Kiel's Notes- Building Construction
What is a Flitch Plate Girder?
A steel plate sandwiched between two sawn wood joists, or plywood
What does the flame resistance rating test reveal?
Length of time a bldg assembly will perform its structural and/or barrier function.
Concrete shells can be what thickness?
Less than 2"
Wet wood has ____ strength than dry wood.
Less than 2"
Columns themselves are often used for _____?
Monuments
NFPA_______,National fire alarm code
NFPA 72
This is one of the most common alteration of older buildings.
New ceilings
Which way do the joists usually run in an Ordinary const bldg?
Parallel to the street frontage of the bldg (or the smallest dimension)
_________ a standard I-beam cut lengthwise through the web forms two such beams with T shaped cross sections
Tees
This is the typical 8 by 16-inch concrete block or cinder block as it is sometimes called erroneously__________
concrete masonry unit (CMU)
A_______moves loads laterally when it is not convenient to arrange columns one above the other-the ideal arrangement
transfer beam
_______ is the number of feet from any point in a building to a rated stairwell or outside
travel distance
Many roof trusses are triangular in shape to provide a peaked roof; these are known as___________
triangular trusses
A_______is a type of beam, a framed structure consisting of a triangle or group of triangles arranged in a single plane in such a manner that loads applied at the points of intersections of the members will cause only direct stresses
truss
Externally braced buildings are known as__________
tube construction TQ*
Ordinary construction is classified as__________, it can be described as Main Street USA
type 3
Heavy timber construction is classified as________
type 4
Steel Construction Definitions:
Tees A standard I-beam cut lengthwise through the web forming a beam with a "T" cross-section. If the end is thickened, it's called a Bulbtee
The amount of stack effect is proportional to the difference of _______.
Temperature
The setting of concrete is dependent on what?
Temperature
________ thin rods installed near the surface of concrete, usually at right angles to the main reinforcing rods, to help the concrete resist cracking due to temperature changes
Temperature rods
Smoke Management Systems: Some buildings have _____ glass spaced on __ foot centers around the building perimeter.
Tempered; 50
What is the difference between non-combustible and fire-resistive construction?
The level of fire resistance assigned to the structural frame, walls, floors, and roof
Masonry Construction Terms: Coping
The masonry cap on top of a wall
Similarly,_______give steel a greater ability to span a gap, without unacceptable deflection or bending, than the same steel would have as a flat plate
corrugations
A________ is essentially (under the building code) a single building enclosing a number of tenants, including retail stores, drinking and dining establishments, entertainment facilities, offices, and other similar uses where the tenants have an opening onto one or more malls
covered mall
Stress is usually measured in what units?
pounds per sq inch
_______(also known as tilt walls or tilt-ups) act as vertical cantilevers when being erected and are braced by tormentors or temporary bracing poles
precast concrete tilt slab walls
Some attic trusses bow upward, causing ceilings to separate from walls
rising roofs
The ignition temp of CO is?
1128 Degrees Fahrenheit
Many noncombustible buildings are 1-3 stories in height, with maximum height being________stories for certain types of occupants.
12 stories
Only a few breaths of CO at ______ ppm could be fatal.
12,500 ppm
The carbon monoxide flammability range is from_________to_________%
12.5% to 74%
Fire service elevators are found in new bldgs more than how many feet?
120 feet
Aluminum melts at what temperature?
1200 Degrees Fahrenheit
In 1929, the Cleveland (Ohio) Clinic, like many other hospitals used nitrocellulose X-ray film even though safety film was available. A fire in the film storage room sent clouds of deadly nitrous gas (one breath can kill) up through the building,_______doctors, nurses, and patients died
125 patients
Steel has ____ times the compressive strength of concrete.
15
In a 1984 Beverly, Massachusetts fire,________people died in the Elliot Chambers Boarding house.
15 people
Residual ammonia is explosive in concentrations of __________ to __________.
15% to 25%
Strip Malls are usually larger than taxpayers and may have as many as __ to __ small stores and a large ___ store or two.
15-20; Anchor
The lobbies of fire service elevators are a minimum of how many SF? With what class hose outlet?
150 SF; Class 1
Strip Mall Anchor stores may be more than how many feet deep?
150 feet
The almost universal spacing for sawn wooden beams in ordinary -construction is_________(406mm)
16 inches
Floor joist are usually spaced on __ or __ inch centers.
16 or 24
In December 1989 in Johnson City Tennessee,________people died in the John Sevier Center, a fire resistive unsprinkled high-rise housing elderly citizens
16 people
What is the almost universal spacing for wood sawn beams?
16"
Ammonia will burn in concentrations as low as __________.
16%
For plastics and combustible liquids_________BTU/lb
16,000BTU/lb
The landing zone of an elevator is the area __ inches above or below the floor landing.
18
Balloon-frame construction started when, and by whom?
1833, by Augustine Taylor
Standpipes have ben in existence since at least when?
1870
It wasn't until_______that the national association of fire engineers (NAFE, today known as the international association of fire chiefs) developed a set of 8 simple fire protection concerns
1873
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) was organized in_______
1896
Clay tile was particularly popular in the 19__s & 19__s.
1920s & 1930s.
When did bldg codes require that a structure be anchored to the foundation?
1940's
In______,Frank Brannigan was investigating a major fire at a naval facility
1946
Ordinary const from the ___ and earlier typically used heavier lumber for interior structural members.
1950s
In a ________fire, 11 people lost their lives in Anne Arundel County, Maryland when fire involved the attic above a combustible ceiling in an amusement hall
1956
The lightweight wood truss has been in general use since the ____?
1960's
In______, two Boulder, Colorado fire fighters died in a training fire in a building lined with combustible fiberboard
1982
The Happyland Social club arson fire in the Bronx, New York, killed 87 people, in what year________
1990
Three organizations came together in________to create a single organization and a single set of codes- the International code councils (ICC)
1994
At what temperature do steel cables fail?
800 Degrees F
An acronym:( RACE) R- remove all people in immediate danger to safety; A- activate the manual pull station and call 911; C-close doors to confine the spread of smoke and fire; E-__________, if possible
extinguish fire
A_______code regulates the activities that take place in existing buildings, including the maintenance of existing fire protection features, such as automatic sprinklers and fire doors
fire code
With this technique, the end of the joist is cut off at an angle to permit the joist to fall out of the wall without damaging the wall
fire cut
Thus, the inspiration for the first article in the fire service press on prefire planning was born: "surveys aid in preparation for handling large fires" in the January 1948 issue of_________
fire engineering
________represents the potential fuel available to a fire.
fire load
________is an inert material composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate. It is pressed between two sheets of cardboard to create a sheet of gypsum wall
fire partition
_______which is a column of flames and smoke and heated gases rising above the burning object
fire plume
The NFPA produced two movies, Fire: Countdown to Disaster and_________
fire power
In 1890, the first fire test of a________floor assembly in the United States was conducted for the Denver Equitable building company
fireproof
Elevator power controls are usually located on the_________floor for hydraulic elevators
first floor
Angle sizes
first two numbers are the length of the legs, the third number is the thickness of each leg.
A_______is supported at two points and is rigidly held in position at both points.
fixed beam
_______also known as rollover, a situation in which unburned fuel gases, having gathered in sufficient quantities at the ceiling layer suddenly ignite
flameover
_______a transition stage in which exposed surfaces within in the compartment ignite simultaneously and fire spreads throughout the compartment, results in full room involvement
flashover
A_______is made by sandwiching a piece of steel between two wooden beams.
flitch plate girder
To measure the fire load in Btu/sq ft, the weight of the fuel is multiplied by the caloric value and divided by the_________
floor area
The pallet storage system provided as much as __ times the surface area as boxes stacked solid.
36
What is the usual height of Garden Apartments?
3; 4 is becoming commonplace
How many flame spread classes are there?
3; Class A 0-25 Class B 26-75 Class C 76-200
How many different types of columns are there? And what are they?
3; piers; long, slender columns; Intermediate columns
If a wall is________(i.e., a good bond exists between bricks, blocks, and mortar) it acts as a unit.
homogeneous
_______a 2 hour fire-rated wall typically running from exterior wall to exterior wall on an individual floor of a building, which is used when travel distances to a fire-rated stairwell or exit discharge are excessive
horizontal exit
Elevators come in two varieties: electric cable and____________
hydraulic piston
Elevator cables will fail at about __________
800 degrees F
Smoke barriers in hospitals and nursing homes have __ rated fire walls that subdivide each floor into __ or more separate areas.
1 hour; 2 or more
Steel tendons and cables will fail at about what temperature?
800F
A temperature of ___F for ___ minutes is enough to start a metal deck roof fire?
800F; 5 minutes
As much as what percent of library fires were due to fire?
85%
In 2012, a total of________fire fighters were killed in collapses,
9
When were Fire Resistance tests developed?
During WWI in 1917 & 1918
Fire barriers that are used to enclose shafts, exit stairwells & passageways, & horizontal exits are rated for how long?
1 to 2 hours
Heated to 1,000 (degrees F) a steel member will expand________inches over 100 feet of length
9 1/2 inches
How far will a steel member expand when heated to 1,000F?
9 1/2" per 100 feet
How much does steel elongate when heated to 1,000 degrees F?
9.5" per 100'
Time from the receipt of the alarm until water is put on the fire (reaction time) is typically how long?
20 minutes or more
How wide is a ship's ladder?
24"
At what temperature will unprotected steel rods and cables fail?
800 degrees F
Corner Test wall size
Up to 25' high East wall is 50' long South wall is 37' long
Excavation bracing:
What are the diagonal beams called? Walers
Excavation bracing:
What are the diagonal columns called? Rakers
_______is used at times for concrete roofs.
folded plate
The floor between any two bents is called what?
A bay
Steiner Tunnel Test is also what test
ASTM E-84
Atria are built for ______ reasons only.
Aesthetic
_________ plates fewer than 6 inches in width, are also made square or round
Bars
________ the masonry cap on top of a wall
Coping TQ*
Examples of quarried stones:
Granite; Marble; Limestone; Sandstone
Steel beams have what shape?
I-shaped
Fire resistance is a function of _____.
Mass
These loads are applied intermittently?
Repeated
This force stretch a member?
Tension
Excavation bracing:
What are the vertical steel beams called? Soldier beams
Describe a semiautomatic-dry standpipe system.
A dry system that through the use of a device like a deluge valve will admit water into the system upon activation of a remote device.
Masonry Construction Terms: Cantilever Wall
A freestanding wall that is unsecured at the top.
Steel Construction Definitions: Plate Girder
A girder built from steel plate with angles riveted on each side of the top and bottom to form flanges
Types of Collapse:
Cantilever One end of the floor is still supported while the other end is unsupported
________ a freestanding wall that is unsecured at the top. This wall acts like a cantilever beam with respect to lateral loads, such as wind or a whole stream
Cantilever wall
_______ a type of construction in which an overhang is supported from only one end where one floor extends beyond and over a foundation wall
Cantilevered
_________ a collapse in which one into the floor is still supported while the other end is unsupported. Voids can be created in such situations
Cantilevered floor collapse
This is the effect of wind passing between two closely spaced high-rise buildings and increasing in velocity.
Canyon effect
Single-Family Homes:
Cape Cod Platform-framed const. Traditionally 1 1/2 story with a steep-pitched roof. Stairway to second floor in near the front door. May have bedrooms on both floors.
_______ a fire protection system intended to protect materials that can be damaged by water
Carbon dioxide systems
_______ (also known as particle board) wood chips that are glued together to make flat sheets, are sometimes used for the floors of mobile homes
Chipboards
What chemical caused the collapse of a concrete roof of a swimming pool in Massachusetts?
Chlorine
Steels- modulus of elasticity is about________million pounds per square inch, far more than any other material
29 millions
________ the temporary structure erected to support concrete work in the course of construction
Falsework
Older buildings were built with high ceilings to provide ______ ___________.
Summer ventilation
Definition of a fixed beam:
Supported at two point and rigidly held in position at both points
Definition of a simple beam:
Supported at two points near its ends. Load is delivered to the two reaction points.
Types of Collapse:
90 Degree wall collapse Entire wall fails as one unit (can fall in or out). Tilt-wall, brick, or other masonry walls are example of 90 degree collapse.
Plastic reinforced with continuous fibers have been used to build bridges with a span of up to ___ feet?
90'
_________ a collapse in which an entire wall fails as one unit. Tilt wall failure (which can fall in or out) is an example of a 90° collapse
90° degree wall collapse
Schools have been shaped by one particular fire- the 1958 Our Lady of Angels fire in Chicago, which killed________students, and 3 nuns
92 students
Two general types of solar water heating systems are distinguished "active" or "__________"
"passive"
In 1985, U.S. taxpayers suffered a_________loss in a fire at a production building at Tinker Air Force base in Okc.
$195 million
Dupont Plaza Hotel fire in San Juan, Puerto Rico in 1986 started by a group of disgruntled employees killing 97 people, the claims for settlements for death and injuries from the fire have reached________
$200 million
The overall financial loss of tax payers on the Tennessee Valley Authority's Browns Ferry Nuclear power reactor was estimated at $_________per day?
$300,000 per day
In August 1953, the general motors transmission plant in Livonia, Michigan, burned. Its loss was_________ was the largest industrial fire loss to that date
$32 million
About how much was the wire that burned at the Tennessee Valley Authority's Browns Ferry Nuclear power reactor______?
$50,000
Composite construction
(Not to be confused with composite structural element) Describes bldgs in which different load-bearing materials are used in different areas. Such as an exterior column of concrete and an interior column of steel
Flat plate structural system
(continuous beam) A cast-in-place floor in which there are no beams supported by columns; the floor rests directly on the columns
Plastics containing what halogens form corrosive acids when combined with hydrogen and oxygen in the air?
Chlorine; Fluorine, Bromine, Iodine
The teeth on a gusset plate are how long?
.0.375"
How much will steel elongate for every 100F rise in temperature?
.06-.07%
Steel will expand______to_______in length for each 100 (degree F) rise in temperature
0.06 to 0.07%
Water supplies for spray systems designed to protect tanks and steel supports from flammable liquid spill fire are calculated on a requirement of ___ gpm per sq ft.
0.25
The gusset plate teeth, which can pyrolytically destroy the tensioned wood fibers that had been gripping the_________(9.5mm) deep metal teeth
0.375-inch
Materials that absorbs water, such as carpet, bulk cardboard, large rolls of paper, should be stored at least ____ away from masonry walls to allow for expansion.
1 foot
Fire partitions are typically rated for how many hours?
1 hour
_______the transfer of heat through circulation within a medium such as a gas or a liquid
convection
Structural steel fails at about
1,000-1100 degrees F
Steel can elongate at what temperature?
1,000F
The standard fire test used to test materials and assemblies reaches ____F in __ minutes.
1,000F; 5 minutes
Fireproofing of steel columns fails when a temperature of ___ is exceeded at one point ____F is exceeded on the average.
1,200F; 1,000F
(Residential fire test) Test No.14, Six minutes after ignition, the average gas temperature was reported as 700 degrees C or about_______
1,300 degrees F
At higher temperatures (above_________) steel members may completely fail.
1,300 degrees F
The first fire test of fireproof floors, the floors were subjected to load, shock, fire and water and continuous fire tests for (24 hours at_______[704 C]
1,300 degrees F
When the average temperature exceeds 1,100 degrees F, or any of the thermocouples temperatures exceed________the test is ended and the specimen fails
1,300 degrees F
A defective light ballast can reach temps of?
1,500 F
A typical basement room fire reached ___F in __ minutes.
1,500F: 5 minutes
Non-combustible bldgs are ____ stories in height, with a maximum of __ for certain occupancies.
1-3 stories; 12 stories
Masonry Construction Terms: Cavity Walls
Hollow walls in which wythes are tied together with steel ties or masonry trusses
Most fire service references direct that a collapse zone should be ___ the height of the building?
1.5 times
Most NFPA 13R apartment buildings require a what size FDC?
1.5"
Masonry constructed in place might have a safety factor of__________
10
Wind speeds over _____ must be considered from a tactical standpoint.
10-20 MPH
(Residential fire test) Test No.14, The test room was 3.3 by 4.9 meters in size (_____by______feet)
10.7 by 15.9 feet
Fire codes call for fire fighter access doors every __ feet in a high piled stock warehouse.
100
On average how many FFs are killed annually in the U.S.?
