Exam 2 Anatomy

What is the difference between interstitial and appositional growth?

Interstitial growth declines rapidly as cartilage matures with later growth mainly appositional

what are the 3 forms of muscle types?

cardiac, smooth, skeletal

In osteoarthritis, the _____ in a joint fails to withstand the loads placed on it

cartilage

What do chondroblasts produce?

cartilage (matrix)

When smooth muscle contractions, dense bodies move _________________

closer together

Hormones and maintaining homeostasis and promoting bone growth a) effects of hormones on bone

control growth patterns, alter activity of osteoblasts & osteoclasts

Pattern of muscle fibers: -triangular muscle with common attachment site -direction of pull of muscle can be changed -does not pull as hard as equal-sized parallel muscle ex: pectoralis major

convergent muscles

Highly _________________ movement is the result of the integrated functioning of muscles, bones, and joints

coordinated

When working at a mechanical advantage, the work is more stable and is associated with less __________

effort

When moving a muscle: the applied force, or _____________ , is used to move a resistance, or ______________.

effort ; load

When referring to this property of muscle tissue, we see that contracted muscle recoils back to its resting length

elasticity

When responding to various stimuli, muscle tissue utilizes changes in the ________________ across the plasma membrane which signals internal events that lead to muscle contraction

electrical charge

tendon sheath

elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon subjected to friction

origin of a muscle (synovial joints)

end of muscle attached to bone that does not move during contraction

____________ is a concentric layer of CT located around a muscle fiber

endomysium

________ is a concentric layer of CT located around the whole skeletal muscle

epimysium

what is the negative outcome of pannus from RA?

erodes cartilage and leads to scar tissue formation connecting bone ends

muscle tissue can be found _______________ in the body

everywhere

Events of muscle contraction have been called __________________________

excitation-contraction coupling

Muscle fibers are bundled into _____________ , which lie parallel to each other and vary in organization in different muscles

fascicles

Type of skeletal muscle fiber: is fast and suited for rapid, intense movements

fast glycolytic fibers

Type of skeletal muscle fiber: intermediate speed

fast oxidative fibers

What is the name of the cell that lays down fibers for cartilage in the perichondrium?

fibroblasts

What components from question 11 are found within the perichondrium region of the hyaline cartilage

fibroblasts and chondrogenic cells

This type of cartilage has numerous thick collagen fibers for tensile & compressional forces; *lack perichondrium*

fibrocartilage

Synostoses

fibrous tissue ossifies, ex. skull bones fuse into single unit

The course of rheumatoid arthritis is variable, and is marked by _______________

flare-ups and remissions

bursae

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid

_______________ contraction occurs when muscle tension is less than the resistance

isometric

____________ contraction occurs when muscle tension is equal to or greater than the resistance

isotonic

What are the two main categories of muscle contraction?

isotonic and isometric contractions

What are the early stages of rheumatoid arthritis?

joint tenderness and stiffness

In muscle biomechanics, ____________ allow a given effort to move a heavier load, or to move a load farther or faster than it otherwise can.

levers

dorsiflexion/plantar flexion

movement of the foot at the ankle either up or down

uniaxial movement

movement on one plane -ex: elbow

Supination

movement that turns the palm up radius and ulna are - parallel & involves rotating arm laterally

Type of pennate pattern of a muscle fiber: tendon branches within the muscle ex: deltoid

multipennate

All muscle tissue is comprised of ___________________ that exhibit specific characteristics

muscle fibers (cells)

PROTRACTION/RETRACTION

nonangular anterior/posterior movements in a horizontal plane

The target of rheumatoid arthritis is the __________________

synovial membrane

Lateral flexion

trunk moves in coronal plane laterally away from body (mainly cervical & lumbar regions)

rotation

turning of bone around longitudinal axis

Pronation

turning the palm downward - forearm rotates medially & distal radius crosses ulna forming an X

Type of pennate pattern of a muscle fiber: all muscle fibers are on the same side of a tendon ex: extensor digitorum longus

unipennate

What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis?

unknown

When determining between a mechanical advantage and a mechanical disadvantage, an equation can be used. What is this equation?

(force x distance) = (resistance x distance)

Overall affect of the intracapsular ligaments on movements of certain bone in the human body?

*limit the anterior and posterior movement* of the femur

difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts

*osteoblasts* = lay down material (matrix) *osteoclasts* = tear down structures by secreting hydrochloric acid and lysosomes

Flexion - define the planes that it affects and how

- decreases angle within anterior-posterior plane - bending movement along sagittal plane (divides the body in halves)

Blood supply and innervation of bone - name where the vessels supply to in the bones a) nutrient vessels b) metaphyseal vessels c) epiphyseal vessels d) periosteal vessels

- enter from periosteum a) supply diaphysis & enter central canals of osteons within compact bone & marrow cavity b) supply diaphyseal side of EP c) supply epiphysis d) supply superficial osteons within compact bone at external ends of shaft, enter perforating canals within shaft

Extension - define the planes that it affects and how

- increases angle in anterior-posterior plane; - straightening along sagittal plane

What are the functions (2) of the regulatory myofilament protein, nebulin?

- responsible for the length of thin filament - plays a role in sarcomere development

The fact that deep fascia (epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium) ensheathes wrapped muscle has many functions. These functions are:

- separate individual muscles - binds muscles together into functional groups - fills spaces between muscles

What are the 3 fiber types of skeletal muscle fibers?

- slow oxidative fibers - fast oxidative fibers - fast glycolytic fibers

chondrogenic cells a) where are they found? b) what are they known as

-Found within the inner layer of perichondrium labeled as "pre-chondroblasts" -*Differentiate into chondroblasts*

What are the 5 functions of skeletal muscle tissue?

-body movement -maintenance of posture -temperature regulation -storage and movement of minerals -support

Describe the 3 characteristics of cardiac muscle

-fibers are striated but shorter and thicker -1 to 2 nuclei per cell -larger number of mitochondria

Joints are classified accord to what 2 factors?

