Exam 1 Quizzes
The nurse suspects poor literacy skills in a child's family member when which statement is made? A- "I forgot my glasses, so I'll read this when I get home and let you know if I have questions." B- "We communicate with the special education teachers and school daily with a notebook." C- "He gets a suppository every 3 days to prevent constipation." D- "I need you to review once more the best way to be sure he swallowed all his medicine."
A Identifying poor literacy or health literacy skills can be difficult. Many will work to hide this lack. "Forgetting" one's glasses could provide an excuse for not reading or questioning and should raise concerns about literacy. If other indicators such as a history of medication errors, English as a second language, an elderly caretaker (grandparent), or numerous missed appointments are present, the index of suspicion is higher. Needing a review, knowing how the suppository was used, and notebook communication with the school would ordinarily not raise a literacy or health literacy concern, although they do not rule it out.
A nurse is administering ear drops to a 7-year-old girl. What should the nurse do? A- Pull the pinna of the ear up and back to straighten the external ear canal. B- Administer the medication while it is still cold from the refrigerator. C- Warn the child that the drops will hurt. D- Hold the child's head in the sideways position while counting to 5 to ensure the medication fills the entire ear canal.
A Remind the child ear drops can feel odd, as if someone were tickling the ear. Ear drops must always be used at room temperature or warmed slightly as cold fluid, such as medication taken from a refrigerator, does cause pain and may also cause severe vertigo as it touches the tympanic membrane. If the child is older than 2 years, pull the pinna of the ear up and back. Instill the specified number of drops into the ear canal. Hold the child's head in the sideways position while you count to 60 to ensure the medication fills the entire ear canal.
A nurse has just finished a presentation on how divorce can affect a child. Which statement by a participant would suggest a need for further education? A- "We told my 3-year-old that Daddy was going on a long work trip before he moved out." B- "I have found a divorce support group that I go to every month." C- "I encourage my daughter to call her dad every night before bed." D- "My wife and I will tell the child about the divorce when everyone is together."
A Tell children about the divorce and the reasons for the divorce in terms that they can understand. Never lie to the children. Keep both parents involved in the child's life. Parents need to find support so that children are not expected to be or act like adults. Be sure that both parents are present together when telling the children; tell all the children at the same time.
The nurse is caring for a preschooler who is hospitalized with a suspected blood disorder and receives an order to draw a blood sample. Which approach is best? A- "We need to put a little hole in your arm." B- "Why don't you sit on your mom's lap?" C- "I need to take some blood." D- "I need to remove a little blood."
B It is best to include the families whenever possible so they can assist the child in coping with their fears. Preschoolers fear mutilation and are afraid of intrusive procedures. Their magical thinking limits their ability to understand everything, requiring communication and intervention to be on their level. Telling the child that we need to put a little hole in their arm might scare the child.
When testing the deep tendon reflexes of a child, a four-point grading scale is used. What would a 1+ result mean for a reflex tested? A- The reflex is absent B- The reflex is brisk C- The reflex is diminished D- The reflex is hyperactive
C On the four-point grading scale used in assessing deep tendon reflexes,1+ indicates a diminished response. With 2+ as average, a grade of 3+ is brisker than average and 4+ is hyperactive. The reflex is absent at a grade of 0. Healthy children should have reflexes 2+. The newborn has reflexes of 3+ and decreases to 2+ by 3 to 4 months of age
During a well-child check-up, the parents of a 9-year-old boy tell the nurse that their son's friends told him that soccer is a stupid game, and now he wants to play baseball. Which comment by the nurse best explains the effects of peer groups? A- "The children will cheer for each other regardless of the sport being played." B- "Your child will rarely talk to you about his friends." C- "Acceptance by friends, especially of the same sex, is very important at this age." D- "The child's best friends will continue playing soccer."
C Peer relationships, especially of the same sex, are very important and can influence the child's relationship with his parents. They can provide enough support that he can risk parental conflict and stand his ground about playing soccer. At this age, peer groups are made up of the child's best friends, and they happen to be playing baseball. Peer groups have rules and take up sides against the soccer player. Peers are an authority, so the child will let his parents know their opinions.
The nurse is caring for a 4-year-old child who is hospitalized and in traction. The child talks about an invisible friend to the nurse. Which action by the nurse is indicated? A- The nurse should document the reports of hallucinations by the child. B- The nurse should discourage the child from talking about the imaginary friend. C- The nurse should recognize this behavior as normal for the child's developmental age and do nothing. D- The nurse should explain to the child that there are no friends present.