100
Rigid frames can provide clear spans of about ___ feet.
100 feet
Early suppression/fast response (ESFR) sprinklers discharge as much as ___ gpm per sprinkler.
100 gpm
What flow and pressure Class II standpipes provide?
100 gpm @ 65 psi
A 2003 fire at The Station nightclub in West Warwick, Rhode Island, killed_______; it was initiated by an indoor pyrotechnics display
100 people
What size light bulb can ignite cotton?
100-watt
Nightclubs with occupant loads over __ people or _____ Sf are sprinklered.
100; 5,000
Steel, which is made under controlled conditions, has a safety factor of?
2
Parking at garden apartments should be a minimum of ___ feet of clear width.
20
Per NFPA13, an FDC is not required (with he permission of the AHJ) for systems of __ sprinklers or less.
20
Some building codes require firestopping at a maximum of __ feet in architectural trim.
20 feet
Fire protection ratings on fire doors can range from ___ minutes to ___ hours?
20 minutes to 3 hours
Dimensional requirements for residential windows.
20' W x 24" H; minimum of 5.7 SF
To what pressure and how long is sprinkler piping hydrostatically tested after installation?
200 psi for 2 hours
(Residential fire test) Test No.14, The ceiling tiles were wood fiber, with a ________flame spread rating
200-flame rating
The Empire State Bldg weighs ____ pounds per cubic foot?
23 lbs/CF
Current bldg codes require that atria connect __ floors with ___ size requirement.
2 Floors; No size requirement
The Empire State building for example weighs about _________pounds per cubic foot. A typical high-rise, by comparison, weighs only 8 pounds per cubic foot
23 pounds per cubic foot
(NFPA 255) Essentially a test sample 25 feet long and ______wide forms the top of a tunnel or long box.
2 feet wide
_______fire fighters died in Wyoming, Michigan when fire burst out if the ceiling, even then the city did not amend the fire code to prohibit this type of remodeling
2 fire fighters
A horizontal exit, generally as a ___ fire-rated wall.
2 hour
Sprinkler piping is hydrostatically tested after installation for______ hours at_______psi- much more extensive testing than domestic piping is subjected to
2 hours 200psi
Fire walls typically have a fire resistance rating of ___ to _ hours?
2 to 4 hours
Lightweight wooden I-Beams use what size boards for the top and bottom flanges?
2" x 4"
Typical Foam Core Panels tend to be what dimension?
2' x 8'
In Los Angeles, California in 1982, fire claimed the lives of________occupants of the Dorothy mae apartments
24 occupants
A fire in 2013 involving indoor pyrotechnics, in Santa Maria, Brazil killed________people
242 people
During a high rise fire, winds in excess of __ mph cannot be reversed with PPV fans.
25
ESFR sprinklers can protect rack storage of high-density plastic up to ___ feet high.
25 feet
Masonry bldgs with spans greater than ___ feet must have interior bearing walls.
25 feet
The simple wood beam floor would be satisfactory for bldgs up to a practical limit of about how many feet?
25 feet
Reports estimated that 1,500 passengers could be evacuated from a burning train in______mins.
25 mins
In the Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant, a fire did about $1 million in conventional damage, the cost of the total cleanup was_______times greater
25 times
In a modern office building, possibly __% or more of the floor volume is located in the ceiling void.
25%
Normal strength concrete loses about ___% of its compressive strength at ___F and __% of its compressive strength at ______F
25% at 575F; 75% at 11,007F (High strength concrete loses much more strength than HSC at the same temps)
Test sample size for the Steiner tunnel test (ASTM E-84)?
25' long & 2' wide
Each 2-1/2" outlet on a test pumping manifold indicates a ____ gpm pump capacity?
250 gpm
One of the most serious fires occurred in 1859 in a cathedral in South America, the overhead was decorated with fabric to resemble clouds. When the fire broke out the fabric accelerated the flame spread and about_______people were reported to have died.
2,000 people
Generally speaking, today Class 1 and 3 systems provide (or are capable of providing)________gpm at 100psi at each hose valve.
250 gpm
A ____ is a wall typically found in the top floor of a wood-frame how with a peaked roof. It is
2-3 feet high and squares off the area at the edge of the room where the sloping roof meets the floor. Knee Wall
What flow and pressure Class I & III standpipes provide?
250 gpm @ 100 psi
Arches can have up to how many hinges (points at which the arch changes directions)?
3
How many stories is typically the limit for balloon-frame const?
3
Old atria bldg codes considered atria to be openings that connected a minimum of __ floors and ___ feet on each side.
3 Floors; 20 feet
Fire doors can have protection ratings ranging from 20mins to________hours, depending on the type of fire resistance-rated assembly the fire door is located in
3 hours
In the movie Countdown to Disaster, a sparsely furnished bedroom develops a violent backdraft explosion in fewer than________minutes
3 minutes
Fire codes and building codes are updated every______years by the NFPA and ICC.
3 years
Draft stops are required to limit attic compartments to ____ Sf; and floor void compartments to ____ SF.
3,000: 1,000
For example a typical polyurethane sofa fire has a peak HRR of approximately_________
3,120KW
A 10 minute exposure to _____ ppm of CO would be hazardous, possibly incapacitating.
3,500
According to the NFPA Fire protection handbook, a 10min exposure to________ppm of CO would be hazardous, possibly incapacitating
3,500 ppm
A flame spread rating of _____ can be expected to generate substantial smoke.
300 or more
More than________fire fighters were injured in 2012 on the fire ground, sustaining injuries such as sprains, burns, and smoke inhalation.
30500
Building codes define an underground building as having an occupied level at least __ feet below the level of ____.
30; exit discharge
Carpeting also spread the fire in the Harmer House Nursing home in Marietta, Ohio, where_______individuals died in 1970.
32 individuals
Worst collapse in history of the fire service, when________firefighters and________patrolman were lost
343 firefighters 1 patrolman
What is the orifice of an ESFR (Early Suppression Fast Response) sprinkler?
3/4 Inch
The teeth on gusset plates (gang nails) are how long?
3/8"
UL tests pressure-treated wood for ___ minutes rather than the usual 10 minutes.
30 minutes
An 8 inch block wall of Aerated Concrete Units can achieve a ___ hour fire rating.
4
What is a Trimmer?
A piece of lumber that supports a header and can be found in floor openings such as stairwells
A ____ is a freestanding masonry load-carrying column.
A pillar
________ masonry bracing incorporated into unstable masonry walls; also called peers, buttresses, pilasters, or columns
Masonry column
In 2012, _________fire fighters were killed by collapsing roofs and walls
4 fire fighters
Each floor of the twin towers was_________square feet in area.
40,000 sq feet
Occupant evacuation elevators are intended for occupants in buildings more than how many feet?
420 Feet
Some______people died in a 1990 discotheque fire in Zaragoza, Spain
47 people
What is the permissible with of garment cutting tables?
48 inches
On November 28, 1942, rapid fire growth was responsible for________deaths in the cocoanut grove nightclub fire in Boston
492 deaths
The most famous and largest nightclub fire is; The 1942 Cocoanut Grove fire in Boston, which killed________people
492 people
Masonry Construction Terms: Cornice
A projecting decorative ledge at the top of a masonry wall.
A 1984 fire in the Six Flags haunted castle in New Jersey, in which_______people died was reported to have been caused by a visitor touching a lighter to a polyurethane surface
8 people
Dimensions of a concrete masonry unit (CMU)?
8" x 16"
Wood, paper and similar materials are estimated at__________BTU/lb
8,000BTU/lb
How much does a gallon of water weigh?
8.34 lbs
Most stadiums have a seating capacity from a few thousand to over ____.
80,000
How many occupancy classifications are there for detention facilities? And which is the most secure?
5 Classifications; Use condition 5 is most secure
When carpeting piled in a hallway was ignited in a Fort Worth, Texas, Ramada Inn in 1983________people died.
5 people
As many as what percent of fire doors in 'well protected' properties have been found to be inoperative.
50
In 1973, the potential threat became a reality, when glass fiber-reinforced plastic stand caught fire outside the building, the fire extended to the asphalt-coated steel, then to plastic killing______
50 people
CO can be generated up to how many times as much in enclosed voids as in the open?
50 times
For years how many of the exit stairwells were allowed to terminate in the building's lobby rather than outdoors?
50%
NFPA ____ uses a three-digit numbering scheme to designate the hourly rating of a structure?
5000
An office building floor, for example must be able to sustain a load of______psf over the entire floor, but also have the ability to sustain a load of_______lbs at a specific location.
50psf, 2,000lbs
Typically, a single sprinkler riser can cover an area up to ____ SF.
52,000 SF;
Atria with steel supported roofs over __ feet do not require the steel to be protected.
55 feet
Most library stack levels are about __ feet.
6
In most cases, the corridors in schools are how wide?
6 feet
The loss of________fire fighters at the Worcester Cold storage warehouse in Massachusetts in 1999 was in part due to the rapid spread of fire across the interior surfaces of the building
6 fire fighters
Generally, what is the height limit of an ordinary brick building?
6 stories; BUT there are buildings as tall as 16 stories
Sample size for the Radiant Panel Flame Spread Test
6" x 18"
Low-rise (sprinklers) in this case means residential occupancies four stories or fewer and less than_______feet in height
60 feet
Formwork can represent how much of the cost of a concrete structure?
60%
Lightweight wooden I-Beams are manufactured in lengths up to how many feet?
60'
Worst tragedy in theaters, 1903 fire in Iroquois Theater in Chicago, where ________people were killed in minutes.
602 people
When an occupied level is more than __ feet below the exit discharge, a smoke barrier that splits the level roughly in ___ must be provided.
60; half
In fire equivalent to the standard test fire, the bar joist generally will fail in about________mins
7 mins
How many samples are needed to pass the Carpet Test?
7 out of 8
The One Meridian Bldg fire in Philadelphia was stopped by how many sprinklers on what floor?
7 sprinklers on the 30th floor
The 9/11 museum at Ground Zero in New York is __ feet below grade.
70
In April 1949, a tragic fire occurred in St. Anthony's Hospital in Effingham, Illinois, there were_______deaths in the fire, mostly infants in the nursery, nut also nuns and nurses who would not leave them
74 deaths
It has been said that what percentage of a bldg code deals with fire safety?
75%
Corridors in hospitals and nursing homes have are a minimum of __ wide to accommodate size and width of rolling hospital beds.
8 feet
Modern high-rises weigh as little as ___ pounds per cubic foot?
8 lbs/CF
Spandrel girder
A beam that carries the load on the exterior of a framed bldg between the top of one window and the bottom of the window above.
What is a lintel?
A beam used to carry the wall above an opening
A line of columns in aby direction is called what?
A bent
On a sprinkler system, zero readings on both the supply and discharge gauges may indicate what?
A closed valve in the street
A _____ is a structural member that transmits a compressive force along a straight path in the direction of the member?
A column
Steel Construction Definitions: Lattice Column
A column made of vertical units connected with diagonal pieces
Steel roof beams that are elongating in summer heat my be indicated by what?
A horizontal crack
Masonry Construction Terms: Flying Buttress
A masonry pier at a distance from the wall and connected to it. Resists the outward thrust of the roof. Mostly used in Gothic architecture
Definition of Corbelled
A series of projections, each one stepped progressively outward from the vertical face of the wall as it rises up to support a cornice or overhang member above.
What is a Trombe wall and what is its function?
A set of glass exterior panels and concrete block wall with a void space in between. It traps sun-heated air and delivers it into adjacent living spaces.
A inverted King post truss has ____ compression member.
A single (one)
What is a projected beam detector?
A single light beam that can cover large areas as a means to detect smoke and trigger the smoke control system. They are often mounted on the side of the atrium near the top.
What is the most dependable fire barrier in a warehouse?
A solid masonry wall parapeted through the roof
Pintle
A solid, square iron pin often used to connect wooden columns end to end
What is a Trunnel?
A wooden peg used to pin together mortise and tenon joints.
Roofing materials are classified as __, __, & __. The least fire resistant is ___.
A, , B, & C; Least resistant is C
Types of Collapse:
A-frame (tent collapse) One end of the collapsed floor is supported by an interior wall, creating two void spaces
_________ a collapse in which one end of the collapse floor is supported by an interior wall, creating two void spaces
A-frame floor collapse (tent collapse)
(NFPA 255) The test was developed by__________at Underwriters Laboratories
A.J. Steiner
Describe Active and Passive solar water heating systems.
ACTIVE - Use a roof-mounted collector and a pump to move the water to the tank. A heat exchanger then heats the water in the storage tank. PASSIVE - Heat water directly through a batch collector, essentially a large well-insulated tank designed to heat the water within.
_________ spanning the main trusses to support a flat roof. A joist that generally runs in the same direction as a beam and forms a light weight, long span system, used as floor supporters and built up roofing supports
Bar joists
Steel Construction Definitions:
Bars Plates fewer than 6 inches n width. Can be square or round
A Colum drawn around a column should touch what?
All four points of the "H"
The worst place for a fire to start in a balloon-frame building is usually the ____?
Basement
Usually all of the gas meters in an apartment complex are located in one _____ location.
Basement
_______ laid vertically, butt to butt, with strips nailed over the joints, are nailed on 1 foot centers, have been used on painted concrete block walls to stimulate such siding
Battens
Green Construction:
Batteries in a PV system generate significant quantities of what gas? Hydrogen
A ____ is probably the oldest structural member?
Beam
The functions of what two structural members are combined in an arch?
Beam & Column
The truss is a ____, and its thrust is (what direction)____?
Beam; straight down the wall or column
Steel Construction Definitions: Purlins
Beams, usually channels, set at right angles to trusses or roof rafters to provide support for lightweight roofing.
There is an economic limit to the height of an ordinary brick building. Why?
Because of the requirement that the walls increase in thickness as the height increases.
________ method in which all the concrete in a building is properly bonded together and acts as one
Monolithic construction
From time to time, buildings incorporate floor-ceiling assemblies and interior walls that are fire rated according to________
ASTM E-119
This test standard is used for testing and assigning hourly ratings to fire walls, columns, and floors.
ASTM E-119
This test standard is used for testing the flame spread characteristics of interior finishes.
ASTM E-84
Identify 4 landmark hotel fires that occurred in UNSPRINKLERED buildings:
ATLANTA Winecoff: 1946 (119 dead) CHICAGO Hotel LaSalle 1946 (61 dead) LAS VEGAS Clark County MGM 1980 (84 dead) PUERTO RICO DuPont Plaza 1986 (87 dead)
Wind blowing against a building splits where and what happens to it?
About 2/3 of the way up; Upper flows up and over; Lower flows downward, increasing in velocity and forming a vortex next to the building.
In a building experiencing stack effect, the neutral zone can be found where?
About one-third to one-half the building height.
At what temperature will steel start to soften and fail?
Above 1,000F
Steel members may completely fail at what temperature?
Above 1,300F
What are the two types of solar water heating systems?
Active & Passive
What does NFPA 5000 use to designate the subcategories of each type of construction related to the hourly rating of the structure?
Additional 3 Digit Numbering Scheme (e.g. Type 1 442)
________ bricks made of clay, water, and straw, dried in the sun. Large, roughly molded, sun-dried clay units of varying sizes
Adobe
Eco-Friendly Materials:
Adobe A composite material made of clay, a fibrous substance, sand and earth, baled into bricks
Masonry Construction Terms:
Adobe Bricks made of clay, water, and straw, dried in the sun. After brick are laid they are parged. (Covered with a think coat of concrete)
When did Modular construction really become popular?
After WW II
________ any of a variety of materials, such as sand and gravel, added to a cement mixture to make concrete
Aggregate
_______ the use of high air velocity to stop smoke movement
Air flow
Phoenix Fire Chief_________:take a significant risk to protect a savable life, a little very controlled risk to protect savable property, and no risk for what is already lost.
Alan Brunacini's
_________ a lightweight metal that is both malleable and non-magnetic. This material has a very good conductivity. This non-combustible material has a low melting point and a little mass per unit of area, so it disintegrates rapidly in fire
Aluminum
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) contains ______ powder that reacts with the lime in the concrete making it ____ the weight by volume of traditional concrete.
Aluminum; One-fourth
Front door of strip malls are usually _____ doors with ___ panels, calling for what forcible entry technique.
