Exam 2 Pt. 2

A friend tells you she has been diagnosed with depression and has started interpersonal therapy. However, she thinks cognitive-behavioral therapy or couple therapy may be more helpful. Based on research, which response is MOST accurate? A) "Since you are married, you would definitely benefit from couple therapy. It is most likely to be effective for you." B) "Once you have started a treatment regimen, it is best to stick with it." C) "No one treatment is better than the others; they are all equally effective and will work for you." D) "All three treatments can be effective. If you have significant marital issues, then couple therapy might have added value."

All three treatments can be effective. If you have significant marital issues, then couple therapy might have added value.

After a couple divorced, you learn that one of them is suffering from depression. It is MOST likely that: A) the man's depression led to the divorce. B) the woman's depression led to the divorce. C) a troubled marriage led to the depression. D) the depression developed after the divorce, due to the stress of starting to date again.

a troubled marriage led to the depression.

Which statement is the BEST example of a claim that would be made by a developmental psychopathology theorist? A) "Depression during childhood is the best predictor of depression in adulthood." B) "Depression stems from exposure to pathogens that occur during prenatal development." C) "Depression is normal during early development and becomes a disorder during late adolescence." D) "Depression is triggered by many factors that operate together in a developmental sequence."

"Depression is triggered by many factors that operate together in a developmental sequence."

Rosita swings between periods of bottomless depression and high-flying enthusiasm. She never hits the middle. Her physician is MOST likely to recommend treatment with: A) ECT. B) a mood-stabilizing drug. C) imipramine. D) tranquilizers.

A mood-stabilizing drug.

Which is the BEST example of adjunctive therapy? A) A patient is taking a mood stabilizer along with an SSRI. B) The child of someone with unipolar depression is given a vaccine against depression (if such a vaccine existed). C) Both members of a couple are being treated for depression. D) A patient is both receiving drug therapy and undergoing interpersonal therapy with his or her family.

A patient is both receiving drug therapy and undergoing interpersonal therapy with his or her family.

A clinician says at a workshop, "I prefer the most recently developed antidepressant medications, because they are just as effective as tricyclics and they don't require dietary restrictions." This statement is: A) accurate. B) partially accurate; the newest medications are just as effective as tricyclics but they do require dietary restrictions. C) partially accurate; the newest medications are more effective than tricyclics and do not require dietary restrictions. D) inaccurate.

Accurate.

Brody no longer enjoys his usual hobbies, talking to his friends, or even playing with his dog. In fact, Brody didn't even care when he learned that he was up for a promotion at work. This BEST describes someone with: A) fatalism. B) anhedonia. C) automatic thinking. D) dysregulation.

Anhedonia

The mechanism of action of imipramine is to: A) destroy monoamine oxidase. B) mimic the action of norepinephrine and serotonin. C) block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. D) block the receptor sites for norepinephrine and serotonin on postsynaptic neurons.

B?

The BEST evidence for the effectiveness of the psychodynamic approach comes from: A) work with people who have severe depression. B) case study reports. C) large-scale research projects conducted by the APA. D) situations when the childhood loss is less obvious.

Case study reports

Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. Which type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with? A) Seasonal B) Catatonic C) Recurrent D) Melancholic

Catatonic

Beck's cognitive therapy is to _____, as acceptance and commitment therapy is to _____. A) changing maladaptive attitudes; changing maladaptive behaviors B) changing negative cognitions; accepting negative cognitions C) four phases of treatment; three phases of treatment D) use of psychotherapy; use of antidepressants

Changing negative cognitions; accepting negative cognitions.

A person experiencing unipolar depression writes in an activity schedule, "Go to store; doctor's appointment; visit museum; read novel; clean room." Which type of treatment is this person MOST likely receiving? A) Psychodynamic therapy B) Cognitive therapy C) Interpersonal therapy D) Adjunctive therapy

Cognitive Therapy

A friend who has unipolar depression says, "I can't do anything right. Nobody will ever love me again." This statement reflects a(n): A) cognitive symptom. B) behavioral symptom. C) emotional symptom. D) motivational symptom.

Cognitive symptom.

A therapist describes a patient who believes her personal worth is tied to each task she performs. She draws negative conclusions from very little evidence, amplifies minor mistakes into major character flaws, and suffers from repetitive thoughts that remind her of her flaws. You conclude that the therapist holds which theoretical orientation? A) Cognitive-behavioral B) Biological C) Existential D) Psychoanalytic

Cognitive-behavioral

José is depressed. His therapist told him that reading a book each month would help. He should also visit friends, go bowling, do the laundry, mow the lawn, and eat meals with his partner. In short, José should increase his positive activity. His therapist has MOST likely adopted the _____ orientation. A) cognitive-behavioral B) psychodynamic C) humanistic D) interpersonal

Cognitive-behavioral

The clinician who would be MOST likely to ask, "Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?", is a(n): A) psychodynamic clinician. B) existential clinician. C) cognitive-behavioral clinician. D) sociocultural clinician.