1. *function* - range of motion 2. *structure* - material binding bones together and presence/absence of joint cavity (anatomical organization)

What are the 3 types of functional joints; describe their range of motion

1. *synarthroses* - immovable 2. *amphiarthroses* - slightly movable 3. *diarthroses* - freely movable

physiology of muscle contraction (summary)

1. . Neurotransmitters released diffuse through synaptic cleft and attaches to ACh receptors on the sarcolemma. Action potential is generated along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules 2. Action potential triggers Ca release from terminal cisternae 3. Calcium ions bind to troponin; troponin changes shape, removing the blocking action of tropomyosin and actin active sites exposed. Myosin heads of the thicks filaments attach to exposed active sites of cross bridges. 4. Contraction; myosin cross bridges alternatively attach to actin and detach, pulling the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere; release of energy by ATP hydrolysis (ADP + Pi) powers the cycling process; myosin heads detach from thin filaments and return to pre-pivot positions 5. Removal of Ca by active transport into the SR after the action potential ends. 6. Tropomyosin blockage restored blocking actin active sites; contraction ends and muscle fiber relaxes

What are the 4 steps to interstitial growth

1. A chondrocyte within a lacuna is stimulated to mitotically divide 2. Two cells, now called chondroblasts *(produced from mitosis of 1 chondrocyte)*, occupy a single lacuna 3. Chondroblasts secrete new material and are pushed apart. Each is now called a chondrocyte. 4.Cartilage continues to grow internally

intramembranous ossification *What are the 4 steps to the formation of bone in this process?*

1. Ossification centers form within the thickened regions of the mesenchyme 2. osteoid undergoes calcification 3. woven bone (primary (unorganized) bone) surrounding the periosteum form 4. Lamellar bone (secondary (organized) bone) replaces woven bone, as compact and spongy bone form.

Articulations, or joints is a place of contact between which 3 things?

1. bones 2. bone and cartilage 3. bones and teeth

irregular lamellae (3 functions)

1. cross bracing 2. reduce weight 3. support and protect marrow

In what 2 ways does again of the Skeletal system affect bones?

1. decreases their tensile strength 2. demineralizes the bone - loss of Ca and other minerals

4 types of special movements

1. depression/elevation 2. dorsiflexion/plantar flexion 3. protraction/retraction 4. inversion/eversion

What are the 4 properties of muscle tissue?

1. excitability, 2. contractility, 3. extensibility, 4. elasticity

What are the 3. types of structural joints

1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial

7 Types of Angular Movements

1. flexion 2. extension 3. hyperextension 4. lateral flexion 5. abduction 6. adduction 7. circumduction

Fracture Repair (4 steps)

1. fracture hematoma forms 2. fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus is formed at site of fracture 3. soft callus replaced with bony hard callus 4. newly repaired bone is remodeled

Periosteum Functions (4)

1. isolates & protects bone from surrounding structures 2. anchors blood vessels & nerves to surface 3. provides osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts for bone growth (appositonal) 4. fracture repair

What are the 3 steps to appositional growth

1. mitotic activity occurs within the stem cells of the perichondrium 2. New undifferentiated and committed cells that differentiate into chondroblasts are formed. The chondroblasts produce new matrix at the periphery 3. As a resuts of matrix formation, chondroblasts push apart and become chondrocytes. Chondrocytes continue to produce more matrix at the periphery.

What are 2 components of skeletal muscle that allow the tissue to be voluntary?

1. motor neurons 2, neuromuscular junctions

What are the 4 categories of skeletal muscle fiber organization (4 patterns of fascicle arrangement)?

1. pennate 2. circular 3. parallel 4. convergent

Skeletal muscle is grouped according to primary actions. What are these 3 types?

1. prime movers/agonists 2. antagonists 3. synergists

What are the functions (3) of having concentric layers of connective tissue in skeletal muscle?

1. provide protection 2. helps with blood vessel and nerve distribution 3. means to attach to skeleton

types of rotational movement

1. rotation 2. supination/protonation

bones are classified based upon what 2 principles

1. shape 2. place of development

What 3 effects does muscle tension have on the body skeleton and overall body?

1. stabilize position of bones 2. stabilize joints 3. maintain posture

Since we have a fairly extensive range of motion to the TMJ due to the articular capsule, we must have something in order to maintain its stability as well. What structures/ligaments promote the stability of the TMJ

1. stylomandibular ligament 2. sphenomandibular ligament 3. temporomandibular ligament

What are the 4 functions of bone

1. support and protection 2. body movement 3. blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) 4. storage of mineral and energy reserves

What parts (5) of the body does osteoarthritis most often occur at?

1. the ends of the fingers, 2. thumbs, 3. neck, 4. knees, 5. hips

What are the 3 anatomical characteristics of a skeletal muscle?

1.striated 2. elongated with peripherally located nuclei 3. long cells, which are usually the length of the muscle

Calcification

deposition of calcium salts

Rheumatoid arthritis may occur at all ages but arises at ____

40-50 years of age

Which part of a sarcomere contains both thin and thick filaments?

A band

What is the component of a sarcomere that contains the entire thick filament and some of the thin filament?

A band (dark)

Which parts of a sarcomere contain thin filaments?

A band, I band, Z disc

Explain the multiple effects muscle contraction has on a sarcomere and its components: A band H zone I band Z discs sarcomere overall

A bands shorten H zone dissapears I bands narrow Z discs move closer together in adjacent sarcomeres sarcome narrows

Response to Mechanical Stress: Wolff's law

A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or demands placed upon it

_________________ can be broken down on receptors to stop generation of nerve impulses. IT can be pulled off and recycled in the motor neuron.

Acetocholine (ACh)

Why does fibrocartilage have NO perichondrium?

Because fibrocartilage is a mix of dense regular CT and hyaline cartilage. it has to be able to stretch and to extend

What is considered the "go" signal for muscle contraction?

Ca

Pattern of muscle fibers: -fibers are arranged concentrically around an opening -functions as a sphincter to close a passageway or opening ex: orbicularis oris/oculi

Circular muscles

T/F: the muscle fibers within a motor unit are clustered

False: they are more distributed within a muscle

bone closure

Epiphyseal cartilage gradually disappears, completing epiphyseal growth

Step 6 of Endochondral Ossification

Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines

In step 2 of intramembranous ossification, when the osteoids calcify, what is the primary cause of this and

From the previous step --> osteoblasts lay down matrix. After they lay down the matrix, they undergo calcification and form bone. Osteoblasts turn into osteocytes, though some osteoblasts still surround the osteoid cell

In step 3 of intramembranous ossification, how is the woven bone formed?

From the previous step--> the ossification centers tend to run with one another and interweave to form the woven bone.

which sex hormones help bone growth

GH and TH

What is the component of a sarcomere that is the central region of an A band, and only contains thick filament?

H zone

What is the component of a sarcomere that contains the thin filament only?

I band (thin)

why is bone a mechanosensitive organ

It alters structure to suit its mechanical environment.

zone 1 of interstitial growth a) primary job?

It's primary job is to serve as a securing element for the epiphyseal growth plate.

In step 4 of intremembranous ossification, how is the lamellar bone formed? - what is formed along side with lamellar bone?