Aluminum; glass; through the lock
This act, passed in _____, set requirements for areas of refuge for disabled people in multistory bldgs/
Americans with Disabilities Act; 1990
________is a set of regulations passed in 1990 that includes, among other things, requirements for areas of refuge for disabled people in multistory buildings
Americans with disabilities act (ADA)
Eco-Friendly Materials:
Ammonia An "old" refrigerant used 1870s-1980s. It was considered to be eco-friendly, but presents a toxicity and explosion hazard.
What caused the collapse of the Vendome Hotel in Boston?
An air duct was cut in a wall directly below a cast iron column that supported a brick wall. June 1972
A floor or wall fails testing when...?
An avg temp rise on the unexposed surface of 250F
Structural Insulated Sheathing
An exterior sheathing used in wood-frame dwellings, providing structural stabilization, insulation, and a barrier to moisture.
A lintel spans what?
An opening in a masonry wall
These large stores (often department stores) are attached to the mall, and all of their required exits are independent of the mall.
Anchor Stores
_________ large stores often (department stores) attached to the mall, have all of the required exits independent of the mall
Anchor stores
_________ these steel members have two legs at right angles to one another. They are L shaped in cross section
Angles
Masonry Construction Terms: Cross Wall
Any bracing wall set at a right angle to the wall in question
The rigid frame is derived from the _____?
Arch
Sometimes bowstring trusses are known as__________ a truss with an arched upper chord and a straight bottom chord, with vertical hangers between the two chords
Arched truss
Bowstring trusses are also known as _____ _____
Arched trusses
What is the difference in an architect's scale and an engineer's scale?
Architect's scales use fractions; Engineer's measure in feet to cover longer distances
Eco-Friendly Materials:
Are considered to be green because of what three reasons? Availability; minor impact on the environment; ability to be recycled
When and why did mill construction fall out of favor?
Around WW I; Because of the arrival of reinforced concrete
_______ a "fireproof" roofing shingle that is composed of cement reinforced with asbestos fibers
Asbestos cement shingles
Stone cut into rectangular units.
Ashlar Masonry
________ stone cut in rectangular units
Ashlar masonry
_________ asphalt coating that is combustible and used as a weather protective coating on galvanized steel walls
Asphalt asbestos protected metal (AAPM)
_______ also known as gasoline siding, is usually made to look like brick or stone, coated with fine glass fiber
Asphalt felt siding
In a high rise bldg, and realistic estimate of time between the alarm and start of extinguishment is how long?
At least 20 minutes
Plywood is made with the grains running ____ to each other.
At right angles
_________ a large open space within a structure connecting two or more floors, Hyatt Regency in Atlanta that brought them into the modern era
Atria TQ*
The vertical spread of fire on the exterior of a multi-story building, from one floor to the floor above, via convection and radiation.
Autoexposure
The vertical spread of fire, such as flames and gases exiting a window and passing up the side of a building heating the window and objects above, causing them to ignite.
Autoexposure
This is the phenomenon in which a combustible material ignites spontaneously without the application of a spark or flame.
Autoignition
Building codes lists 6 requirements for an underground building:
Automatic sprinklers Standpipe Emergency power Fire alarm system Public address system Smoke management system
_______ system that has a water supply that is capable of supplying the system demand automatically
Automatic-wet
This load passes through the centroid of section under construction. It is perpendicular to the plane of the section.
Axial
What load is a force that passes through the centroid of the section under construction and is perpendicular to the plane of the section. This load is straight and true the load is evenly applied to the bearing structure.
Axial Load
Loads are classified according to the orientation in which they are placed on the structure. They can be classified as _____ or ____?
Axial or Eccentric
This product had been known to have been the fuel for a number of fires that destroyed sprinklered steel buildings?
Rolled paper
This is lumber that is left as sawn on all four sides?
Rough Lumber
_____ are masonry structures built on the outside surface of the wall to resist outthrust.
Buttresses
_______ all of the wood framing members and sheathing of a building. Also known as framing
Rough carpentry
_______ lumber that is left sawn on all four sides
Rough lumber
The top and bottom member of a truss are called what?
Chords
________ places engineered stresses in architectural and structural concrete to offset the stresses that occur in the concrete when it is placed under load
Prestressing
In a typical downtown business or commercial Ordinary const bldg, which wall are load bearing, and which ones are not?
BEARING = Side Walls; NONBEARING = Front & back walls
Wood Dimensions: Board, Dimensional lumber, Timber
BOARD = less than or equal to 2"; DIMENSIONAL LUMBER = 2-4"; TIMBER - Greater than or equal to 5"
The basic measurement of caloric value is the________(_________), the amount of heat required to raise a pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
BTU (British thermal unit)
_______ a wooden structure in which all vertical studs in the exterior bearing walls extend the full height of the frame from sill to roof. No firestops are present within the walls
Balloon frame
Which of the two has more continuity from top to bottom, balloon-frame or platform const?
Balloon-frame
Eco-Friendly Materials:
Bamboo Used in structural laminated beams, curtain walls, and even trusses
Why was there no substantial stack effect in pre WWII high rise buildings?
Because the windows leaked
Don't assume that green construction means all natural. Some synthetic materials and plastic foam insulation is considered green construction. Why?
Because they are used to conserve energy.
In plastic design, the connections are built to transfer the loads ____ ____ ___.
Beyond the columns
________ in terms of construction materials, a nationally produce "green plastic" from renewable, living sources (starches, wood), instead of nonrenewable sources such as oil
Biopolymers
Water Conservation:
Black Water Sewage
Fire growth and spread are greatly influenced by ______?
Bldg const
Fire units should never pass through a sliding or overhead door without doing what to it?
Blocking it open
This siding consists of boards laid on vertically, butt to butt with strips laid over the joints?
Board and batten
Wood Frame Terminology: Oriented Strand Board
Board made of strands of wood with a fairly constant width-to-length ratio. Said to have less expansion from moisture
According to the________of insurance companies, a large percentage of businesses that suffer a serious fire or other major disaster never reopen
Chubb group
_______ a structural member laid on the subfloor where the vertical studs are installed
Bottom plate
What are fire limits in regard to building codes?
Boundaries in which structures could not be built unless the outer walls were constructed of masonry to limit fire extension. Wood-frame bldgs were banned inside the fire limits.
This site is now a restaurant frequented by many at FDIC
Bowen-Merrill Bldg in Indianapolis: 13 FF killed in 1890
What type of trusses might be found in an older ordinary construction strip mall?
Bowstring
_________ large hollow columns built from steel plates
Box columns
_________ square or rectangular steel girders that are hollow, like box columns, and used to support other beams in buildings, are used to construct bridges
Box girders
Ordinary construction was once know as _____.
Brick and wood-joisted construction
This name is given to the brick and mortar filling between studs.
Brick nogging
_________ brick and mortar filling between studs utilized as a makeshift fire barrier, (does not block the floor or attic voids)
Brick nogging
Where do we see he greatest use of veneered walls?
Brick veneer on a wood frame
Masonry walls in ordinary const may consist of:
Brick; Stone; Concrete block; Terra-cotta; Tile; Adobe; Precast or cast-in-place concrete
_______ (cross bracing) braces place between parallel-frame members to prevent movement from the vertical axis.
Bridging
___ is placed between joists to keep them erect and to help share the load placed on the floor.
Bridging (Cross-bracing)
What is the unit of measure for caloric value?
Btu
This code regulates the actual design and construction of new bldgs, and also applies to the renovation, alteration or demolition of an existing bldg?
Building code
What codes specify WHERE systems are to be installed?
Building codes
________ PV systems that are incorporated into the building itself in the form of either PV shingles or PV wall panel systems
Building-integrated photovoltaics
Composite construction is?
Buildings in which two different materials carry structural loads
The steel walls in ships are known as what?
Bulkheads
_________ an upright partition that divides a ship into compartments and is meant to prevent the spread of leakage or fire
Bulkheads
Gypsum is the only construction material that does not yield heat when?
Burned in pure Oxygen
Masonry Construction Terms:
Rubble Masonry Masonry composed of random stone
How can interior masonry walls be distinguished from wooden interior walls?
By their greater thickness.
Hazmats are permitted in _____ areas, which are essentially areas surrounded by 1-hour rated fire assemblies.
Control
Single-Family Homes:
California Bungalow One story structure with a peaked roof with rafters as small as 2x4 or 2x6. Often there is no ridge beam. Small scuttle to access the attic
Some Beams are built with a slight __________ or upward rise, so that when the designed load is superimposed, the beam will be more nearly horizontal.
Camber
Some beams are built with a ____ to account for the deflection of a superimposed load?
Camber
Steel member abbreviations:
C: Channels CB: Castellated Beams L: Angles S: American Standard (I-Beam) W: Wide flange beams and columns WT: Structural tees
List and describe the different classes of standpipes.
CLASS I: Has 2 1/2" hose connection, for use by FDs. CLASS II: Has 1 1/2" hose stations; for use primarily by bldg occupants. CLASS III: provides 1 1/2" hose stations & 2 1/2" hose connections for use by FDs and others trained in handling heavy fire streams.
Which of the fire gases is the most prevalent?
CO
________ special high strength, cold drawn steel cables. Also referred to as strands or tendons
Cables
This is the process that happens to gypsum when heated by fire, deteriorates, and gives up its moisture?
Calcination
_________ the deterioration of a product by heating to high temperatures
Calcination
_______, served to rapidly spread the fire in the Pioneer Hotel in Tucson, Arizona, where 29 people died in 1979.
Carpeting
________ this concrete is molded in the location in which it is expected to remain, includes plain concrete, reinforced concrete and post tension concrete
Cast in place
_______ an iron box built into a wall to receive the end of a girder
Cast iron box
Is post-tensioned concrete a form of cast-in-place concrete or precast concrete?
Cast-in-place
________ includes plain concrete, reinforced concrete, and post tension concrete. This concrete is molded in the location in which it is expected to remain
Cast-in-place concrete
Wide flange beams that have been cut in half in a zig-zag pattern and then welded back together in an offset manner, creating a new deeper beam.
Castellated Beam
_________ wide flange beams that have been cut in half in a zig-zag pattern and then will head back together offset, creating new, deeper beams
Castellated beams TQ*
This is the process of placing the fluid concrete into molds, generally called forms.
Casting
These walls are built of two wythes separated by a space for rain drainage or insulation.
Cavity or hollow walls
________ hollow walls in which wythes are tied together with steel ties or masonry trusses
Cavity wall
IN the south what type of wood posts were used for pier and beam foundations?
Cedar
A ceiling alone cannot be rated. It must be a _____
Ceiling-floor assembly
_________ non-combustible material often used for friable construction
Cement-asbestos board
________ small device is designed to keep the rods up off the surface of the form so concrete will flow underneath
Chairs
_______ to cut off the corners of a timber to retard ignition
Chamfer
_______ a wooden heavy timber column that has been cut at an angle (beveled) on each of the corners to make it more difficult for fire to ignite the column at that location
Chamfered column
_________ steel structural components that have a square U-shaped cross section
Channels
McCormick Place Fire
Chicago January 16, 1967 Loss $154 million January 16, 1967 LOSS: $154 Million BUILDING: 320,000 SF; TRUSSES: 18 steel trusses ON 60 feet on center, 210 foot central span, 67 foot cantilever on each side, 16 feet deep at the column tapering to 10 feet at the center of the building. Estimated fire load: 80,000-120,000 Btu per sq ft.
The ____ designs the layout of the site including parking, drainage, and roadways.
Civil engineer
Metal siding may be made to look like ____?
Clapboards; Imitation stone
Class_______ system: standpipe system provides 2 1/2 hose connections to supply water for use by fire departments and those trained and handling heavy fire streams
Class 1
Class_______ system: standpipe system provides 1 1/2 hose stations to supply water for use primarily by the building occupants or by the fire department during initial response
Class 2 TQ*
Class_______ system: standpipe system provides 1 1/2 hose stations to supply water for use by building occupants and 2 1/2 hose connections to supply a large volume of water for use by fire departments and those trained in handling heavy fire streams
Class 3
Standpipe system provides 1 1/2 Inch hose stations to supply water for use primarily by the building occupants or by the fire department during initial response.
Class II
What standpipe system(s) can be used by building occupants?
Class II & Class III
Bricks are made of?
Clay
_______ gaseous fire extinguishing agent that does not have a residue when it dissipates (replaced with halon systems)
Clean agent system
One of the most important aspects of a fire door is the ability to ___ and___?
Close & latch closed
________ a composite material composed of clay, straw, sand, and earth; similar to adobe; typically laid in courses
Cob
Eco-Friendly Materials:
Cob A composite material composed of clay, straw, sand, and earth; similar to adobe. Plaster if often added to improve its appearance.
Fire spread in taxpayers is usually through the _______.
Cockloft
This is the name for the space that separates the top floor ceiling from the roof.
Cockloft
________ (void space) separates the top floor ceiling from the roof
Cockloft
Masonry Construction Terms: Course
See: Course; Header or Bond; Stretcher
In what climate is stack effect most significant?
Cold
Fire resistance of columns is concerned with ____.
Collapse
Fire resistance test sample dimensions:
Columns 9' Beams and Girders 12' Partitions & walls 100SF Floors & roofs 180SF
The enclosure around a fire is what?
Compartment
________subdivision of a building into smaller areas so that fire or smoke is confined to the room or section it originates
Compartmentation
REINFORCED concrete is considered a _____ material.
Composite
These columns use steel and concrete combined into one unit.
Composite & combination
________ columns that use steel and concrete combined into one unit
Composite and combination columns
________ buildings in which different loadbearing materials are used in different areas of the building
Composite construction
________ two different masonry materials, such as brick and concrete block, used in a wall and design to react as one under load
Composite wall
This force squeezes a structural member?
Compression
What force is acting on the arch along its entire length?
Compression
Deflection is bending that combines both ____ & ____.
Compression & Tension
What are the four general types of forces that are applied to structural members?
Compression, Tension, Torsion, Shear
What is the significance of compressive, tensile, and shear strength of steel?
Compressive strength is equal to tensile strength; Shear strength is about 3/4 of its tensile strength
Lally columns are steel pipes filled with what to increase their load carrying capacity?
Concrete
What are caissons made of?
Concrete
________ is a cementitious material produced by a chemical reaction of Portland cement (primary lime stone) and water to which inert materials called aggregates are added
Concrete
________ a precast hollow or solid structural block made of cement, water, and aggregates (CMU) sometimes called cinder block
Concrete masonry unit
________ concrete placed over the first floor wood floors for fire resistance or to provide sanitary floors
Concrete topping
Name the three methods of heat transfer.
Conduction, convection, radiation
________rapid involvement of a fire situation that goes beyond the normal attack situations that fire departments encounter
Conflagration
_______ a structure that present severe exposure problems that are capable of initiating a conflagration- a large, multiple building fire that is not easily contained, heavy timber,
Conflagration breeder
The principal interior collapse potential of the beam to girder attachment is often found in the _______ _______?
Connection systems
Define the ceiling layer of a fire compartment.
Consists of the hot buoyant gases that collect at the very top of a room.
How does a Pre-Action sprinkler system work?
Contains air in the piping, but has a supplementary detection device (smoke or heat) that opens a water valve permitting water to flow into the piping before a sprinkler is activated. Keeps eater from flowing if a sprinkler or pipe is broken.
Describe a Dry-pipe sprinkler system
Contains air or nitrogen under pressure. When a sprinkler head is opened the air is expelled allowing water to flow into the system and out any opened sprinklers. Typically installed in areas of the bldg subject to freezing.
Describe a Wet pipe sprinkler system:
Contains water under pressure at all times. Water flows from the sprinklers immediately
Automatic sprinklers in occupied spaces will most likely only extinguish ____ fires?
Contents
The continuous process of pouring concrete without interruption from start to finish is called _____ _____?
Continuous casting
________ process for casting or pouring concrete without interruption from start to finish
Continuous casting
________ pouring concrete continuously as forms move upward so that continuous casting may be accomplished
Continuous slipforming
_________ area surrounded by one hour rated fire assemblies, building or portion of a building within which hazardous materials are allowed to be stored, dispensed, used, or handled in quantities not exceeding the maximum allowed quantities
Control areas
_______ a series of projections, each one stepped progressively outward from the vertical face of the wall as it rises up to support a cornice or overhang member above
Corbelled
This interior finish was a key factor in a five-alarm fire in the Empire State Building.