C Preschool-aged children often interact with imaginary friends. The nurse should recognize this as normal for the age group. No special actions are needed.
The nurse is caring for a 10-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis who receives pancreatic enzymes. Which comment by a parent demonstrates understanding of the instructions regarding the medication? A- "Between meals is the best time to give the enzymes." B- "I should reduce the dose if she has large, malodorous stools." C- "I should give the enzymes before each meal or snack." D- "I should stop the enzymes if my child is taking antibiotics."
C The enzymes are necessary for appropriate digestion and absorption of food and nutrients. There is no interaction between enzymes and antibiotics. Large, malodorous stools are a sign of no pancreatic enzyme activity. Pancreatic enzymes must be given each time the child eats, usually in smaller doses for snacks than for meals.
The nurse is assessing a newborn child. The mother asks why the newborns feet are blue. What is the best response by the nurse? A- "Blueness of hands and feet is a common finding in newborns. It is a result of their circulatory system switching from being in the womb to life outside the mom's body." B- "Blueness in the feet of a newborn is called pallor. This is a normal finding in babies up to several days old." C- "When a foot or hand is blue, it's called peripheral cyanosis. Peripheral cyanosis is not normal in newborns." D- "A blue tint to skin means that there is a lack of oxygen. I will need to notify the physician of this immediately."
A Blueness of the hands and feet, known as acrocyanosis, is normal in babies up to several days of age and results from an immature circulatory system completing the switch from fetal to extrauterine life. Although blueness in hands and feet may indicate a lack of oxygen and may be called peripheral cyanosis, acrocyanosis is a normal finding in a newborn. Pallor is defined as paleness, not blueness of skin.
The nurse is counseling a pregnant adolescent about the health benefits associated with breastfeeding. Which statement by the client indicates understanding? A- "Breastfeeding my baby will pass on passive immunity." B- "Breastfeeding my baby will help to stimulate my baby's immune system to activate." C- "Breastfeeding my baby will pass on a type of active immunity." D-"Breastfeeding my baby will pass on lifelong immunity."
A Passive immunity results when immunoglobulins are passed from one person to another. This immunity is temporary. This is the type of immunity that takes place when a mother breastfeeds her child. Active immunity results when an individual's own immunity generates an immune response
The nurse is discussing measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination with a mother who is concerned about using the combined vaccine for her 12-month-old. Which statements by the nurse will be most helpful to the mother in accepting the vaccine? A- "The vaccine is shown to be effective and safe and will reduce the number of injections your child will need." B- "This vaccine is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention." C- "This vaccine is approved by the American Academy of Pediatrics." D- "It is one of the most commonly used childhood vaccines."
A The mother may not understand that combining the vaccines creates no safety or effectiveness problems and reduces the number of injections her child must endure. The other statements are true and offer some reassurance as to safety and efficacy but are not as helpful to the parent in understanding how she can protect her child from unnecessary discomfort.
An infant who was born prematurely has been discharged to home. When discussing sleep positions, which condition would warrant avoidance of placing the infant on their back to sleep? A- Rickets B- Gastroesophageal reflux disease C- Umbilical hernia D- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
B It is contraindicated to place a former premature infant on the back to sleep if the infant has developed gastroesophageal reflux disease. None of the other conditions contraindicate placing the former premature infant to sleep on the back.
A mother reports to the nurse that her 4-year-old does everything that she does. She says she is becoming somewhat frustrated with these actions. What would be the best response by the nurse to this mother? A- "I am sure there are ways to get your daughter to stop imitating you." B- "Preschoolers' imitating is a healthy behavior. It is part of their imagination and normal growth and development." C- "I can imagine that it would be very irritating." D- "This is not normal behavior. I am going to get the doctor's advice."
B The nurse needs to inform the mother that preschoolers have an imagination that is keener than it will be at any other stage. They enjoy games using imitation and they mimic exactly what they see parents do. It is a normal part of their development. The other answers are not appropriate.
