirituals, the blues, and ragtime

Improvisation

the act of simultaneously composing and performing

Musical Form

the basic structure of a song

Pulse

the fundamental beat driving the music that creates the tempo

Rhythm

the relationship of notes and south with time; usually measured in beats

Tempo

the speed of the music. Fast music is said to have a fast tempo, slow music has a slow tempo

Spirituals

this musical style was a staple of black musical life since the early days of slavery, and contained elements of African culture that survived in jazz such as call and response

The incubation period for the creation of jazz goes back to the very beginnings of slavery in the early 1900s 1800s 1700s 1600s.

1600s

Africa is rich with musical traditions, but it is important that one does not make the assumption that there was one single culture that produced them. Africa is a huge continent - roughly _______ times the size of the United States - with at least 2000, communal groups and probably at least that many languages and dialects.

4

By the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, it is estimated that there were approximately _______ slaves in the United States.

4 million

Cadenza

A short, unaccompanied instrumental solo, usually near the end of a performance and in jazz are usually performed without a pulse

The field holler

A solo song without form or steady rhythm that was highly spontaneous and improvisational

The shout

A solo song-shout that contains stanzas or verses of three lines, often times with the second line being a repeat of the first

One of the most important classes of functional songs is the work song. Works songs were helpful and sung when _______. -Building Boats -Cooking Dinner -Hunting -Cleaning the Home -All of the above

All of the above

Scat Singing

An improvised solo, sung by a vocalist freely using different sounds and syllables, sometimes referred to as nonsense syllables.

The New Orleans Rhythm kings (NORK) was a group of white musicians that ________.

Arrived in Chicago as early as 1920, and in 1921 secured a steady engagement at the Friars Inn, billing themselves for a while as the Friar's Society Orchestra, acknowledged the debt they owed to the black and Creole masters of early jazz, and made the first interracial jazz recording

_________ is universally acknowledged as the greatest of all stride pianists. Freddie Keppard Joe "King" Oliver Art Tatum Jelly Roll Morton

Art Tatum

The _____ originated from field hollers, shouts, and work songs. -Jazz Standard -Blues -Church -Awakening

Blues

One prominent feature of the blues is the _______, which can be found in common day genres such as pop music, gospel, rock, rap and hip-hop.

Blues Scale

The important recording of all the Hot FIve sessions came on Jan 28, 1928. The group recorded a King Oliver composition called "West End Blues" that began with a stunning ______________.

Cadenza

_________ is regarded as the first great jazz musician and sometimes referred to as the Father of Jazz, although he never was recorded and not much else about him is known. Art Tatum Joe "King" Oliver Charles "Buddy" Bolden Jelly Roll Morton

Charles "Buddy" Bolden

In 1817, African slaves were permitted to sing, dance and celebrate in ________, which became a tourist attraction that enabled whites to get a glimpse of African American musical tradition.

Congo Square

The first jazz trumpeters played the ___________, which went out of style in the 1920s and is rarely used today. -Trumpet -Flugel Horn -Bugle -Cornet

Cornet

A ________ was usually a slow solemn hymn played in African American funerals by a brass band during the procession.

Dirge

Chorus

Each statement of the music form

Cabarets

Eating and drinking establishments that were popular in the Black Belt of Chicago during the 1920s.

T/F: Referring to the recording technology of the early and mid 20th century, the acoustical process involves microphones, digital samplers, and drum machines.

False

According to legends, in 1907 while still a teenager _________'s brilliant playing enabled him to replace Charles "Buddy" Bolten as the Cornet King of New Orleans.

Freddie Keppard

All of these musicians were famous boogie-woogie musicians except _______. Freddie Keppard Meade Lux Lewis Albert Ammons Pete Johnson

Freddie Keppard

Between 1916 and 1930, the largest inland migration in American history, the __________ __________, brought millions of Southern black Americans north to cities like Chicago and New York.

