Exam 2 Anatomy
What is the difference between interstitial and appositional growth?
Interstitial growth declines rapidly as cartilage matures with later growth mainly appositional
what are the 3 forms of muscle types?
cardiac, smooth, skeletal
In osteoarthritis, the _____ in a joint fails to withstand the loads placed on it
cartilage
What do chondroblasts produce?
cartilage (matrix)
When smooth muscle contractions, dense bodies move _________________
closer together
Hormones and maintaining homeostasis and promoting bone growth a) effects of hormones on bone
control growth patterns, alter activity of osteoblasts & osteoclasts
Pattern of muscle fibers: -triangular muscle with common attachment site -direction of pull of muscle can be changed -does not pull as hard as equal-sized parallel muscle ex: pectoralis major
convergent muscles
Highly _________________ movement is the result of the integrated functioning of muscles, bones, and joints
coordinated
When working at a mechanical advantage, the work is more stable and is associated with less __________
effort
When moving a muscle: the applied force, or _____________ , is used to move a resistance, or ______________.
effort ; load
When referring to this property of muscle tissue, we see that contracted muscle recoils back to its resting length
elasticity
When responding to various stimuli, muscle tissue utilizes changes in the ________________ across the plasma membrane which signals internal events that lead to muscle contraction
electrical charge
tendon sheath
elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon subjected to friction
origin of a muscle (synovial joints)
end of muscle attached to bone that does not move during contraction
____________ is a concentric layer of CT located around a muscle fiber
endomysium
________ is a concentric layer of CT located around the whole skeletal muscle
epimysium
what is the negative outcome of pannus from RA?
erodes cartilage and leads to scar tissue formation connecting bone ends
muscle tissue can be found _______________ in the body
everywhere
Events of muscle contraction have been called __________________________
excitation-contraction coupling
Muscle fibers are bundled into _____________ , which lie parallel to each other and vary in organization in different muscles
fascicles
Type of skeletal muscle fiber: is fast and suited for rapid, intense movements
fast glycolytic fibers
Type of skeletal muscle fiber: intermediate speed
fast oxidative fibers
What is the name of the cell that lays down fibers for cartilage in the perichondrium?
fibroblasts
What components from question 11 are found within the perichondrium region of the hyaline cartilage
fibroblasts and chondrogenic cells
This type of cartilage has numerous thick collagen fibers for tensile & compressional forces; *lack perichondrium*
fibrocartilage
Synostoses
fibrous tissue ossifies, ex. skull bones fuse into single unit
The course of rheumatoid arthritis is variable, and is marked by _______________
flare-ups and remissions
bursae
flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid
_______________ contraction occurs when muscle tension is less than the resistance
isometric
____________ contraction occurs when muscle tension is equal to or greater than the resistance
isotonic
What are the two main categories of muscle contraction?
isotonic and isometric contractions
What are the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis?
joint tenderness and stiffness
In muscle biomechanics, ____________ allow a given effort to move a heavier load, or to move a load farther or faster than it otherwise can.
levers
dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
movement of the foot at the ankle either up or down
uniaxial movement
movement on one plane -ex: elbow
Supination
movement that turns the palm up radius and ulna are - parallel & involves rotating arm laterally
Type of pennate pattern of a muscle fiber: tendon branches within the muscle ex: deltoid
multipennate
All muscle tissue is comprised of ___________________ that exhibit specific characteristics
muscle fibers (cells)
PROTRACTION/RETRACTION
nonangular anterior/posterior movements in a horizontal plane
The target of rheumatoid arthritis is the __________________
synovial membrane
Lateral flexion
trunk moves in coronal plane laterally away from body (mainly cervical & lumbar regions)
rotation
turning of bone around longitudinal axis
Pronation
turning the palm downward - forearm rotates medially & distal radius crosses ulna forming an X
Type of pennate pattern of a muscle fiber: all muscle fibers are on the same side of a tendon ex: extensor digitorum longus
unipennate
What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?
unknown
When determining between a mechanical advantage and a mechanical disadvantage, an equation can be used. What is this equation?
(force x distance) = (resistance x distance)
Overall affect of the intracapsular ligaments on movements of certain bone in the human body?
*limit the anterior and posterior movement* of the femur
difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts
*osteoblasts* = lay down material (matrix) *osteoclasts* = tear down structures by secreting hydrochloric acid and lysosomes
Flexion - define the planes that it affects and how
- decreases angle within anterior-posterior plane - bending movement along sagittal plane (divides the body in halves)
Blood supply and innervation of bone - name where the vessels supply to in the bones a) nutrient vessels b) metaphyseal vessels c) epiphyseal vessels d) periosteal vessels
- enter from periosteum a) supply diaphysis & enter central canals of osteons within compact bone & marrow cavity b) supply diaphyseal side of EP c) supply epiphysis d) supply superficial osteons within compact bone at external ends of shaft, enter perforating canals within shaft
Extension - define the planes that it affects and how
- increases angle in anterior-posterior plane; - straightening along sagittal plane
What are the functions (2) of the regulatory myofilament protein, nebulin?
- responsible for the length of thin filament - plays a role in sarcomere development
The fact that deep fascia (epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium) ensheathes wrapped muscle has many functions. These functions are:
- separate individual muscles - binds muscles together into functional groups - fills spaces between muscles
What are the 3 fiber types of skeletal muscle fibers?
- slow oxidative fibers - fast oxidative fibers - fast glycolytic fibers
chondrogenic cells a) where are they found? b) what are they known as
-Found within the inner layer of perichondrium labeled as "pre-chondroblasts" -*Differentiate into chondroblasts*
What are the 5 functions of skeletal muscle tissue?
-body movement -maintenance of posture -temperature regulation -storage and movement of minerals -support
Describe the 3 characteristics of cardiac muscle
-fibers are striated but shorter and thicker -1 to 2 nuclei per cell -larger number of mitochondria
Joints are classified accord to what 2 factors?