The nurse is preparing to administer medication to a 10-year-old who weighs 70 lb (32 kg). The prescribed single dose is 3 to 4 mg/kg per day. Which dose range is appropriate for this child? A- 420 to 560 mg B- 96 to 128 mg C- 105 to 140 mg D- 210 to 280 mg
B The nurse should use the child's weight in kilograms. The nurse would then multiply the child's weight in kilograms by 3 mg (32 kg x 3 mg = 96 mg) for the low end and then by 4 mg for the high end (32 kg x 4 mg = 128 mg).
The nurse is caring for a special needs child who is preparing for hippotherapy. The nurse is aware that this is what type of therapy? A- Pet therapy B- Therapeutic bicycle riding C- Therapeutic horseback riding D- Relaxation therapy
C Although relaxation may occur during hippotherpy, it is not considered relaxation therapy. Pet therapy may involve any type of animal and is not specific to horses.
The nurse is caring for a 2-year-old girl who is wheezing and has difficulty breathing. Which interview question would provide the most useful information related to the symptoms of the child? A- Inquiring about child safety in the home B- Asking about the child's diet C- Asking the parents if they smoke in the home D- Asking about the temperament of the child
C Asking the parents if they smoke in the home would provide the most useful information related to the health condition of the child. If they smoke, the nurse could explain that they are affecting their child's health and urge them to stop for her sake. Asking about the temperament of the child and inquiring about home safety or diet would not reveal any useful information related to the respiratory alteration.
The school nurse is providing nutritional guidance to a 9th-grade health class. Which foods should the nurse recommend as good sources for calcium? A- Strawberries, watermelon, and raisins B- Beans, poultry, and fish C- Cheese, yogurt, and white beans D- Peanut butter, tomato juice, and whole grain bread
C Cheese, yogurt, white beans, milk, and broccoli are good sources of calcium. Strawberries, watermelon, raisins, peanut butter, tomato juice, and whole grain bread are all foods high in iron.
The nurse is assessing a 3-year-old child. The nurse notes the child is able to understand that objects hidden from sight still exist. The nurse correctly documents the child is displaying: A- preoperational thinking. B- mental combinations. C- concrete thinking. D- object permanence.
D Object permanence means that the child knows that objects that are out of sight still exist.
A preschooler is admitted to the pediatric floor for dehydration and is frightened. Which nursing intervention would be least effective in alleviating the child's anxiety? A- Encourage a caregiver to stay with the child when possible. B- Allow the child to handle the blood pressure cuff before using it. C- Assign the child to the same nurse each day. D- Explain all procedures using medical terminology.
D Using medical terminology will ensure that the child will not understand what is happening and only increase his or her anxiety. Allowing touching of equipment, assigning the child to the same nurse and encouraging caregivers to stay with the child all help alleviate anxiety and reduce the child's fears.
When 12-year-old Chelsie comes in for her annual check-up, the nurse must take a health history and do a physical exam. What is the most appropriate manner for the nurse to obtain a health history? A- Ask Chelsie to wait outside while the nurse talks with her mother. B- Ask Chelsie's mom to leave the room. C- Ask Chelsie if she minds if her mother is in the room with her. D- Ask Chelsie to fill out the health form and return it herself.
C Cultural and spiritual dynamics are important in taking a health history. A child this age likes choices and is concerned about modesty and privacy. For pre-adolescents, letting children choose whether or not a parent is with them in the exam room and during the history is appropriate. In either event, it is important to speak with the adolescent alone at some point. Asking Chelsie to wait outside does not acknowledge her as a person. Asking Chelsie's mom to leave the room does not give Chelsie a choice in her care. Asking Chelsie to fill the form out herself is not supportive, and does not facilitate an exploration of her history.
A family that makes too much money to qualify for Medicaid, but who cannot afford to purchase health insurance, should be referred to the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP). A- True B- False
A The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 authorized the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), as Title XXI of the Social Security Act. The purpose of this program is to expand health insurance to children whose families make too much money to qualify for Medicaid, but who cannot afford to purchase health insurance.
A 7-year-old child with sickle-cell disease who comes to the hospital frequently appears withdrawn and depressed. The client refuses to talk to anyone or even admit to feeling sad. What would be the best thing for the nurse to do that might help the child deal with his or her feelings? A- Leave the client alone B- Get the client to draw a picture C- Tell the client a joke D- Play a happy song for the client
B A useful nonverbal technique to learn how children feel about a frightening experience is to ask them to draw a picture. Children can not always verbally express what they are feeling. Being able to convey feelings on paper can open the door for the nurse or child life specialist to help the child deal with the problem. Humor will not fill the void. It is not effective with depression because it is not interpreted as humor. Usually children are looking for a firm support person to be with them, not an amusing one. Using music can be helpful, but the child should pick the type of music that will then convey the mood. The nurse should not leave the child alone. Doing so will only add to further isolation.