Cognitive-behavioral clinician.

Conclusions from extensive studies of the effectiveness of various forms of treatment for depression show that: A) no more than one or two treatments appear to be effective in the treatment of depression. B) no matter which other treatment is used, drug treatment is essential and should be tried first. C) all treatments are equally effective in treating depression. D) cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and biological treatments are all effective treatments.

D?

Why is interpersonal psychotherapy considered a sociocultural approach? A) Depression is thought to result from disrupted social interactions and role expectations. B) Depression is thought to result from individual pathology. C) Depression is thought to be best treated within the family and in the real world rather than in the clinic. D) Depression is thought to be best treated by use of a multidisciplinary treatment team.

Depression is thought to result from disrupted social interactions and role expectations.

Psychological approaches to treating depression share which assumption? A) Depression is a physical problem that should be treated with medication. B) Depression should be treated by changing how people interact with family members and loved ones. C) Depression stems from what one has learned in the past, so it should be treated by "unlearning" maladaptive behaviors. D) Depression should be treated by helping people recognize, interpret, evaluate, and change how they think about and respond to past losses.

Depression should be treated by changing how people interact with family members and loved ones.

Based on current research, the treatment recommended for someone experiencing bipolar disorder is: A) drug therapy combined with brain stimulation. B) primarily cognitive-behavioral or psychodynamic. C) drug therapy, perhaps accompanied by psychotherapy. D) no therapy; no approach has been shown to be effective.

Drug therapy, perhaps accompanied by psychotherapy.

A 12-year-old middle-school European American girl from a middle-class socioeconomic background has been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder. Which of her characteristics is MOST unusual for those with bipolar I disorder diagnosis? A) Her age B) Her ethnicity C) Her gender D) Her socioeconomic background

Her age.

Destiny was taking a tricyclic to treat her unipolar depression. Upon resolution of her depressive symptoms, Destiny immediately stopped taking her tricyclic. How likely is it that she will experience a relapse? A) Very low; the relapse rate in this situation is less than 8 percent. B) Low; the relapse rate in this situation is approximately 15 percent. C) High; the relapse rate in this situation is approximately 50 percent. D) Very high; the relapse rate in this situation is almost 80 percent.

High; the relapse rate in this situation is approximately 15 percent.

Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all of the following EXCEPT: A) neurotransmitter activity. B) ion activity. C) hormonal functioning. D) genetic factors.

Hormonal functioning.

Clients who tend to see everything that occurs as either all right or all wrong, with nothing in between, need to focus on which phase of Beck's treatment for depression? A) Increasing activities and elevating mood B) Challenging automatic thoughts C) Identifying negative thinking and biases D) Changing primary attitudes

Identifying negative thinking and biases.

Violet has withdrawn from most social contacts because she never seems to be able to say the right thing. She just doesn't seem to fit in, and her comments are always misinterpreted. She feels alone and is depressed. This is an example of what interpersonal psychotherapists refer to as an: A) interpersonal loss. B) interpersonal role transition. C) interpersonal deficit. D) interpersonal role dispute.

Interpersonal deficit.

One of the main problems in determining whether one's depression is endogenous or reactive is that: A) most people forget, or repress, the stressful events that may have led to their depression. B) it is unclear whether exposure to a stressor was a contributing factor or if it was a coincidence. C) people with depression often underreport being exposed to stressful events. D) it is virtually impossible to study endogenous factors that are linked to depression.

It is unclear whether exposure to a stressor was a contributing factor or if it was a coincidence.

A therapist is treating a client with severe depression using only behavioral activation techniques. How beneficial do you expect this treatment to be? A) It will have limited effectiveness. B) It will be as effective as any other nondrug treatment. C) It will be as effective as all other treatments. D) It will be more effective than most other treatments.

It will have limited effectiveness.

When the teams of Turner and Kirch accounted for publication bias, they found that the actual effectiveness of antidepressants was: A) less than what was originally reported. B) about the same as originally reported. C) higher than reported for certain ethnic groups. D) higher than reported for all groups.

Less than what was originally reported.

If you are a member of a minority, you are: A) more likely to receive antidepressant medication. B) likely to receive therapy with a culturally sensitive focus. C) likely to benefit from culturally sensitive therapy. D) unlikely to be affected by economic pressures and a minority identity.

