Exam 4
if the template strand of DNA is CGGTAC, the corresponding RNA strand would be A,)GCCAUG B.)TAACGT C.)CGGTAC D.)GCCATC E.)GCCUAG
A,)GCCAUG
assuming that the probability of having a female child is 50% and the probability of having a male child is also 50% what is the probability that a couples first-born child will be female and that their second-born child will be male A.)25% B.)75% C.)100% D.)50% E.)20%
A.) 25%
the genetic material is duplicated during A.)the S phase B.)G1 C.)mitosis D.)the mitotic phase E.)G2
A.) the s phase
varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical to the parents are referred to as A.)true-breeding B.)hybrids C.)the F2 generation D.)independent crosses E.)monohybrid crosses
A.) true-breeding
the phenotypic ratio resulting from a dihybrid cross showing indpendent assortment is expected to be A.)9:3:3:1 B.)1:2:1 C.)3:1 D.)3:9:9:1 E.)9:1:1:3
A.)9:3:3:1
if one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, the corresponding complementary DNA strand would be A.)GCCATG B.)TAACGT C.)GCCAUC D.)CGGTAC E.)GCCTAG
A.)GCCATG
which of the following statements about eukaryotic RNA is true? A.)exons are spliced together to form mRNA B.)a long tail of extra nucleotides is removed from the 5' end of the RNA C.)introns are added to the RNA D.)the modified RNA molecule is transported unto the nucleus E.)a small cap of extra nucleotieds is added to both ends of the t-RNA
A.)exons are spliced together to form mRNA
which of the following terms refers to a situation where a single phenotypic character is determined by the additive effects of two or more genes? A.)polygenic inheritance B.)codominace C.)incomplete dominace D.)blending inheritance E.)pleiotryphy
A.)polygenic inheritance
imagine that we mate two black Labrador dogs with normal vision and find that three of the puppies are like the parents, but on puppy is choclate with normal vision, and another one is black with PRA (progressive rentinal atrophy, a serious disease of vision). we can conclude that A.)the alleles for color and vision segregate independently during gamete formation B.)the same alleles that control coast color can also cause PRA C.)both of the parents are homozygous for both traits D.)one of the parents is homozygous for both traits E.)the alleles for color and vision segregate dependently during gamete formation
A.)the alleles for color and vision segregate independently during gamete formation
a color-blind women marries a man who is not color-blind. All their sons, but none of their daughters. are color-blind. which of the following statements correctly explains these results? A.)the gene for color vision is linked tot the X chromosome B.)the gene for color vision is completely dominant to the gene for sex determination C.)the gene for color vision is codominant with the gene for sex determination D.)the gene for color vision is incompletely dominant to the gene for sec determination E.)the gene for color vision is linking to the Y chromosome
A.)the gene for color vision is linked tot the X chromosome
where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells? A.)in the cytoplasm B.) in the nucleus C.)in chromatophores D.)in the cell wall E.)on the plasma membrane
B.) in the nucleus
multiple origins of replication of the DNA molecules of the eukaryotic cells serve to A.)remove errors in DNA replication B.) shorten the time necessary for DNA replication C.)reduce the amount of "bubbles" that occur in the DNA molecule during replication D.)assure the correct orientation of the two strands in the newly growing double helix E.)create multiple copies of the tRNA molecule at the same time
B.) shorten the time necessary for DNA replicatio
a monohybrid cross is A.)a breeding experiment in which the parental varieties have only one trait in common B.)a breeding experiment in which the parental varieties differ in only one character C.)the second generation of a self-fertilized plant D.)a triploid plant that results from breeding two very different plants E.)a breeding experiment in which the parental varieties have only on prominent trait
B.)a breeding experiment in which the parental varieties differ in only one character
a person with Ab blood illustrates the principle of A.)blending inheritance B.)codominance C.)polygenic inheritance D.)pleitropy E.)incomplete cominance
B.)codominance
a carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be_______ to transmit it to offspring A.)homozygous for the trait and unable B.)heterozygous for the trait and able C.)homozygous for the trait and able D.)heterozygous for the trait and unlikely E.)heterozygous for the trait and unable
B.)heterozygous for the trait and able
genes located close together on the same chromosomes are referred to as______genes and generally____ A.)codependent...do not sort independently during meiosis B.)linked...do not sort independent during meiosis C.)linked...sort independently meiosis D.)associated...sort independently during meiosis E.)homologous...are inherited together
B.)linked...do not sort independent during meiosis
________marks the end of a gene and causes transcription to stop. A.)methionine B.)terminator C.)reverse transcriptase D.)RNA ligase E)RNA polymerase
B.)terminator
how would the shape of the DNA molecule change if adenine paired with guanine and cytosine paired with thymine? A.)the DNA molecule would be circular B.)the DNA molecule would have irregular widths along its length C.)the DNA molecule would be shorter D.)the DNA molecule would be longer E.) the DNA molecule would have regions where no base-pairing would occur
B.)the DNA molecule would have irregular widths along its length
consider the following sentence: "the dog did not eat." Which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a base deletion mutation? A.)the did dog not eat. B.)the dod idn ote at C.)the dog did dog did not eat. D.)the did not eat. E.)the dog dog did not eat.