Lamellar bone (secondary bone) replaces woven bone, as compact and spongy bone form. Periosteum is formed as well. All arise from mesenchymal cells.

What is the component of a sarcomere that is a thin protein/meshwork structure in the center of an H zone?

M line

What is the component of a sarcomere that is the attachment site for thick filament and keep the filament aligned during contraction?

M line

Which parts of a sarcomere contain thick filaments?

M line, H zone, and A band

Hydroxyapatite

Mineral compound that is the principal inorganic component of bone and teeth. Makes bone hard

Directional Terms of muscle movement (synovial joints)

Movement occurs when muscles contract across joints and insertion moves toward origin

Abduction

Movement of limb away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement of limb toward the midline of the body

In step 1 of intramembranous ossification, when the ossification centers thicken, what is the main cause of this occuring?

Ossification centers arrive (area of osteoblast location) in the mesenchyme and the areas of the membrane thicken thus causing *osteoprogenitor cells to become osteoblasts*. *The osteoblasts then begin to lay down osteoid matrix building matrix from within*.

Pattern of muscle fibers: -fascicles are parallel to the long axis of muscle -body of muscle increases in diameter with contraction -high endurance, not very strong ex: rectus abdominus

Parallel Muscles

Gomphoses a) what type of joints are these considered as being, although they are known as being fibrous structural joints?

Peg-in-socket joints of teeth in alveolar sockets Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament

Describe the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by inflammation in the lining of the joint. Osteoarthritis is more like a wear process, in which the cartilage in the joints fails to withstand the loads placed on it.

Neuromuscular junctions are the site of _____________

Signal transduction

Storage and Movement of Materials for SkM's Circular bands of muscles. Anal sphincters are made of skeletal or smooth muscles and help with partitioning of movements along the GI tract and excretory units

Sphincters

step 1 of endochondral ossification

Start with a hyaline cartilage template with a pericardium around it.

What is absent in smooth muscle compared to the other muscle type?

T-tubules and Z-discs

T of F: joints are the weakest part of the skeleton

True

T of F: skeletal muscle usually attaches to one or more bones

True

A triad consists of T-Tubules with holes. What is the purpose?

This is how communication signal is to be sent to the muscle from the nerve.

What serves as the "communication link" in a myofibril?

Triads

T/F: osteogenesis is a part of ossification

True

T/F: If you look at the formation of a flat bone and an irregular bone, they are similar in that they have multiple ossification site occurring simultaneously, but their starting template is different. For flat bone it is intramembranous process and for irregular bone we use endochondral ossification.

True Flat bone = intramembranous Irregular long, short = endochondral

How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts monitor bone remodelling.

Within the bone, a group of osteoclasts form a channel. Osteoblasts follow and lay done bone. As they lay down bone they form a osteoblasts. They disappear and the bone vascularizes and innervates.

Cardiac muscle forms ______________ branches and joint adjacent muscle fibers via intercalated discs

Y-shaped

Which 2 parts of a sarcomere contain connectin?

Z disc and I band

What is the component of a sarcomere that is a thin protein structure that serves as the attachment site for thin filaments?

Z line

Periosteum Composition a) which 2 layers is it made up of and what are they composed of ? b) what type of tissue is it made up of? c) location to the bone structure

a) - fibrous outer layer (dense-irregular CT) - inner cellular (osteoblast and osteoprogenitor cells) layer b) made up of dense irregular CT c) outer layer that covers the compact bone

endochondral ossification a) what does the bone develop from in this particular process? b) what type of bones are a result of this process?

a) Bone formation that occurs from a hyaline cartilage template b) long, short & irregular bones

step 2 of endochondral ossification (Cartilage calcifies and periosteal bone collar forms around the diaphysis) a) what happens in order to help cartilage calcify b) what happens to the location where we end up with a cartilage with holes in it and the cartilage is calcified? c) what helps to form the periosteal bone around the daiphysis

a) Chondrocytes within the shaft (diaphysis) of the matrix enlarge and reabsorb some of the matrix itself, they calcify and block off nutrient flow, and die b) vasculature starts to move into the area c) Vasculature moves into the area, and along with it osteoblasts, and we form a periosteum which helps to form the bone collar. (perichondrium turns into periosteum)

ligament a) function b) tissue type

a) Connects bone to bone b) dense irregular

Microscopic Anatomy of Spongy Bone a) T/F: osteons can be found here as well as in the compact bone b) trabeculae function

a) False, mainly have irregular (parallel) lamellae b) appear disorganized but align along the lines of stress put on the bone and assists bone when multidirectional stress is applied

zone 4 of interstitial growth a) what happens to the cells? ' b) what do we end up with?

a) Matrix begins to calcify and we can't get nutrients into the cells; chondrocytes die b) End up with calcified channels (longitudinal channels)

step 4 of endochondral ossification (secondary ossification centers form in epiphyses) a) what do we form in this process? b) what does this step permit of the bone? c) what tyoe of bone is this step primarily used for? d) what happens to the replaced cartilage?

a) Remodeling occurs as growth continues, creating a medullary cavity. b) permits us to have growth in both directions of the bone c) long bone d) Cartilage becomes the epiphyseal growth plate

vitamins in bone growth a) Vitamin A b) Vitamin C c) Vitamin D

a) accelerates osteoblasts b) required for normal cartilage synthesis c) stimulates absorption & transport of Ca and P ions into blood

Functions of Bones a) *Support and Attachment* - what things? b) *Movement* - how do skeletal muscles act on skeleton and the bones? c) *Hemopoiesis* - where does this occur and what affect does it have; how does it vary in people? d) *Storage of mineral and energy reserves* - what minerals, where in the body?

a) act as framework for entire body; protects delicate organs and tissues from injury b) muscles can move in one direction only; they pull on the skeleton and use the bones as levers which alter the direction and magnitude of forces and certain movements c) blood formation (within medullary capillaries) occurs within red bone marrow ; varies with age d) primarily storage of Ca; within yellow blood marrow

Microscopic Anatomy of Compact Bone a)Perforating fibers (what does it anchor?) b) Circumferential lamellae (function?) c) Osteons (what do they have in the center and how do they run in the bone?) d) Perforating fibers e) Lamellae f) Lacunae (relationship to osteons?) g) Canaliculi (what resides here?)

a) anchor the periosteum to the compact bone b) on the outside of the compact bone, resist twisting of the bone. Found around circumference of diaphysis c) in the center is the central canal in which vasculature runs. They run parallel to the central axis of a bone. d) runs perpendicular to the long axis of the bone e) the cyclindrical units of the osteons f) holes in the osteons at which the osteocytes sit g) where the extensions of the osteocytes reside within.