Cork paneling
________ a projecting decorative ledge at the top of a masonry wall
Cornice
Where does the tensioning of concrete occur?
Pretensioning - at the plant; Post-tensioning - on the job site
_________ using smoke control systems. These detectors can cover large areas with a single beam of light
Projected beam detectors
________ these are steel rods or bars that are usually intentionally deformed. Steel rods or bars used to reinforce concrete
Reinforcing bars or rods
PV roof panels generate what type of current?
DC
________ are designed to stiffen the building against wind and other lateral loads such as earthquakes
Diaphragm floors
_______ groove panels utilized on industrial buildings of wood or steel framing; it poses an electrical hazard from stray electrical wires or lighting
Corrugated metal siding
These give steel a greater ability to span a gap while resisting deflection better than if it was a flat plate.
Corrugations
These give steel a greater ability to span a gap, without unacceptable deflection or bending, than the same steel would have as a flat plate. Grooved ridgid material often metal.
Corrugations
________ a horizontal line of masonry
Course
(Under the building code) A _____ ____ is basically a single building enclosing a number of tenants.
Covered Mall
List the 5 visual indicators of collapse.
Cracks in walls Leaning walls Pitched or sagging floors Racked doorways Stabilization or bracing features
_______this is the amount of external radiant heat energy (measured in watts per square centimeter) below which a flame front will cease to propagate. Also know as (NFPA 253)
Critical radiant flux (CRF)
this wall is built at a right angle to any other wall. The walls should brace one another?
Cross Wall
________ any bracing wall set at a right angle to the wall in question. The walls should brace one another
Cross wall
Concrete is often described by the nature of the aggregate. There are 10 listed
Crushed stone; gravel; cinders; breeze (coke product no longer used), expanded slag; shale; slate; clay; vermiculite; and perlite
_________ often associated with brick veneer non-load bearing walls, but also including other masonry walls. The wall falls like a curtain straight down
Curtain wall collapse
Types of Collapse:
Curtain wall collapse Wall falls like a curtain - straight down. Often associated with brick veneer non-load bearing walls, but also includes other masonry walls.
_______ these types of walls are non-loadbearing walls; they carry no weight other than their own weight and are installed only to keep out the weather
Curtain walls
This beam projects beyond its support, but not far enough to be a cantilever beam
Overhang beam
What are the two movies the NFPA produced to give graphic demonstrations of how fast fire grows?
FIRE: Countdown to Disaster Fire Power
What do each of the three digits in a NFPA rating number represent?
FIRST - Load bearing walls; SECOND - Beams and columns; THIRD - Floor construction
This load is the weight of the bldg itself.
Dead load
_______pipe systems: the systems have all sprinklers open at all times. When he from a fire actuates the fire to detecting device, the deluge valve opens and water flows to, and is discharged from, all sprinklers on the piping system, usually in flammable liquid operations
Deluge systems
_______ the "expected" area of sprinklers that will activate as anticipated by the sprinkler design standard; essentially the projected size of the fire
Demand area
_______ the unit rate of water application to an area or surface; expressed in gpm/per square foot
Density
Beams are shaped like the letter "I" because their ____ determined their strength?
Depth
Energy Conservation:
Describe the evolution Driven by the energy crisis of the 1970s; led to the creation of many synthetic (plastic) materials.
Structural Insulated Panels
Designed for energy efficiency. "studless" wall assemblies using a core of POLYURETHANE
What function does a water flow switch have?
Detects the movement of water in the systems and transmits a signal to the alarm system
In a strip mall the building code requires a fire-rated separation between two occupancies only if they are _____.
Different occupancy types
How does the strength of a beam in relation to its width?
Direct proportion
ESFR dump most of their water where?
Directly on the fire
Heavy loads on a beam should be placed where?
Directly over or very close to the point of support
_______pipe systems: these systems have automatic sprinklers attached to piping that contains air or nitrogen under pressure. When a sprinkler is open by heat from the fire, the pressure is reduced to the point where water pressure on the supply side of the dry pipe valve can force open the valve. Dry pipe systems are typically installed in areas of the building subject to freezing
Dry pipe systems
_______ a characteristic of a building that should allow a fire in that building to be brought under control before the building itself becomes involved
Slow burning
Describe a Manual-dry standpipe system?
Does not have a permanent water supply attached to the system
This helps to connect a girder; imparts lateral stability under normal conditions; resembles a big staple
Dog iron
________ like a big staple, connects the girders and imparts some lateral stability under normal conditions
Dog iron
In that direction is the thrust of a truss?
Downward
What effect does water have on steel that is elongating?
Draws it back to its original dimensions.
________ thicker section of floor on top of columns to assist in resisting the natural tendency of the floor to shear off at the column
Drop panel
These sections of floor are thicker near columns to help resist the tendency of the floor to shear off at the column
Drop panels
_______ an automatic fire extinguishing system the discharges is a dry chemical agent
Dry chemical system
This is the process of setting field stone without mortar.
Dry laid
Another word for formwork is?
Falsework
Describe the walls and roof of a noncombustible construction strip mall.
Exterior wall: concrete block or concrete tilt walls. Roof: steel bar joist roof members and a metal deck
Very tall High Rise bldgs are built to take the wind load where?
Exterior walls
Characteristics of Mill Construction:
Exterior walls (bearing & non-load bearing) are masonry; Columns are of heavy timber & chamfered; Floors & Roofs are of thick grooved, splined or laminated planks, ends of girders are fire cut, walls may have a cast iron box for girders, scuppers, larger number of windows
The use of concrete in Type II const is typically limited to _____ and _____.
Exterior walls; Shaft enclosures
The log. cabin came to the east and west coasts from where?
EAST - Sweden WEST - Russia
What size is the orifice of an ESFR sprinkler? A conventional sprinkler?
ESFR = 3/4" Conventional 1/2"
_________ a type of fast response sprinkler capable of providing fire suppression of specific high challenge fire hazards, they allow warehouse owners flexibility to move the racks without having to repipe the in-rack sprinklers
Early suppression/ fast response (ESFR)
This is a force that is perpendicular to the plane of the section but DOES NOT pass through the center of the section
Eccentric
Force that is perpendicular to the plane of the section but does not pass through the center of the section, thus bending the supporting members.
Eccentric Load
What are the four general categories of green construction?
Eco-Friendly; Energy Conservation; Water Conservation; Energy Generation
One notable issue with the stadia is ____ travel distance.
Egress
Precast building are (pinned or rigid)?
Either one
The two varieties of elevators are?
Electric & Hydraulic
These prevent occupants of an elevator from opening the car and shaft doors. They are engaged when the cab is located ___ inched above or below the landing zone.
Elevator door restrictors; 18 inches
Wood Frame Terminology:
End Matched Lumber Has tongues and grooves at the ends
_______ lumber with tongues and grooves at the end
End matched
_______ in the construction trade, laminated timbers. In this text, wood modified from its natural state
Engineered wood
Post & Frame const came to America from what 3 countries?
England; Germany; France
_______ in the 1920s, many balloon frame houses were built with the exterior finish to resemble post and frame construction
English Tudor homes
Houses built to resemble post and frame construction are called?
English Tudor style
Steel is almost ____ as strong as concrete.
Equally
Very long, thin columns are know as?
Euler's Law columns
In a high rise, if only certain stairwells can be pressurized, they should be used for _______.
Evacuation
How often are fire codes and building codes updated?
Every three years
This valve is used to sense a sudden increased flow of gas as from a broken line and shut off the gas
Excess flow valve
________ a valve senses a sudden increased flow of gas, as from a broken line, and shuts off the gas, preventing a tragedy
Excess flow valve
The rated stairwell or exit passageway
Exit
The actual path from any point in a bldg to a fire-rated stairwell (or outdoors)
Exit Access
Name the three components of means of egress.
Exit access; the exit; exit discharge
From the outside door to a public way.
Exit discharge
Panic hardware is also known as
Exit hardware
_________ (a more substantially fire rated corridor with limitations on openings into it) at each floor level and stairwells and exterior public entrance to the mall. Hallways, Corridors, passages, or tunnels used as exit components
Exit passageway
A Hazardous Materials Management Plan (HMMP) does what?
Explains how the materials are to be safely USED and STORED
This is the process of channeling the force of an explosion in a desired direction.
Explosion venting
Describe an ordinary construction strip mall.
Exterior Wall: concrete block. Roof: Solid wood joists or lightweight trusses to support a wood deck.
The safest and most effective way to attack a fire in a balloon-frame structure is by removing the ______ ______?
Exterior siding
The term condominium is a _____ term, NOT a usefully descriptive term for FFs.
Financial/legal
When the ends of the pieces of wood forming the web of a truss are fit into slits in the top and bottom chords of the truss with an adhesive.
Finger joint
A rapid oxidation reaction that produces heat and visible light?
Fire
The ____ code sets limits on the quantities of specific types of hazmat that may be stored or used in a building.
Fire
Precipitators of Collapse:
Fire & Explosion Damage (3) Sustained moderate to heavy fire conditions Explosion Loss of wood structural mass to beams due to fire attack
_______are typically 1--2-hour fire resistance rated and used to enclose shafts, exit stairwells, exit passageways and horizontal exits
Fire barriers
This code regulates the activities that take place in existing bldgs, including....
Fire code
This is done to a joist to permit it to fall out of the masonry wall without damaging the wall?
Fire cut
_______ the end of a joist cut at an angle to permit the joists to fall out of the wall without acting like a lever and pushing the wall above it out of place
Fire cut
_______a mechanical device installed in an HVAC system at the point at which it passes through a fire resistive assembly so as to block the spread of fire through the fire rated assembly
Fire damper
HVAC systems passing through fire-resistive assemblies must be provided with what?
Fire dampers
Any equipment designed to function in case of a fire is, in effect, ____ ____ equipment.
Fire department
________ older code provision that would not allow a structure to be built without the use of exterior masonry walls that would limit fire extension
Fire limit
This represents the potential fuel available to a fire?
Fire load
________assemblies that are typically 1-hour rated and are used to create fire-resistive corridors and to separate tenant spaces in covered mall buildings
Fire partitions
Strong, but lightweight members have little inherent ___ ___.
Fire resistance
________ the ability of a material to avoid ignition, combustion, in the thermal effects of fire.
Fire resistance rating
_______is a quality ascribed to a wall, floor, or column assembly that has been tested in a standard manner to determine the length of time for which it remains structurally stable (or resists the passage of fire when attacked by standard fire
Fire resistance rating
_______construction designed to provide reasonable protection against fire
Fire resistant
Which construction type is given the largest permissible area and heights?
Fire resistive (Type 1)
Which construction type is the most resistant to collapse?
Fire resistive (Type 1)
_______substance that helps delay or prevent combustion
Fire retardant
Describe the Free burning stage of a fire.
Fire spreads to adjacent combustible materials
________assemblies that are typically 2-4 hour rated and are used to create "separate buildings" within an overall structure
Fire walls
________the classification indicating in time (hours) the ability of a structure or component to withstand a standardized fire test, does not necessarily reflect performance in an actual fire
Fire-rated
________ material applied to structural elements or systems that provides increased fire resistance; usually serves no structural function
Fireproof
_______material applied to structural elements or systems that provides increased fire resistance; usually serves no structural function
Fireproofing
Beam sizes on blueprints
First number refers to depth of the member; the second number refers to the weight of the member per foot of length
This is what is placed in a trench before concrete is poured, then later removed.
Slurry wall
This may be observed in the ceiling layer, Hot unburned gases in sufficient quantities suddenly ignite.
Flame over/Rollover
_______resistant to fire
Flameproof
_______combustible that is capable of easily being ignited and rapidly consumed by fire, may be solid, liquid or gas
Flammable
________ cast in place floor in which there are no beams supported by columns; the floor plate itself rest directly on the columns
Flat plate structural system (continuous beam)
This is a girder made by sandwiching a piece of steel between two wooden beams?
Flitch plate girder
_______ are a composite of a steel plate sandwiched between two solid sawn wood joist, or in some cases, plywood
Flitch plate girders
What is a major advantage of POST-TENSIONING?
Floors can be thinner
________ masonry pier at a distance from the wall and connected to it that resist the outward thrust of the roof. They are use mostly in Gothic architecture
Flying buttress
_____ are have foamed urethane or polystyrene sandwiched between OSB or gypsum.
Foam core panels
_______ a fire fighting system that provides for the delivery of a proportioned foam and water mixture for use in fire extinguishment
Foam system
________ typically thick concrete pads, blocks, or strips of concrete below the surface of the surrounding soil, sometimes heavily reinforced, that transfer the loads of walls, piers or columns to the ground
Footings
________ is the mold that shapes the concrete
Formwork
All loads are delivered to the ground through the ______.
Foundation
Strain is measured in?
Fractions of an inch of deformation per inch of original length of the material.
If steel is failing, what does water do t it?
Freezes it in whatever shape it is currently in.
The word 'mayday' is of what origin?
French
_________ easily disintegrated construction elements
Friable
What two things hold a finger joint together?
Friction and glue
Building code requirements for atria:
Full sprinkler protection (with the exception of the top is over 55 feet); Smoke control system; Standby power; Floor of atrium limited to low fire hazards; Up to three floor open to the atrium; sprinklers spaced every 6 feet to 'wash' glass during a fire.
Floor openings for stairwells have these attached to the joists to help carry the load around the opening. What are they called? And where are they oriented in the opening?
Headers - along the end of the opening Trimmers - along the length of the opening
_________ walls made of weatherized steel, can conduct heat easily
Galvanized steel walls
Asphalt siding is also called ________?
Gasoline siding
Any beam that supports other beams is a ______.
Girder
The best roof is one in which the roof beams rest on
Girders
Steel Construction Definitions: Spandrel Girders
Girders that tie wall columns together in a framed building. They are sometimes connected to the columns and stiffened to help resist wind shear
Energy Conservation:
Glass It use as an insulating material makes it a green material. (multipaned insulated windows)
_________ a composite material made of plastic reinforced with glass fibers
Glass fiber-reinforced plastic
Types of Collapse:
Global (total) Complete failure of the building
_________ results in the complete failure of the building
Global (total) collapse
Describe the 4th stage of a fire.
Glowing combustion takes place, without flame. Key components of the fire tetrahedron may be in short supply. Such as oxygen
Wood Frame Terminology:
Glue laminated timbers Planks glued together to form a solid timber
_______ planks glued together to form a solid timber
Glued laminated timber
______ is particularly subject to spalling.
Granite; Marble; Limestone; Sandstone
The structural elements and connection points of a building are referred to the as the?
Gravity resistance system
________ waste water from industrial processes, laundry, and other sources
Gray water
Water Conservation:
Gray water Wastewater from industrial processes, laundries and other sources. Can be used for private hydrants and used for firefighting, but IS NOT POTABLE drinking water.
Energy Conservation:
Green Roof An insulating roof composed of vegetation and materials used to support plant growth.
This is a series of closely spaced beams designed to carry a particularly heavy load?
Grillage
Steel columns may be what 3 shapes?
H-shaped; box shaped; cylindrical
________ used in early efforts to lighten concrete floors by eliminating concrete below the neutral plane
Hollow tiles
_______ a fire protection system that provides for the transfer of halogenated agents between fire extinguishers, supply containers and recharge in recovery containers so that none of the halogenated agents escape into the atmosphere
Halon systems
Describe a Manual-wet standpipe system.
Has a small water supply for the purpose of maintaining water in the system, or sharing a water supply with an automatic sprinkler system.
Describe an automatic-wet standpipe system.
Has a water supply capable of supplying the system demand automatically
Describe a Deluge sprinkler system
Has all open heads. When a detection device is actuated, a deluge valve opens and water flows to and is discharged from all sprinklers on the piping system.
Masonry Construction Terms: Unreinforced Masonry
Has no resistance to lateral movement. Very vulnerable to earthquake collapse
_________ required in most codes, the statement lists the materials, hazards, and quantities of hazardous material products within a building
Hazardous materials inventory statement (HMIS)
_________ required in most codes, this plan explains how hazardous materials are to be stored and safely used within a building
Hazardous materials management plan (HMMP)
These brick are turned on end to cross the wall and tie it together?
Header
_______ joist that parallels floor/roof beams and is used to create an opening (along the end of the opening)
Header
________ bricks laid so that the end is visible
Header or bond course
________ describes a loss of surface material when concrete (or stone) is subjected to heat
Spalling TQ*
What is the greatest killer of FFs today?
