exam

Data Protection Commissioner

The person responsible for the enforcement and monitoring of compliance with data protection legislation, including Data Protection Acts. Commissioners are also responsible for investigating breaches of the legislation and prosecuting the senders of spam e-mails and text messages pursuant to SI 535/2003. Only one such prosecution has occurred to date. In the UK, this function is carried out by the Information Commissioner.

Authentication

The process by which an entity (such as a person or computer system) determines whether another entity is who it claims to be. Authentication identified as an individual based on some credential; i.e. a password, biometrics, etc. Authentication is different from authorization. Proper authentication ensures that a person is who he or she claims to be, but it says nothing about the access rights of the individual.

Copland v. United Kingdom

A case in which the European Court of Human Rights held that monitoring an applicant's e-mail at work was contrary to Article 8 of the Convention on Human Rights.

Lindqvist Judgement

A case in which the European Court of Justice ruled that a woman who identified and included information about fellow church volunteers on her website was in breach of the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. The ECJ held that the creation of a personal website was not a personal activity allowing the woman to be exempted from the data protection rules.

Internet Service Provider

A company that provides Internet access to homes and businesses through modem dial-up, DSL, cable modem broadband, dedicated T1/T3 lines or wireless connections.

Haralambie v. Romania

A court case claiming that the Romanian government violated Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights by placing of obstacles in the way of an applicant when he sought access to the file on him drawn up by the Communist government's secret service.

Gaskin v. United Kingdom

A court case in which it was decided the restriction of an applicant's access to their file was contrary to article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

Durant v. Financial Services Authority

A court case in which the Court of Appeal of the United Kingdom narrowed the definition of personal data. It established a two-stage test; the information must be biographical in a significant sense and the individual must be the focus of the information.

Customer Access

A customer's ability to access the personal information collected on them as well as review, correct or delete any incorrect information.

Collection Limitation

A fair information practices principle, it is the principle stating there should be limits to the collection of personal data, that any such data should be obtained by lawful and fair means and, where appropriate, with the knowledge or consent of the data subject.

Data Controller

An entity that has the authority over the processing of personal information. This entity is the focus of most obligations under privacy and data protection laws. It controls the use of personal data by determining the purposes for its use and the manner in which the data will be processed. The data controller may be an individual or an organization that is legally treated as an individual, such as a corporation or partnership.

Biometrics

Data concerning the intrinsic physical or behavioral characteristics of an individual. Examples include DNA, fingerprints, retina and iris patterns, voice, face, handwriting, keystroke technique and gait.

Binding Corporate Rules

Legally binding internal corporate privacy rules for transferring personal information within a corporate group. BCRs are typically used by corporations that operate in multiple jurisdictions, and they are alternatives to the U.S.-EU Safe Harbor and Model Contract Clauses. BCRs must be approved by the EU data protection authorities of the member states in which the corporation operates.

Members of the European Parliament

MEPs have the right to propose written and oral questions to the European Council and the European Commission providing another layer of oversight in the legislative process.

ISO 27002

The ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 27002 standard is a code of practice for information security with hundreds of potential controls and control mechanisms. The standard is intended to provide a guide for the development of "organizational security standards and effective security management practices and to help build confidence in inter-organizational activities".

Federal Trade Commission

The United States' primary consumer protection agency, the FTC collects complaints about companies, business practices and identity theft under the FTC Act and other laws that they enforce or administer. Importantly, the FTC brings actions under Section 5 of the FTC Act, which prohibits unfair and deceptive trade practices.

European Economic Area

An economic region that includes the European Union (EU) and Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein—which are not official members of the EU but are closely linked by economic relationship. Non-EU countries in the EEA are required to adopt EU legislation regarding the single market.

Law Enforcement Authority

A body sanctioned by local, regional or national governments to enforce laws and apprehend those who break them. In Europe, public law enforcement authorities are governed by strict rules of criminal procedure designed to protect the fundamental human right to privacy enshrined in Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

Comprehensive Laws

Laws that govern the collection, use and dissemination of personal information in the public and private sectors.

GET Method

The GET and POST HTML method attributes specify how form data is sent to a web page. The GET method appends the form data to the URL in name/value pairs allowing passwords and other sensitive information collected in a form to be visible in the browser's address bar, and is thus less secure than the POST method.

Factortame

A 1989 case brought before the European Court of Justice which established the precedence of EU law over national laws of member states in areas where the EU has competence.