The nurse is assessing a 9-month-old child that was born at 32 weeks' gestation. The nurse is aware that the child's growth and development expectations would be at what age group? A- 8 months old B- 7 months old C- 6 months old D- 9 months old
B When assessing growth and development of an infant or child, determine the child's adjusted or corrected age. To determine this age, subtract how early the child was delivered by the child's chronological age. In this question, the child was born at 32 weeks' gestation or 2 months early, so subtract 2 months from 9 months. The child's corrected age is 7 months.
A parents are discussing a recent story in the local news about a child being abducted. The parents are concerned about the safety of their preschool child and wonder what to tell the child to keep the child safe but without frightening the child. Which would be the best recommendation for the nurse to give these parents? A- It is your responsibility to keep your child safe, not your child's; keep the child in your sight at all times. B- Don't worry about it; the odds of your child being abducted are very low. C- Explain in a calm and everyday manner how the child should stay away from strangers in cars. D- Wait until the child is school-aged before telling the child what to do, so the child will be better able to handle it.
C The preschool years are not too early a time to educate children about the potential threat of harm from strangers. It is often difficult for parents to impart this type of information to preschoolers because they don't want to terrify their child about the world. They also can't imagine their child will ever be in a situation in which the information will be needed. If the information is presented in a calm and everyday manner, however, children can use it to begin to build safe habits that will help them later when they are old enough to walk home from school alone or play with their friends, unsupervised.
When observing a group of toddlers playing in a child care setting, it is noted that the toddlers are all playing with buckets and shovels but are not playing with each other. This type of play is referred to as: A- onlooker play. B- associative play. C- parallel play. D- solitary play.
C The toddler's play moves from the solitary play of the infant to parallel play, in which the toddler plays alongside other children but not with them. Onlooker play is when the child watches others playing but does not engage with them. In associative play toddlers form a group and may even play with the same toy but there is no formal structure of the group.
A father mentioned to the nurse that his usually smiling, happy 8-month-old boy was clingy and intensely serious when his grandmother visited from a distant city. The nurse explained the child was experiencing: A- changes in temperament. B- cephalocaudal development. C- separation anxiety. D- stranger anxiety.
D Stranger anxiety occurs around 8 months and manifests as the father described. This behavior indicates the infant sees himself as a separate person. The other options are incorrect and not related to social/emotional development.
A teenage girl and her mother are in the office. When the teen uses the restroom, her mother asks you about the changes that Linda is going through. She would like to talk to her about sexuality and its changes but she is unsure of how to do this. As the nurse, what reminders should you give her for when she discusses sex? A- Encourage her to talk to her peers and teachers in health class. B- Promote open lines of communication; listen instead of lecture; and share family values. C- Discuss with the teen the experiences that you had so that she can connect on a personal level. D- Do not initiate any conversation; let the teen come and seek the advice of the parent.
B By promoting open lines of communication between parents and teens, the teenager can go to the parents with problems or questions. There still may be many unanswered questions and parents should be encouraged to listen to their teens rather than lecture them. It is also important for the parents to share family values regarding sexual behavior. Due to the influence of television and movies, many teenagers have an idealized body image or misinformation about sex. In many cases the teenager receives excellent information in health education classes.
The nurse is performing an admission assessment of an adolescent with the teen and the parents. During the assessment the nurse suspects that the teen may be pregnant. What is the best way for the nurse to address this situation? A- Ask the teen, with the parents present, if she might be pregnant. B- Ask the parents to wait in the family lounge while finishing the assessment, then ask the teen during the assessment C- Ask the parents to step out of the room and tell them the nurse's suspicion D- Ask the teen's physician to talk to the parents and the teen about the possibility of pregnancy
B During health care visits the adolescent or parent may have concerns that they are hesitant or uncomfortable talking about in front of each other. Asking the parents to wait in the lounge while completing the assessment allows the nurse to talk with the teen. This allows time for the teen to confide in a nonjudgmental adult. Asking the child in front of the parents or asking the parents without speaking to the teen first may cause unnecessary conflict. While it is important to speak with the client's physician, the best opportunity to discuss the concerns is at the present time.
