exam 2

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

taking aspirin to get rid of your headache

The auditory cortex, in which sound stimuli are processed for perception, is located in the ________ lobe.

temporal

How does the activation-synthesis hypothesis explain dreaming?

the cortex making sense of signals from the brain stem

What is the basic function of the outer ear?

to concentrate and funnel sound waves to the eardrum

The major purpose of the retina is to

transduce light energy

Tracy's piano teacher puts a sticker in her workbook as a reward every 5-12 minutes during her one hour lesson, as long as Tracy keeps working hard and pays attention. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

Poor Little Albert became extraordinarily fearful of all white furry things after the white rat was paired with a loud, scary noise. However, after repeated exposure to white furry animals, including the rat, over a number of days WITHOUT the loud noise little Albert is no longer afraid. This process is called

Extinction

The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, and/or get a good quality of sleep is called:

Insomnia

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watsons Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

The condition in which people can suddenly slip into REM sleep, even in the middle of the day is called:

Narcolepsy

The experience of extreme fear or panic during sleep, most often without knowing about what happened during sleep after being woken up, is called:

Night terror

Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?

Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated on her.

Which of the following best characterizes a night's sleep?

Our depth of sleep alternates up and down many times.

The first person to study classical conditioning in animals was ___________.

Pavlov

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Receptors on different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

_________ are the most commonly used group of psychoactive drugs in the US and include ___________, which is considered the easiest substance to become addicted to and most difficult to quit.

Stimulants; nicotine

When I went to the doctor, he gave me a hearing test by presenting tones to me through earphones. The tones started at a low intensity and then became louder until I could hear a sound. The doctor asked me to raise my hand whenever I started to hear a sound. The doctor was testing my:

absolute threshold

According to this theory, when we sleep is a product of evolution.

adaptive theory

Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as _____________.

altered states of consciousness

Maria opened her new jigsaw puzzle but soon realized that the puzzle pieces inside had nothing to do with the picture on the box. With no picture to go by, she realized she would have to use ___________.

bottom-up processing

The Müller-Lyer illusion exists mostly in cultures in which there are ___________.

buildings with lots of corners

Our sleep-wake cycle follows a (or an) ________rhythm.

circadian

The tendency of the brain to complete images that are incomplete is known as _____.

closure

Cones are responsible for _______ vision, and rods are responsible for _______ vision.

color; noncolor

Our awareness of various mental processes, such as making decisions when we are awake and alert is called _____________.

consciousness

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing ________.

drug tolerance

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the _________ is the unconditioned stimulus.

fish food

Carol gets her paycheck every 1 week from her employer, as long as she complete her assigned jobs in the week.

fixed interval

Carol gives her dog, Cutie Pie, a treat after every third time Cutie Pie sits on command. Carol is using a _____ schedule to train her dog to sit on command.

fixed ratio

Sound waves have two properties: amplitude and frequency. Amplitude is a measure of the ___________ of the wave and corresponds to our perception of _____________.

height; loudness

Melatonin is to ___________ as an aspirin is to __________.

insomnia; headache

Ernest Hilgard (1994) did a study in hypnosis which supported the theory that hypnosis

is related to dissociation

Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________.

latent learning

Compared to the other senses, olfaction has a much stronger, more immediate connection with the _________.

limbic system

Which of the following is NOT a type of learning?

maturation

Which of the following decreases your perception of pain?

mindfulness and sense of control

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

Afterimages such as the one we saw of the flag in the lecture are explained by

opponent processing theory

The need to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms is called ________.

physical dependence

Selma notices that as her supply of marijuana decreases, she starts thinking more and more about where she can get another supply as well as feeling nervous and anxious. This is an example of ________.

psychological dependence

According to the Trichromatic theory, we have receptors for which three colors:

red, green, blue

________ are the raw data of experience, based on the activation of certain receptors located in organs like the eyes, ears, and skin.

sensations

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

You are more likely to perceive OOOOXXXX as one group of Os and one group of Xs, rather than one group of 8 letters. This example illustrates which of the following Gestalt Laws?

similarity

Your dog becomes classically conditioned to go crazy everytime you pull a bowl out of your cabinet because he has made the association between the bowl and being fed. The next day you pull a plate out of the cabinet, but your dog has absolutely no reaction. This is an example of:

stimulus discrimination

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Which of the following statements is correct regarding what hypnosis can do?

Carlos wants to reduce his foot pain.

Alcohol is a ________ and affects memory (and in large quantity causes death) due largely to its inhibitory actions on the _________________.

Depressant; central nervous system