Article 29 Working Party

A European Union organization that functions as an independent advisory body on data protection and privacy. While EU data protection laws are actually enforced by the national Data Protection Authorities of EU member states.

European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

A European convention that sought to secure the recognition and observance of the rights enunciated by the United Nations. The Convention provides that "(e)veryone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence." Article 8 of the Convention limits a public authority's interference with an individual's right to privacy, but acknowledges an exception for actions in accordance with the law and necessary to preserve a democratic society.

Bundesdatenschutzgesetz

A German national data protection law that including specific requirements for data services outsourcing agreements. The legislation contains ten specific requirements for outsourcing agreements: (1) Subject and duration of work; (2) the extent, type and purpose of data processing; (3) technical and organizational measures to be taken under section 9; (4) the rectification, erasure and blocking of data; (5) the processor's section 4 obligations, particularly with regard to monitoring; (6) rights regarding subcontracting; (7) the controller's monitoring rights; (8) the subcontractor's notification obligations; (9) the extent of the controller's authority to issue instructions to the processor; (10) the return and/or erasure of data by the processor at the conclusion of the work.

Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) of 1998

A U.S. federal law that applies to the operators of commercial websites and online services that are directed to children under the age of 13. It also applies to general audience websites and online services that have actual knowledge that they are collecting personal information from children under the age of 13. COPPA requires these website operators: to post a privacy policy on the homepage of the website; provide notice about collection practices to parents; obtain verifiable parental consent before collecting personal information from children; give parents a choice as to whether their child's personal information will be disclosed to third parties; provide parents access and the opportunity to delete the child's personal information and opt out of future collection or use of the information, and maintain the confidentiality, security and integrity of personal information collected from children.

Individual Participation

A fair information practices principle, it is the principle that an individual should have the right: a) to obtain from a data controller, or otherwise, confirmation of whether or not the data controller has data relating to him; b) to have data relating to him communicated to him within a reasonable time; at a charge, if any, that is not excessive; in a reasonable manner, and in a form that is readily intelligible to him; c) to be given reasons if a request made under subparagraphs (a) and (b) is denied, and to be able to challenge such denial; and d) to challenge data relating to him and, if the challenge is successful, to have the data erased, rectified, completed or amended.

Information Life Cycle

A fair information practices principle, it is the principle that an individual should have the right: a) to obtain from a data controller, or otherwise, confirmation of whether or not the data controller has data relating to him; b) to have data relating to him communicated to him within a reasonable time; at a charge, if any, that is not excessive; in a reasonable manner, and in a form that is readily intelligible to him; c) to be given reasons if a request made under subparagraphs (a) and (b) is denied, and to be able to challenge such denial; and d) to challenge data relating to him and, if the challenge is successful, to have the data erased, rectified, completed or amended.

Data Quality

A fair information practices principle, it is the principle that personal data should be relevant to the purposes for which it is to be used, and, to the extent necessary for those purposes, should be accurate, complete and kept up-to-date. The quality of data is judged by four criteria: Does it meet the business needs?; Is it accurate?; Is it complete?, and is it recent? Data is of an appropriate quality if these criteria are satisfied for a particular application.

Accountability

A fair information practises principle, it is the idea that when personal data is te be transfered to another person or organisation, the personal information controller should obtain the consent of the individual or exercise due diligence and take reasonable steps to ensure that the recipient person or organasation will protect the information consistently with other fair use principles.

European Council

A forum where heads of state meet four times a year to define priorities and set political direction for the EU.

Employee Personal Data

A high level of protection is required for employee personal data in the EU. The notice and choice principles of the EU Directive should be honored for all employee data, meaning that an employee should be given notice of the company's intent to share the information and give the employee the choice not to share this information.

Adequate level of protection

A label that the EU may apply to third-party countries who have commited to to protect data through domestic law making or international commitments. Confering of the label requires a proposal by the European Commission, an Article 29 Working Group Opinion, an opinion of the article 31 Management Committee, a right of scrutiny by the European Parliament and adoption by the European Commission.

Layered Security Policy

A layered approach defines three levels of security policies. The top layer is a high-level document containing the controller's policy statement. The next layer is a more detailed document that sets out the controls that will be implemented to achieve the policy statements. The third layer is the most detailed and contains the operating procedures, which explain how the policy statements will be achieved in practice.

Data Recipient

A natural or legal person, public authority, agency or any other body which processes personal data on behalf of the data controller.

Layered Notice

A privacy notice designed to respond to problems with a excessively long notices. A short notice—the top layer—provides a user with the key elements of the privacy notice. The full notice—the bottom layer—covers all the intricacies in full. In Europe, the Article 29 Working Party recommends three layers: a short notice, a condensed notice and a full notice.