1. *function* - range of motion 2. *structure* - material binding bones together and presence/absence of joint cavity (anatomical organization)
What are the 3 types of functional joints; describe their range of motion
1. *synarthroses* - immovable 2. *amphiarthroses* - slightly movable 3. *diarthroses* - freely movable
physiology of muscle contraction (summary)
1. . Neurotransmitters released diffuse through synaptic cleft and attaches to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma. Action potential is generated along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules 2. Action potential triggers Ca release from terminal cisternae 3. Calcium ions bind to troponin; troponin changes shape, removing the blocking action of tropomyosin and actin active sites exposed. Myosin heads of the thicks filaments attach to exposed active sites of cross bridges. 4. Contraction; myosin cross bridges alternatively attach to actin and detach, pulling the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere; release of energy by ATP hydrolysis (ADP + Pi) powers the cycling process; myosin heads detach from thin filaments and return to pre-pivot positions 5. Removal of Ca by active transport into the SR after the action potential ends. 6. Tropomyosin blockage restored blocking actin active sites; contraction ends and muscle fiber relaxes
What are the 4 steps to interstitial growth
1. A chondrocyte within a lacuna is stimulated to mitotically divide 2. Two cells, now called chondroblasts *(produced from mitosis of 1 chondrocyte)*, occupy a single lacuna 3. Chondroblasts secrete new material and are pushed apart. Each is now called a chondrocyte. 4.Cartilage continues to grow internally
intramembranous ossification *What are the 4 steps to the formation of bone in this process?*
1. Ossification centers form within the thickened regions of the mesenchyme 2. osteoid undergoes calcification 3. woven bone (primary (unorganized) bone) surrounding the periosteum form 4. Lamellar bone (secondary (organized) bone) replaces woven bone, as compact and spongy bone form.
Articulations, or joints is a place of contact between which 3 things?
1. bones 2. bone and cartilage 3. bones and teeth
irregular lamellae (3 functions)
1. cross bracing 2. reduce weight 3. support and protect marrow
In what 2 ways does again of the Skeletal system affect bones?
1. decreases their tensile strength 2. demineralizes the bone - loss of Ca and other minerals
4 types of special movements
1. depression/elevation 2. dorsiflexion/plantar flexion 3. protraction/retraction 4. inversion/eversion
What are the 4 properties of muscle tissue?
1. excitability, 2. contractility, 3. extensibility, 4. elasticity
What are the 3. types of structural joints
1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial
7 Types of Angular Movements
1. flexion 2. extension 3. hyperextension 4. lateral flexion 5. abduction 6. adduction 7. circumduction
Fracture Repair (4 steps)
1. fracture hematoma forms 2. fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus is formed at site of fracture 3. soft callus replaced with bony hard callus 4. newly repaired bone is remodeled
Periosteum Functions (4)
1. isolates & protects bone from surrounding structures 2. anchors blood vessels & nerves to surface 3. provides osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts for bone growth (appositonal) 4. fracture repair
What are the 3 steps to appositional growth
1. mitotic activity occurs within the stem cells of the perichondrium 2. New undifferentiated and committed cells that differentiate into chondroblasts are formed. The chondroblasts produce new matrix at the periphery 3. As a resuts of matrix formation, chondroblasts push apart and become chondrocytes. Chondrocytes continue to produce more matrix at the periphery.
What are 2 components of skeletal muscle that allow the tissue to be voluntary?
1. motor neurons 2, neuromuscular junctions
What are the 4 categories of skeletal muscle fiber organization (4 patterns of fascicle arrangement)?
1. pennate 2. circular 3. parallel 4. convergent
Skeletal muscle is grouped according to primary actions. What are these 3 types?
1. prime movers/agonists 2. antagonists 3. synergists
What are the functions (3) of having concentric layers of connective tissue in skeletal muscle?
1. provide protection 2. helps with blood vessel and nerve distribution 3. means to attach to skeleton
types of rotational movement
1. rotation 2. supination/protonation
bones are classified based upon what 2 principles
1. shape 2. place of development
What 3 effects does muscle tension have on the body skeleton and overall body?
1. stabilize position of bones 2. stabilize joints 3. maintain posture
Since we have a fairly extensive range of motion to the TMJ due to the articular capsule, we must have something in order to maintain its stability as well. What structures/ligaments promote the stability of the TMJ
1. stylomandibular ligament 2. sphenomandibular ligament 3. temporomandibular ligament
What are the 4 functions of bone
1. support and protection 2. body movement 3. blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) 4. storage of mineral and energy reserves
What parts (5) of the body does osteoarthritis most often occur at?
1. the ends of the fingers, 2. thumbs, 3. neck, 4. knees, 5. hips
What are the 3 anatomical characteristics of a skeletal muscle?
1.striated 2. elongated with peripherally located nuclei 3. long cells, which are usually the length of the muscle
Calcification
deposition of calcium salts
Rheumatoid arthritis may occur at all ages but arises at ____
40-50 years of age
Which part of a sarcomere contains both thin and thick filaments?
A band
What is the component of a sarcomere that contains the entire thick filament and some of the thin filament?
A band (dark)
Which parts of a sarcomere contain thin filaments?
A band, I band, Z disc
Explain the multiple effects muscle contraction has on a sarcomere and its components: A band H zone I band Z discs sarcomere overall
A bands shorten H zone dissapears I bands narrow Z discs move closer together in adjacent sarcomeres sarcome narrows
Response to Mechanical Stress: Wolff's law
A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it
_________________ can be broken down on receptors to stop generation of nerve impulses. IT can be pulled off and recycled in the motor neuron.
Acetocholine (ACh)
Why does fibrocartilage have NO perichondrium?
Because fibrocartilage is a mix of dense regular CT and hyaline cartilage. it has to be able to stretch and to extend
What is considered the "go" signal for muscle contraction?
Ca
Pattern of muscle fibers: -fibers are arranged concentrically around an opening -functions as a sphincter to close a passageway or opening ex: orbicularis oris/oculi
Circular muscles
T/F: the muscle fibers within a motor unit are clustered
False: they are more distributed within a muscle
bone closure
Epiphyseal cartilage gradually disappears, completing epiphyseal growth
Step 6 of Endochondral Ossification
Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
In step 2 of intramembranous ossification, when the osteoids calcify, what is the primary cause of this and
From the previous step --> osteoblasts lay down matrix. After they lay down the matrix, they undergo calcification and form bone. Osteoblasts turn into osteocytes, though some osteoblasts still surround the osteoid cell
In step 3 of intramembranous ossification, how is the woven bone formed?
From the previous step--> the ossification centers tend to run with one another and interweave to form the woven bone.
which sex hormones help bone growth
GH and TH
What is the component of a sarcomere that is the central region of an A band, and only contains thick filament?
H zone
What is the component of a sarcomere that contains the thin filament only?
I band (thin)
why is bone a mechanosensitive organ
It alters structure to suit its mechanical environment.
zone 1 of interstitial growth a) primary job?
It's primary job is to serve as a securing element for the epiphyseal growth plate.
In step 4 of intremembranous ossification, how is the lamellar bone formed? - what is formed along side with lamellar bone?
Lamellar bone (secondary bone) replaces woven bone, as compact and spongy bone form. Periosteum is formed as well. All arise from mesenchymal cells.