Great Migration

In addition to serving in the role as a sort of professional musician and entertainer, ________ are also in charge of maintaining the oral history of the community. - Musicians -Griots -Families -Slaves

Griots

_________ is sometimes called the 'Father of Jazz Piano" because he was one of the first pianists to synthesize the blues, ragtime, and European forms and styles into a new and original piano style.

Jelly Roll Morton

Louis Armstrong bought a cornet in 1916 and started working nightly at Matranga's in the Battlefield District of New Orleans. it was around this time that he befriended _______, who would become a mentor and father figure to young Louis.

Joe Oliver

______ was a clarinet player from New Orleans who moved to Chicago in 1921, where he played with King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band and was recorded with Louis Armstrong' Hot Five and Jelly Roll Morton's Red Hot Peppers.

Johnny Dodds

_______ moved from New Orleans to Chicago in 1923, where he played banjo both performing and recording with King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, Louis Armstrong's Hot Five and Jelly Roll Morton's Red Hot Peppers.

Johny St. Cyr

When the MIDI (musical instrument digital interface) protocol was agreed upon by the musical instrument manufacturers in 1983, the way was cleared for the creation of __________, __________, and _________.

Keyboards, Digital Samplers, Drum Machines

During King Oliver's Creole Jazz Legend's recording session of April 5 and 6, 1923, legend has it that while playing second cornet to King Oliver, _______ played so loud that he was forced to stand at the back of the room to create the proper balance between the instruments, giving those in the audience their first inkling of his virtuosity and overwhelming talent.

Louis Armstrong

_____ was perhaps the most important figure in the history of jazz. He did nothing short of revolutionize the performance of the music, changing its focus from the collective improvisation of the ensemble to the artistry of the soloist.

Louis Armstrong

Scott Joplin got a job playing piano at the Maple Leaf Club where in 1899, publisher John Stark heard Joplin play his composition __________. Stark published the piece and within 10 years had sold approximately 1 million copies. The first piece to do so.

Maple Leaf Rag

______ is characteristic of the Chicago Style.

More emphasis on improvised solos in one-solo-at-a-time format

One of the commonly observed quality of African melody is the strong reliance on the _______ scale? -Harmonic Minor -Major -Diminished -Pentatonic

Pentatonic

Classic blues recordings fit into a broad category of records that became known as ________, which generally included any recordings made by a black artist marketed to a black audience.

Race Records

The evolution of the _______ in the early part of the 20th century nearly parallels that of jazz.

Recording industry

In 1926, Jelly Roll Morton formed the ________, an innovative seven-piece group of New Orleans immigrants that was a showcase for his writing and arranging talents.

Red Hot Peppers

In the early 20th century, Harlem's many cabarets, juke joints, and saloons offered musicians a variety of playing opportunities. This was especially true for pianists, who could also count on getting jobs at ________.

Rent Parties

Because drummers often use the ride cymbal to play swing rhythm, it is often called the ______ rhythm.

Ride

Originally a prodigy on the clarinet, ______ left New Orleans in 1914 to see the world and by 1919 he was touring Europe. He bought a soprano saxophone on tour in London, making him the first important jazz saxophonist.

Sidney Bechet

The blending of African music tradition with European church music in known as the ________.

Spirituals

Originally called _________, boogie-woogie was a style of piano playing deeply rooted in the blues characterized by the repeating left-hand pattern of eight notes to the bar.

Texas Piano

Chicago's black newspaper ______ tirelessly promoted the virtues of the city to Southern readers which helped catalyze the Great Migration

The Chicago Defender

Black Belt

The area just below the Loop in Chicago's Southside, and was settled by Black immigrants of the Great Migration

Octave

The interval measuring eight diatonic scale steps.

Percussion instruments without membranes

These include xylophones, log drums, gongs, gourds, and other instruments that are shaken or struck in some manner

Ragtime

This styles popularity was at its peak in the 20th century and was a staple of early New Orleans Brass Band. Many of the early jazz musicians in later years told interviewers that during that time they were playing this style of music, not jazz.