Do Not Track

A proposed regulatory policy, similar to the existing Do Not Call Registry in the United States, which would allow consumers to opt out of web-usage tracking.

Madrid Resolution

A resolution that was adopted by the International Conference of Data Protection and Privacy Commissioners, consisting of 80 data protection authorities from 42 countries around the world, including members of the Article 29 Working Party. Principles include: lawfulness and fairness; purpose specification; proportionality; data quality; openness; accountability.

EU-U.S. Safe Harbor Agreement

An agreement between the EU and U.S. under which data may be exported to the U.S. in compliance with the EU Directive on Data Protection. Within a safe harbor agreement a data processor must abide by seven principles that and self-certify the compliance with to the Department of Commerce. These principles are notice, choice, consent to onward transfer, security, integrity, access, and enforcement. Certifying oneself as abiding by the Safe Harbor Framework without full compliance may be considered a deceptive trade practice under section 5 of the FTC Act. In 2015, the European Court of Justice invalidated Safe Harbor. The EU and the U.S. have a new agreement called the EU-U.S. Privacy Shield.

Cookie

A small text file stored on a client machine that may later be retrieved by a web server from the machine. Cookies allow web servers to keep track of the end user's browser activities, and connect individual web requests into a session. Cookies can also be used to prevent users from having to be authorized for every password protected page they access during a session by recording that they have successfully supplied their user name and password already. Cookies may be referred to as "first-party" (if they are placed by the website that is visited) or "third-party" (if they are placed by a party other than the visited website). Additionally, they may be referred to as "session cookies" if they are deleted when a session ends, or "persistent cookies" if they remain longer.

Charter of Fundamental Rights

A treaty that consolidates human rights within the EU. The treaty states that everyone has a right to protect their personal data, that data must be processed for legitimate and specified purposes and that compliance is subject to control by an authority.

Lawfulness

According to the EU Data Protection Directive, processing of personal data must meet two specific requirements; fairness and lawfulness. Lawfulness suggests a community-wide set of norms enforceable by the intervention of the state. In order to be lawful, processing must meet all legal requirements.

Cookie Directive

Additions to the e-Privacy Directive where websites could allow users to opt out of cookies, such as by selecting a setting on their web browsers. Under the revision, member states are required to pass legislation that gives users the ability to opt in before cookies are placed on their computers.

De-identification

An action that one takes to remove identifying characteristics from data. De-identified data is information that does not actually identify an individual. Some laws require specific identifiers to be removed (See HIPAA 165.514(b)(2)). Hashing is not enough to de-identify data

Data Processor

An individual or organization that processes data on behalf of the data controller. Although they are often third-party providers, a data controller can also be a data processor.

Choice

An individual's ability to determine whether or how their personal information may be used or disclosed by the entity that collected the information. Also, the ability of an individual to limit certain uses of their personal information. For example; an individual may have choice about whether to permit a company to contact them or share their data with third parties. Can be express or implied.

European Court of Human Rights

An international court that oversees the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950. The court is based in Strasbourg, France, and was set up in 1959.

European Convention on Human Rights

An international treaty among European states to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. It applies only to member states.

Data Protection Authority

An official or body that ensures compliance with data protection laws and investigates alleged breaches of the laws' provisions.

Electronic Communications Service

Any service which provides to users thereof the ability to send or receive wire or electronic communications. Acronym(s): ECS

Data Processing

Any operation or set of operations which is performed on personal data, such as collecting; recording; organizing; storing; adapting or altering; retrieving; consulting; using; disclosing by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making the data available; aligning or combining data, or blocking, erasing or destroying data. Not limited to automatic means.

Information Life Cycle

Collection, processing, use, disclosure, retention, and destruction.

Freely-Given Consent

Consent that is given when the data subject has a genuine choice and there is no risk of coercion, deception, or intimidation if the data subject does not consent.

Electronic Communications Data

Consists of three main categories of personal data: the content of a communication, traffic data, and location data.

European Economic Community

Created by the Treaty of Rome, the EEC was a predecessor to the European Union that promoted a single economic market across Europe.

EU Data Retention Directive

Data Retention Directive

Data Protection Directive (95/46EC)

EU Data Protection Directive (95/46EC)

Four Classes of Privacy

Four main areas of privacy are of particular interest with regard to data protection and privacy laws and practices: information privacy, bodily privacy, territorial privacy, and communications privacy.