What is the component of a sarcomere that is a thin protein/meshwork structure in the center of an H zone?
M line
What is the component of a sarcomere that is the attachment site for thick filament and keep the filament aligned during contraction?
M line
Which parts of a sarcomere contain thick filaments?
M line, H zone, and A band
Hydroxyapatite
Mineral compound that is the principal inorganic component of bone and teeth. Makes bone hard
Directional Terms of muscle movement (synovial joints)
Movement occurs when muscles contract across joints and insertion moves toward origin
Abduction
Movement of limb away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement of limb toward the midline of the body
In step 1 of intramembranous ossification, when the ossification centers thicken, what is the main cause of this occuring?
Ossification centers arrive (area of osteoblast location) in the mesenchyme and the areas of the membrane thicken thus causing *osteoprogenitor cells to become osteoblasts*. *The osteoblasts then begin to lay down osteoid matrix building matrix from within*.
Pattern of muscle fibers: -fascicles are parallel to the long axis of muscle -body of muscle increases in diameter with contraction -high endurance, not very strong ex: rectus abdominus
Parallel Muscles
Gomphoses a) what type of joints are these considered as being, although they are known as being fibrous structural joints?
Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
Describe the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by inflammation in the lining of the joint. Osteoarthritis is more like a wear process, in which the cartilage in the joints fails to withstand the loads placed on it.
Neuromuscular junctions are the site of _____________
Signal transduction
Storage and Movement of Materials for SkM's Circular bands of muscles. Anal sphincters are made of skeletal or smooth muscles and help with partitioning of movements along the GI tract and excretory units
Sphincters
step 1 of endochondral ossification
Start with a hyaline cartilage template with a pericardium around it.
What is absent in smooth muscle compared to the other muscle type?
T-tubules and Z-discs
T of F: joints are the weakest part of the skeleton
True
T of F: skeletal muscle usually attaches to one or more bones
True
A triad consists of T-Tubules with holes. What is the purpose?
This is how communication signal is to be sent to the muscle from the nerve.
What serves as the "communication link" in a myofibril?
Triads
T/F: osteogenesis is a part of ossification
True
T/F: If you look at the formation of a flat bone and an irregular bone, they are similar in that they have multiple ossification site occurring simultaneously, but their starting template is different. For flat bone it is intramembranous process and for irregular bone we use endochondral ossification.
True Flat bone = intramembranous Irregular long, short = endochondral
How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts monitor bone remodelling.
Within the bone, a group of osteoclasts form a channel. Osteoblasts follow and lay done bone. As they lay down bone they form a osteoblasts. They disappear and the bone vascularizes and innervates.
Cardiac muscle forms ______________ branches and joint adjacent muscle fibers via intercalated discs
Y-shaped
Which 2 parts of a sarcomere contain connectin?
Z disc and I band
What is the component of a sarcomere that is a thin protein structure that serves as the attachment site for thin filaments?
Z line
Periosteum Composition a) which 2 layers is it made up of and what are they composed of ? b) what type of tissue is it made up of? c) location to the bone structure
a) - fibrous outer layer (dense-irregular CT) - inner cellular (osteoblast and osteoprogenitor cells) layer b) made up of dense irregular CT c) outer layer that covers the compact bone
endochondral ossification a) what does the bone develop from in this particular process? b) what type of bones are a result of this process?
a) Bone formation that occurs from a hyaline cartilage template b) long, short & irregular bones
step 2 of endochondral ossification (Cartilage calcifies and periosteal bone collar forms around the diaphysis) a) what happens in order to help cartilage calcify b) what happens to the location where we end up with a cartilage with holes in it and the cartilage is calcified? c) what helps to form the periosteal bone around the daiphysis
a) Chondrocytes within the shaft (diaphysis) of the matrix enlarge and reabsorb some of the matrix itself, they calcify and block off nutrient flow, and die b) vasculature starts to move into the area c) Vasculature moves into the area, and along with it osteoblasts, and we form a periosteum which helps to form the bone collar. (perichondrium turns into periosteum)
ligament a) function b) tissue type
a) Connects bone to bone b) dense irregular
Microscopic Anatomy of Spongy Bone a) T/F: osteons can be found here as well as in the compact bone b) trabeculae function
a) False, mainly have irregular (parallel) lamellae b) appear disorganized but align along the lines of stress put on the bone and assists bone when multidirectional stress is applied
zone 4 of interstitial growth a) what happens to the cells? ' b) what do we end up with?
a) Matrix begins to calcify and we can't get nutrients into the cells; chondrocytes die b) End up with calcified channels (longitudinal channels)
step 4 of endochondral ossification (secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses) a) what do we form in this process? b) what does this step permit of the bone? c) what tyoe of bone is this step primarily used for? d) what happens to the replaced cartilage?
a) Remodeling occurs as growth continues, creating a medullary cavity. b) permits us to have growth in both directions of the bone c) long bone d) Cartilage becomes the epiphyseal growth plate
vitamins in bone growth a) Vitamin A b) Vitamin C c) Vitamin D
a) accelerates osteoblasts b) required for normal cartilage synthesis c) stimulates absorption & transport of Ca and P ions into blood
Functions of Bones a) *Support and Attachment* - what things? b) *Movement* - how do skeletal muscles act on skeleton and the bones? c) *Hemopoiesis* - where does this occur and what affect does it have; how does it vary in people? d) *Storage of mineral and energy reserves* - what minerals, where in the body?
a) act as framework for entire body; protects delicate organs and tissues from injury b) muscles can move in one direction only; they pull on the skeleton and use the bones as levers which alter the direction and magnitude of forces and certain movements c) blood formation (within medullary capillaries) occurs within red bone marrow ; varies with age d) primarily storage of Ca; within yellow blood marrow
Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone a)Perforating fibers (what does it anchor?) b) Circumferential lamellae (function?) c) Osteons (what do they have in the center and how do they run in the bone?) d) Perforating fibers e) Lamellae f) Lacunae (relationship to osteons?) g) Canaliculi (what resides here?)
a) anchor the periosteum to the compact bone b) on the outside of the compact bone, resist twisting of the bone. Found around circumference of diaphysis c) in the center is the central canal in which vasculature runs. They run parallel to the central axis of a bone. d) runs perpendicular to the long axis of the bone e) the cyclindrical units of the osteons f) holes in the osteons at which the osteocytes sit g) where the extensions of the osteocytes reside within.
