exam 4 possible questions
the vallate papillae
Most taste buds occur in
basilar membrane
cochlear hair cells rest on the ?
sympathetic fibers
cutaneous blood vessels receive only -- --?
ANS
in biofeedback and other circumstances, limited voluntary control of the --- is possible
crossed extension
in the --- reflex, contraction of flexor muscles in one limb is accompanied by the contraction of extensor muscles in the contralateral limb
referred pain
in the phenomenon of ---- pain from the viscera is perceived as coming from an area of the skin
substance P
is a neurotransmitter that transmits pain sensations to second order spinal neurons
dura mater
is separated from the bone by a fat filled epidural space
Acetylcholine
muscarinic receptors bind?
skeletal muscle
the autonomic nervous system stimulates all of these muscle types except ?
oxygen and glucose
the brain/neurons in the brain require significant amounts of ?
spinalcerebellar
the cerebellum receives feedback from the muscles and joints by way of the ____ tracts of the spinal cord
wavelength
the color of light is determined by its
decussation
the crossing of a nerve fiber or tract from the right side of the CNS to the left, or vice versa, is called
basal cells
the function of the -- -- in a taste bud is to replace dead taste cells
pitch
the higher the frequency of a sound, the higher its--?
gray
the horns of the spinal cord are what kind of matter?
endolymph
the membranous labyrinth is filled with
fovea centralis
the most finely detailed vision occurs when an image falls on a tiny pit in the retina called the ?
ganglion
the only cells of the retina that generate action potentials are the ---- cells
Epineurium
the outermost connective tissue wrapping of a nerve is called the
it has a lowthreshold
which of the following photos about phototopic vision is false
digestive secretion
which of these does not result from sympathetic stimulation
pelvic
which of these is not a region of the spinal cord?
cauda equina
Below L2, the vertebral canal is occupied by a bundle of spinal nerve roots called ?
enkephalin
a neurotransmitter that blocks the conduction of pain signals by second order neurons
dual innervation
a state in which are target organ receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers
autonomic tone
a state of continual background activity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
cholinergic
all parasympathetic fibers are?
they are monosynaptic
all somatic reflexes share all of the following properties except?
mixed nerves
all spinal nerves are ----. none are purely sensory or motor
descending analgesic fibers
block signals that have reached the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
active
both system are always simultaneously --?
waste elimination
can occur by autonomic spinal reflexes without necessarily involving the brain
adrenergic
certain fibers are called --- fibers because they secrete norepinephrine
interoreceptors
chemoreceptors that monitor blood chemistry are known as
the adrenal medulla
epinephrine is secreted by ?
free nerve endings
hot and cold stimuli are detected by ?
ganglia
outside the cNS, the somas of neurons are clustered in swellings called
rods
release glutamate in the dark and stop when they are illuminated
somatic reflexes
some --- reflexes are mediated primarily through the brainstem and cerebellum
vasomotor tone
sympathetic fibers to blood vessels maintain a state of partial vasoconstriction called
stapes
the --- is a tiny bone that vibrates in the oval window and thereby transfers sound vibrations to the inner ear
sympathetic
the ---- division has more neural divergence and therefore more widepread, less organ-specific, effects than the parasympathetic division
the macula sacculi
the acceleration you feel when an elevator begins to rise is sensed by
sympathetic
the adrenal medulla consists of modified postganglionic neurons of the --- nervous system
upper lumbar region of the vertebral column
the adult spinal cord terminates in the?
medulla oblongata
the sensory (afferent) fibers for touch end in the?
cholinergic, adrenergic
the sympathetic division has a few--- postganglionic fibers, although most are ---
digestion
the sympathetic division inhibits?
preganglionic fibers and postganglionic fibers
the sympathetic nervous system has short --- and long ---- nerve fibers
antagonistic
the two divisions of the ANS has --- effects on the iris.
air
the tympanic cavity is filled with
photopsin
the visual pigment of a cone cell is
right cerebral hemisphere
things we touch with the left hand are perceived in the ?
nicotinic
throughout the autonomic nervous system (ANS), the neurotransmitter released by preganglionic fiber binds to ---- receptors on the postganglionic neuron