Sympheses (Cartilaginous Joints) a) what type of cartilage do they unite with b) what is it designed for? c) how are they based on functionality?

a) articular cartilage fused to a pad or plate of fibrocartilage b) designed for strength and flexibility; resist compression and tension stresses; shock absorber c) amphiarthrotic

Sutures a) how do bone and articulations interact with one another? b) how is the fibrous tissue aligned if any? c) what affect on bone?

a) articulating bone edges interdigitate by overlapping or interlocking; b) very short CT fibers; c) continuous with periosteum and penetrate bone

synovial (structural joint)' a) define b) how would they be classified in the mode of range/functionality

a) articulating bones are separated by a fluid- containing joint cavity; separates articulating surfaces of bone & are enclosed within a capsule b) most functional; diarthrotic

interosseous membrane/ligament a) define b) what does it provides to bones?

a) articulating bones held side-by-side by a ligamentous sheet; b) *provides pivot point* for bones to rotate against each other

Cartilaginous joints (structural) a) define their composition b) what are the 2 types

a) articulating bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity b) 1. synchondroses 2. symphyses

patellofemoral joint a) location b) type of joint

a) between patella and patellar surface of femur b) plane joint (planr gliding joint)

tibiofemoral joint a) location? b) type of hinge/joint?

a) between the femur and the tibia b) modified hinge

Syndesmoses a) how do bone and articulations interact with one another? b) what type of tissue is associated, if any? c) how are these articulations labelled on a functional factor?

a) bones connected by ligament, cord or band of fibrous tissue b) dense regular CT c) amphiarthrotic

How is a soft callus formed? a) Step 1 b) Step 2 c) Step 3

a) capillaries invade hematoma, which is reorganized into an actively growing CT b) procallus, with fibroblasts producing collagen fibers to connect broken ends c) formation of a dense irregular CT with cartilage - fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus; 3 wks

What is the main purpose of the osteons? a) how are they set up within the bone matrix? b what is their purpose?

a) collagen fibers run in same direction within a lamellae but in opposite direction in adjacent lamellae b) allows us to combat any type of twisting movements

Why does bone have spongy and compact arrangements a) compact bone purpose b) spongy bone purpose

a) compact bone is on the outside and acts like a shield b) spongy bone is inside and is designed to take stress applied to the bone and distribute it evenly throughout; it is also light

irregular bones a) shape of the bone b) examples of long bones

a) complex and elaborate b) vertebra

Define the following functions of these structures of a synovial joint a) fibrous capsule (what is it continuous with?) b) synovial membrane (known for?) c) synovial fluid (known for) d) articular cartilage e) reinforcing ligaments

a) continuous with periostea b) loose CT covered incompletely with epithelial cell layer; *site of synovial fluid origination* c) blood filtrate; is viscous, thins with joint activity; "weeping lubrication"; contains phagocytic cells & provides nutrients; *shock absorber* d) "cushion"; lack perichondrium e) strengthens & reinforces joint; intrinsic & extrinsic

saddle joint a) shape b) range of movement c) example

a) convex & concave surfaces articulate, saddle b) biaxial; greater range c) cervical vertebrae; carpometacarpal (joint of thumb)

hinge joint a) shape b) range of movement (biaxial, uni, or multi?) c) example

a) cylindrical projection into trough-like groove b) uniaxial c) elbow

bone markings a) define what they are b) what function do they serve?

a) distinctive surface features that characterize bones b) attachment sites for skeletal muscles, sites of entry for blood vessels and nerves

skeleton a) in what other ways is the skeleton functional aside form the fact that it acts as a structural framework to hang and support organs and muscle? b) what are the 4 structural components that make up the skelton? c) what is the overall function of the skeleton?

a) dynamic structure, constantly rebuilding & remodeling itself as well as interacting with other organ systems b) bones, catilage, ligaments, and other connective tissues c) stabilize and connect bones

Perichondrium a) In which cartilage types is perichondrium found? b) what type of tissue is it made of? c) function?

a) elastic and hyaline cartilage b) dense irregular CT (connective tissue) c) growth and repair of cartilage

Interstitial growth a) where does it grow from b) how many zones are there that help with the growth

a) epiphyseal growth plate b) 5 zones

Fibrous Joints a) what does their amount of movement depend on? b) describe the composition of the joint itself c) how would they be described on a functional factor d) what are the 3 type of fibrous

a) fiber length b) joined by fibrous tissue; no joint cavity c) most synarthrotic, some amphiarthrotic d) 1. sutures; 2. syndesmoses 3. gomphoses

Cartilage a) where is it commonly found? b) what are the 3 common functions of cartilage? c) comparison to bone? d) what type of tissue is it? e) how many form of cartilage are there?

a) found in areas where flexibility is reduced b) 1. supporting soft tissue 2. providing gliding surfaces for articulations 3. providing a model for bone formation c) weaker and more reileient than bone d) semi-rigid CT e) there are 3 types of cartilage (hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage)

elastic cartilage a) describe the strucutre of this form of cartilage b) functionaility c) found where? d) composed of ?

a) highly branched elastic fibers; highly flexible form of support; perichondrium b) These fibers give elastic cartilage great flexibility so that it is able to withstand repeated bending c) It is found in the epiglottis (part of the larynx), the pinnae (the external ear flaps of many mammals). d) elastin

appositional growth a) what affect on bone? b) where within the bone does it occur? c) what do the osteoblasts within the bone matrix help form d) what happens to the matrix

a) increases structures width b) within periosteum & along medullary cavity c) circumferential lamellae d) resorped in order to help keep proportion. As we build on the outside of the bone, we have to reabsorb on the inside

Endosteum a) found where in relation to bone? b) why is it considered as incomplete? c) what is this layer made up of? d) function

a) inner layer that lines medullary cavity b) not as structured as the periosteum (remember periosteum is layered) c) made up of a layer of cells ( osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts) d) the cellular composition helps for *bone growth, repair, and remodeling*

Osteocytes a) where found b) what do they have and how does this help with their function?

a) lacunae b) have cytoplasmic extensions found within the canaliculi of bone matrix; it maintains the health of the bone matrix; can operate mechanical stress that been acted upon on the bone itself

interstitial growth a) define the process b) where in the cartilage layer is this process found

a) lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within b) within the matrix

Osteoblasts a) what is their main function? b) what do they form aside from their main function?