Global Privacy Enforcement Network

GPEN aims to promote cross-border information sharing as well as investigation and enforcement cooperation among privacy authorities around the world. Another cross-border enforcement cooperation effort is the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

Customer Information

In contrast to employee information, customer information includes data relating to the clients of private-sector organizations, patients within the healthcare sector and the general public within the context of public-sector agencies that provide services.

Legitimate Interests of Controller

One of several legitimate processing criteria required by the EU Data Protection Directive. This rather broad criteria states "Processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by the controller or by the third party or parties to whom the data is disclosed, except where such interests are overridden by the interests for fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject, which require protection under Article 1(1)."

Communications Privacy

One of the four classes of privacy, along with information privacy, bodily privacy and territorial privacy. It encompasses protection of the means of correspondence, including postal mail, telephone conversations, electronic e-mail and other forms of communicative behavior and apparatus.

Bodily Privacy

One of the four classes of privacy, along with information privacy, territorial privacy and communications privacy. It focuses on a person's physical being and any invasion thereof. Such an invasion can take the form of genetic testing, drug testing or body cavity searches.

Information Privacy

One of the four classes of privacy, along with territorial privacy, bodily privacy, and communications privacy. The claim of individuals, groups or institutions to determine for themselves when, how and to what extent information about them is communicated to others.

Fair Credit Reporting Act, The

One of the oldest U.S. federal privacy laws still in force today. It was enacted in 1970 to mandate accurate and relevant data collection, give consumers the ability access and correct their information, and limit the use of consumer reports to permissible purposes, such as employment and extension of credit or insurance.

Fairness

One of two requirements established by the EU Data Protection Directive for the processing of personal data. In order to be considered fair, the data controller must provide specific information to the data subject prior to processing.

Antidiscrimination Laws

Refers to the right of people to be treated equally.

Binding Safe Processor Rules

Self-regulatory principles (similar to Binding Corporate Rules) for processors that are applicable to customer personal data. Once a supplier's BSPR are approved, a supplier gains "safe processor" status and its customers would be able to meet the EU Data Protection Directive's requirements for international transfers in a similar manner as BCR allow. BSPR are currently being considered as a concept by the Article 29 Working Party and national authorities.

Location-Based Service

Services that utilize information about location to deliver, in various contexts, a wide array of applications and services, including social networking, gaming and entertainment. Such services typically rely upon GPS, RFID or similar technologies in which geolocation is used to identify the real-world geographic location of an object, such as a cell phone or an Internet-connected computer terminal.

EU Data Protection Directive

Several directives deal with personal data usage in the EU, but the most overarching is the general policy approved by the European Commission in 1995 (95/46EC) which protects individuals' privacy and personal data use. The Directive was adopted in 1995, became effective in 1998 and protects individuals' privacy and personal data use. The Directive recognizes the European view that privacy is a fundamental human right and establishes a general comprehensive legal framework that is aimed at protecting individuals and promoting individual choice regarding the processing of personal data. The Directive imposes an onerous set of requirements on any person that collects or processes data pertaining to individuals in their personal or professional capacity. It is based on a set of data protection principles, which include the legitimate basis, purpose limitation, data quality, proportionality and transparency principles, data security and confidentiality, data subjects' rights of access, rectification, deletion and objection, restrictions on onwards transfers, additional protection where special categories of data and direct marketing are involved and a prohibition on automated individual decisions. The Directive applies to all sectors of industry, from financial institutions to consumer goods companies, and from list brokers to any employer. The Directive's key provisions impose severe restrictions on personal data processing, grant individual rights to "data subjects" and set forth specific procedural obligations including notification to national authorities. This was followed in 1997 by a more specific directive for the telecom sector (97/66/EC), which was replaced in mid-2002 by the European institutions to adapt it to new technologies and business practices (2002/58/EC). The Directive has been supplemented by additional directives including a specific provision for e-commerce. This directive will be replaced by the General Data Protection Regulation.

Closed Circuit Television

Systems of cameras, monitors and recording equipment that are not used for broadcasting but are connected to a closed network by cables. CCTV is used primarily for video surveillance of premises.

Court of Justice of the European Union

The Court of Justice is the judicial body of the EU that makes decisions on issues of EU law and enforces European decisions either in respect to actions taken by the European Commission against a member state or actions taken by individuals to enforce their rights under EU law. The court is the judicial body of the EU that makes decisions on issues of EU law and enforces European decisions. Based in Luxembourg, the Court was set up in 1951, and was originally named the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The court is frequently confused with the ECHR, which oversees human rights laws across Europe, including in many non-EU countries, and is not linked to the EU institutions.