Heart attacks
Heat from a fire can be 'triaged'. What heat is the most important to be removed?
Heat being absorbed by contents or structural elements that will be ignited or caused to fail.
This dictates how fire spreads.
Heat transfer
Safes to protect computer tapes from fire are much _____ than other safes.
Heavier
Mill construction is a subcategory of ____ ___ construction.
Heavy Timber
Wood Frame Terminology:
Heavy Timber Lumber that is 8 inches or more in its smallest dimensions
Precipitators of Collapse: Environmental (4)
Heavy snow/rain load on roof Heavy wind conditions Earthquake Impact load (vehicle vs bldg)
_______ buildings constructed with noncombustibles or limited combustible exterior walls and floors made of large dimension combustible materials. Also known as type 4 construction
Heavy timber
_______ lumber that is 8 inches or more in its smallest dimension. Building constructed with non-combustible or limited combustible exterior walls and floors made of large dimension combustion materials also known as type 4 construction
Heavy timber
What are tuned-mass dampers?
Heavy weights high up in the building that are computer adjusted to counter the wind-induced oscillations
What function do temperature rods have in concrete? And where are they placed?
Helps concrete resist cracking due to temperature changes. They are usually installed near the surface and at right angles to the main reinforcing rods.
This is the rafter at the angle where two sloping roofs or sides of roof meet.
Hip
_______ the rafter at the angle where to sloping roofs or sides of a roof meet
Hip
________ to connected wythes of masonry with an air space in between
Hollow masonry wall
Draft stops limit _____ through large concealed passages?
Horizontal
_______a fire-rated wall typically running from one exterior wall to another, used when stairwells in a multistory building (or exterior exits in a one story building) are too far away for egress purposes, the wall creates two areas of safety on a given floor
Horizontal exits
This wood siding is laid on _____ (in what direction) and often called clapboard?
Horizontally Novelty siding
The key to patient safety in hospitals and nursing homes is to move them _____ rather than _____.
Horizontally; Vertically
_______ intended for use by building occupants
House line
Metal straps used to help hold roof in place is what type of bracing?
Hurricane
Definition of a "yard hydrant"
Hydrants with 2 1/2" outlets and no pumper connection - intended by use by fire brigades, who would attach handlines directly to them. They were never intended to supply pumpers.
This is the term for pallets without the product.
Idle pallet storage
_________ girders that tie wall columns together in a framed building
Spandrel girders TQ*
_________ beam shaped like the letter I. The top and bottom of the I are called flanges and the stem is called the web
I-beams
Steel Construction Definitions: Wide flange shapes
I-beams that have flanges wider than those found in standard I-beams. The letters "WF" are part of the designation.
This prefabricated stair assembly using galvanized steel connectors similar to gusset plates, and made out of OSB is called what?
I-stair
Name and define the two types of firestopping.
INHERENT: A result of normal bldg const.; LEGAL: Installed with no other purpose than to mee the requirements of a code.
This load is delivered in a short time frame?
Impact load
_______in contrast, is a structural members resistance to collapse by fire because of the nature of its material or assembly, derived from essential characteristic of the structural member
Inherent fire resistance TQ*
This is the distance between the top if one window and the bottom of the one above
Spandrel space
Membrane fireproofing of steel is subdivided into two methods. What are they?
In one method wire lath and plaster are used; In another method, the fireproofing is accomplished by a rated floor-ceiling assembly.
_________ sprinklers that are placed within racks to control fires were overhead sprinklers are not adequate
In-rack sprinklers
Name the 4 stages of a fire.
Incipient; Free burning; Flashover; Smoldering/decay
What are the two categories of anticipating collapse?
Indicators & Precipitators
What are standpipe zones?
Individual riser segments, one on top of the other
Fireproofing of steel is classified as _____ or____.
Individual; Membrane
_______a system component that originates transmission of a change-of-state condition, such as in a smoke detector, manual fire alarm box, or supervisory switch, "change of condition"
Initiating device
What are the two rating programs for green construction?
LEED & BREEAM
By far the most dangerous, and perhaps most common heating method on construction sites is the use of ____.
LPG
_________ void space made by utilizing deep parallel-chord trusses
Interstitial space
This is the name of the actual layer of air created by the atmospheric condition pause.
Inversion layer
________ a device used in PV roof panel to convert DC into AC
Inverter
An ___ converts the __ current produced by PV roof panels to __ current.
Inverter; DC; AC
_________ a collapse in which the exterior wall fails horizontally, with the interior wall "folding" horizontally. The top portion of the building fails inward while the bottom half fails outward
Inward collapse
Types of Collapse:
Inward outward Exterior wall fails horizontally, with the interior wall 'folding' horizontally. The top portion of the building fails inward, while the bottom half fails outward. Braced-frame buildings are particularly susceptible to this type of collapse
Structural steel is an alloy composed of?
Iron and Carbon (<2%)
As the load increases, how is the temperature at which steel fails affected?
It decreases
As the length of a beam increases, what happens to the load capacity?
It decreases in direct proportion
How does plywood behave when exposed to fire?
It delaminates
How does the compressive strength of steel compare to that of concrete?
It is many times that of concrete (see page 323)
____ can look perfect after a fire, but actually may have turned to chalk.
Marble
How does smoke behave under lapse conditions?
It will move up and away from the fire.
Stressing the tendons in concrete may also be called what?
Jacking the cables
_______ floor beams. Wooden 2 x 8's, 2 x 10's or 2 x 12's that run parallel to one another and support a floor or a ceiling that are supported in turn by large beams, girders or bearing walls
Joist
These metal devices are used to receive the joist and nailed to the top of the header.
Joist hangers; Stirrups; Heavy steel or wrought iron straps
Some bracing between columns resembles what letter?
K
Fire resistance for non-combustible const:
Little or none
This load is any load other that a dead load?
Live load
An external force that acts on a structure is called?
Load
Wall are classified into what two main divisions?
Load -bearing & Non-load-bearing
Term meaning 1,000 pounds
KIP
What is the best method for controlling flammable liquid fires?
Keep the containers from overheating and control the flowing fire on the floor
________ metric unit approximately equivalent to 1 BTU
Kilojoule
A wind turbine is a device to capture ___ energy of the wind and convert it into ___ energy so as to drive a ____ and subsequently convert the energy into ____ current.
Kinetic; Mechanical; Generator; Direct electrical
What wall is typically found in the top floor of a wood frame home with a peaked roof? This short 2-3 foot high wall "squares off," the triangular area at the edge of the where the sloping roof meets the floor.
Knee Wall
This building experienced a roof collapse because the trusses were bearing on very little of the wall after a significant snow fall. (22/28 inches)
Knickerbocker Theater in Washington D.C.
________ these are steel pipes filled with concrete to increase their load carrying capacity
Lally columns
Laminated timbers vs. solid timbers in fire conditions.
Laminated burn like solid; they DO NOT delaminate like plywood
The condition in which the atmospheric temperature is constantly decreasing as height increases.
Lapse
This condition is created when the atmospheric temperature is constantly decreasing as height increases.
Lapse
Steel Construction Definitions: Box Columns
Large hollow columns built from steel plates
Los Angeles Central Library fire
Largest loss of any U.S. library; YEAR: 1986 200,000 books destroyed; Bearing walls 3' thick 350 FFs and 7.5 hrs to extinguish
This type of load is delivered from a direction that has little or no stress resistance, such as from an explosion?
Lateral impact load
________can produce disastrously high stresses, such as from an explosion
Lateral impact loads
Masonry walls are not designed to resist what type of impact load? This leaves them vulnerable to what type of event?
Lateral; Explosive
A transfer beam moves loads in what direction?
Laterally
What does a transfer beam do?
Laterally relocates the vertical load of columns to clear an area
_________ column made of vertical units connected with diagonal pieces
Lattice column
Wood Frame Terminology: Plywood
Layers of wood veneer laid in different directions and glued together under pressure
_________ usually limited to wood frame structures, this type of collapse is characterized by a building that shifts at the upper levels
Lean over collapse
Types of Collapse:
Lean over collapse Usually limited to wood frame structures. When a building shift at the upper levels, leaning into adjacent buildings or totally collapsing sideways in the absence of adjacent buildings.
Types of Collapse:
Lean-to-floor When one end of the floor is still supported at or near the original point of connection to the wall. A triangular void space is created.
_________ a collapse of a building floors in which one end of the floor is still supported, sometimes at or near the original point of connection to the wall. A triangular void space is created
Lean-to-floor collapse
Precipitators of Collapse: Existing Structural Instability (6)
Load bearing members compromised (renovation) Previous fire damage Rotting or corrosion Compromised/broken structural elements Eccentrically loaded columns Buildings under renovation
_______ structure constructed of entire tree trunks, as opposed to boards sawn from trees
Log cabin
Name the 6 types of Type V wood-frame structures.
Log. cabins; Post & Frame; Balloon-frame; Platform Frame Plank & Beam; Truss frame
________ concrete floors that are cast onto corrugated steel
Left-in-place form
Wood Frame Terminology:
Legacy Construction The use of solid wood members as opposed to lightweight wood trusses and wooden I-joists
Older regionally adopted codes are also know as _____.
Legacy codes
_______ in terms of wood-frame construction, the use of solid wood members as opposed to lightweight wood trusses and wooden I-joists
Legacy construction
________ type of building construction where concrete slabs are cast on the ground and lifted into place
Lift slab
_________ and exterior wall constructed with lightweight galvanized steel studs
Light gauge steel framed wall
This is a vertical shaft with windows that provides light and ventilation to enclosed rooms.
Light well
________ a vertical shaft with windows that provides light and ventilation to enclose rooms, small court commonly placed in large buildings to admit daylight into interior areas not exposed to an open view
Light well
_______a compilation of fire rated assemblies that have been tested by a testing laboratory and found to meet the minimum requirements of the test standard
Listing
In a concrete T beam, what purpose does the concrete below the neutral plane serve?
Little
_______ wood that has been sawn and planed
Lumber
Disneyland wanted to build it's version of ____ Street, so it chose the appearance of brick-front commercial bldgs of the 1800s.
Main Street
_______ system that does not have a permanent water supply attached to the system
Manual dry
_______ system connected to a small water supply for the purpose of maintaining water within the system or sharing a water supply with an automatic sprinkler system but not having a water supply capable of delivering the system demand attached to the system
Manual wet
This is the most common type of wall for unprotected steel-framed bldgs.
Masonry wall
_________ the most common walls for unprotected steel framed buildings; made of concrete block or a composite of concrete block and brick
Masonry walls
________ wire trust in embedded into the mortar and specified courses, making the header course no longer necessary
Masonry wire truss
Fire resistance is closely related to?
Mass
The three-decker type of apartment building is typically found in New England, particularly in what two states?
Massachusetts & Rhode Island
_______ tongue and groove lumber (usually lengthwise)
Matched lumber
Modulus of elasticity
Measure of the ability to distort and restore
The origin of Heavy Timber const is _____ _____.
Medieval England"
_________ distance between the top of one window and the bottom of the one above
Spandrel space
_________ pre-fabricated metal structure that is often made up in a sandwich construction to provide one unit combining thermal insulation and interior finish in a still framed structure
Metal panel
_______ a type of siding that is often made to look like another type of siding- for example, stone or clapboard
Metal siding
What is Robertson protected metal?
Metal that is weather protected by an asphalt coating
________ a low ceiling story located between two main stories; easily constructed directly above the ground floor, often projecting over it as a balcony
Mezzanine
List the 7 audible & physical indicators of collapse
Moaning/groaning sounds Crackling noises Movement/shifting Smoke through cracks in wall Vibrations Lack of water runoff
These codes are complete regulatory documents that can be adopted by cities as states as they are written?
Model Codes
_______are complete regulatory documents that can be adopted by cities and states as they are written.
Model codes
Fire resistance for fire-resistive construction:
Moderate to heavy
The most common type of heavy timber bldg being built today is the modern _____ _____ ____.
Modern heavy timber church
Steel has an extremely strong _____ of ____.
Modulus of elasticity
_________ a measurement of the ability of steel to distort and restore
Modulus of elasticity
The tallest old-style masonry bldg in the U.S. is the ____ bldg in _____ at ___ stories high.
Monadnock; Chicago; 15
Glass was broken in more than how many bldgs as a result of the Murrah bombing?
More than 250
Post & Frame joints are constructed by ____?
Mortise & Tenon (socket & tongue)
"Half timber" homes are connected with what types of joints?
Mortise and tenon
_______ joints that are fitted together to transfer loads properly
Mortise and tenon
Taxpayer Characteristics:
Most often Ordinary Const (Type III) with brick bearing walls and wood-joist roof members; Commonly one-story two story can be found; Basement may be full or partial with access through metal sidewalk doors or interior trap doors. Usually limited to 6-10 small stores with a common cockloft or attic space.
The planks that the shores for formwork rest on are called what?
Mudsill
________ planks on which the formwork shores rest
Mudsills
Fire walls are often used to separate units in ____ ____ structures.
Multifamily; residential
Tenement
Multistory working-class apartment bldgs constructed in the 1800s and 1900s
________ tapered extension at the tops of columns that assist in the transfer of loads from floor to column
Mushroom cap
These are tapered extensions at the tops of columns that assist in transfer of loads from floor to column
Mushroom caps
The standard for the installation of sprinkler systems is NFPA________
NFPA 13
NFPA_______, Standard for the installation of sprinkler systems in one and two-family dwellings and manufactured homes
NFPA 13D
NFPA_______, Standard for the installation of sprinkler systems in low-rise residential occupancies
NFPA 13R
NFPA_______, Standard for the installation of standpipe and host systems
NFPA 14
NFPA_______: Standard for the installation of standpipes and hose systems
NFPA 14
NFPA________, Standard methods of fire tests of building construction and materials
NFPA 251
NFPA________, Standard method of test of surface burning characteristics of building materials commonly referred to as the Steiner tunnel test
NFPA 255
According to NFPA:________building construction and safety code, loads are forces or other actions that result from the weight of all building materials, occupants and their possessions
NFPA 5000
Most notable among these are the fire fighter fatality reports issued by the__________
NIOSH
What organization releases information on FF deaths and how they occurred?
NIOSH
NIST is formerly known as what?
National bureau of Standards
Beams that are inserted through a wall and supported on both sides are called what?
Needle beams
Name 3 characteristics of curtain walls.
Non-load bearing: Carry only their own weight; installed only to keep out weather
Typically, warehouses are classified as what construction type?
Noncombustible
_______a material that, in the form in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated, will not aid in combustion or add appreciable heat to an ambient fire.
Noncombustible
One of the primary defect of a fire wall is...?
Not bringing it through the roof with a masonry parapet.
Mortise and tenon joints are found in older bldgs. What other connection is also common?
Notched beams
Wood siding is usually_________, laid horizontally. Often called clapboard, but true clap boards, which are cut from a log in a wedge shape, are rare. Combustible siding laid over the sheathing of a building
Novelty siding
Concrete floor structural systems are one-way or two-way. What dies this mean?
ONE-WAY - beams run in one direction; TWO-WAY - beams run in two directions
The type of use of a building is referred to as the?
Occupancy
_________ used in building codes to refer to the intended use of a building
Occupancy
Precipitators of Collapse:
Occupancy (3) Overloading of floors or roof Concentrated loads Water-logged goods
________ PV systems that are not connected to a traditional public electrical grid; they are often located in rule areas
Off-grid systems
Green Construction:
Off-grid systems PV systems that are not connected to an traditional public electrical grid and are often located in rural areas
Other Fire Protection Systems: Dry & Wet chemical
Often used for cooking hoods
The living units of Garden Apartments are on (how many) floors?
One
Outdoor sprinkler systems will do the work of _____ engine companies.
One or more
One of the more common examples of 'new' Ordinary Const is the?
One-story strip mall with lightweight wood roof trusses and concrete block walls.
Concrete poured at 50F will develop ___ more pressure than at 70F.
One-third
________ system that incorporates floors that have beams running in one direction only
One-way structural system
_________ in which low-height partitions create cubicles for personal space but the office is essentially one large, open room
Open office plan
More FFs have been kiss in this type of construction than in any other type of construction.