B.)the dod idn ote at
a base substitution mutation in a gene does NOT ALWAYS result in a different protein. Which f the following factors could account for this? A.)a correcting mechanism that is part of the protein B.)the fact that some amino acids are specified from more than one codon C.)the fact that such mutations are usually accompanied by a complementary deletion D.)the double-ring structure of adenine and guanine E.)the fact that the mutation affects only the sequence of the proteins amino acids, so the proteins stays the same
B.)the fact that some amino acids are specified from more than one codon
the coding regions of a gene (the portions that are expressed as polypeptides sequences) are called A.)proto-oncogenes B.)redudant coding sections C.)exons D.)introns E.)nucleosomes
C.) exons
determine whether an increase or decrease in the amount of gene product is expected when the mRNA becomes more stable and lasts twice as long in the cell cytoplasm A.)poly A tail does not affect the amount of gene product B.)decrease C.)increase D.)gene products are not translated from m-RNA E.)no change
C.) increase
the monomers of DNA and RNA are A.)amino acids B.)nucleic acids C.)nucelotides D.)monosaccharides E.)fatty acids
C.) nucleotides
which of the following statements regarding DNA packing is FALSE? A.)histones account for about half the mass of eukaryotic chromosomes B.)a nuclesome consists of DNA wound around a protein core of eight histone molecules C.)DNA packing tends to promote gene expression D.)highly compacted chromatin is generally not expressed at all E.)prokaryotes have proteins analogous to histones
C.)DNA packing tends to promote gene expression
which of the following enzymes catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA molecule\ A.)lactase B.)ligase C.)DNA polymerase D.)single-stranded binding protein E.)helicase
C.)DNA polymerase
linked genes generally A.)show incomplete dominance b.)reflect a pattern of codominance C.)do not follow the laws of independent assortment D.)show pleiotryphy E.)follow the laws of independent assortment
C.)do not follow the laws of independent assortment
any gene located on a sex chromosome A.)will exhibit pleiotrophy B.)will exhibit codominace C.)is called a sex-linked gene D.)is called a recessive gene E.)is called a dominant allele
C.)is called a sex-linked gene
RNA splicing involves the A.)addition of a nucleotide "cap" to the molecule B.)removal of exons from the molecule C.)removal of introns from the molecule D.)addition of a nucleotide "tail" to the molecule E.)addition of introns to the molecule
C.)removal of introns from the molecule
which of the following statements regarding a DNA double helix is ALWAYS true? A.)the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of uracil, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine B.)the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of uracil C.)the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine D.) the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of guanine, and the amount of thymine is equal to the amount of cytosine E.) the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of cytosine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of thymine
C.)the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine
when one DNA molecule is copied to make two semiconservative DNA molecules, each new DNA contains A.)100% of the parent DNA B.)75% of the parent DNA C.)none of the parent DNA D.)50% of the parent DNA E.)25% of the parent DNA
D.)50% of the parent DNA
which of the following statements regarding DNA is FALSE? A.)on DNA molecule can include four different nucleotides in its structure B.)DNA is a nucleic acid C.)DNA molecules have a sugar-phosphate backbone D.)DNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil E.)DNA uses the sugar deoxyribose
D.)DNA uses the nitrogenous base uracil
any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called A.)an advantage B.)an anticodon C.)a codon D.)a mutation E.)a translation
D.)a mutation
determine whether an increase or decrease in the amount of gene product is expected when the mRNA fails to receive a poly-A during processing in the nucleus A.)poly A tail does not affect the amount of gene product B.)increase C.)gene products are not translated from m-RNA D.)decrease E.)no change
D.)decrease
which of the following is a function of t-RNA? A.)helping to translate codons into DNA B.)transferring nucleotides to rRNA C.)joining to several types of amino acids D.)joining to only one specific type of amino acid E.)recognizing the appropriate anticodons in Mi-RNA
D.)joining to only one specific type of amino acid
which of the following statements best explains why dominant alleles that cause lethal disorders are less common than recessive alleles that cause lethal disorders? A.)many lethal recessive alleles cause enhanced disease resistance when they are present in the heterozygous state, and caries of these alleles have more children, on average, than other people B.)lethal disorders caused by dominant alleles are usually more severe than lethal disorders cause by recessive alleles C.)the presence of a lethal dominant allele causes sterility D.)most individuals carrying a lethal dominant allele have the disorder and die before they reproduce, whereas individuals carrying a lethal recessive allele are more likely to be healthy and reproduce E.)unlike lethal disorders caused by recessive alleles, lethal disorders caused by dominant alleles usualy cause the death of the embryo