Sympheses (Cartilaginous Joints) a) what type of cartilage do they unite with b) what is it designed for? c) how are they based on functionality?
a) articular cartilage fused to a pad or plate of fibrocartilage b) designed for strength and flexibility; resist compression and tension stresses; shock absorber c) amphiarthrotic
Sutures a) how do bone and articulations interact with one another? b) how is the fibrous tissue aligned if any? c) what affect on bone?
a) articulating bone edges interdigitate by overlapping or interlocking; b) very short CT fibers; c) continuous with periosteum and penetrate bone
synovial (structural joint)' a) define b) how would they be classified in the mode of range/functionality
a) articulating bones are separated by a fluid- containing joint cavity; separates articulating surfaces of bone & are enclosed within a capsule b) most functional; diarthrotic
interosseous membrane/ligament a) define b) what does it provides to bones?
a) articulating bones held side-by-side by a ligamentous sheet; b) *provides pivot point* for bones to rotate against each other
Cartilaginous joints (structural) a) define their composition b) what are the 2 types
a) articulating bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity b) 1. synchondroses 2. symphyses
patellofemoral joint a) location b) type of joint
a) between patella and patellar surface of femur b) plane joint (planr gliding joint)
tibiofemoral joint a) location? b) type of hinge/joint?
a) between the femur and the tibia b) modified hinge
Syndesmoses a) how do bone and articulations interact with one another? b) what type of tissue is associated, if any? c) how are these articulations labelled on a functional factor?
a) bones connected by ligament, cord or band of fibrous tissue b) dense regular CT c) amphiarthrotic
How is a soft callus formed? a) Step 1 b) Step 2 c) Step 3
a) capillaries invade hematoma, which is reorganized into an actively growing CT b) procallus, with fibroblasts producing collagen fibers to connect broken ends c) formation of a dense irregular CT with cartilage - fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus; 3 wks
What is the main purpose of the osteons? a) how are they set up within the bone matrix? b what is their purpose?
a) collagen fibers run in same direction within a lamellae but in opposite direction in adjacent lamellae b) allows us to combat any type of twisting movements
Why does bone have spongy and compact arrangements a) compact bone purpose b) spongy bone purpose
a) compact bone is on the outside and acts like a shield b) spongy bone is inside and is designed to take stress applied to the bone and distribute it evenly throughout; it is also light
irregular bones a) shape of the bone b) examples of long bones
a) complex and elaborate b) vertebra
Define the following functions of these structures of a synovial joint a) fibrous capsule (what is it continuous with?) b) synovial membrane (known for?) c) synovial fluid (known for) d) articular cartilage e) reinforcing ligaments
a) continuous with periostea b) loose CT covered incompletely with epithelial cell layer; *site of synovial fluid origination* c) blood filtrate; is viscous, thins with joint activity; "weeping lubrication"; contains phagocytic cells & provides nutrients; *shock absorber* d) "cushion"; lack perichondrium e) strengthens & reinforces joint; intrinsic & extrinsic
saddle joint a) shape b) range of movement c) example
a) convex & concave surfaces articulate, saddle b) biaxial; greater range c) cervical vertebrae; carpometacarpal (joint of thumb)
hinge joint a) shape b) range of movement (biaxial, uni, or multi?) c) example
a) cylindrical projection into trough-like groove b) uniaxial c) elbow
bone markings a) define what they are b) what function do they serve?
a) distinctive surface features that characterize bones b) attachment sites for skeletal muscles, sites of entry for blood vessels and nerves
skeleton a) in what other ways is the skeleton functional aside form the fact that it acts as a structural framework to hang and support organs and muscle? b) what are the 4 structural components that make up the skelton? c) what is the overall function of the skeleton?
a) dynamic structure, constantly rebuilding & remodeling itself as well as interacting with other organ systems b) bones, catilage, ligaments, and other connective tissues c) stabilize and connect bones
Perichondrium a) In which cartilage types is perichondrium found? b) what type of tissue is it made of? c) function?
a) elastic and hyaline cartilage b) dense irregular CT (connective tissue) c) growth and repair of cartilage
Interstitial growth a) where does it grow from b) how many zones are there that help with the growth
a) epiphyseal growth plate b) 5 zones
Fibrous Joints a) what does their amount of movement depend on? b) describe the composition of the joint itself c) how would they be described on a functional factor d) what are the 3 type of fibrous
a) fiber length b) joined by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity c) most synarthrotic, some amphiarthrotic d) 1. sutures; 2. syndesmoses 3. gomphoses
Cartilage a) where is it commonly found? b) what are the 3 common functions of cartilage? c) comparison to bone? d) what type of tissue is it? e) how many form of cartilage are there?
a) found in areas where flexibility is reduced b) 1. supporting soft tissue 2. providing gliding surfaces for articulations 3. providing a model for bone formation c) weaker and more reileient than bone d) semi-rigid CT e) there are 3 types of cartilage (hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage)
elastic cartilage a) describe the strucutre of this form of cartilage b) functionaility c) found where? d) composed of ?
a) highly branched elastic fibers; highly flexible form of support; perichondrium b) These fibers give elastic cartilage great flexibility so that it is able to withstand repeated bending c) It is found in the epiglottis (part of the larynx), the pinnae (the external ear flaps of many mammals). d) elastin
appositional growth a) what affect on bone? b) where within the bone does it occur? c) what do the osteoblasts within the bone matrix help form d) what happens to the matrix
a) increases structures width b) within periosteum & along medullary cavity c) circumferential lamellae d) resorped in order to help keep proportion. As we build on the outside of the bone, we have to reabsorb on the inside
Endosteum a) found where in relation to bone? b) why is it considered as incomplete? c) what is this layer made up of? d) function
a) inner layer that lines medullary cavity b) not as structured as the periosteum (remember periosteum is layered) c) made up of a layer of cells ( osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts) d) the cellular composition helps for *bone growth, repair, and remodeling*
Osteocytes a) where found b) what do they have and how does this help with their function?
a) lacunae b) have cytoplasmic extensions found within the canaliculi of bone matrix; it maintains the health of the bone matrix; can operate mechanical stress that been acted upon on the bone itself
interstitial growth a) define the process b) where in the cartilage layer is this process found
a) lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within b) within the matrix
Osteoblasts a) what is their main function? b) what do they form aside from their main function?
