Exam 2A

As you are talking to a friend on your cell phone, you might find that you can't hear them because they are speaking very softly. If you ask them to "speak up," from a physical perspective you are asking them to ________ of the sound waves they are producing. decrease the amplitude increase the frequency decrease the frequency increase the amplitude

increase the amplitude

In a person whose eyes work in the usual fashion, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________. iris; retina cornea; iris fovea; lens lens; fovea

lens; fovea

The self-referencing effect refers to ________. making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you making a word formed by the first letter of each of the words you are trying to memorize making a phrase of all the first letters of the words your are trying to memorize saying words you want to remember out loud to yourseld

making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental boundaries milestones norms markers

milestones

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. model response stimulus cognition

model

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. an engram relearning recognition recall

relearning

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________. retrieval storage encoding hyperthymesia

retrieval

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? fixed interval fixed ratio variable ratio variable interval

variable ratio

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. fetus embryo placenta zygote

zygote

When a child works on a "connect the dots" puzzle, she can often see the completed work before she has finished all of the dots. Once there is enough visual information present, she's able to perceive the completed picture even though it is still incomplete. Which Gestalt principle does this demonstrate? good continuation closure contiguity proximity

closure

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________. conditioned response unconditioned stimulus conditioned stimulus unconditioned response

conditioned response

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge and expectancies? bottom-down top-down inside-out oustide-in

top-down

Jemma wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jemma praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? primary secondary continuous partial

continuous

When you watch the teacher at the front of the room, you are easily able to distinguish her from the white board (or chalk board) behind her. This demonstrates the Gestalt principle of ________. a figure-ground relationship similarity good continuation binocular disparity

a figure-ground relationship

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this? disorganized secure resistant avoidant

disorganized

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asking if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias. egocentric hindsight transient sterotypical

hindsight

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house? cerebellum hippocampus amygdala prefrontal cortex

hippocampus

Your memory of how to ride a bicycle is probably something that you don't actively think about while you're riding. You just sort of "do it" without thinking of how you do it. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory. sensory semantic explicit implicit

implicit

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. conditioning learning extinction acquisition

extinction

The frontal lobes become full developed _______. at the end of adolescence at birht at the beginning of adolescence by 25 years old

by 25 years old

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? cerebellum amygdala hippocampus primary cortex

cerebellum

__________ amplitudes are associated with _________ sounds. higher; louder higher; weaker higher; quieter lower; louder

higher; louder

Which school of thinking in psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? Gestalt Pacinian Ruffnian Humanistic

Gestalt

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged? another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus areas near the hippocampus would decay, followed by a cascading failure of the brain leading to death people would become comatose people would lose their ability to feel fear

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

The famous case of H.M. demonstrated _______ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones. retroactive proactive anterograde retrograde

anterograde

When Alex was a newborn, his parents could leave their home as soon as the babysitter arrieved. As he has gotten older, however, they have started asking the babysitter to arrive early so that he can feel comfortable with them before his parents leave. This change is likely explained by Alex developing which of the following? a new schema about babysitters attachment to his parents secondary sex characteristics a temperament

attachment to his parents

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. positive punishment negative punishment negative reinforcement positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

The notion that the manner in which one's brain develops can have a significant impact on a person's cognitive functioning is central to the __________ perspective in developmental psychology. neuroconstructivist epigenetic naturist biopsychosocial

neuroconstructivist

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? corneal optic gustatory acoustic

optic

In __________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. primary partial secondary continuous

partial

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this? authoritative authoritarian Freudian permissive

permissive

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg's theory of morality. concrete operational post-conventional conventional pre-conventional

post-conventional

Which of the following types of memory can influence our behavior without conscious awareness? autobiographical memory semantic memory episodic memory procedural memory

procedural memory

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. cognitions schemata prototypes categories

schemata

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies. concrete operational preoperational sensorimotor formal operational

sensorimotor

Eliza is a seal trainer who has been tasked with teaching the seals at her aquarium how to clap their fins. If seals do not naturally clap their fins on their own, the most effective way for Eliza to teach this behavior is to use a partial schedule of reinforcement shaping observational learning classical conditioning

shaping

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? acquisition shaping reinforcement learning

shaping

the difference threshold is the smallest stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time the smallest difference between to stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time the smallest difference between to stimuli that can be detected 100% of the time the smallest stimulus that can be detected 100% of the time

the smallest difference between to stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time