exam 2
A sample is to _________________ as a population is to _________________. a) part; entire b) external; internal c) people; groups d) participants; researchers
a
Bob is interested in studying physical fitness. To test this he has participants lift a 20 pound weight and sees how many times they can do it. Lifting ability is a part of physical fitness but there are many other aspects that are missed with this single measure. This criticism is pointing out an issue with the measure's ______ validity a) content b) discriminant c) face d) criterion
a
Asking many similar questions when trying to measure a concept is done to: a) ensure validity. b) cancel out measurement error. c) make sure participants are not lying. d) allow participants to skip questions.
b
Another word for discriminant validity is ______________ validity. a) convergent b) asymmetrical c) divergent d) multiple
c
Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs.Dr. Ewell decides to collect his data at a neighborhood park. He has his two research assistants pose as a married couple having a picnic. While having their picnic, they take detailed records of the sharing behavior of the children and note whether the pairs are same sex or opposite sex. Given his use of two research assistants, he must establish the of their measures. a) face validity b) convergent validity c) interrater reliability d) test-retest reliability
c
Dr. Tanaka is an educational psychologist interested in students' attitudes toward science and the effect of those attitudes on performance on standardized tests. He chooses his local school district to study. There are 15 high schools, and he randomly chooses five. Then, of the 2,500 students in each of those five schools, he randomly recruits 250 students. This is an example of which of the following sampling techniques? a) Snowball sample b) Systematic sample c) Multistage sample d) Cluster sample
c
Faking good is also known as: a) fence sitting. b) acquiescence. c) socially desirable responding. d) non-differentiation.
c
Which of the following is NOT an example of physiological measurement? a) Measurements of hormones in the bloodstream b) Blood pressure measurements c) Number of panic attacks a patient reports d) A brain scan made using an fMRI
c
Chapter 5: Bob is assessing the physical fitness of his class with the presidential physical fitness test. He has students do a 50 yard dash that is recorded by 2 teachers with a stopwatch. He also has students do 3 trials of the sit and reach where he records their longest reach. Identify for each of the 2 measures (50 yard dash and sit and reach) described whether Bob can assess each of the 3 types of reliability (interrater, test-retest, and internal). State why or why not each type of reliability applies
(50 yard dash would have interrater because 2 people are scoring the same observation. It would NOT have test-retest because the student is only doing the test once. It would not have internal because there are not multiple different ways of measuring the same thing (running speed), Sit and reach would have test-retest because they did 3 trials of the same test and scores should be reasonably consistent each time they do it. It would not have interrater because only Bob is scoring their reach and it would not have internal because there is only one type of measure for the construct (stretching and reach ability))
Chapter 7: Bob is interested in determining Georgia resident's opinions on a new law that would make it illegal to use a cell phone while driving. Describe how Bob could use cluster sampling. Is Bob's technique considered representative? Why or why not?
(Bob could break the state into clusters (e.g. counties) then randomly select 20 of the clusters and then sample every person in each county. This would be representative because everyone would have an equal chance of being selected for the study.)
Chapter 6: What potential issues (double negatives / double barreled / jargon / leading / biased order) are present with the following question. State each potential issue and why it is an issue Do you agree with the following statement? "I do not think that not paying $5 for spicy nacho doritos and paying for it on a credit card is a bad idea"
(double negative - not think that not...bad idea (actually a triple negative) makes it difficult to understand, double barrel - multiple parts with paying $5 and paying on credit card makes it impossible to know when someone says "no" why they disagree (because its too much to pay or because paying on credit is a bad idea))
Bob is interested in surveying psychology majors at his university. He knows there is an 90 female to 10 male ratio of psychology majors. He hands out a survey to the first 27 female psych majors that walk into his classes and the first 3 male psych majors that walk into his class to get his 30 student sample. This is an example of ______ sampling and is a ______technique a) quota; non-representative b) quota; representative c) stratified random sampling; non-representative d) stratified random sampling; representative
a
Bob wants to observe behavior, but is concerned that the people he observes will react differently because they are being watched. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways he can minimize this threat? a) ask those observed to ignore him b) observe with public cameras rather than in person c) wait for participants to get used to him being around d) all of the above
a
Dr. Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What is another term for the 4% value? a) Margin of error b) Sampling bias c) Probability value d) Statistical significance
a
Dr. Ewell, a developmental psychologist, is planning on conducting a study that involves watching children play together to determine how sharing behavior occurs in same-sex friend pairs compared to opposite-sex friend pairs.Imagine that Dr. Ewell wants to videotape the children interacting in the park. Which of the following is true? a) He will likely need to get permission to videotape the children prior to doing so. b) If he uses hidden cameras, he does not need to tell the participants they have been videotaped. c) He will be unable to use videotape because he is studying children. d) He can use the videotapes regardless of whether the adult objects as long as the child agrees.
a
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield's measure has evidence of which of the following? a) Content validity b) Predictive validity c) Criterion validity d) Discriminant validity
a
External validity is most important for which of the following claims? a) Frequency claims b) Association claims c) Causal claims d) External validity is equally important for all claims.
a
How are quota sampling and stratified random sampling similar? a) Both identify subgroups that need to be studied. b) Both randomly sample subgroups to be studied. c) Both result in nonrepresentative samples. d) Both result in representative samples.