Ordinary const
________ buildings in which the exterior walls or non-combustible or limited combustible, but the interior floors and walls are made of combustible materials, describes an almost infinite variety of buildings
Ordinary construction
_______ another name for OSB. Layers of wood veneer laid in different directions, glued together under pressure
Oriented flakeboard
_______ board made of layers of strands of wood cut from logs, with a fairly consistent width-to-length ratio. OSB is said to have less expansion for moisture. Sizes larger than 4 x 8
Oriented strand board (OSB)
_______is another example of a wood panel in which all of the strands are laid at right angles, but the strands are much smaller (3-4 inches), which makes_______cheaper than plywood
Oriented strand board (OSB)
____ ____ are particularly susceptible to failure.
Overhead rolling
In a building experiencing stack effect, which direction does the smoke flow on floors above the neutral zone?
Out of the vertical shafts onto the floors.
The thrust of an arch is _____.
Outward, and usually resisted by a mass of masonry
Types of Collapse:
Pancake Collapse of a building's floors in a pancake fashion, with each floor laying flat on top of the one below. Occurs when connectors between floor and wall are lost. Voids are less prevalent in this type of collapse.
_________ a collapse of a building floors and possibly roof in a pancake stack fashion, with each floor laying flat on top of the one below
Pancake collapse
The connections of a truss are called what?
Panel points
The process of covering a masonry wall with a thin coat of concrete. Application of mortar to the back of facing material or the face of backing material.
Parging (Pargetting)
________ the process of covering a masonry wall with a thin coat of concrete. Application of mortar to the back of the facing material or the face of the backing material
Parging (pargetting)
Masonry Construction Terms:
Parging The process of covering a masonry wall with a thin coat of concrete
Strip Malls are most often surround by a ____ ____, another distinguishing feature.
Parking lot
Types of Collapse:
Partial (localized) Failure of a portion of a building; a section of floor gives way without bringing down the rest of the building
________ bricks laid so that the long side is visible
Stretcher course
_________ results from a failure of a portion of a building. A situation in which a section of floors gives away without bringing down the rest of the building would be a partial collapse, a partial collapse can be just as deadly as a global collapse
Partial collapse
A _____ wall is a load-bearing wall common to two structures?
Party
Load-bearing wall common to 2 structures.
Party Wall
A ____ wall is a structural wall that is common to two bldgs.
Party wall
________ structural walls that are common to two buildings
Party wall TQ*
Fire resistance of fire doors is concerned with ____.
Passage of fire
Fire resistance of floors is concerned with ____.
Passage of fire & Collapse
Fire resistance of walls is concerned with____.
Passage of fire & Collapse
Fire wall are considered to be ______ fire protection.
Passive
_________ a material that is applied to substrate and is designed to protect it from thermal effects
Passive fire protection
_________ thermocouples in bedded into the surface
Peened
_______forcible attachment of thermocouple to a steel column or beam
Peened
When punched with holes, high-density fiberboard is called what?
Pegboard
This is ONLY an apartment built on the roof.
Penthouse apartment
Phase________operation, elevators are recalled to a specific floor; usually to the first floor lobby of the building by the activation of a smoke detector located in an elevator lobby of a floor
Phase 1
Phase________operation, the fire fighter selects one of the elevators in a bank (group of elevators) to access the upper floors.
Phase 2
This emergency phase of elevator operation recalls the elevators to a specific floor and opens the doors.
Phase I
This emergency phase of elevator operation allows the FF to control them with a special key to access the upper floors.
Phase II
In phase __________ operation, the firefighter selects one of the elevators in a bank (a group of elevators) to access the upper floors. Firefighters can then control the elevators using a special key and set of procedures.
Phase II Operation
A ____ is a short column with a large cross section in proportion to its length.
Pier
How do the following types of columns fail? Pier, Long, slender; Intermediate
Pier - by crushing; Long, slender - by buckling; Intermediate - either way
_____ are masonry columns projecting from one or both faces of the wall in which they are located.
Pilasters
Ignition of a heated combustible when a flame or spark is applied.
Piloted ignition
A precast concrete building has a _____ frame.
Pinned
What is the difference in a pinned and a rigid-framed building?
Pinned is connected by simple connections. They are usually NOT strong enough to reroute forces is a member is removed; In a rigid-framed building , the connections are strong enough to reroute forces if a member is removed.
________ a solid iron pin of much smaller diameter than the column, square metal device used to transfer loads of columns on upper floors by passing the loads through intervening beams
Pintle
________ the term refers to concrete that has no reinforcement, except possibly light reinforcement to resist temperature changes
Plain concrete
_______ used in modern construction, a wood-frame structure built with heavier beams that are spaced much farther apart than the traditional 16 inches
Plank and beam
Steel buildings that have connections that redirect overloads to other sections of the bldg are said to be of what design?
Plastic design
Eco-Friendly Materials:
Plastics made from renewable, living sources (starches, woods), instead of nonrenewable sources (oil). Biopolymer plastics are used to make building blocks
_________ flat pieces of steel
Plates
_________ a raised area in a building for presentations, wrestling matches, and the like where there are no hanging curtains, drops, or scenery other than lighting and sound affects
Platform
_______ a structure in which subflooring is laid on the joists, and the frame for the first-floor walls is erected on the first floor
Platform frame
These codes apply to plumbing and, air handling, and smoke control systems.
Plumbing, mechanical and electrical codes
_______ sometimes referred to as T1-11 plywood, 4 foot wide sheets that give the appearance of 4 inch wide strips about a half inch apart
Plywood siding
Energy Conservation:
Polystyrene Insulation Can be sprayed-applied like to the surface of older COLD STORAGE bldgs; or in the form of rigid foam panels.
Energy Conservation:
Polyurethane Insulation Can be spray-applied or rigid panels. Often used in the stud channels of walls.
_______is a very effective electrical insulator and has made itself indispensable as a contemporary material. When it burns, however it emits toxic gases
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Bricks that are laid lengthwise are known as?
Stretchers
_______ a wood-frame structure with an identifiable frame or skeleton of timber fit it together. Joints are constructed by mortise and tenon, fitted together to transfer loads properly
Post and frame
_______pipe systems: these are systems in which there is air in the piping that may or may not be under pressure. When a fire occurs, a supplementary fire detecting device in the protected area is actuated. The advantage of these systems is that water typically will not flow if a sprinkler or pipe is broken, a desirable feature for areas that have easily damaged contents
Preaction systems
________ this concrete has been cast at a location other than the place where it is to remain
Precast concrete
_________ concrete panels that are precast and brought to the construction site. Panels of this type are erected in large sections and there collapse can be particularly hazardous to firefighters
Precast prestressed concrete panels
A study of information that has been gathered as part of a prefire plan to identify specific construction issues/concerns
Prefire analysis
A document developed by gathering general and detailed data used by responding personnel to determine the resources and actions necessary to mitigate anticipated emergencies at a specific facility
Prefire planning
________ processes by which steel tendons or rods are placed under tension, drawing the anchors together. Tensioned steel places the concrete in compression
Pretensioning and post-tensioning
Pretensioning and post-tensioning
Process in which tendon draw anchors together to place concrete in compression.
One common trait of most factories is the _____ ____.
Production equipment
What type of collapse is a particular hazard in the construction of concrete frame buildings?
Progressive
Types of Collapse:
Progressive When a relatively small area of structural damage results in a loss of local load-carrying capability, initiating a chain reaction of subsequent failures.
_________ extensive structural failure initiated by local structural damage or a chain reaction of failures following damage to a small portion of a structure
Progressive collapse
_________ found on a stage, it is a large ornamental opening and wall that separates the audience from the stage
Proscenium arch and wall
Name some of the requirements of a proscenium.
Proscenium itself must be fire-resistant; flame-resistant scenery, heat vents over the stage, 2-hour rated separation between stage and dressing rooms, sprinkler protection over the stage, special exits, Class II standpipe
Other Fire Protection Systems: Water spray systems
Protects LPG tanks and electrical transformers
_______venting of smoke. Flow of air or an inert medium at a rate that will officially remove any gases or suspend combustibles and replace them with air
Purge
_________ beams, usually channels, set at right angles to trusses or roof rafters to provide support for lightweight roofing
Purlins
This is a gas that ignites in air without the introduction of an ignition source.
Pyrophoric gas
_________ gas that ignites in air without the introduction of an ignition source
Pyrophoric gas
________is usually expressed in terms of watts (W), kilowatts (KW), or megawatts (MW)
Q
A truss with two compression members is called a?
Queen post truss
Hospitals and nursing homes practice RACE for fire situations. What does it stand for?
REMOVE ACTIVATE CLOSE DOORS EXTINGUISH THE FIRE
Steel Construction Definitions: Rolled or built-up members
ROLLED: Steel structural members that are rolled in one solid piece; BUILT-UP: Structural members that are made up of different sections bolted, riveted, or welded together.
_________ any combination of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal members the supports stored materials
Rack
Energy Conservation:
Radiant Barriers A flexible reflective membrane added in attic spaces to reflect heat, cooling the space.
Challenges of a fully involved, multistory, heavy timber bldg:
Radiant heat, large fire brands, large collapse zones, fire spread to surrounding homes, improperly maintained fire doors, sealed up window openings
_______ wood members used to support the roof sheeting and loads
Rafters TQ*
_________ diagonal columns at brace and entire structure
Rakers
Single-Family Homes:
Ranch House These are very popular. They have open interiors, large attics, extended overhangs, and are spaced closely together. Escape from them is easy. Bedrooms have direct routes to the outside widows are small and high above the floor. A common deficiency is failure to place a heat detector in the attic. HVAC systems are one potential cause of attic fires.
________ the response in structures to the imposed loads, which are generally developed at the supports
Reaction
Bamboo has been seen to replace what in some homes?
Rebar
Flame spread rating Controls: Cement board = ____;
Red Oak = ___ Cement board = 0 Red Oak = 100
Whether or not a strip mall has a basement may be based on what?
Region
________ is a composite material made of steel and concrete. Steel provides the tensile strength that concrete lacks. Two materials act together in resisting forces
Reinforced concrete
______ _____ construction is widely used to resist earthquakes.
Reinforced masonry
_______ device indicating an off standard or abnormal condition by both visual and audible signals. They are often placed at entry points to the building
Remote annunciators
Perhaps the most dangerous time for a place of worship in terms of being vulnerable to fires in during ______.
Renovations
________ loads that are applied intermittently
Repeated loads
_________ steel structural members; rolled members are one solid piece of metal; built up members are made up of different sections riveted, bolted, or welded together
Rolled or built up members
________ shores that are put back into concrete to help carry the load of the steel curing concrete
Reshoring
In a sealed, air-conditioned building in the summer time, the flow of air inside a building in downward. This is called what?
Reverse stack effect
In balloon construction, the board that the joists rest on is called the ____ board?
Ribbon
_______ (sometimes called a ridge pole) a structural member placed on the ridge of the roof onto which the upper ends of rafters are fastened
Ridge board
Wood truss roofs lack the ____ that is present in legacy construction.
Ridge pole
OSB is made with the strands laid ____ , but they are ____.
Right angles, much smaller
A cast-in-place, monolithic concrete building has a ______ frame?
Rigid
_______has been used for interior finish in many houses, in at least one fatal house fire, the materials ignition propensity and flame spread was a contributing factor
Rigid-foamed polyurethane
A monolithic concrete building is an example of a?
Rigid-framed building
Asphalt protected steel is often called what?
Robertson protected metal
_______ asphalt coated steel
Robertson protected steel
Masonry Construction Terms:
Rubble Masonry Wall A wall composed of an inner and outer wythe of coursed masonry. The space between is filled with random masonry and sometimes mixed with mortar. Unstable to a lateral thrust.
________ masonry composed of random stones. Rough stones of irregular shapes and sizes, used in rough, uncourse work in the construction of walls
Rubble masonry
________ a wall composed of an inner and outer Wythe of coursed masonry. The space between is filled with random masonry sometimes mixed with mortar
Rubble masonry wall
Difference in a platform and stage?
STAGE: has a proscenium arch and wall; PLATFRORM: a raised area in a building for presentations, wrestling matches. There are no hanging curtains, drops, or scenery.
Name and describe the 3 parts of framed stairways.
STRINGERS - placed on both sides of the steps; RISERS - the vertical stair components (supported by the risers) TREADS - the horizontal stair components on which people place their feet.
Buildings have 3 structural components. Superstructure, Substructure, and foundation. Where are they found?
SUPERSTRUCTURE - The bldg itself above grade; SUBSTRUCTURE - The area below grade to the lowest basement floor slab; FOUNDATION - From the lowest below grade slab and the footings/caissons/piles.
What are the three methods that fire doors may close by?
SWINGING (most common; SLIDING (elevator shafts, or stairwells in old factories); ROLLING (used in modern factories and warehouses)
This is the ratio of the strength of the material just before failure to the safe working stress?
Safety Factor
________ the ratio of the strength of the material just before failure to the safe working stress
Safety factor
Adobe is made of?
Sand, water, clay, and manure or straw
This was used exclusively in masonry work until about 1880, is water soluble, and could be washed out from between the bricks.
Sand-lime mortar
_______ wooden beams sawn out of a tree trunk. To some extent, these beams have been replaced by wooden I-beam due to the weight and cost of the true wooden beam
Sawn beam
_______ an outlet in the wall of a building for drainage of water from a floor or a flat roof
Scupper
In cities such as _____, the 'high-low' European siren is reserved exclusively for an _____ tone.
Seattle; Abandon the building
Types of Collapse:
Secondary An additional collapse that occurs after the initial collapse. Often occurs when loads shift after the primary collapse.
_________ an additional collapse that occurs after the initial collapse. Often occurs when loads shift after a primary collapse, causing additional portions of the structure to fail
Secondary collapse
What are the two types of fire door closure devices?
Self-closing & Automatic
Heavy Timber bldgs were often built with floor girders in "anchor boxes" to allow the girder to slop out of the wall easily. What are these called?
Self-releasing floors
What's the difference in shingles and shakes?
Shakes are longer and thicker than shingles
A material's ability to resist a compressive or deflective load is based on its _____.
Shape
____ is not a consideration in tensile loads?
Shape
Post-tensioned concrete has poor _____ resistance.
Shear
This force occurs within a building member when opposing forces pull the member in opposite directions, and are often the result of wind loads.
Shear
One of wood's limitations is lack of _____ strength along the ____?
Shear strength; Grain
What type of walls are installed in bldgs to resist lateral loads from wind and earthquakes?
Shear walls
_________ Storage on structures that are less than 2 1/2 feet deep, with shelves usually 2 to 3 feet respectively apart vertically, and seldom exceeding 15ft in total height
Shelves
_________ a completely vertical stair with a width that is not more than 24 inches wide
Ships ladder
Definition of a continuous beam:
Supported at three or more points.
_______ component found on the bottom of the frame of a wood structure. It rest on and is bolted to the foundation
Sill
_________ in firefighting terms, the perception of the surroundings in terms of time and space, the understanding and comprehension of these observations, and the projected outcome of a change in these conditions
Situational awareness
________ tiles shaped to fit around steel
Skewbacks
The technique where forms are moved, usually upward as concrete is poured
Slip forming
________ this is a technique by which forms are moved, usually upward, as the concrete is poured
Slipforming
_______is the generic term used to describe the airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases produced by a fire.
Smoke
_______often provides the first warning of most fires, it can do more damage to property than fire or water, and it may reduce visibility to zero
Smoke
_________ a continuous membrane, either vertical or horizontal, such as a wall, floor or ceiling assembly, that is designed and constructed to restrict movement of smoke. A smoke barrier might or might not have a fire resistance rating. Such barriers might have protected openings
Smoke barrier
_______a 1-hour rated assembly that has also been tested to minimize migration of smoke
Smoke barrier
_______system that utilizes fans to produce differences so as to manage smoke movement
Smoke control
This may well be the most expensive by-product of a fire.
Smoke damage
_______in the Steiner tunnel test, a calculation of smoke spread made by measuring the obscuration as the smoke passes a photoelectric cell placed in the stack from the test tunnel
Smoke developed TQ*
Name two sources of ignition at construction sites.
Smoking materials and arson
_______ false space above built in cabinets, usually in the kitchen, or in the underside of stairways and projecting eaves
Soffit
These are false spaces above cabinets, usually in a kitchen or under stairways and projecting eaves.
Soffits
Name some of the construction characteristics of Garden Apartments.