a) lay down matrix (osteoid) b) When a osteoblast lays down a matrix (osteoid), and it calcifies, it becomes an OSTEOCYTE
short bones a) shape of the bone b) distinctness of the bone parts themselves? c) examples of flat bones
a) length and width similar b) found in the tarsal region; alter directional movement c) sesamoid bone
circumferential lamellae a) anatomical position in the bone b) what is it formed of
a) located *deep to periosteum and superficial to endosteum* and extend around entire circumference of the diaphysis and resist twisting of long bone b) formed from osteoblasts and cells that lay down bone (appositional growth) on the surface
long bones a) shape of the bone b) distinctness of the bone parts themselves? c) examples of long bones
a) longer than they are wide b) elongated shaft (diaphysis) and 2 distinct end (epiphyses) c) humerus; femur
Articular capsule of the TMJ a) attachment (loose or firm?) b) range of motion? c) stability?
a) loose b) promotes fairly extensive range of motion c) not very stable since it promotes lot of movement variability (inderct relationship to motion and stability previously discussed)
hyaline cartilage a) describe the structure of this form of cartilage b) functionaility c) found where? d) composed of ?
a) most abundant; support although flexible & resilient; surrounded by perichondrium b) Provides support, flexibility, and resilience c) articular cartilages of joints, trachea, bronchi, larynx, nose, the ends of the ribs. d) made of type II collagen and chondroitin
Temperature regulation a) Temperature regulation of skeletal muscle tissue is a byproduct of ___________________ b) why is heat produced as a function of the skM's ?
a) muscle activity b) as muscles are being used, heat is produced as a waste-product of energy use.
isotonic contraction a) what happens to the muscle length? b) what happens overall to the muscle and to the load it carries?
a) muscle changes length b) muscle shortens because muscle tension exceeds load, causing the load to move
condylar joint (ellipsoidal joint) a) shape b) range of movement; what type of movement do they permit? c) example
a) oval, convex fits into complementary depression, both surfaces oval b) biaxial ; permits angular movement c) occipital condyle of skull ; metacarpholangeal joint (knuckles of hand)
intramembranous ossification a) what type of tissue does bone develop from in this process? b) what type of bones are the result of this form of process mainly =?
a) process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue b) flat bones
Bone remodeling process a) define b) what is it stimulated by? c) what factors affect rate? d) where within the bone does it occur?
a) process of continuously depositing new bone & the removal (resorption) of old bone tissue b) Stimulated by stress placed on bone c) - age - location w/in skeleton - compact bone replaced slower than spongy bone d) Occurs at both periosteal and endosteal surfaces
Ossification a) define b) what is it mainly used for in adults?
a) process of replacing other tissue with bone b) ossification in adults mainly used for remodeling and repair
infrapatellar fat pad a) impact on the knee joint b) how does it help the bursa?
a) provides padding in the open areas along the margins of a joint b) assists the bursa in helping to decrease friction
pivot joint a) shape b) range of movement c) example
a) round end bone into "sleeve" or ring of bone OR ligaments on bone b) uniaxial c) the ulna and radius in the forearm; first and second cervical vertebrae
long bone - label the purpose of each of the following: a) epiphyses b) diaphysis c) metaphysis d) articular cartilage (what's found here and what cartilage type made of) e) medullary cavity f) periosteum g) endosteum h) perforating fibers
a) serve for attachments of tendons and ligaments b) long tube made up of bone, provides leverage c) between the diaphysis and epiphyses; epiphyseal growth plate/line (area of growth for long bone) d) where joints are found, made of hyaline cartilage and found at proximal and distal epiphyses ends e) where red/yellow bone marrow is located f) the wrapping of the bone and its articulating surfaces; similar to the pericardium in that its a sort of CT g) inner layer, incomplete h) originate from the periosteum, and invade out to the compact bone
temporomandibular joint (TMJ) a) what makes it distinct b) part of the ___________ skeleton c) what is it attached to?
a) small, complex joint; *only movable articulation between skull bones* exhibits hinge, gliding and some pivot joint movements b) part of the axial skeleton c) the articulation between the mandibular condyle (head of the mandible) and the articular tubercule of the temproal bone anteriorly and posteriorly with the mandibular fossa
ball and socket joint a) shape b) range of movement c) example
a) spherical/hemispherical head fits into cuplike socket b) multiaxial ; freely movable c) hip and shoulder joints
intracapsular ligaments a) define function b) which 2 part of the knee does it include
a) stabilizing ligaments located inside joint capsule b) ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) PCL (posterior cruciate ligament)
extracapsular ligaments a) define function (particular one) b) which 2 part of the knee does it include
a) stabilizing ligaments located outside joint capsule ; *reinforce back of the joint* b) Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament (LCL) Medial (tibial) collateral ligament (MCL)
osteoprogenitor cells a) known as what type of cells b) where are they derived from c) what is distinct about them? d) what do they form?
a) stem cells b) mesenchyme c) destined to be bone cells; can be differentiated and utilized throughout life. d) form osteoblasts once they have become initiated
Hormone impact on bones a) GH (growth homone) b) TH (thyroid hormone) - impact on cells c) CT (calcitonin) impact on cells d) PTH (parathyroid hormone) - impact on cells e) Sex Hormones - impact on cells f) gluocorticoids - what happens if levels are high?
a) stimulate liver somatomedins that directly stimulate cartilage growth at EP b) influences the BMR of bone cells c) encourage Ca deposition into bone; depresses osteoclast activity d) stimulates osteoclast activity to resorb bone e) dramatically accelerate bone growth, stimulate osteoblasts at EP, HOWEVER, at puberty signal EP closure f) normal levels no effect but if chronically high, increase bone resorption---loss of bone mass
Planar joint (gliding) a) shape b) range of movement c) example
a) surfaces flat, translational b) least movable; uniaxial c) carpal bones
Which of the following articulations is the MOST stable a) suture b) elbow c) intervertebral d) glenohumeral (shoulder) e) hip
a) suture
zone 2 of interstitial growth a) what happens to the cells b) what is this zone known as?
a) they stack themselves up after enlarging and they push the epiphyseal ends away from the diaphysis ---> So, increasing in length. b) zone of proliferation
Articular disc of the TMJ a) composition ? b) function
a) thick pad of fibrocartilage b) separate the articulating bones and the synovial cavity of the TMJ into 2 parts
flat bones a) shape of the bone b) distinctness of the bone parts themselves? c) examples of flat bones
a) thin flattened and usually curved b) provide extensive surface area for muscle attachments and protection for underlying soft tissues c) sternum; frontal bone
Knee Joints a) 3 Joints of the knee b) largest, most complex ____________
a) tibiofemoral, patellofemoral, proximal tibiofibular b) diarthroses
Bone a) T/F: each bone is its own individual structure b) Bone is labeled as being a dynamic _____________ c) what type of tissue is it composed of d) why is bone sturdy?