a) lay down matrix (osteoid) b) When a osteoblast lays down a matrix (osteoid), and it calcifies, it becomes an OSTEOCYTE

short bones a) shape of the bone b) distinctness of the bone parts themselves? c) examples of flat bones

a) length and width similar b) found in the tarsal region; alter directional movement c) sesamoid bone

circumferential lamellae a) anatomical position in the bone b) what is it formed of

a) located *deep to periosteum and superficial to endosteum* and extend around entire circumference of the diaphysis and resist twisting of long bone b) formed from osteoblasts and cells that lay down bone (appositional growth) on the surface

long bones a) shape of the bone b) distinctness of the bone parts themselves? c) examples of long bones

a) longer than they are wide b) elongated shaft (diaphysis) and 2 distinct end (epiphyses) c) humerus; femur

Articular capsule of the TMJ a) attachment (loose or firm?) b) range of motion? c) stability?

a) loose b) promotes fairly extensive range of motion c) not very stable since it promotes lot of movement variability (inderct relationship to motion and stability previously discussed)

hyaline cartilage a) describe the structure of this form of cartilage b) functionaility c) found where? d) composed of ?

a) most abundant; support although flexible & resilient; surrounded by perichondrium b) Provides support, flexibility, and resilience c) articular cartilages of joints, trachea, bronchi, larynx, nose, the ends of the ribs. d) made of type II collagen and chondroitin

Temperature regulation a) Temperature regulation of skeletal muscle tissue is a byproduct of ___________________ b) why is heat produced as a function of the skM's ?

a) muscle activity b) as muscles are being used, heat is produced as a waste-product of energy use.

isotonic contraction a) what happens to the muscle length? b) what happens overall to the muscle and to the load it carries?

a) muscle changes length b) muscle shortens because muscle tension exceeds load, causing the load to move

condylar joint (ellipsoidal joint) a) shape b) range of movement; what type of movement do they permit? c) example

a) oval, convex fits into complementary depression, both surfaces oval b) biaxial ; permits angular movement c) occipital condyle of skull ; metacarpholangeal joint (knuckles of hand)

intramembranous ossification a) what type of tissue does bone develop from in this process? b) what type of bones are the result of this form of process mainly =?

a) process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue b) flat bones

Bone remodeling process a) define b) what is it stimulated by? c) what factors affect rate? d) where within the bone does it occur?

a) process of continuously depositing new bone & the removal (resorption) of old bone tissue b) Stimulated by stress placed on bone c) - age - location w/in skeleton - compact bone replaced slower than spongy bone d) Occurs at both periosteal and endosteal surfaces

Ossification a) define b) what is it mainly used for in adults?

a) process of replacing other tissue with bone b) ossification in adults mainly used for remodeling and repair

infrapatellar fat pad a) impact on the knee joint b) how does it help the bursa?

a) provides padding in the open areas along the margins of a joint b) assists the bursa in helping to decrease friction

pivot joint a) shape b) range of movement c) example

a) round end bone into "sleeve" or ring of bone OR ligaments on bone b) uniaxial c) the ulna and radius in the forearm; first and second cervical vertebrae

long bone - label the purpose of each of the following: a) epiphyses b) diaphysis c) metaphysis d) articular cartilage (what's found here and what cartilage type made of) e) medullary cavity f) periosteum g) endosteum h) perforating fibers

a) serve for attachments of tendons and ligaments b) long tube made up of bone, provides leverage c) between the diaphysis and epiphyses; epiphyseal growth plate/line (area of growth for long bone) d) where joints are found, made of hyaline cartilage and found at proximal and distal epiphyses ends e) where red/yellow bone marrow is located f) the wrapping of the bone and its articulating surfaces; similar to the pericardium in that its a sort of CT g) inner layer, incomplete h) originate from the periosteum, and invade out to the compact bone

temporomandibular joint (TMJ) a) what makes it distinct b) part of the ___________ skeleton c) what is it attached to?

a) small, complex joint; *only movable articulation between skull bones* exhibits hinge, gliding and some pivot joint movements b) part of the axial skeleton c) the articulation between the mandibular condyle (head of the mandible) and the articular tubercule of the temproal bone anteriorly and posteriorly with the mandibular fossa

ball and socket joint a) shape b) range of movement c) example

a) spherical/hemispherical head fits into cuplike socket b) multiaxial ; freely movable c) hip and shoulder joints

intracapsular ligaments a) define function b) which 2 part of the knee does it include

a) stabilizing ligaments located inside joint capsule b) ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) PCL (posterior cruciate ligament)

extracapsular ligaments a) define function (particular one) b) which 2 part of the knee does it include

a) stabilizing ligaments located outside joint capsule ; *reinforce back of the joint* b) Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament (LCL) Medial (tibial) collateral ligament (MCL)

osteoprogenitor cells a) known as what type of cells b) where are they derived from c) what is distinct about them? d) what do they form?

a) stem cells b) mesenchyme c) destined to be bone cells; can be differentiated and utilized throughout life. d) form osteoblasts once they have become initiated

Hormone impact on bones a) GH (growth homone) b) TH (thyroid hormone) - impact on cells c) CT (calcitonin) impact on cells d) PTH (parathyroid hormone) - impact on cells e) Sex Hormones - impact on cells f) gluocorticoids - what happens if levels are high?

a) stimulate liver somatomedins that directly stimulate cartilage growth at EP b) influences the BMR of bone cells c) encourage Ca deposition into bone; depresses osteoclast activity d) stimulates osteoclast activity to resorb bone e) dramatically accelerate bone growth, stimulate osteoblasts at EP, HOWEVER, at puberty signal EP closure f) normal levels no effect but if chronically high, increase bone resorption---loss of bone mass

Planar joint (gliding) a) shape b) range of movement c) example

a) surfaces flat, translational b) least movable; uniaxial c) carpal bones

Which of the following articulations is the MOST stable a) suture b) elbow c) intervertebral d) glenohumeral (shoulder) e) hip

a) suture

zone 2 of interstitial growth a) what happens to the cells b) what is this zone known as?

a) they stack themselves up after enlarging and they push the epiphyseal ends away from the diaphysis ---> So, increasing in length. b) zone of proliferation

Articular disc of the TMJ a) composition ? b) function

a) thick pad of fibrocartilage b) separate the articulating bones and the synovial cavity of the TMJ into 2 parts

flat bones a) shape of the bone b) distinctness of the bone parts themselves? c) examples of flat bones

a) thin flattened and usually curved b) provide extensive surface area for muscle attachments and protection for underlying soft tissues c) sternum; frontal bone

Knee Joints a) 3 Joints of the knee b) largest, most complex ____________

a) tibiofemoral, patellofemoral, proximal tibiofibular b) diarthroses

Bone a) T/F: each bone is its own individual structure b) Bone is labeled as being a dynamic _____________ c) what type of tissue is it composed of d) why is bone sturdy?