The nurse is observing the behavior of a preschool-aged child and becomes concerned. Which observation suggests that the child's thinking is inconsistent with normal preschooler growth and development? A- Insisting that an imaginary friend have dinner with the family B- Refusing to play with "real" children C- Insisting that an imaginary friend watch television with the child D- Refusing to go to bed without the imaginary friend
B Many preschoolers have an imaginary friend who plays with them. Imaginary friends are a normal, creative part of the preschool years and can be invented by children who are surrounded by real playmates as well as by those who have few friends. As long as the child has exposure to real playmates, imaginary friends do not take center stage in the child's life or prevent them from socializing with other children. In these cases, the imaginary friend should not pose a problem. Refusing to go to bed without the friend, having the friend eat dinner with the family, and watching television with the friend are all acceptable behaviors by the preschool-age child.
The nurse is admitting a medically fragile child. When planning care for the child and the family, what is the priority for the nurse at this time? A- To provide information about the child's educational needs B- To develop a trusting relationship with the family C- To assist the family in defining the role each member will have in caring for the child after discharge D- To ensure the family has contact information for resources available in the community
B The nurse must first develop a trusting relationship with the family in order to provide the optimal nursing care. While the other choices are appropriate, the nurse must first develop a trusting relationship with the family for the best impact.
When the nurse discharges a new mom and infant, the nurses notices that the car seat is in the front seat of the car. What is the appropriate response for the nurse to make regarding the car seat? A- "With the car seat in front, you can keep an eye on your baby." B- "Let me go over car seat safety with you, so you can install your car seat properly." C- "I see you have a car seat, that is great." D- "You should never put the car seat in the front."
B The nurse should notice this is not the proper place for a car seat. The car seat should be rear facing and in the center of the back seat of the car. The nurse would review car seat safety with the mother and have her install the seat properly. The nurse should provide written materials if available. The other responses are not appropriate and do not ensure that proper installation will occur and that infant safety will be maintained.
A teen diagnosed with terminal cancer reports to the nurse that although she wishes to live the remaining months of her life without treatment, her parents are insistent that she continue "trying to beat the disease and take chemotherapy". What response by the nurse is most appropriate? A- "You can be emancipated to avoid this conflict between your parents." B- "Perhaps a conference with your parents, members of the health care team, and you is needed to outline your treatment options." C- "Sadly, since you are still a minor you do not have any choice in this difficult decision." D- "I can understand how your parents want to continue to have hope."
B The parents are the responsible parties for the selection of the plan of treatment for a minor child. Treatment plans ideally incorporate the wishes of both the child and parents. When there is a lack of agreement, a client care conference with the family and members of the health care team is indicated. Reports by the nurse of identifying with the parents do not address the concerns verbalized by the teen. Although the decision-making abilities of the teen are limited, it is best to attempt to achieve a resolution that incorporates their wishes. At this critical time legal steps to emancipate the child could promote additional stress and discord.
The nurse is caring for an 18-month-old boy hospitalized with a gastrointestinal disorder. The nurse knows that the child is at risk for separation anxiety. The nurse watches for behaviors that indicate the first phase of separation anxiety. For which behavior should the nurse watch? A- Losing interest in play and food B- Exhibiting apathy and withdrawing from others C- Crying and acting out D- Embracing others who attempt to comfort him
C Children in the first phase, protest, react aggressively to this separation, and reject others who attempt to comfort the child. The other behaviors are indicators of the second phase, despair.
A 16-year-old child is admitted to the hospital for treatment after a motor vehicle crash. Review of the child's record reveals that the child is an emancipated minor. What does this mean? A- A court-appointed guardian is needed to ensure that the child's rights are maintained. B- The nurse needs to check with the child to determine which parent has custody. C- The child has the legal right to consent to and make decisions for treatment. D- The nurse must contact the child's guardian for consent to treatment.
C Emancipation is the process by which an individual becomes liberated from the authority and control of another person. In pediatric care, this term refers to the emancipation of a child from the authority and control of parents or other guardians. A minor who is recognized as emancipated by state-mandated criteria can consent to medical, dental, or psychiatric care without parental knowledge, consent, or liability.