a) true b) organ c) primarily osseous d) due to mineral deposition within the ECM
step 3 of endochondral ossification (Primary Ossification Center forms in the diaphysis) a) what happens? b) what is a major process of bone formation that occurs here?
a) we have calcified cartilage, we lay bone around it. The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms Blood vessels infiltrate the center of diaphysis and osteoblasts deposit spongy bone at the primary ossification center. Osteoclasts play factor later on. b) Osteogenesis occurs here within the bone shaft
thin (____) filament
actin
function of aponeurosis
acts as a recoiling "spring"
List the structural organization of skeletal muscle from most superficial to deep: a) muscle b) muscle fiber c) myofilament d) fascicle e) myofibril
adbec
The large number of mitochondria in cardiac muscle allows for ______________ respiration
aerobic
While doing a bicep curl, the biceps are the ________________ while the triceps act as the __________ as they help with balance by redcing the weight of other movements
agonists ; antagonists
In smooth muscle, thick and thin filaments are present but not precisely __________
aligned
Total force exerted by a muscle is dependent on the number of motor units activated This law is known as?
all-or-none principle
If rheumatoid arthritis becomes really bad and the scar tissue (pannus) ossifies, the bone ends fuse together and make the joint immobilized. This is called ________
ankylosis
Type of primary action of skeletal muscle: oppose, or reverse, a particular movement
antagonist
The TMJ mandibular condyle connects _________________ to the temporal bone
anteriorly
What is the word used to define a tendon in the form of a thin, flattened sheet?
aponeurosis
Levers depend of the portion of 3 elements. What are these 3 elements?
applied force (effort) fulcrum resistance (load)
In what way do SkM's provide body support?
arranged in sheets or layers which protect organs & support their weight within the abdominal cavity
In the knee joint, a fibrocartilage wedge (______) divide a synovial cavity into 2 separate cavities. This improves ___
articular discs; fit
Menisci of the knee , job a) what does it help to perform for the joint? b) what does it do in regards to the synovial cavity of the overall knee?
articular discs; improve fit a) lend stability to the joint b) divides the synovial cavity into 2 seperate cavities
During osteoarthritis, the __________ becomes rough from continuous friction.
articular surface
Type of synovial joints is based on ___________________
articular surfaces
The periosteum is continuous with ____________________ of the bone
articulating cartilage
rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an _________________ disease
autoimmune
The involuntary movement of smooth muscle is modulated by the _______________
autonomic nervous system
Cardiac muscle contains _______________ cardiac muscle cells which are pacemaker cells and help modulate contraction.
autoryhthmic
An ________________ relationship exists between a joints' mobility and stability a) direct b) inverse c) optimal d) none of the above
b) inverse more mobile = less stable
The whole process of taking a tissue template and converting it to bone is ________________________ a) osteogenesis b) ossification c) calcification
b) ossification
List the concentric layers of CT in skeletal muscles from most deep to most superficial: a) epimysium b) endomysium c) perimysium
b, c, a
Antagonists help with ___________ (reduce any other movements)
balance
The relationship between muscle contraction and its skeletal element is often compared to the mechanics of a lever. This is known as ________________
biomechanics
Type of pennate pattern of a muscle fiber: muscle fibers on both sides on the tendon ex: rectus femoris
bipennate
Paget's disease
body responds making bone faster, but weaker, softer bone old bone breakdown > new bone synthesis
step 5 of endochondral ossification
bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
gliding movement (linear movement)
bone surface gliding or slipping over another similar surface
Synchondroses (Cartilaginous Joints) a) what type of cartilage do they unite with
bones united by hyaline cartilage ex: costochondral joints
osteolysis
breaking/tearing down bone
What are two major inflammatory conditions of joints?
buritis and tendonitis
Inflammatory condition: inflammation of bursa due to excessive stress, a blow or friction
bursitis
function of satellite cells
can be initiated to differentiate to assist in repair/regeneration of injured SkM
Which two muscle types are involuntary?
cardiac and smooth
Once you become an adult what happens to cartilage growth, how/when does cartilage growth continue and by what is it limited by?
cartilage growth tends to stop at maturity of a person, but it *can resume when damage occurs to a particular are of the body*. Limitations: nutrient availability because cartilage is not vascularized and must get *nutrients through diffusion*.
Common joint injury: tearing knee menisci, growth plate fissures, overuse damage of articular cartilage
cartilage injury
Fibrocartilage
cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.
organic portion of bone matrix
cells osteoid (ground substance and collage fibers)
During contraction, myofibrils shorten as myofilaments ______________ ; since attachment is at the __________ of a muscle fiber, this causes the fiber to ______________
change position ; end ; shorten
Differences between the chondrocytes and the chondroblasts. Define their functions of each
chondroblast = secretes the matrix chondrocytes = maintain matrix and tissues overall health and viability
what are the relationships/functions between chondroblasts and chondrocytes?
chondroblasts are immature cell forming the matrix of the many forms of cartilage types. - They (chondroblasts) help form the mature cells (chondrocytes) within the matrix itself which help maintain the health and the viability/strucutre of the matrix.
Describe the structure of fibrocartilage
comprised of numerous thick collagen fibers
Osteoporosis
condition characterized by reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function Osteoporotic
What component of a sarcomere is important for the extension and elasticity of a muscle fiber and allows for the muscle to come back after contraction by working similar to a molecular spring ?
connectin (titin)
insertion of muscle (synovial joints)
connection of the muscle to a bone that moves
What happens to the cells of a muscle as a result of muscle tension and contractility?
contractile elements are stimulated which causes cells to be shortened
When referring to the property of _________________ of muscle tissue, we see that the stimulation of muscle tissue generates tension within a cell
contractility
During osteoarthritis, muscles, ligaments, and tendons holding a joint together become weaker, which causes the joint to become ____, stiff, and painful
deformed
A relationship exists between the size of a motor unit and the ______________
degree of control
In smooth muscle, thin filaments are attached to things called ___________
dense bodies
In smooth muscle, adjacent cells are physically coupled at ___________
dense plaques
tendons
dense regular CT that attaches muscle to bone
The striations of skeletal muscle are due, in part, to the _______________ and ________________ different between thick and thin filaments
density ; size
Since the cartilage is not vascularized, how does it obtain necessary nutrients for repair and injury
diffusion
Mechanical __________ is used to move a load quickly
disadvantage
fat pads
distributed along periphery of synovial joint
Second-class levers increase the amount of _______________
effective force
Third-class levers have a greater speed and increased distance, but sacrifice __________
effective force
TMJ movements
exhibits some gliding, hinge and pivot movements
When referring to this property of muscle tissue, we see the capacity of muscle to extend in length in response to contraction of an opposing muscle
extensibility
Hyperextension
extension of joint beyond 180°
Which of the following are associated with joints/ a) bursae b) tendon sheath c) fat pads d) tendons e) all of the above f) none of the above
f) none of the above
T/F: intracapsular ligaments are parts of the joint
false
T/F: osteoblasts and the epiphyseal cartilage grow at different rates
false: both grow at same rate
What is the word used to define the thin sheeth of fibrous CT that encloses a muscle?