Solid Masonry; Brick veneer over platform; Partially solid masonry, partially brick veneer on wood; Wood
________ masonry units either solid or hollow laid continuously with the joints filled with mortar
Solid masonry walls
_________ Storage that is either box on box or pallet on pallet load
Solid pile
The arrays typically face ____ (sometimes ___).
South; West
What type of roof is characterized by three-dimensional pyramid-like trusses?
Spaceframe roof
Loss of surface material when concrete (or stone) is subjected to heat. It is due to the expansion of moisture in the concrete.
Spalling
The shortage of big trees from which solid timbers could be sawn led to the development of these. These members are joined together by various metal connectors to transfer loads so that the entire unit acts as a single member.
Spliced Timbers
Due to a shortage of solid timbers, these members are joined together?
Spliced lumber
Wooden strips that fit into grooves in two adjacent planks to make a tight floor.
Splines
_______ wooden strips that fit into grooves in two adjacent planks to make a tight floor
Splines TQ*
Single-Family Homes:
Split Level Platform-framed with three levels connected by short-run stairways.
The load-carrying capacity of a beam increases by?
Square of it's depth
Steel Construction Definitions: Box Girders
Square or rectangular steel girders used to support other beams in bldgs. Large box girders are used to construct bridges
This is the term used to describe the movement of air in a sealed building due to temperature differences between inside and outside air.
Stack Effect
_________ is the term used to describe the movement of air inside a tightly sealed building due to the difference in temperature between the air inside the building and outside the building
Stack effect
_________ the vertical airflow within buildings caused by the temperature-created density differences between the building interior and exterior or between two interior spaces
Stack effect
_________ performance area and a theater that has a proscenium arch and wall; hanging curtains, drops, and scenery; lightning; and support rooms
Stage
_______ system that introduces positive pressure into a stairwell to provide a tenable environment within the stairwell tower in the event of a building fire
Stairwell pressurization system
_______ fix networks of piping and hose valves (and sometimes hose)- are installed and tall and/or large buildings to provide quick fire attack
Stand pipe systems
_______the profile of the furnace temperatures that are dictated by the test standards NFPA 251, UL 263, and ASTM E-119
Standard time-temperature curve
These specify HOW the system is to be designed and installed.
Standards
Braced walls may be indicated by:
Stars; Plates; Channel Sections; Spreaders; Straps
This is a load that is applied slowly and remains constant?
Static
Non-combustible const depends on the use of ____ for its structural system.
Steel
What is the most important metal used in bldg const?
Steel
_________ a metal connection that allows for movement of floors
Steel expansion joints
Individual fireproofing of steel is subdivided into two methods. What are they?
Steel is encased in a structure, such as concrete; Fireproofing is directly applied to the steel
How can the need for masonry for an arch be eliminated?
Steel tension rods
Pre World War II High Rise features
Steel-framed construction; Relatively small floor area; Fire stops at the floor line; Exterior fire tower stairways with an atmosphere break between the building and stairway (the finest available); Operating windows
_______common term that refers to NFPA 255, Standard method of test of surface burning characteristics of building materials
Steiner tunnel test
NFPA 255 "The Standard Method of Test of Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials."standard method of testing of surface burning materials.
Stiener Tunnel Test
Post WWII High Rise Building features:
Substantial areas beyond the reach of a hose streams; Much lighter (8lbs/cf opposed to 23lbs/cf; Steel-truss floor-ceiling assemblies; Stairways often in the core; Elevators grouped in the core; Fixed windows
Vertical reinforcing bars in concrete BEAMS are called _____?
Stirrups
Masonry Construction Terms: Ashlar Masonry
Stone cut in rectangular units
Measured in fractions of an inch of deformation per inch of original length of the material. The actual percentage of elongation (deformation) when a material is stressed.
Strain
This is the actual percentage of elongation (deformation) that occurs when material is stressed?
Strain
________ special high strength, call drawn steel cables. Also referred to as cables or tendons
Strands
Eco-Friendly Materials:
Straw Bale Bales of straw covered with cement plaster or "earth plaster"
Soils are classified by their ___?
Strength
Where is concrete's strengths and weaknesses?
Strength - compressive Weakness - tensile
This is the force per unit area that produces a deformation?
Stress
The internal forces that resist the load are called?
Stress & Strain
________ after concrete is poured and reaches its specified strength, still tendons are stretched and anchored at the ends of the unit. Also referred to as "jacking the cables"
Stressing the tendons
_______ a component of a set of stairs used to support risers (vertical stair components between treads) and treads (horizontal stair components on which people place their feet)
Stringers
________ modern one story retail occupancy building that typically has a light weight would trust roof and a concrete block walls (type three construction) or steel bar joist and a metal deck roof with a masonry wall (type two construction)
Strip mall
Strength/weakness of manila hemp rope?
Strong in tension and weak in compression
________ all members of a structure that are tied together to carry the imposed loads to the substructure, and hence to the ground
Structural frame
________ "stud-less" wall assemblies using a core of polyurethane
Structural insulated panels (SIP)
________ installed as in exterior sheathing in wood-frame dwellings, providing structural stabilization (similar to plywood and particleboard sheathing over wood studs), insulation, and a barrier to moisture
Structural insulated sheathing (SIS)
The compressive connecting members of a truss are called what?
Struts
Nonvertical columns are often called?
Struts or Rakers
_______ made of Portland cement, is a thin concrete surface that can be used on any structure, such as brick, block, hollow tile, or wood
Stucco
_______ laid on top of the joists, the structural members that served as the base for the finish floor.
Subflooring
Over the years, tenements has come to mean _____ housing.
Substandard
What happens in the Flashover stage of a fire?
Surfaces within the compartment ignite simultaneously and fire spreads throughout the compartment. results in FULL room involvement
Green construction is also known as what?
Sustainable construction
________ construction that is deemed to be energy-efficient and environmentally friendly; also known as green construction
Sustainable construction
________ special high-strength, cold-drawn steel cables. Also referred to as strands or cables
Tendons
________ building was floored over, Multi story working class apartment buildings constructed in the 1800s and early 1900s often substandard in terms of fire safety and health
Tenement
Where was the costliest fire in history__________?
Tennessee Valley Authority's Browns Ferry Nuclear power reactor
Prestressing concrete is done to help strengthen it for what type of loads?
Tensile
________ made of clay and fine sand and fired in a kiln, is both structural and decorative and is used in ornamental facings, has been replaced to a large extent by concrete block
Terra- cotta tiles
Masonry Construction Terms:
Terra-cotta tiles Made of clay and fine sand and fired in a kiln. Both structural and decorative. Structural has been replaced by concrete block.
When did smaller dimension wood members replace large timbers in residential bldgs?
The 1800s
What hotel in what city brought atria into the modern era?
The Hyatt Regency in Atlanta
Who developed the arch?
The Romans
Most ordinary const consists of masonry walls. However a few cast-iron-front bldgs still stand where?
The Soho neighborhood of Manhattan
On 9/11 which tower sustained more direct damage from the plane?
The South Tower
What famous lodge is made of concrete but looks like wood? And what state is it in?
The Teton Lodge (Teton National Park); Wyoming
Rigid frames are a cousin to the ____, and are used to achieve ____ ___ ____.
The arch; wide clear spans
Who actually designs that bldg and what materials will be used?
The architect
What is pause?
The atmospheric condition in which layer of air warmer than the air below it.
A column specimen fails when....
The average temp reaches 1,100 or any of the thermocouple's temp exceeds 1,300F
Define Backdraft
The burning of heated gaseous products of combustion when oxygen supply has been introduced into an environment whose oxygen supply has been depleted due to fire.
When did the 'new' form of factory known as "Mill Construction" come about? And what was different about it?
The first half of the 1800s; Shifted from wood walls to masonry walls
When establishing collapse zones, FFs must remain at least how far away?
The full height of the wall
How does the load on steel affect the rate at which it fails?
The heavier it is loaded, the faster it will fail.
What is the last stone set in in an arch?
The keystone
What is proscenium arch and wall?
The large ornamental opening and wall that separates the audience from the stage; hanging curtains, drops and scenery lighting; and dressing rooms
Inherent fire resistance is a structural member's resistance to collapse by fire because of what?
The nature of its material or assembly
In a pinned building, loads are delivered to ____ ____.
The nearest columns
This is the interface between the hot ceiling layer and the cooler air flowing into the compartment.
The neutral plane
What is the ONE common vertical means of fire spread in both balloon-frame and platform const?
The open stairwell
Definition of Situational Awareness:
The perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future. IN OTHER WORDS Situational awareness is not only seeing and understanding what is happening, but also anticipating the future as the situation changes.
What dies the Flame spread rating test reveal?
The rate at which fire spreads over the surface of a material, the smoke it develops, and the fuel it contributes to the fire.
Who decides, in larger bldgs, the number and size of beams and columns?
The structural engineer
The determination of the degree of a fire-rated separation depends on what?
The type of occupancies being separated.
The principal smoke-moving mechanism is the _____ ______ of fire.
Thermal energy
_______an electrical temperature measuring device used in laboratory fire testing
Thermocouple
Vinyl siding will deform, burn, and droop, making it a ______?
Thermoplastic
Plastics that char and burn, but do not flow. (Do not melt or drip.)
Thermosets (e.g. Polyurethane)
What changes with beams in Plank and Beam construction?
They are heavier; spaced further apart; thicker tongue and groove
What happens to the compressive and tensile forces of a truss when it is cantilevered out?
They are reversed
How do thermosets react to fire?
They char and burn, but DO NOT flow.
What are two advantages that glass fiber polymer reinforcing rods have over steel rods?
They have twice the tensile strength; They resist corrosion
How do thermoplastics react to fire?
They produce flaming, dripping plastic
The term "Nominal Thickness" means what?
Thickness of the lumber prior to drying in a kiln.
Solid sawn wood contains "fat". What does this mean
This 'fat' is wood that is not necessary to carry the imposed load
Single-Family Homes:
Three Decker (not to be confused with the split-level) TOP LEVEL: usually bedrooms MIDDLE LEVEL: dinning room, living room, and kitchen LOWER LEVEL: recreation room and laundry room
What is the layout of a three-decker apartment building?
Three apartments - one on each floor; Interior stair well; No fire escapes; Porches on each level, on the front and rear of building.
What is a space frame?
Three dimensional truss
The dome/ shell can also be considered a _______ arch.
Three-dimensional arch
________ in which steel tension rod ties the ends of the arch together to eliminate the need for the masonry
Tied arches
What are the thrusts of an arch in the following conditions?
Tied or braced vs not tied Tied = Downward; Not tied = Outward
The tensile connecting members of a truss are called what?
Ties
What shapes are used in a column to provide lateral reinforcement to rebar in a column?
Ties or Hoops
Skewbacks
Tiles used for fire protection
_________ embossed steel; will transfer heat in either direction
Tin ceiling
Why was the masonry wire truss developed?
To bond brick a brick wall together. Took the place of header bricks that cracked when the wall settled
Wood Frame Terminology: Chamfer
To cut off the corners of a timber to retard ignition
What are the two basic purposes of a roof?
To keep out rain and enclose the structure; To stabilize the walls
What is the purpose of a Hazardous Materials Inventory Statement (HMIS)?
To list the MATERIALS PRESENT at the site, including their hazards and quantities
What are rakers, tiebacks, and crosslot bracing used for?
To prevent the collapse of soil walls in the excavation
Wood Frame Terminology: Matched Lumber
Tongue and grooved limber (usually lengthwise)
Where are the stresses placed on a cantilever beam?
Top = compression; Bottom = tension
_______ top horizontal member of a wood frame wall that supports the ceiling joist
Top plate
The temporary bracing poles for tilt-up walls are also known as?
Tormentors
This is a twisting force?
Torsion
_______ act and manner of discharging an agent for the purpose of achieving a specified minimum agent concentration throughout a compartment. Applied throughout the entire compartment/area
Total flooding
Row house have been given the new name of?
Townhouses
A beam that typically carries a load around a large opening or over an area in order to avoid intervening columns
Transfer Beam
_________ used to laterally relocate the vertical load of columns to clear an opening area
Transfer beam
Define convection
Transfer of heat through circulation, such as gas or liquid
Define conduction
Transfer of heat through direct contact
Define radiation
Transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves
As the riser gets taller, what happens to the tread, and the overall set of stairs?
Tread gets smaller; The stairs get steeper
_________ to evaluate and categorize
Triaged
A piece of lumber that supports a header and can be found in floor openings such as stairwells (runs perpendicular to floor joists.) Floor openings for stairwells that run the length of the opening.
Trimmer
_______ (along the length of the opening) a piece of lumber that supports a header and can be found in floor openings such as stairwells (runs perpendicular to floor joist)
Trimmer
________ set of glass exterior panels and concrete block wall with a void space in between (used in smaller buildings), used to trap sun heated air and deliver the hot air into the adjacent living spaces through a series of one-way vents
Trombe wall
_______ (a new England term for a tree nail)- wooden peg used to pin together mortise and tenon joints
Trunnels
This is an engineering technique in which the roof and floor trusses and studs are tied into a unitized frame?
Truss frame
_______ developed by the US forest products laboratory, a type of wood frame that substitutes sawn beams for truss members used in roofs and floors. Held together with nails
Truss frame
_______ also known as cockloft, found within a truss roof system, a void space located between the top floor ceiling and the roof- or truss loft
Truss void
Externally braced bldgs are know as what type of construction?
Tube
_________ steel structure members that are rolled in cylindrical, square or rectangular shapes
Tubes
_________ heavyweights installed high up in the building that are adjusted by computer to counter the wind-induced oscillations
Tuned-mass dampers
Masonry Construction Terms: Composite Wall
Two different masonry materials in a wall designed to react as one under a load.
What is needed to conduct a flow test?
Two hydrants; Pitot tube; cap gauge
A composite wall is composed of ___?
Two or more masonry materials
________ system that incorporates floors that have beans running in two directions
Two-way structural members
Waffle concrete is what type of structural system? One-way or Two-way
Two-way; Closely spaced beams set at right angles to each other
Stadia are almost always of Type __ construction?
Type I
Strip Malls may be of what construction type(s)?
Types II, III, V
Aluminum melts at what temperature?
Typical fire temps
Stairways with locking doors:
Typically no more than how many intervening floors between reentry floors? 4
UL_______, Fire tests of building construction
UL 263
Piles and caissons are also referred to as what? What is their function?
Underground stilts; They carry the load of the bldg to bedrock or a suitable soil region
________ are concrete blocks produced under underwriters laboratories, Inc. classification
Underwriters blocks
Fire-resistive const is permitted to be how high?
Unlimited
If a mall is of Type 1-4 construction and has 60 feet of open space around it, what is the area limitation?
Unlimited
Precipitators of Collapse: Lightweight Construction (2)
Unprotected steel members Wooden I-beams and lightweight wood trusses
________ ordering masonry walls are not reinforced, so they have no resistance to lateral movement. They are very vulnerable to earthquake collapse
Unreinforced masonry
Other Fire Protection Systems: Foam Systems
Used for flammable liquid tank protection
Other Fire Protection Systems: Carbon Dioxide systems
Used to protect materials that can be damaged by water
Other Fire Protection Systems: Clean agent systems
Used to protect sensitive equipment
_______ is made to look like wood siding. It is a thermoplastic that will deform (droop), burn and drip under attack from a fire
Vinyl siding
Describe Friable construction
Used where an explosion is a possibility. It will break away readily, relieve pressure and not provide missiles.
A collapse in which the floor fails near its center, with the perimeter of the floor still partially supported by the walls. Two voids are created in this type of collapse.
V-Shaped Floor Collapse
Types of Collapse:
V-shaped When the floor fails near its center with the perimeter of the floor still partially supported by the walls. Two voids are created in this type of collapse
_________ a collapse in which the floor fails near its center, with the perimeter of the floor still partially supported by the walls. Two voids are created in this type of collapse
V-shaped floor collapse
_______ the lower slope formed by the connection of two inclined planes of a roof
Valley
________ a wall with a masonry facing that is not bonded but is attached to a wall so as to form an integral part of the wall
Veneer wall
What the sand-like material used for insulation that also acted like a firestop in balloon-frame homes?
Vermiculite
_______ mineral used as bulk insulation and as an aggregate and insulating
Vermiculite
Firestops prevent movement in what direction in a concealed passage?