A pediatric nurse will state that the priority reason to have a thorough grasp of the growth and development of children is to: A- thoroughly enjoy working with the different age groups B- give parents anticipatory guidance as their children grow and change C- identify developmental risks or delays promptly. D- interact with children in age appropriate, nonthreatening ways
C Finding risks for developmental delays early allows for prompt intervention likely to result in a more positive outcome. Having thorough knowledge of growth and development does enhance the joy of working with children, does assist with providing anticipatory guidance for parents, and does promote effective communication with the various ages. These are all important, but not the priority.
During the admission assessment of a child for a well-child check-up, the father of the child tells the nurse, "It is so tough being a single parent. Sometimes I wonder if I am doing a good job?" Which is the best response by the nurse? A- "I have been a single mother for many years. My mother was a single mother too. I would think being a single dad would be a little easier." B- "If your child does well in school and doesn't get into any trouble you will know that you are doing a good job with being a single parent." C- "I am sure you are. You always seem like such a good dad when you are here." D- "Being a single parent must be really difficult. Can I offer you some information about a support group, Parents Without Partners?"
D Acknowledging the father's comments with an empathetic response and offering support from an outside resource such as Parents Without Partners addresses the father's concerns. The other responses don't address the concerns and only give the nurse's personal thoughts and ideas
The mother of a 2-month-old child reports her baby "breathes fast". When questioned further, the child's mother states she has counted the times using her watch and it was sometimes as high as 30 breaths in a minute. What is the best response by the nurse? A- "That is a little high for his age and we will need to evaluate this." B- "There is not cause for concern." C- "The respiratory rates of infants that age is variable." D- "Babies breathe rapidly and the amount you are reporting is within normal limits."
D Children of that age have a normal respiratory rate of 20 to 30 per minute. The child's reported respiratory rate is within that value. Although the respiratory rates for children can vary, this response does not fully answer the parent's question. Telling the parent not to worry does not address her concerns.
The parents of a 12-year-old girl report their daughter is missing an increasing amount of school. They further share that the child says she feels ill and begs to stay home. What action by the parents will be most therapeutic? A- The parents need to demand the child go to school. B- The parents need to establish a contract with their child about attending school. C- The parents should allow the child to stay home if necessary. D- The parents need to attempt to determine why the child is avoiding school.
D School refusal (also called school phobia or school avoidance) has been defined as a refusal to attend school or difficulty remaining in school for an entire day. Behaviors include frequent absences, skipping classes, chronically late for school, severe misbehavior before school, or attending school with great fear. It is important to investigate specific causes of school refusal/school phobia and take appropriate actions. Many times school phobia is a symptom of deeper problems. Demanding the child attend school may not be effective and does not address the underlying problem. A behavior contract may be useful but this is not the initial action needed.
The nurse is caring for an 8-year-old girl. She is reviewing her nutritional requirements and describing interventions that promote healthy eating habits. Which response by the girl's mother indicates a need for further discussion? A- "My daughter likes to have a glass of milk with her meal." B- "My daughter eats one item at a time." C-"My daughter likes many different kinds of fruits and vegetables." D- "My daughter must stay at the table until she has cleaned her plate."
D School-aged children understand the concept of satiety, of feeling full, and should not ignore this feeling by cleaning their plate. The nurse must encourage the mother not to force a child to eat as this may also lead to obesity. The other responses are appropriate and indicate an understanding of good nutrition and eating habits.
Parents of a 2-year-old girl are having a conversation with the nurse about tantrums. Which technique would the nurse most likely suggest? A- Tell her she is bad and will be punished. B- Promise a reward if she behaves. C- Vary the response based on the situation. D- Use short "time-outs" and remain calm.
D The best response to tantrums is to remain calm and use short "time-outs." Responses need to be consistent rather than varied. Telling the child she is bad is negative. Promising a reward for good behavior will result in rewarding bad behavior.
When planning to teach a toddler about coughing and deep breathing, which would be most effective? A- Sharing an audiovisual B- Demonstrating the technique C- Discussing the importance of coughing D- Playing a game with coughing and breathing
D Toddlers have vivid imaginations so teaching should be done where the child can take an active role and understand the reality instead of the imaginary. Toddlers respond best to teaching techniques that include games so they feel as if they are playing instead of learning. When the child is active in the learning process it fosters self-confidence and provides them with a sense of control over the situation. The toddler age group does best learning when they can use all their senses in the learning process. Demonstrating, instructing, or showing a video does not provide this opportunity.