a
If a question has response options such as strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree, this is known as a(n): a) Likert scale. b) agreement scale. c) semantic differential format. d) open-ended format.
a
Oversampling is a variant used in which of the following sampling techniques? a) Simple random sampling b) Cluster sampling c) Convenience sampling d) Stratified random sampling
a
Which of the following is true of interrater reliability? a) It is measured with an ICC. b) It is necessary to calculate only if you have four or more raters. c) It does not need to be calculated if your research assistants are well trained. d) If interrater reliability is established, it means the observations are also valid.
a
Which of the following is true when asking people questions about themselves? a) The confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory. b) People are very good judges of the reasons for their behavior. c) People are better able to remember vivid memories. d) If people are inaccurate in reporting their reasons for behavior, it is because they are deliberately trying to be deceptive.
a
Bob conducts a study for a new depression medication. He knows the participant has received the medication and as a result, during that participant's therapy sessions, Bob is more attentive and understanding. Later, at the end of the study, the participant is evaluated by a blinded researcher to assess their depression symptoms. As a result of the better therapy interactions, the participant's depression improves. This is an example of a) an observer bias b) an observer effect c) reactivity d) both an observer bias and an observer effect
b
Bob has his students line up from shortest to tallest for the class picture. The student lineup is a ______ scale a) nominal b) ordinal c) ratio d) interval
b
Bob is assessing an individuals depression with the new BDI (Bob Depression Inventory). The BDI is scored from 1 (not depressed) to 20 (very depressed). He gives the BDI to Bobby, who is known to be extremely depressed, who scores a 5, 6, 5, and 6 the four times he is tested. The BDI would be considered a) not valid and not reliable b) reliable but not valid c) reliable and valid d) valid but not reliable
b
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group of people in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. This procedure is known as a: a) test-retest paradigm. b) known-groups paradigm. c) prediction paradigm. d) group evaluation paradigm.
b
The difference between a cluster sample and a multistage sample is: a) cluster samples are probability samples; multistage samples are not. b) multistage samples sample both clusters and participants; cluster samples just sample clusters. c) cluster samples rely on clusters of participants; multistage samples collect data from participants at different stages. d) There is no difference between cluster samples and multistage samples.
b
What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"? a) If a measure is reliable, it is also valid. b) If a measure is valid, it is also reliable. c) Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts. d) Reliability and validity are the same concept.
b
Which of the following is NOT an example of a probability sample? a) Simple random sample b) Convenience sample c) Systematic sample d) Cluster sample
b
Which of the following is the most direct way to control for question order effects? a) Give the survey questions to different groups of people. b) Prepare different versions of the survey, varying the order of the questions. c) Combine multiple questions into single questions. d) Order effects cannot be controlled for.
b
Which of the following is true of operational definitions? a) There is only one operational definition that is possible for each conceptual definition. b) The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process. c) Conceptual definitions are created after operational definitions are determined. d) Operational definitions and conceptual definitions are the same thing.
b
Which of the following questions is most likely to result in a socially desirable answer? a) "How often do you shop online?" b) "Have you ever sent a 'sext' (a sexually explicit message or photo)?" c) "When was the last time you tweeted/retweeted?" d) "Why did you choose your Facebook profile photo?
b
You are interested in finding a new apartment and you look at reviews online. You notice that the reviews all seem overly negative or overly positive. However, in reality most individuals in the apartments are fine with their apartment (neither extremely positive or negative). The reviews that do not match well with the general population opinions is most likely due to a) purposive sampling b) convenience sampling c) self-selection d) cluster sampling
c
Dr. Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. What does this mean? a) The true percentage of fathers who feel this way is 23%. b) If this study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be 23% about 4% of the time. c) We can be 4% sure that the estimate of father uncertainty would be 23% of fathers. d) If the study was done many times, the estimate of father uncertainty would be between 19% and 27%.
d
If a participant responds with "neither agree nor disagree" to every question, this is an example of a) a response set b) fence sitting c) a social desirability bias d) both a response set and fence sitting
d
Professor Singh creates a survey to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes: Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He writes the following questions for his survey: A. What was your favorite part of this class? B. Please rate how much you agree with the following statement using the scale below: This was one of my favorite classes all semester. 1 StronglyAgree 2 Agree 3 Neitheragree nor disagree 4 Disagree 5 Stronglydisagree C. Which of the following is most true of you? a. I am a very serious student. b. I try only as hard as I have to. D. How easy did you feel this class was? 1 Easy 2 3 4 5 Hard Which of the questions above is an example of an open-ended question? Question A Question B Question C Question D
d
What is the most common sampling technique in behavioral research? a) Simple random sampling b) Purposive sampling c) Cluster sampling d) Convenience sampling
d
Which of the following is NOT possible? a) A measure is neither reliable nor valid. b) A measure is both valid and reliable. c) A measure is reliable but not valid. d) A measure is valid but not reliable.
d
Which of the following is a unique threat to construct validity found only in behavioral observation? a) Acquiescence b) Fence sitting c) Socially desirable responding d) Observer bias
d
Your friend Dominic is complaining about having to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test that is required to go to graduate school and is similar to the ACT and SAT. He complains, "Tests like the GRE don't really measure how well people actually do in graduate school." Dominic is questioning the ______________ of the test. a) discriminant validity b) content validity c) convergent validity d) criterion validity
d