D.)most individuals carrying a lethal dominant allele have the disorder and die before they reproduce, whereas individuals carrying a lethal recessive allele are more likely to be healthy and reproduce
which of the following takes place during translation? A.)DNA replication B.)the conversion of genetic information from DNA nucleotide into RNA nucleotide C.)the addition of nucleotide to a DNA template D.)the conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins E.)the conversion of genetic information from the language of proteins to the language of enzymes
D.)the conversion of genetic information from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins
experiments have demonstrated that the "words" of the genetic code (the units that specify amino acids) are A.)two-nucleotide sequences B.)nucleotide sequences of various length C.)single nucleotides D.)three-nucleotide sequence E.)enzymes
D.)three-nucleotide sequence
the transfer of genetic information from RNA to protein is called A.)transcription B.)elongation C.)promotion D.)translation E.)inition
D.)translation
determine whether an increase or decrease in the amount of gene product is expected when an enzyme required to cleave and activate the protein product is missing A.)no change B.)gene products are not translated from m-RNA C.)increase D.)poly A tail does not affects the amount of gene product E.)decrease
E.) decrease
all the offspring of a cross between a black-eyed mendelien and an orange-eyed mendelien have black eyes. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between two orange-eyed mendeliends? A.)1 black-eyes:0 orange-eyed B.)3 black-eyed:1 orange-eyed C.)1 black-eyed:3 orange-eyed D.)1 black-eyed:1 orange-eyed E.)0 black-eyed:1 orange-eyed
E.)0 black-eyed:1 orange-eyed
which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component? A.) protein-->RNA-->DNA B.)RNA-->DNA-->RNA-->protein C.)DNA-->amino acid-->RNA-->protein D.)DNA-->tRNA-->mRNA-->protein E.)DNA-->RNA-->protein
E.)DNA-->RNA-->protein
a women has been trying to conceive for several years, unsuccessfully. At a fertility clinc, they discover that she has a blocked Fallopian tubes. using modern technologies, some of her eggs are removed, fertilized with her husbands sperm, and implanted into her uterus. the procedure is successful, bu the couple discovers that their new son is color-blind and has blood type-O. the women claims that the child can not be theirs since she has blood type A and her husband has type B. Also, neither parent is colored-blind, although one grandparent (he women father) is also color-blind. AS A GENETIC COUNSELOR, YOU WOULD EXPLAIN TO THE PARENTS THAT, A.)the eggs must have accidentally switched, since he baby's blood type has to match one of his parents B.)the baby is theirs, since the blood types of the parents have no relation to their childs blood types C.)it is possible for the baby to have type O blood, since type O is inherited through a dominant allele D.)the eggs must have been accidentally switched, since type A parent and type B parent can have any type children except type O E.)each parent could have contributed one recessive allele, resulting in type O blood
E.)each parent could have contributed one recessive allele, resulting in type O blood
where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotic cells? A.) in the cell wall B.)in the nucleus C.)in chromatophores D.)on the plasma membrane E.)in the cytoplasm
E.)in the cytoplasm
imagine that beak color in a finch species is controlled by a single gene. you mate a finch homozygous for orange pigmented) beak with a finch homozygous for ivory (unpigmented) beak and get numerous offspring, all have a pale, ivory-orange beak. this pattern of color expression is most likely to be an example of A.)codominance B.)crossing over C.)polygenic inheritance D.)pleiotrophy E.)incomplete dominace
E.)incomplete dominace
when DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is known as A.)a DNA library B.)a vector C.)cloned DNA D.)a plasmid E.)recombinat DNA
E.)recombinant DNA
consider the following sentence: "the dog did not eat." Which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a base substitution mutation? A.)the dog did not et. B.)the dog did not. C.)the dog dog did not eat. D.)the did dog not eat. E.)the doe did not eat.
E.)the doe did not eat.
proteins differ from one another because A.)the number of nitrogen atoms in each amino acid varies B.)the peptide bonds linking amino acids differ from protein to protein C.)the number of nucleotides found in each protein varies from molecule to molecule D.)each protein contains its own unique sequence of sugar molecules E.)the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein
E.)the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein
the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA is called A.)translation B.)initiation C.)promotion D.)elongation E.)transcription
E.)transcription