a) true b) organ c) primarily osseous d) due to mineral deposition within the ECM

step 3 of endochondral ossification (Primary Ossification Center forms in the diaphysis) a) what happens? b) what is a major process of bone formation that occurs here?

a) we have calcified cartilage, we lay bone around it. The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms Blood vessels infiltrate the center of diaphysis and osteoblasts deposit spongy bone at the primary ossification center. Osteoclasts play factor later on. b) Osteogenesis occurs here within the bone shaft

thin (____) filament

actin

function of aponeurosis

acts as a recoiling "spring"

List the structural organization of skeletal muscle from most superficial to deep: a) muscle b) muscle fiber c) myofilament d) fascicle e) myofibril

adbec

The large number of mitochondria in cardiac muscle allows for ______________ respiration

aerobic

While doing a bicep curl, the biceps are the ________________ while the triceps act as the __________ as they help with balance by redcing the weight of other movements

agonists ; antagonists

In smooth muscle, thick and thin filaments are present but not precisely __________

aligned

Total force exerted by a muscle is dependent on the number of motor units activated This law is known as?

all-or-none principle

If rheumatoid arthritis becomes really bad and the scar tissue (pannus) ossifies, the bone ends fuse together and make the joint immobilized. This is called ________

ankylosis

Type of primary action of skeletal muscle: oppose, or reverse, a particular movement

antagonist

The TMJ mandibular condyle connects _________________ to the temporal bone

anteriorly

What is the word used to define a tendon in the form of a thin, flattened sheet?

aponeurosis

Levers depend of the portion of 3 elements. What are these 3 elements?

applied force (effort) fulcrum resistance (load)

In what way do SkM's provide body support?

arranged in sheets or layers which protect organs & support their weight within the abdominal cavity

In the knee joint, a fibrocartilage wedge (______) divide a synovial cavity into 2 separate cavities. This improves ___

articular discs; fit

Menisci of the knee , job a) what does it help to perform for the joint? b) what does it do in regards to the synovial cavity of the overall knee?

articular discs; improve fit a) lend stability to the joint b) divides the synovial cavity into 2 seperate cavities

During osteoarthritis, the __________ becomes rough from continuous friction.

articular surface

Type of synovial joints is based on ___________________

articular surfaces

The periosteum is continuous with ____________________ of the bone

articulating cartilage

rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an _________________ disease

autoimmune

The involuntary movement of smooth muscle is modulated by the _______________

autonomic nervous system

Cardiac muscle contains _______________ cardiac muscle cells which are pacemaker cells and help modulate contraction.

autoryhthmic

An ________________ relationship exists between a joints' mobility and stability a) direct b) inverse c) optimal d) none of the above

b) inverse more mobile = less stable

The whole process of taking a tissue template and converting it to bone is ________________________ a) osteogenesis b) ossification c) calcification

b) ossification

List the concentric layers of CT in skeletal muscles from most deep to most superficial: a) epimysium b) endomysium c) perimysium

b, c, a

Antagonists help with ___________ (reduce any other movements)

balance

The relationship between muscle contraction and its skeletal element is often compared to the mechanics of a lever. This is known as ________________

biomechanics

Type of pennate pattern of a muscle fiber: muscle fibers on both sides on the tendon ex: rectus femoris

bipennate

Paget's disease

body responds making bone faster, but weaker, softer bone old bone breakdown > new bone synthesis

step 5 of endochondral ossification

bone replaces cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates

gliding movement (linear movement)

bone surface gliding or slipping over another similar surface

Synchondroses (Cartilaginous Joints) a) what type of cartilage do they unite with

bones united by hyaline cartilage ex: costochondral joints

osteolysis

breaking/tearing down bone

What are two major inflammatory conditions of joints?

buritis and tendonitis

Inflammatory condition: inflammation of bursa due to excessive stress, a blow or friction

bursitis

function of satellite cells

can be initiated to differentiate to assist in repair/regeneration of injured SkM

Which two muscle types are involuntary?

cardiac and smooth

Once you become an adult what happens to cartilage growth, how/when does cartilage growth continue and by what is it limited by?

cartilage growth tends to stop at maturity of a person, but it *can resume when damage occurs to a particular are of the body*. Limitations: nutrient availability because cartilage is not vascularized and must get *nutrients through diffusion*.

Common joint injury: tearing knee menisci, growth plate fissures, overuse damage of articular cartilage

cartilage injury

Fibrocartilage

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.

organic portion of bone matrix

cells osteoid (ground substance and collage fibers)

During contraction, myofibrils shorten as myofilaments ______________ ; since attachment is at the __________ of a muscle fiber, this causes the fiber to ______________

change position ; end ; shorten

Differences between the chondrocytes and the chondroblasts. Define their functions of each

chondroblast = secretes the matrix chondrocytes = maintain matrix and tissues overall health and viability

what are the relationships/functions between chondroblasts and chondrocytes?

chondroblasts are immature cell forming the matrix of the many forms of cartilage types. - They (chondroblasts) help form the mature cells (chondrocytes) within the matrix itself which help maintain the health and the viability/strucutre of the matrix.

Describe the structure of fibrocartilage

comprised of numerous thick collagen fibers

Osteoporosis

condition characterized by reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function Osteoporotic

What component of a sarcomere is important for the extension and elasticity of a muscle fiber and allows for the muscle to come back after contraction by working similar to a molecular spring ?

connectin (titin)

insertion of muscle (synovial joints)

connection of the muscle to a bone that moves

What happens to the cells of a muscle as a result of muscle tension and contractility?

contractile elements are stimulated which causes cells to be shortened

When referring to the property of _________________ of muscle tissue, we see that the stimulation of muscle tissue generates tension within a cell

contractility

During osteoarthritis, muscles, ligaments, and tendons holding a joint together become weaker, which causes the joint to become ____, stiff, and painful

deformed

A relationship exists between the size of a motor unit and the ______________

degree of control

In smooth muscle, thin filaments are attached to things called ___________

dense bodies

In smooth muscle, adjacent cells are physically coupled at ___________

dense plaques

tendons

dense regular CT that attaches muscle to bone

The striations of skeletal muscle are due, in part, to the _______________ and ________________ different between thick and thin filaments

density ; size

Since the cartilage is not vascularized, how does it obtain necessary nutrients for repair and injury

diffusion

Mechanical __________ is used to move a load quickly

disadvantage

fat pads

distributed along periphery of synovial joint

Second-class levers increase the amount of _______________

effective force

Third-class levers have a greater speed and increased distance, but sacrifice __________

effective force

TMJ movements

exhibits some gliding, hinge and pivot movements

When referring to this property of muscle tissue, we see the capacity of muscle to extend in length in response to contraction of an opposing muscle

extensibility

Hyperextension

extension of joint beyond 180°

Which of the following are associated with joints/ a) bursae b) tendon sheath c) fat pads d) tendons e) all of the above f) none of the above

f) none of the above

T/F: intracapsular ligaments are parts of the joint

false

T/F: osteoblasts and the epiphyseal cartilage grow at different rates

false: both grow at same rate

What is the word used to define the thin sheeth of fibrous CT that encloses a muscle?