Likely to benefit from culturally sensitive therapy.

Neurochemically, both unipolar depression and bipolar disorder are associated with: A) low serotonin activity. B) high serotonin activity. C) low dopamine activity. D) high dopamine activity.

Low serotonin activity

The BEST example of a motivational symptom of unipolar depression is a: A) man who feels no pleasure from the things he used to enjoy. B) woman who thinks that her sadness will never go away. C) man who stops cleaning his apartment and even stops showering. D) woman who loses all interest in running, something she used to do daily.

Man who stops cleaning his apartment and even stops showering. ?

On an impulse, Jaxson decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready, and then Jaxson welcomes more than 200 guests. When the police stop by because Jaxson has blocked a public road to have room for the party, he flies into a rage. It is MOST likely that Jaxson is experiencing: A) a manic phase of bipolar II disorder. B) a manic phase of bipolar I disorder. C) a manic phase of cyclothymic disorder. D) hypomania.

Manic phase of bipolar 1 disorder

A person experiencing mania goes out with friends, looking for adventure. In addition, the individual talks loudly, runs rather than walks, and gives away a lot of money to random people on the street. These symptoms are primarily: A) emotional and cognitive. B) physical and cognitive. C) motivational and behavioral. D) motivational and emotional.

Motivational and emotional.

Unlike unipolar depression, bipolar depression is associated with high _____ activity. A) GABA B) dopamine C) serotonin D) norepinephrine

Norepinephrine

Most individuals feel "depressed" at some point in time. Which statement BEST describes the difference between this depression and a depressive disorder? A) General "depression" is the first stage of a depressive disorder, termed a preclinical disorder. B) "Depression" in the general sense refers to pain brought about due to a biological cause, whereas depressive disorders have many causes. C) General "depression" refers strictly to clinical unipolar depressive disorder, whereas depressive disorder is a broader category of depression. D) Periods of general "depression" are shorter lived, whereas those with depressive disorders experience severe and long-lasting psychological pain.

Periods of general "depression" are shorter lived, whereas those with depressive disorders experience severe and long-lasting psychological pain.

A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbances. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth and have lasted more than 6 months. This woman is experiencing: A) the "baby blues." B) postpartum psychosis. C) hormone withdrawal syndrome. D) peripartum depression.

Peripartum depression.

Cognitive-behavioral therapists would be MOST likely to say that people with depression must improve their social skills because: A) the performance of socially unacceptable behavior is irrational. B) it is important to reinforce the client's depressive behavior. C) people with depression may be experiencing interpersonal role transition. D) positive reinforcement is given to people who exhibit positive social behavior.

Positive reinforcement is given to people who exhibit positive social behavior.

If you are receiving therapy designed to teach you and your spouse specific communication and problem-solving skills, your therapist is practicing: A) premarital instructional therapy. B) psychoeducational therapy. C) role transition therapy. D) integrative behavioral couples therapy.

Premarital instructional therapy.

Easton saw his best friend shot and killed by a gunman who was driving through his neighborhood. A month later, Easton is in a psychologist's office complaining that he cannot work; everything seems hopeless. He has several other symptoms consistent with these complaints. Based on these data, the diagnosis would MOST likely be: A) recurrent depression. B) reactive depression. C) endogenous depression. D) melancholic depression.

Reactive depression.

The contingency management approach is an example of the application of _____ to the treatment of depression. A) business principles B) role playing C) reinforcement D) imitation (modeling)

Reinforcement

What do ECT, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation have in common? A) They are used primarily to treat persons with mild forms of depression. B) Despite early promise, they have proved not to be effective treatments for depression. C) They are usually tried before medications to avoid medication-induced side effects. D) Research on their use suggests that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression.

Research on their use suggests that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression.

The key to long-term treatment of depression is: A) family support. B) some sort of brain stimulation. C) cognitive therapy. D) some sort of maintenance therapy.

Some sort of maintenance thearapy.

According to Martin Seligman's theory, which person would be MOST likely to develop learned helplessness? A) Someone who experienced controllable negative events and then an uncontrollable negative event B) Someone who experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event C) Someone who experienced controllable negative events and then another controllable negative event D) Someone who experienced a random sequence of controllable and uncontrollable events

Someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event.

If a friend is considering nutraceuticals for the treatment of depression, your BEST advice would be: A) "Don't: Nutraceuticals don't work." B) "Black cohosh should help with practically any kind of mood disorder." C) "Melatonin is effective only with severe depression." D) "St. John's wort can be very helpful for mild or moderate cases of depression."