Vertical
Columns are usually thought of a being oriented how?
Vertically
Single-Family Homes:
Victorian (Queen Anne & Italianate) Mid to late 1800s (balloon frame); significant amounts of ornamentation; steep-pitched roofs
Interstitial Space:
Void space made by utilizing very deep parallel-chord trusses
A (brick or stone) unit of an arch is called what?
Vousoir
________ to a structural system with closely spaced beams set at tight angles to one another in which unnecessary concrete is formed out; lower side resembles a waffle
Waffle concrete
_________ a horizontal beam that ties rows of soldier beams together
Waler
_______ indicating a structure where the entire structure load is carried on the walls; the opposite term of curtain walls
Wall bearing
Where did Party walls originate?
Washington D.C.
_______damage is often considered the most expensive by-product of fire suppression.
Water
An airport crash truck may carry as much as ____ gallons of water, ___+ gallons of foam, and ___ pounds of Purple K powder
Water - 3,000 gallons; Foam - 300+ gallons; Purple K - 500 pounds
_______ detects the movement of water in the systems and transmits a signal to the alarm system
Water flow switch
These are said to be more reliable indicators of the actual location of a fire than smoke detectors...
Water flow switches
_______ distribution system connected to a water supply or water and atomizing media supplies that is equipped with one or more nozzles capable of delivering water mist intended to control, suppress, or extinguish fires and that has been demonstrated to meet the performance requirements of its listing
Water mist system
Why is it a mistake to use water pipe for columns and beams?
Water pipe is designed for internal pressure
_______ special fixed pipe system connected to a reliable fire protection water supply and equipped with water spray nozzles for specific water discharged and distribution over the surface or area to be protected
Water spray system
Sprinkler impairment can be divided into what two problems
Water supply problems Water distribution problems
Ture clapboards are ____ shape?
Wedge
A drainage hole in a masonry wall that allows water trapped inside the wall to escape. Rain penetrating the outer wythe drains down the cavity to __________ at the bottom.
Weep Hole
The hammer beam truss was developed in the 1200's and used for ______ in London?
Westminster Hall
_______ an automatic fire extinguishing system the discharges a wet chemical agent
Wet chemical systems
What are the 4 classifications of automatic sprinkler systems
Wet pipe system; Dry pipe system; Preaction system; Deluge system
_______pipe systems: these systems employ automatic sprinklers attached to a piping system containing water under pressure at all times. When a fire occurs individual sprinklers are actuated by the heat
Wet pipe systems
Steel Construction Definitions: Castellated Beams
Wide flange beams that have been cut in half in a zig-zag patterns and them welded back together offset, creating new, deeper beams
_________ I-beams that have flanges wider than those found in standard I-beams
Wide flange shapes
What forces are exerted on the windward and leeward sides of a high rise building?
Windward - Pressure Leeward - Suction
Regardless of the exterior of garden apartments, the interior is almost totally of ____.
Wood
_______a hard fibrous material forming the major part of trees. It is usually milled or otherwise processed for use in construction
Wood
What to structural members can be considered the most dangerous to FFs today?
Wood I-joist & lightweight wood truss
Some smaller strip malls may be built entirely of _____ construction.
Wood frame
_______ is typical of the imprecise terminology common in the building field. Building with exterior walls, interior walls, floors, and roofs made of combustible wood material
Wood framed
_______ narrow, rough strips of wood nailed to studs. Plaster is spread on wood laths. Generally no longer used, wood laths is present in many existing buildings.
Wood lath
Wood Frame Terminology: Engineered Wood
Wood modified from its natural state or lumber combined to make elements
What are piles made of?
Wood or steel
Cornices were traditionally made of ____, ___, ___, or ___; but newer ones are made of __________.
Wood, Metal, Metal over wood or Masonry; Coated plastic polystyrene
Wood Frame Terminology: Splines
Wooden strips that fit into grooves in two adjacent planks to make a tight floor
_______ a wall-bearing building that carries the load of the structure and the contents
Wooden-wall building
This is a wall-bearing building that carries the load of the structure.
Wooden-walled building
Which iron is malleable (can be shaped)?
Wrought iron
What is the carbon content of both wrought and cast iron?
Wrought iron - .02% Cast iron - 3-4 %
One thickness of a brick wall is called what?
Wythe
________ a vertical section of a wall, one brick or masonry unit thick
Wythe
_________ members with a Z shaped cross section
Zees
Steel Construction Definitions:
Zees Members with a Z-shaped cross-section. Often used in subway platforms
This is a method of smoke management where the fire floor is vented and the floors above and below are pressurized to prevent migration.
Zoned smoke control
_______ a combination of pressurization and venting; typically in high-rises where the fire floor is vented and the surrounding floors, above and below, or pressurized to prevent migration
Zoned smoke control
_______individual riser segments, one on top of the other. Defined area within the protected premises
Zones
These dictate land usage in specific cities and are written by the cities themselves.
Zoning regulations
The_______combines the function of the beam and the column
arch
_______can have one, two, or three hinges
arches
The________who typically is responsible for the overall project and is the individual who actually designs the building in terms if its appearance and layout
architect
________that is, its vertical or horizontal orientation.
attitude
_______describes the vertical spread of fire on the exterior of a multistory building, from one floor to the floors above, via convection and radiation
auto exposure
_______, a phenomenon in which a combustible material ignites spontaneously without the application of a flame or spark
autoignition
An_______is a force that passes through the centroid of the section under consideration. Load is perpendicular to the plane, load is straight and true, evenly applied to the bearing structure
axial load
_______is the burning of heated gaseous products of combustion when oxygen is introduced into an environment whose oxygen supply has been depleted due to fire
backdraft
_______low-density fiberboard made of wood fibers or sugar can residue
bagasse
_______fiberglass or rock wool insulation with various thickness; it may or may not have paper covering, if papered when laid in ceilings must be kept free of light fixtures
batt insulation
A_______transmits forces in a direction perpendicular to such forces to the reaction points (points of support)
beam
The_______is the oldest structural member.
beam
A_______is a line of columns in any direction
bent TQ*
The 1944 circus fire in Hartford, Connecticut, in which 168 lives were lost, was fueled by flames spreading rapidly on the gasoline and paraffin impregnated canvas that served as the"________"tent
big top
A_______is a diagonal member that supports what would otherwise be a cantilever
bracket
A_______code regulates the actual design and construction of new buildings, providing for legal minimum levels of health and safety, regulates the level and amount of fire protection in a new structure
building code
A_______is made of steel plates and angles riveted together, as distinguished from a girder rolled from one piece of steel.
built-up girder
Generally fire gases rise due to________
buoyancy
This is the amount of heat required to raise a pound of water one degree F.
caloric value
To make the calculation, three pieces of information are needed: the weight of the combustible material, the_________for the material, and the floor area.
caloric value
Some beams are built with a slight________or upward rise so that when the design load is superimposed the beam will be more nearly horizontal
camber TQ*
A_______is supported at only one end, but it rigidly held in position at the end. It projects out over a support point.
cantilever beam
_______are built of two wythes separated by a space for rain drainage or insulation
cavity or hollow walls
_______which consists of hot, buoyant gases that collect at the very top of the room
ceiling layer
The________designs the layout of the site parking, drainage, and roadways
civil engineer
Smoke that falls downward________
cold smoke
A_______is a structural member that transmits a compressive force along a straight path in the direction of the member
column
The term__________is sometimes used to describe building in which two different materials carry structural loads.
composite construction
A_______is composed of two or more masonry materials that react together under the load.
composite wall
________are heavy loads located at one point in a building
concentrated loads
What are Underwriters blocks, and for what reason are they used?
concrete blocks built to UL specs; used in assemblies that must meet fire resistance standards
_______the transfer of heat within an object or between objects through direct contact
conduction
A_______is supported at three or more points. Continual construction is structurally advantageous because if the span between two supports is overloaded, the rest of the beam assist carrying the load
continuous beam
A_______is any wall at right angles to any other wall.
cross wall
Soil walls in the excavation are protected against collapse by the use of braced sheeting using_________, rakers and tiebacks
crosslot bracing
________causes the top of a beam to shorten so that the top is in compression
deflection
_______are walls bounding a tenant space
demising walls
An_______is a force that is perpendicular to the plane of the section but does not pass through the center, load is straight and true, BUT is concentrated to one side of the center of supporting wall
eccentric load
Among the most important elements of life safety are proper means of________, adequate exits in a building
egress
The________designs the lighting, telecommunications and emergency power systems
electrical engineer
The arch is not complete until all of its________are in place.
elements
_______the process of oxygen (air) being drawn into a fire
entrainment
All buildings have three structural components the:_________(from the lowest below-grade slab and the footings/caissons/piles)
foundation
There are_______major classifications of automatic sprinkler systems.
four (4)
_______the secondary stage of a fire in which it spreads to adjacent combustibles
free burning
_______a material that will sustain combustion, also known as "reducing agent"
fuel
Lightweight wood trusses, for example, are held together with steel gusset plates or_______
gang nails
The________who typically has ultimate responsibility of building the structure on time and on budget.
general contractor
A_______is any beam, of any material (not just steel), that supports other beams
girder
A_______is a series of closely spaced beams designed to carry a particularly heavy load.
grillage
________typically used in wallboard (which can be part of a fire wall or fire partition
gypsum
_______a form of energy that is the source of ignition
heat
Fire load represents the total amount of potential energy (heat) in the fuel; the term__________(also expressed as Q) indicates the rate of available energy released
heat release rate (HRR)
Pallets without product__________
idle pallet storage
________are loads that are delivered in a short time.
impact loads
_______the initial stage of the fire after ignition, usually involving a single or small number of combustibles
incipient
A layer of air that is warmer than the air below_________
inversion layer
Single compression member and "inverted" because the compression member extends downward
inverted king post truss
A_______is a beam, often made of wood.
joist
________ metal angle or strap used to support an individual joist against a beam or a girder,
joist hangers
One of the most common places for a fire in a restaurant is in the _____.
kitchen
A_______is a wall typically found in the top floor of a wood frame home with a peaked roof. This 2-3 foot high wall squares off the triangular area at the edge of the room where the sloping roof meets the floor. This creates a void space behind the wall
knee wall
In reference to an elevator, this zone is 18 inches above or below the landing floor_________
landing zone
When the atmospheric temperature is constantly decreasing as height increases, the condition is called_______
lapse
A______nailed to the shingle pieces supported a wood joist roof.
ledger board
A_______is a beam that spans an opening in a masonry wall
lintel
Each PV panel - also known as a ____. A group of ____ is known as an ____.
module; modules; array
A_______structure is one in which the successive poured castings are joined together so that the completed building is like one piece of stone.
monolithic concrete
The chief common characteristic of ordinary construction is at the exterior walls are made of_________
masonry
The________designs the heating and air conditioning systems and plumbing systems
mechanical engineer
Often holes are cut through the wall, and so-called________are inserted and supported on both side. They pick up the load of the walls.
needle beams
The line along which the length of a beam does not change is termed the_________or plane.
neutral axis
_______which is the interface between the hot ceiling layer and the cooler air flowing into the compartment
neutral plane
Individuals who are not capable of self-preservation_________
nonambulatory people
Aerated autoclave concrete is ____ the weight of traditional concrete; but may not have the ____ of traditional concrete.
one-fourth; compressive strength
A 1,000 gpm Master stream will potentially add ____ of weight to a building in just 1 minute?
over 4 tons
A_______projects beyond its support, but not far enough to be cantilever
overhanging beam
_______normally atmospheric oxygen, but may also be chemical compounds known as oxidizers that will release oxygen as they react
oxidizing agent
Francis Brannigan's great interest in prefire planning was forced by necessity, as a young naval officer, he was assigned chief of the_________district as part of his naval fire department duties
panama canal
In a________the bottom and top chords are parallel
parallel-chord truss
A_______is a load-bearing wall common to two structures
party wall TQ*
If there is a layer of air warmer than the air below it, the condition is called________
pause
_______are masonry columns projecting from one or both faces of the wall in which they are located
pilasters
_______is ignition of a heated combustible material when a flame or spark is applied
piloted ignition
A building is said to be_______when the elements are connected by simple connectors such as bolts, rivets, or welded joints.
pinned
Some steel buildings have connections that redirect overloads to other sections of the building, this is called_________
plastic design
_______is manufactured with the grain of alternate plies laid at right angles to devolpe approximately equal strength in any direction.
plywood
It is costly enough to clean up the dirty, oily smoke, but if smoke is contaminated with another health hazard substance, such as radioactive material or_________the cost of clean up can be astronomical
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
If there's a fire in the wall, the nails may detach from the studs due to__________. The chemical decomposition of a compound into one or more other substances by heat alone.
pyrolytic decomposition
A truss with two compression members is called a_________
queen post truss
_______the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves
radiation
_______which are diagonal columns with brace foundation piling
rakers
_______was used exclusively in masonry work until about 1880, it is water soluble
sand-lime mortar
A_______is an instrument with uniformly spaced marks used to measure distance
scale
Heavy timber buildings were often built with________in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Floor girders were set in "anchor boxes" in the walls, which allowed the girder to slip out of the wall easily
self-releasing floors
Dead load is the weight of the building itself and any equipment permanently attached to it or built in, a more accurate term is________
self-weight
In a bearing wall, headers can be seen every ____ row?
seventh
Use the________on the panel if you have established that the activation is actually a false alarm. When flipped, the alarm is silenced but still active.
silence switch
A_______is supported at two points near its ends. In simple beam construction, the load is delivered to the two reaction points and the rest of the structure renders no assistance in an overload
simple beam
Under today's standards, Ordinary const bldgs are usually limited to no more than how many stories?
six
In fact,________damage may well be the most expensive by-product of fire.
smoke
_______a stage in which glowing combustion takes place, without flame, a fire may be forced in this stage when the key components of the fire tetrahedron are in short supply
smoldering/decay
In 1978, the________roof characterized by three-dimensional pyramid like trusses of the hart-ford civic center in Hartford Connecticut collapsed under heavy snow load.
spaceframe
A_______is a beam that carries the load on the exterior of a framed building between the top of one window and the bottom of the window above
spandrel girder
A concentrated load applies to what?
specific large objects
________are manuals prepared by building designers that specify which particular type of device or equipment is to be used in the building
specifications
The shortage of big trees from which solid timbers could be sawn led to the development of________
spliced timbers
A_______joist or_______joist is a light weight steel truss joist.
steel or bar
In other words_______or reduced deflection, can be achieved by material mass or by geometry
stiffness
________in contrast, is the actual percentage of elongation (deformation) that occurs when a material is stressed. It is measured in fractions of an inch of deformation per inch of original length
strain TQ*
_________is the force per unit area that produces a deformation. It is usually measured in pounds per square inch (psi) although occasional references to pounds per square foot (psf)
stress
The________designs the structural frame of the building, decides the number and size of beams and columns, analyzes the over all strength of the building
structural engineer
All buildings have three structural components the:_________(the area below grade to the lowest basement floor slab)
substructure
All buildings have three structural components the:_________(the building itself above grade)
superstructure
Tilt-up walls are permanently braced where ____
the roof
________(e.g., polystyrene) can produce flaming, dripping plastic, which will produce secondary fires, such fires can burn down through the wooden floor into the floor void of even 1 hour rated combustibles
thermoplastics
________(e.g., polyurethane) are plastics that char and burn, but do not flow. An example of this was the cellular foam plastic installed at the station night club in west Warwick Rhode island that burned and killed 100 people in 2003
thermosets
Elevator power controls are located on the_________floor for electric elevators, where the motors are located.
top floor
Generally, four types of forces can be applied to a structural member: compression, tension,________and shear
torsion
What happens in the incipient phase of a fire?
usually involves a single or small number of combustibles
Unique giant_________(rectangular trusses with very rigid corner bracing), formed by exterior box columns and spandrels, provided the wind bracing of New York's World Trade Center
vierendeel trusses
The keystone is the last stone set in place in an arch, but once in place, it is no more important than other stones__________
voussoirs
Precast concrete buildings may be pinned or may be made monolithic by the use of ________in which cast-in-place concrete unites rods that project from precast sections.
wet joints
How long was the reactor out of service at the Tennessee Valley Authority's Browns Ferry Nuclear power reactor_________?
year and a half
________dictate land usage in specific cities (written by cities themselves), spells out which types of buildings can be built in specific locations
zoning regulations