__________ is the technique of exchanging four-bar solos, often between a soloist and a drummer. In a performance, it most often occurs (if at all) near the end of a tune, before the head is restated.

Trading 4s

T/F: The most fertile area for development of the country blues was the Mississippi River Delta Region, a 250 mile stretch of land stretching north to south from Memphis, Tennessee, down to Vicksburg, Mississippi

True

T/F: After performing in New York with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra, Louis Armstrong returned to Chicago in 1925, and during the next four years did nothing short of revolutionize the way jazz was created and performed.

True

T/F: After prohibition, Chicago's crime and violence sky rocketed, and jazz musicians playing in speakeasies often witnessed police raids and gunfights. During prohibition, the leaders of the Chicago mob scene were Bugs Moran, who controlled the North Side, and Al Capone, who controlled the South Side. Prohibition funded Chicago's ramped crime, and in 1927, Al Capone alone took in more than $100 million in profit.

True

T/F: Art Tatum, regarded by many as the greatest jazz pianist, was completely blind in his left eye and nearly so in his right eye. He learned to play the piano by listening to and copying piano rolls.

True

T/F: Because the African tradition is an oral one, music is passed on from one generation to the next by memorization rather than writing it down.

True

T/F: Country Blues is the first blue style, characterized by male singers who accompanied themselves on the guitar.

True

T/F: Due to its diverse mix of culture and ethnicity, New Orleans accommodated many different styles of music and the city was very influential in the development of jazz.

True

T/F: Frank "Tram" Trumbauer was Bix Beiderbecke's friend and musical collaborator. Tram played a C-melody sax, and his lyrical style matched well with Bix's.

True

T/F: Music has always played a vital role in New Orleans. Each group of immigrants brought their own musical traditions with them and kept them alive, creating a rich musical gumbo that played an important role in the creation of jazz.

True

T/F: New Orleans was a city built on immigration. By 1800, the city had been settled by French, German, Italian, Irish, and Spanish immigrants. As the city developed into an important port of entry into North America, it also developed a large immigrant population of African slaves who arrived both directly from Africa and from the West Indies in Caribbean

True

T/F: Storyville was a district in New Orleans that legalized prostitution in 1897. The bordellos (or sporting houses, as they were called) were only large enough to hire piano players. These pianists were known as professors, and made good money working for tips. The most famous professors in Storyville were James P Johnson and Art Tatum

True

T/F: The first Delta bluesman to achieve fame was Charley Patton (1891-1934), a regional celebrity who began recording in Chicago for Paramount Records in 1929 and soon became their biggest selling artist.

True

T/F: The traditions that were brought to the New World by Europeans as settlers and Africans as slaves were important to the creation of jazz.

True

T/F:Chicago became the focal point of the jazz world in the 1920s, although many New Orleans musicians began arriving in the city well before this.

True

Drums with vibrating membranes (or drumheads)

Two examples are the djembe, a bird-bath shaped drum, and the kalangu, or talking drum

The Abolitionist Movement was the campaign to eliminate slavery in the United States that included the ____________, a secret network that smuggled slaved to freedom in the North.

Underground Railroad

The Work song

Was sung by a group of workers, usually incorporating call and response, with a distinct pulse

Jazz is an art form of individual expression, but unlike many other art forms, it is spontaneous. That means?... What is created now will be recreated differently later. It is the same every time. It has great timing. It has no rules.

What is created now will be recreated differently later.

This stride pianist was known for his ever-present derby and cigar as well as his machismo at cutting contests. His nickname was given to him for valor on the front lines in WWI.

Willie 'The Lion' Smith

Call and response

commonly used technique most notable in vocal performance//a melodic phrase played or sung by one performer that is answered by the rest of the group

Chord

the fundamental building block of harmony created when three or more notes are played simultaneously.