St. John's work can be very helpful for mild or moderate cases of depression.

Which statement MOST accurately reflects the connections among stress, immune function, and unipolar depression? A) Unipolar depression disrupts immune function, which then produces stress. B) Stress produces unipolar depression, which then may lead to a dysregulated immune system. C) A dysregulated immune system produces unipolar depression, which may then produce stress. D) Stress disrupts immune functioning, which may then produce unipolar depression.

Stress disrupts immune functioning, which may then produce unipolar depression.

How can publication bias affect people's perceptions about the effectiveness of antidepressant drug therapy for unipolar depression? A) Studies that have positive findings are more likely to be published, which could result in an overstated effectiveness. B) Studies conducted by men are more likely to be published, potentially creating a gender bias in the findings. C) Studies may not include representative samples from various races and ethnicities. D) Study findings that are repeated, and reported in multiple articles, are given greater weight than other studies.

Studies that have positive findings are more likely to be published, which could result in an overstated effectiveness.

Which statement BEST describes what is known about the relationship between neurotransmitters and unipolar depression? A) Serotonin and norepinephrine work independently of each other. B) Serotonin has greater influence than norepinephrine in unipolar depression, but not in other disorders. C) The interaction between serotonin and norepinephrine is more influential than the activity of each of these neurotransmitters by itself. D) Studies have shown weak linkages between serotonin and norepinephrine activity regarding unipolar depression.

The interaction between serotonin and norepinephrine is more influential than the activity of each of these neurotransmitters by itself.

Ugo Cerletti, the first psychiatrist to use ECT effectively, later abandoned the procedure because of: A) the introduction of antipsychotic medications. B) the likelihood of causing broken bones and dislocated joints. C) the trend toward using bilateral shocks rather than unilateral shocks. D) better results from using insulin.

The likelihood of causing broken bones and dislocated joints.

A person with bipolar disorder is taking a commonly used drug to stabilize mood in the manic episodes. What else might also happen as a result of taking this drug? A) Nothing much—the drug works specifically on manic episodes. B) The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episodes. C) The person might experience an initial intensification of depressive episodes, followed by a return to the usual intensity. D) The person probably would develop unipolar depression.

The person might experience at least partial relief from depressive episode.

If bipolar disorder is genetically linked, then which of the following research findings, if obtained, would be the least likely? A) Genetic markers on chromosomes are exclusively linked to bipolar disorder. B) Children of biological parents with bipolar disorder are more likely to have the disorder than children of adoptive parents who have the disorder. C) A person who has an identical twin with bipolar disorder has a greater risk of developing the disorder compared to a person who has a fraternal twin with the disorder. D) The rate of bipolar disorder has increased steadily over the past decade.

The rate of bipolar disorder has increased steadily over the past decade.

Which conclusion could be drawn about the current theories of gender differences in relation to depression? A) They all have some supporting evidence, but they all also have some research findings they cannot explain. B) Life stress and body dissatisfaction explanations have substantially better support than the other explanations. C) Artifact theory probably will emerge as a dominant explanation. D) Rumination theory has almost no support and is on the way out.

They all have some supporting evidence, but they all also have some research findings they cannot explain.

Why would a cognitive therapist have clients keep records of instances when they tell themselves, "I can't do anything right" and "Nobody will ever love me again"? A) To teach clients how to avoid situations in which these thoughts occur B) To help clients understand that these thoughts are probably baseless C) To identify the early traumatic experiences that created these thoughts D) To motivate clients to persist in the face of adversity

To help clients understand that these thoughts are probably baseless.

Based on current research, what is the BEST recommendation about therapy for an adolescent experiencing depression? A) There is really no difference in treatment effectiveness among adults and adolescents. B) Avoid drug therapy because of the side effects for adolescents. C) Use a combination of drug therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. D) Focus on the brain stimulation treatments—ECT, in particular.

Use a combination of drug therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy.

The evidence MOST problematic for the psychodynamic explanations of depression is that: A) studies have shown a link between neurotransmitters and depression. B) dogs that had learned to be helpless displayed symptoms of depression. C) depression affects people who had their childhood needs met and who did not suffer a loss early in life. D) infant monkeys that were "raised" by a surrogate mother covered in terry cloth showed depressive symptoms when separated from the "mother."

depression affects people who had their childhood needs met and who did not suffer a loss early in life.

A person suspected of having unipolar depression has a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, although it produces a normal number of new neurons. This is: A) normal. B) unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons. C) unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons. D) very unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized hippocampus, causing it to produce a normal number of new neurons.

unusual; individuals with unipolar depression usually have a small-than -normal hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons.