Exam 3

4. by the time a child is 18 years old, average middle-income parents will spend about $___,___

$245,340

4. two types of costs of having children?

- direct costs - opportunity costs

1. If marriage offers so many benefits and protections, why are U.S. marriage rates declining?

- more "waiting for the right person" - want to pursue career/financial independence first - there are more men in men:women ratio - macro-level economic factors - advances in BC; women do not have to get married out of unintentional parenthood - gender role changes; postponing marriage as women are less interested in marriage earlier on - growth of cohabitation***

2. about __% and __% of married men have engaged in extramarital sex

20%, 25%

1. Exogamy

marriage to someone outside one's social group

SES

socioeconomic status

2. Huston and Melz (2004) What seems to predict marriage dissolution? re: negative and positive affect

the absence of positive affect and NOT the presence of negative affect was what predicted marital dissolution the most -- in particular after honeymoon phase

2. Gottman's 5 Horsemen of the Apocalypse

- Contempt - Criticism - Defensiveness - Stonewalling ... belligerence added later in Gottman's research "what are you going to do about it"

4. Benefits of Parenting (4)

- Happiness; 96% of first-time parents said that they were in love with their new baby, 91% said they were happier than ever before - Fulfillment - Rite of Transition Into Adulthood - Continue the Family Line

2. Percent of Children in 1998 Survey Who Repeat a Grade by Parental Marriage Status - Married Biological Parents at Home vs Mother Never Married vs Mother Formerly Married

- Married Parents: 11.6% - Mother Never Married: 29.7% - Mother Formerly Married: 21.5%

1. Why is marriage considered an institution?

- an institution because it is a social phenomenon - mutual and voluntary commitment to a lifelong, monogamous relationship - publicly endorsed representation of commitment, relationship longevity, and the benchmark for 'couple' status

Lino (2014): Expenditures on children by Families (5 trends)

- child-rearing expenses and household income are positively related - housing is the largest expense on a child - expenses increase as a child ages - child-rearing expenses are highest in the urban Northeast

1. 14th Amendment is about... (2)

- citizenship rights - equal protection under the law

2 common child-rearing approaches

- concerted cultivation - accomplishment of natural growth

4. amongst committed lesbian couples... (transition to parenthood)

- couples' love decreased across the transition to parenthood - less time alone as a couple and experienced more stress

2. reasons for racial gap in marriage (3) in Black population

- declining employment opportunities - high rates of incarceration for black men - social economic status; poorer people less likely to get married; race is associated with economic disadvantage

Some of the very biggest expenses of child-rearing?

- education and childcare

1. Cherlin 2020: cohabitating individuals with less educations are more likely to...

- end their marriage in dissolution - have children outside of marriage - be single parents

Crosnoe et al (2010): high SES children had more...

- exposure to stimulating environment that promote learning

2. How do you show positive affection?

- have fun together - show interest in what your partner's telling you - let your partner know that you're listening - do little things for them

2. most prominent reasons for divorce (3) by percent

- incompatibility (43%) - infidelity (28%) - money issues (22)

2. poverty has been associated with adult... (3)

- lower emotional wellness - higher likelihood of depression - higher mortality rates

1. Marriage Trends regarding later/earlier marriages and divorce?

- marriage now happens later in people's lives - divorces are more frequent

1. What is Dush et al. (2003) ? What where the findings

- on cohabitation's effect on marriage - less marital satisfaction amongst those that cohabitated before marriage; higher divorce rates etc.

2. Rogge et al. (2006) 2 findings of marital stability

- poor communication itself does not relate to marital satisfaction and marital dissolution during the period of the study - hostility and neuroticism tend to erode marital satisfaction more rapidly than poor communication

1. Manning and Cohen 2012: The negative effect of cohabitating without engagement appeared to be explained by risk factors of marital instability including...

- premarital fertility - family structure - educational attainment - number of premarital sex partners

2. What is Contempt in Gottman's 4 Horsemen?

- seeing your partner as inferior to you: a feeling that one's spouse is inferior or undesirable (manifests in disrespectful acts toward the other partner like name calling)

1. Marriage Defined (3)

- socially approved mating relationship - legally, socially, and sometimes spiritually sanctioned joining of two people in an intimate relationship

1. Cherlin 2020: college graduates are more likely to...

- transition from cohabitation to marriage - less likely to divorce - have children within marriage

1. What is Manning and Cohen (2012) about? What were the findings?

- when women were not engaged to their spouse at the outset of cohabitation had more marital instability

1. Institution of Marriage: What benefits are there? 3

- wrongful death benefits - retirement benefits - tax advantages - right to decide what to do with a partner's corpse - hospital visitation rights - inheritance rights - alimony - joint insurance policies - government benefits in social security and medicare - joint parenting - right to make medical decisions for a partner that is ill

2. Top 5 issues that cause problems for most couples?

1. Money - #1 cause of fighting 2. Division of Household Labor 3. Children/Parenting 4. In-Laws 5. Sex and Sexual Infidelity

1. Why do people get married? (5)

1. love and romance 2. personal fulfillment 3. companionship 4. parenthood/children 5. economic security

2. about __% and __% of married women have engaged in extramarital sex

10%, 15%

4. on average, middle-income families spend about ___% of their earnings on a child during the first two years

16%

2. Children raised by a never-married mother are __x as likely to repeat a grade compared with children raised in intact marriages.

2x

3. Chance of divorce within the first 10 years by age at first marriage regarding ages... - 15 to 19 - 20 to 24 - 25 to 29 - 30-44

35% - ages 15 to 19 24% - ages 20 to 24 17% - ages 25-29 16% - 30-44

2. Study of Black Families: % of children raised by divorced mothers and ___% of never married mothers actually live near or in poverty

45%, 69%

1. Cohabitation rates for gays men?

50%

2. Divorce Rate Today: ___% of marriages end up in divorce

50%

2. ___% of Americans don't talk about money before marriage

51%

1. Only ___% of Black women are projected to ever marry compared to ___% for non-Hispanic White women.

51%, 84%

1. Of cohabitating couples that recently married, ___% lived with their partner before marriage.

58%

1. ___% of married Usonians say that having children is a very important reason to marry

59%

1. U.S. Marriage Rates for Blacks 1960 vs 2015

61% in 1960 to 29% in 2015

1. Cohabitation rates for gay women?

63%

1. U.S. Marriage Rates for Latinx in 1960 vs 2015

72% in 1960 to 43% in 2015

1. U.S. Marriage Rates from 1960 vs 2015

72% in 1960 to 48% in 2015

1. Despite the decline in marriage, it is still pretty common. ___% of people have been married at least once by the time they reach their 50s.

80%

2. ___% of couples said that money creates tension in their marriage

84%

1. ___% of married people say that love is a 'very important' reason to marry

93%

Quiz 5: According to the lecture, which ONE of the following age groups is most likely to be cohabiting? A. 18-34 year olds B. 35-49 year olds C. 50 year olds or older D. all of the above

A. 18-34 year olds

Quiz 5: According to John Gottman, behaviors that are provocative and challenging the spouse's power and authority, such as "what are you going to do about it," are referring to... A. Belligerence B. Contempt C. Criticism D. Stonewalling

A. Belligerence

Quiz 5: Although marriage rates have fallen drastically since the 1960s for all racial/ethnic groups in the US, this group however experiences the most rapid and pronounced decline compared to any other groups: A. Blacks B. Asian Americans C. Latinx D. Whites

A. Blacks

Quiz 6: According to the lecture on the transition to parenthood, which type of couples is more likely to experience frequent conflicts during pregnancy and lower levels of relationship quality during the transition to parenthood? A. Planners B. Acceptance-of-fate couples C. Yes-no couples D. None of the Above

A. Planners B. Acceptance-of-fate couples C. Yes-no couples D. None of the Above

1. marriage rates by race in order from highest to lowest

Asian > White > Hispanic > Black

Quiz 5: According to Malina's lecture, which ONE of the following is the most prominent reason (or the cause) of divorce, as reported by certified divorce professionals across the U.S.? A. Drug Addictions B. Incompatibility C. Lack of Compassionate Love D. Poor Communication

B. Incompatibility

3. divorce rates by race from highest to lowest

Black > White > Hispanic > Asian

Quiz 6: After following over three thousand couples for 35 years, Gottman has learned that couples who continue to be together (marital stability) tend to... A. Learn to use all of the four horsemen of apocalypse B. Learn to use mindfulness during the stonewalling period C. Learn to repair and build a long, lasting relationship together D. Re-establish a commitment for the children

C. Learn to repair and build a long, lasting relationship together

Quiz 6: According to the lecture, married couples tend to struggle with a lot of issues. Which ONE of the following issues ranks on the top of the list? A. Children B. Division of Labor C. Money D. Sex and Sexual Infidelity

C. Money

2. Which of Gottman's 4 horsemen is the highest predictor of marriage dissolution?

Contempt

3. Total fertility rates by race in order from highest to lowest.

Latino > Black > American Indian > White > Asian

1. T or F: most surveyed people ages 18-34 have never been married

True

2. True or False How couples argue is more indicative of marital satisfaction than what couples argue about.

True

2. True or False: Younger couples have stable or declining divorce rates.

True

1. Highest to lowest marriage rates by race?

Whites > Latinx > Blacks

2. Is there still inequality in household divisions of labor?

Yes; a 2005 study found women did an average of 17hrs per week of household labor whereas men contributed 13hrs a week for men

1. Obergefell v. Hodges 2015

a case in which the Court held that the 14th amendment requires states to license and recognize same-sex marriage

Children are seen but not heard is associated with what kind of parenting style?

authoritarian

1. Under legal status in the U.S. people can or cannot have more than one spouse at a time?

cannot have more than one spouse at a time

1. Cherlin 2020 is about...

education levels as predictors of marriage

1. Polygamy

having more than one spouse at a time

1. Married people report higher or lower household incomes than do unmarried people?

higher household incomes

Elder et al. (1995): unstable work situations and low income were associated with (2)

increased emotional distress and negative parenting **black families were more negatively affected by economic instability than were European Americans**

1. Financial reason for decline in marriage?

less of a need with women and men both having occupational opportunities; but a paradox is that today more educated people with more income are more likely to get married

1. Scholars say marriage is becoming more/less of an institution?

less of an institution

2. Compared to White and Hispanic heterosexual couples, Black Usonians are ____ likely to marry and _____ likely to get a divorce.

less, more

1. Cohabitation Definition

living arrangement of unmarried, intimate partners who typically have sexual relationships

2. lower/higher educated individuals divorce more often and experience more challenges after divorce

lower

2. children in poverty are associated with lower/higher levels of education and earnings in adulthood

lower levels of education and earnings in adulthood

1. New Generations are _____ likely to accept cohabitation as an alternative to marriage.

more

1. Once at the age of marriage most of the up and coming generations currently being surveyed are more/less likely to cohabitate than get married.

more

2. single mother households are more/less likely to live in poverty

more

1. Marriage is increasingly concentrated among those with... LESS education and incomes or MORE education and incomes?

more education and incomes

1. What is the marriage squeeze?

more men in the men:women ratio; sex balance of 105 men to 95 women in the U.S.

Authoritative parenting is associated with better child outcomes in

non-Hispanic, White families as well as those with a Black, Asian, and African ethnicity.

Concerted Cultivation

parenting model, or style, according to which parents often praise and converse with their children, engage them in extracurricular activities, take them on outings, and so on, with the goal of cultivating their child's talents and abilities

Pinquart and Kauser (2018) conclusion:

parents across the globe could be recommended to behave authoritatively, although authoritarian and permissive parenting is to some extent tolerable in a few cultural contexts

1. Alimony

payments made regularly to an ex-spouse after divorce

parenting style that believes children should be overindulged and explore without rules and limits are...

permissive

1. Education is a __________ or marriage.

predictor; couples

1. The more education people have...

the less likely they seem to be unpartnered mothers or cohabitating mothers

1. Endogamy

the practice of marrying within one's own social group

Quiz 6: According to the lecture, Gottman and Levenson's (2000) found that the _____________________________________ pattern was predictive of both early divorce and later divorce.

wife-demand-husband-withdraw pattern

Accomplishment of Natural Growth

working class and poor parents have no choice but to care for their children but presume that they will spontaneously grow and thrive