fascia

inversion/eversion

foot, with sole moving medially or laterally

Where do inorganic portions/components of the bone matrix form?

form around collagen fibers, gives bone its hardness

In the body, joints are __________ and bones are __________ with effort being provided by muscle contraction by applying to a muscle's insertion point on a bone

fulcrums ; levers

In muscle biomechanics: -Joints are the _____________ -Bones are the ____________ -Muscles provide the ________________

fulcrums; levers; force

Which of the following is not a part of hyaline cartilage? a) FPch - fibroblast in perichondrium b) ChB - chondroblast c) ChL - chondrogenic cell d) ChC - chondrocyte e) Lac - lacunae f) CN - chondrocyte nest (isogenous groups) g) all of the above ARE part

g

Yellow blood marrow is a storage for ________________ a) calcium b) glucose c) sodium d) adipose fat tissue e) all of the above f) none of the above g) a and d h) b and c

g) calcium and adipose fat tissue

Fast glycolytic fibers use glycolysis and it's pathways instead of myoglobin and oxidative phosphorylation like slow oxidative fibers because glycolysis ______________

generates ATP much faster

The number of slow and fast fibers is determined by _____________. However, you can change the proportion of ______________ by working out more.

genes ; intermediate fibers

In bone biomechanics, what things constitute the load?

gravity, associated tissue, anything else you are trying to move.

In the bone repair/fracture repair how is the final stage

hard callus persists about 3-4 mos with osteoclasts removing excess bony material at both the external & internal surfaces; compact bone replaces primary bone

infrapatellar bursa - function in the knee?

helps keep inflammation down in the knee

Although muscle fibers follow the all-or-none principle, the force and precision of muscle movement can be varied depending on ______________

how many motor units/fibers are activated

sacrificial bonds

in or between collagen molecules that stretch and break to dissipate energy and prevent fractures *can be rebuilt*

appositional growth

increase in bone thickness

angular movements

increase or decrease the angle between two bones

pannus

inflamed, thickened synovial membrane

Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by _____ in the lining of a joint

inflammation

In rheumatoid arthritis, tenderness and stiffness is due to what?

inflammation of synovial membrane

Cardiac muscle forms Y-shaped branches and join adjacent muscle fibers via _________________

intercalated discs

What is the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

intra = bone formation from tissue endo = bone formation from cartilage

What is the purpose of postural muscles when a person is awake? a) what does it stabilize?

keeps the person form collapsing - SkM's stabilizes the joints of a person to prevent them from collapsing and keep them in position

What is the most complex diarthroses of the human body?

knee joint

interstial growth

length

The relationship between muscle contraction and its skeletal element is often compared to the mechanics of a _____________

lever

What is the word used to define a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point (fulcrum) when a force is applied?

lever

For us to have total organism movement, a relationship between skeletal muscle and the skeleton is used to initiate _______________

leverage

zone 5 of interstitial growth (what do we form?)

longitudinal channels, which are invaded by capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells from the medullary cavity. New bone matrix is deposited on the remaining calcified cartilage matrix. (spongy bone laid down at metaphysis)

In mechanical disadvantage, force is _____________ but speed and range of motion is __________________

lost ; gained

Common joint injury: bones forced out of alignment

luxation

What do the Intracapsular ligaments of the knee do to overall body structure?

maintain alignment

A single motor neuron controls several muscle fibers within a muscle, referred to as a _________________________

motor unit

biaxial movement

movement in 2 planes

multiaxial movement

movement in multiple planes

depression/elevation

movement of body part superiorly with body part movement inferiorly

Circumduction

movement of limb that describes a cone in space; observe distal tip of limb moves in circle while point of cone is more or less stationary

isometric contractions a) what happens to the muscle overall?

muscle neither shortens or lengthens, generates tension

__________________ is defined as the force exerted by a contracting muscle on some object

muscle tension

Some motor units are active, even when muscle is at rest. This helps gives us our ______________

muscle tone

Highly coordinated movement is the result of the integrated functioning of _________ , ________ , and _______

muscles, bones, and joints

Skeletal muscle is multinucleate due to ___________ fusing during embryonic development

myoblasts

Skeletal muscle contains long, cylindrical _______________ that extend the entire length of the muscle fiber

myofibrils

Myofibrils consist of bundles of short _________________

myofilaments

Slow oxidative fibers are darker in color because they contain a lot of _______________

myoglobin

-Thick (_____) filaments

myosin

describe the structure of a thick filament and directionality of heads and tails in regards of a myofilament

myosin tails - point towards center myofilament myosin head - point towards edges of myofilament

Which of the 3 regulatory proteins in myofilaments is an actin binding protein that is abundant during fetal development and plays a role in sarcomere development, and is responsible for the length of the thin filament?

nebulin

What are the 3 regulatory proteins in myofilaments?

nebulin, troponin, tropomyosin

Muscle contraction begins when a _____ traveling along a motor neuron stimulates a _________________. This occurs at the ___________________________.

nerve impulse; muscle fiber ; neuromuscular junction

The combination of nerves, arteries, and veins in a muscle fascicle is called a __________________

neuromusclar bundle

junction between axon & muscle fiber

neuromuscular junction

function of motor neurons

neurons that stimulate muscle contractions via the axon

Blood vessels deliver ___ and remove ___

nutrients ; wastes

Each skeletal muscle is an ___, being composed of the four primary tissue types

organ

bone matrix composition

organic and inorganic portions

Bone can grow in thickness throughout life but _______________ in adults mainly used for ____________________ and _____________________

ossification; remodeling; repair

What is the name of the degenerative joint disease that involves the deterioration of cartilage at ends of bones?

osteoarthritis (OA)

What type of cells are associated with the periosteum

osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells

How is a hard callus formed?

osteoblasts lay down primary (trabecular) bone which replaces fibrocartilaginous callus forming the hard (bony) callus

During osteoarthritis, pain results because of two reasons: 1) ____ form at joint edges 2) bits of bone and/or cartilage can ____ and float inside the joint

osteophytes (bone spurs) break off

Which pattern of a muscle fiber generates the most strength/power/force?