fascia
inversion/eversion
foot, with sole moving medially or laterally
Where do inorganic portions/components of the bone matrix form?
form around collagen fibers, gives bone its hardness
In the body, joints are __________ and bones are __________ with effort being provided by muscle contraction by applying to a muscle's insertion point on a bone
fulcrums ; levers
In muscle biomechanics: -Joints are the _____________ -Bones are the ____________ -Muscles provide the ________________
fulcrums; levers; force
Which of the following is not a part of hyaline cartilage? a) FPch - fibroblast in perichondrium b) ChB - chondroblast c) ChL - chondrogenic cell d) ChC - chondrocyte e) Lac - lacunae f) CN - chondrocyte nest (isogenous groups) g) all of the above ARE part
g
Yellow blood marrow is a storage for ________________ a) calcium b) glucose c) sodium d) adipose fat tissue e) all of the above f) none of the above g) a and d h) b and c
g) calcium and adipose fat tissue
Fast glycolytic fibers use glycolysis and it's pathways instead of myoglobin and oxidative phosphorylation like slow oxidative fibers because glycolysis ______________
generates ATP much faster
The number of slow and fast fibers is determined by _____________. However, you can change the proportion of ______________ by working out more.
genes ; intermediate fibers
In bone biomechanics, what things constitute the load?
gravity, associated tissue, anything else you are trying to move.
In the bone repair/fracture repair how is the final stage
hard callus persists about 3-4 mos with osteoclasts removing excess bony material at both the external & internal surfaces; compact bone replaces primary bone
infrapatellar bursa - function in the knee?
helps keep inflammation down in the knee
Although muscle fibers follow the all-or-none principle, the force and precision of muscle movement can be varied depending on ______________
how many motor units/fibers are activated
sacrificial bonds
in or between collagen molecules that stretch and break to dissipate energy and prevent fractures *can be rebuilt*
appositional growth
increase in bone thickness
angular movements
increase or decrease the angle between two bones
pannus
inflamed, thickened synovial membrane
Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by _____ in the lining of a joint
inflammation
In rheumatoid arthritis, tenderness and stiffness is due to what?
inflammation of synovial membrane
Cardiac muscle forms Y-shaped branches and join adjacent muscle fibers via _________________
intercalated discs
What is the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?
intra = bone formation from tissue endo = bone formation from cartilage
What is the purpose of postural muscles when a person is awake? a) what does it stabilize?
keeps the person form collapsing - SkM's stabilizes the joints of a person to prevent them from collapsing and keep them in position
What is the most complex diarthroses of the human body?
knee joint
interstial growth
length
The relationship between muscle contraction and its skeletal element is often compared to the mechanics of a _____________
lever
What is the word used to define a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point (fulcrum) when a force is applied?
lever
For us to have total organism movement, a relationship between skeletal muscle and the skeleton is used to initiate _______________
leverage
zone 5 of interstitial growth (what do we form?)
longitudinal channels, which are invaded by capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells from the medullary cavity. New bone matrix is deposited on the remaining calcified cartilage matrix. (spongy bone laid down at metaphysis)
In mechanical disadvantage, force is _____________ but speed and range of motion is __________________
lost ; gained
Common joint injury: bones forced out of alignment
luxation
What do the Intracapsular ligaments of the knee do to overall body structure?
maintain alignment
A single motor neuron controls several muscle fibers within a muscle, referred to as a _________________________
motor unit
biaxial movement
movement in 2 planes
multiaxial movement
movement in multiple planes
depression/elevation
movement of body part superiorly with body part movement inferiorly
Circumduction
movement of limb that describes a cone in space; observe distal tip of limb moves in circle while point of cone is more or less stationary
isometric contractions a) what happens to the muscle overall?
muscle neither shortens or lengthens, generates tension
__________________ is defined as the force exerted by a contracting muscle on some object
muscle tension
Some motor units are active, even when muscle is at rest. This helps gives us our ______________
muscle tone
Highly coordinated movement is the result of the integrated functioning of _________ , ________ , and _______
muscles, bones, and joints
Skeletal muscle is multinucleate due to ___________ fusing during embryonic development
myoblasts
Skeletal muscle contains long, cylindrical _______________ that extend the entire length of the muscle fiber
myofibrils
Myofibrils consist of bundles of short _________________
myofilaments
Slow oxidative fibers are darker in color because they contain a lot of _______________
myoglobin
-Thick (_____) filaments
myosin
describe the structure of a thick filament and directionality of heads and tails in regards of a myofilament
myosin tails - point towards center myofilament myosin head - point towards edges of myofilament
Which of the 3 regulatory proteins in myofilaments is an actin binding protein that is abundant during fetal development and plays a role in sarcomere development, and is responsible for the length of the thin filament?
nebulin
What are the 3 regulatory proteins in myofilaments?
nebulin, troponin, tropomyosin
Muscle contraction begins when a _____ traveling along a motor neuron stimulates a _________________. This occurs at the ___________________________.
nerve impulse; muscle fiber ; neuromuscular junction
The combination of nerves, arteries, and veins in a muscle fascicle is called a __________________
neuromusclar bundle
junction between axon & muscle fiber
neuromuscular junction
function of motor neurons
neurons that stimulate muscle contractions via the axon
Blood vessels deliver ___ and remove ___
nutrients ; wastes
Each skeletal muscle is an ___, being composed of the four primary tissue types
organ
bone matrix composition
organic and inorganic portions
Bone can grow in thickness throughout life but _______________ in adults mainly used for ____________________ and _____________________
ossification; remodeling; repair
What is the name of the degenerative joint disease that involves the deterioration of cartilage at ends of bones?
osteoarthritis (OA)
What type of cells are associated with the periosteum
osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells
How is a hard callus formed?
osteoblasts lay down primary (trabecular) bone which replaces fibrocartilaginous callus forming the hard (bony) callus
During osteoarthritis, pain results because of two reasons: 1) ____ form at joint edges 2) bits of bone and/or cartilage can ____ and float inside the joint
osteophytes (bone spurs) break off
Which pattern of a muscle fiber generates the most strength/power/force?