pennate

Pattern of muscle fibers: -muscle body has one or more tendons -fascicles at oblique angle to tendon -uni, bi, and multi

pennate muscles

_______ is a concentric layer of CT located around a fascicle

perimysium

Perforating fibers come out of the ______________ and are integrated out of the _______________ layers of the bone.

periosteum; outer;

Where does appostional growth lay down matrix? At the ______________ of the bone.

periphery

longitudinal plane

perpendicular to the transverse plane and can be either coronal or sagittal plane

Osteogenesis

physical process of bone formation

The TMJ mandibular condyle connects _____________________ with the mandibular fossa

posteriorly

Second-class levers are considered ____ levers (speed/power)

power

Working at a mechanical advantage is considered using a _____________ lever

power

Aponeurosis allows our body to bear extra _____________ when a muscle contracts/expands

pressure and tension

Type of primary action of skeletal muscle: muscle that provides the major force

prime movers/agonists

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

protects the body from tensile and compressional forces

muscles can only ___ not ___

pull, push

When slow oxidative fibers are dominate in a skeletal muscle, the muscle is termed ____________ muscle

red muscle

Osteopenia

refers to bone mineral density (BMD) that is lower than normal peak BMD but not low enough to be classified as osteoporosis

The differences in the ____________ can influence the amount of force a muscle must generate in order to move a given load

site of muscle insertion

Action of Troponin & Tropomyosin

regulate the interaction between actin and myosin

During skeletal muscle contraction, thick and thin filaments retain the same length. However, it is the ________________ between them that changes

relative position

Slow fibers are _________________ to fatigue

resistant

The excitability of muscle tissue refers to its ____________ ; muscle tissue reacts to various stimuli

responsiveness

Muscle tone represents the ______________ in skeletal muscle

resting tension

A type of chronic inflammatory disease and an autoimmune disease that distorts hand characteristics

rheumatoid arthritis

Which types of muscle are striated?

skeletal and cardiac

lateral rotation

rotation away from the midline

medial rotation

rotational movement towards the midline

What is the functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber; defined as the distance between 2 Z lines?

sarcomere

During embryonic development, some myoblasts do not fuse together and remain in adult skeletal muscle as _________________

satellite cells

what happens to the sarcomere in the Sliding filament theory?

shortens

In what method do the skeletal bones move in order to produce overall body movement?

skeletal bones move when SkM contracts, pull on tendons which are attached to the bone

Which type of muscle is voluntary?

skeletal muscle

The interaction between thick and thin filaments cause muscle to contract; this mechanism is explained by the _________________

sliding-filament theory

What is the repair rate of a cartilage injury?

slow or not at all

Type of skeletal muscle fiber: is slow and suited for prolonged contractions

slow oxidative fibers

Slow oxidative fibers are known to use this particular process

slow oxidative phosphorylation

Cartilage injury is a ________________ repair process

slow, to not at all

Contraction of smooth muscle is ___________ (slow/fast), _____________ to fatigue, and can be sustained for ____________ periods of time

slow; resistant; extended

Second-class levers have a small force and can balance a larger weight, but are __________ and allow a _____________ distance to be moved

slower, shorter

Mechanical advantage requires a ______________ effort to move a heavy load

small

Aside from movement what else is the muscle tissue regulating within the body? provide an example

smooth muscle is associated with GI tract helps with the digestion and movement of food molecules

The blood vessels and nerves of muscles are controlled by the nerves of the _______________

somatic nervous system

Cartilage Lacunae

spaces within matrix where chondrocytes are located

Third-class levers are considered ___ levers (speed/power)

speed

When working at a mechanical disadvantage, force is sacrificed in order to gain ____________

speed

Working at a mechanical disadvantage is considered using a ___________ lever

speed

Location and nature of muscle contraction to skeleton influences the __________, ________, and ____________ of the muscle

speed, range, movement

Common joint injury: ligament reinforcing joints are stretched or torn

sprain

Arthrology

study of joints

Common joint injury: a partial dislocation

subluxation

Fast fibers are ____________ to fatigue

susceptible

represent the connection between the nervous system and the skeletal muscle itself

synaptic knob

Type of primary action of a skeletal muscle: aid agonists

synergists

What type of muscle attachment attaches muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle?

tendon

Inflammatory condition: inflammation of tendon sheath

tendonitis

what is the difference between muscle tension and load?

tension = FORCE exerted by contracting a muscle on some object load = WEIGHT (reciprocal force) exerted by a object on the muscle

Describe the set up of a first-class lever explain where located

the applied force and resistance are on opposite sides of a fulcrum ex: neck

Describe the set up of a third-class lever explain where located

the applied force is between the fulcrum and the resistance ex: elbow

zone 3 of interstitial growth a) what happens to the cells?

the point when we cells stop dividing but just keep growing in size.

Describe the set up of a second-class lever explain where located

the resistance is located between the applied force and the fulcrum ex: calf/heel

All muscle fibers associated with a particular motor unit have ______________

the same muscle fibers type

Describe the structure of a thin filament of a myofilament

the subunit G actin polymerizes to form F actin

During muscle contraction, the ____________ filaments move toward the M line

thin

In smooth muscle, dense bodies are associated with ___________ filaments (thin/thick)

thin

For the hand and foot of the body, the _____________ finger is denoted as the midline and for the foot it is the ___________ toe.

third (middle) ; second toe

Which class of lever if most common in the human body?

third-class lever

How do the nerves enter the bone accompanying blood vessels for blood supply and innervation of bone?

through the nutrient foramen - mainly sensory, signal injury

Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are also both very different in their ____ so it is important to not confuse the two.

treatment

Striations in SkM is due to which protein(s)

troponin and tropomyosin

T/F: in response to mechanical stress, bone gains strength. As a result, we observe increase in amnt of mineral salt deposition & collagen fibers synthesized

true

T/F: osteoblasts produce bone at a greater rate than epiphyseal cartilage expansion

true

Mechanotransduction of bone

we take all the stress and convert into biochemical signals for the osteocytes to pick up movement and integrate into a cellular response.

Describe the "all-or-none" principle:

when a motor neuron is activated, all the muscle fibers will be activated or none of the muscle fibers will be activated

When is mechanical advantage primarily used?

when strength is a priority

When fast glycolytic fibers are dominate in a skeletal muscle, the muscle is termed ___________ muscle

white muscle

Who is affected more by rheumatoid arthritis? men or women?

women (3x more)

Does some inflammation occur in osteoarthritis? If so, is it similar to the inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis?

yes (some inflammation) ; not the same as in arthritis

what happens if osteoblast and osteoclast action don't balance each other

you can end with a bone that is too thin or too thick