pennate
Pattern of muscle fibers: -muscle body has one or more tendons -fascicles at oblique angle to tendon -uni, bi, and multi
pennate muscles
_______ is a concentric layer of CT located around a fascicle
perimysium
Perforating fibers come out of the ______________ and are integrated out of the _______________ layers of the bone.
periosteum; outer;
Where does appostional growth lay down matrix? At the ______________ of the bone.
periphery
longitudinal plane
perpendicular to the transverse plane and can be either coronal or sagittal plane
Osteogenesis
physical process of bone formation
The TMJ mandibular condyle connects _____________________ with the mandibular fossa
posteriorly
Second-class levers are considered ____ levers (speed/power)
power
Working at a mechanical advantage is considered using a _____________ lever
power
Aponeurosis allows our body to bear extra _____________ when a muscle contracts/expands
pressure and tension
Type of primary action of skeletal muscle: muscle that provides the major force
prime movers/agonists
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
protects the body from tensile and compressional forces
muscles can only ___ not ___
pull, push
When slow oxidative fibers are dominate in a skeletal muscle, the muscle is termed ____________ muscle
red muscle
Osteopenia
refers to bone mineral density (BMD) that is lower than normal peak BMD but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis
The differences in the ____________ can influence the amount of force a muscle must generate in order to move a given load
site of muscle insertion
Action of Troponin & Tropomyosin
regulate the interaction between actin and myosin
During skeletal muscle contraction, thick and thin filaments retain the same length. However, it is the ________________ between them that changes
relative position
Slow fibers are _________________ to fatigue
resistant
The excitability of muscle tissue refers to its ____________ ; muscle tissue reacts to various stimuli
responsiveness
Muscle tone represents the ______________ in skeletal muscle
resting tension
A type of chronic inflammatory disease and an autoimmune disease that distorts hand characteristics
rheumatoid arthritis
Which types of muscle are striated?
skeletal and cardiac
lateral rotation
rotation away from the midline
medial rotation
rotational movement towards the midline
What is the functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber; defined as the distance between 2 Z lines?
sarcomere
During embryonic development, some myoblasts do not fuse together and remain in adult skeletal muscle as _________________
satellite cells
what happens to the sarcomere in the Sliding filament theory?
shortens
In what method do the skeletal bones move in order to produce overall body movement?
skeletal bones move when SkM contracts, pull on tendons which are attached to the bone
Which type of muscle is voluntary?
skeletal muscle
The interaction between thick and thin filaments cause muscle to contract; this mechanism is explained by the _________________
sliding-filament theory
What is the repair rate of a cartilage injury?
slow or not at all
Type of skeletal muscle fiber: is slow and suited for prolonged contractions
slow oxidative fibers
Slow oxidative fibers are known to use this particular process
slow oxidative phosphorylation
Cartilage injury is a ________________ repair process
slow, to not at all
Contraction of smooth muscle is ___________ (slow/fast), _____________ to fatigue, and can be sustained for ____________ periods of time
slow; resistant; extended
Second-class levers have a small force and can balance a larger weight, but are __________ and allow a _____________ distance to be moved
slower, shorter
Mechanical advantage requires a ______________ effort to move a heavy load
small
Aside from movement what else is the muscle tissue regulating within the body? provide an example
smooth muscle is associated with GI tract helps with the digestion and movement of food molecules
The blood vessels and nerves of muscles are controlled by the nerves of the _______________
somatic nervous system
Cartilage Lacunae
spaces within matrix where chondrocytes are located
Third-class levers are considered ___ levers (speed/power)
speed
When working at a mechanical disadvantage, force is sacrificed in order to gain ____________
speed
Working at a mechanical disadvantage is considered using a ___________ lever
speed
Location and nature of muscle contraction to skeleton influences the __________, ________, and ____________ of the muscle
speed, range, movement
Common joint injury: ligament reinforcing joints are stretched or torn
sprain
Arthrology
study of joints
Common joint injury: a partial dislocation
subluxation
Fast fibers are ____________ to fatigue
susceptible
represent the connection between the nervous system and the skeletal muscle itself
synaptic knob
Type of primary action of a skeletal muscle: aid agonists
synergists
What type of muscle attachment attaches muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle?
tendon
Inflammatory condition: inflammation of tendon sheath
tendonitis
what is the difference between muscle tension and load?
tension = FORCE exerted by contracting a muscle on some object load = WEIGHT (reciprocal force) exerted by a object on the muscle
Describe the set up of a first-class lever explain where located
the applied force and resistance are on opposite sides of a fulcrum ex: neck
Describe the set up of a third-class lever explain where located
the applied force is between the fulcrum and the resistance ex: elbow
zone 3 of interstitial growth a) what happens to the cells?
the point when we cells stop dividing but just keep growing in size.
Describe the set up of a second-class lever explain where located
the resistance is located between the applied force and the fulcrum ex: calf/heel
All muscle fibers associated with a particular motor unit have ______________
the same muscle fibers type
Describe the structure of a thin filament of a myofilament
the subunit G actin polymerizes to form F actin
During muscle contraction, the ____________ filaments move toward the M line
thin
In smooth muscle, dense bodies are associated with ___________ filaments (thin/thick)
thin
For the hand and foot of the body, the _____________ finger is denoted as the midline and for the foot it is the ___________ toe.
third (middle) ; second toe
Which class of lever if most common in the human body?
third-class lever
How do the nerves enter the bone accompanying blood vessels for blood supply and innervation of bone?
through the nutrient foramen - mainly sensory, signal injury
Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are also both very different in their ____ so it is important to not confuse the two.
treatment
Striations in SkM is due to which protein(s)
troponin and tropomyosin
T/F: in response to mechanical stress, bone gains strength. As a result, we observe increase in amnt of mineral salt deposition & collagen fibers synthesized
true
T/F: osteoblasts produce bone at a greater rate than epiphyseal cartilage expansion
true
Mechanotransduction of bone
we take all the stress and convert into biochemical signals for the osteocytes to pick up movement and integrate into a cellular response.
Describe the "all-or-none" principle:
when a motor neuron is activated, all the muscle fibers will be activated or none of the muscle fibers will be activated
When is mechanical advantage primarily used?
when strength is a priority
When fast glycolytic fibers are dominate in a skeletal muscle, the muscle is termed ___________ muscle
white muscle
Who is affected more by rheumatoid arthritis? men or women?
women (3x more)
Does some inflammation occur in osteoarthritis? If so, is it similar to the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis?
yes (some inflammation) ; not the same as in arthritis
what happens if osteoblast and osteoclast action don't balance each other
you can end with a bone that is too thin or too thick