European Data Protection Supervisor

The EDPS is the data protection regulator for the EU as an entity. Established by EU regulation, the EDPS ensures that the institutions of the EU; i.e., the commission, council, Parliament, etc., respect the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals, particularly their rights to privacy. Specifically, the job of the EDPS is to "monitor the application of the provisions of this Regulation to all processing operations carried out by a Community institution or body."

European Union

The European Union replaced the EEC, created by the Treaty of Rome, the EEC promoted a single economic market across Europe. The EU is comprised of 28 member states including Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Candidates include the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Iceland, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey.

Behavioral Advertising

The act of tracking users' online activities and then delivering ads or recommendations based upon the tracked activities. The most comprehensive form of targeted advertising. By building a profile on a user through their browsing habits such as sites they visit, articles read, searches made, ads previously clicked on, etc., advertising companies place ads pertaining to the known information about the user across all websites visited. Behavioral Advertising also uses data aggregation to place ads on websites that a user may not have shown interest in, but similar individuals had shown interest in.

Derogation

The action by which an EU member state may deviate from certain directives, instead relying upon the domestic laws of member states.

Multi-Factor Authentication

The authentication of a user by multiple means. This is typically accomplished by a requirement for both a password and at least one other form of authentication such as a pass card, biometric scan or an "out of band" means such as a phone call.

Data Elements

The different types of personal information processed by data processors. Typical data elements include name, date of birth and numerical identifiers. Organizational data elements tied to both individuals as well as organizations include business addresses, business phone numbers, business e-mail addresses and related information.

Computer Forensics

The discipline of assessing and examining an information system for relevant clues even after it has been compromised by an exploit.

European Commission

The executive body of the European Union. Its main function is to implement the EU's decisions and policies, along with other functions. It is also responsible for making adequacy determinations with regard to data transfers to third-party countries.

Convention 108

The first legally binding international instrument in the area of data protection. It requires signatories to take steps to ensure fundamental human rights with regard to the processing of personal information.

Data Subject

The individual about whom information is being processed, such as the patient at a medical facility, the employee of a company or the customer of a retail store.

Council of the European Union

The main decision-making body of the EU, it has a central role in both political and legislative decisions. The council was established by the treaties of the 1950s, which laid the foundations for the EU.

Confidentiality

The obligation of an individual, organization or business to protect personal information and not misuse or wrongfully disclose that information.

European Parliament

The only EU institution whose members are directly elected by member states, Parliament has four responsibilities—legislative development, supervisory oversight of other institutions, democratic representation and budget development.

Encryption

The process of obscuring information, often through the use of a cryptographic scheme in order to make the information unreadable without special knowledge; i.e., the use of code keys.

Information Security

The protection of information for the purposes of preventing loss, unauthorized access and/or misuse. It is also the process of assessing threats and risks to information and the procedures and controls to preserve confidentiality, integrity and availability of information.

Breach Disclosure

The requirement that a data controller notify regulators and victims of incidents affecting the confidentiality and security of personal data. It is a transparency mechanism highlights operational failures, this helps mitigate damage and aids in the understanding of causes of failure.

Annual Reports

The requirement under the European Data Protection Directive that member state data protection authorities report on their activities at regular intervals.

Cloud Computing

The storage of information on the Internet. Although it is an evolving concept, definitions typically include on-demand accessibility, scalability, and secure access from almost any location. Cloud storage presents unique security risks.

International Data Transfers

The transmission of personal information from one jurisdiction to another. Many jurisdictions, most notably the European Union, place significant restrictions on such transfers. The EU requires that the receiving jurisdiction be judged to have "adequate" data protection practices.

Data Breach

The unauthorized acquisition of computerized data that compromises the security, confidentiality, or integrity of personal information maintained by a data collector. Breaches do not include good faith acquisitions of personal information by an employee or agent of the data collector for a legitimate purpose of the data collector—provided the personal information is not used for a purpose unrelated to the data collector's business or subject to further unauthorized disclosure.

Data Retention Directive

This directive is designed to align the rules on data retention across the EU member states. It applies to traffic and location data but not to the actual content of communications of both individuals and organizations.

Consent

This privacy requirement is one of the fair information practices. Individuals must be able to prevent the collection of their personal data, unless the disclosure is required by law. If an individual has choice (see Choice) about the use or disclosure of his or her information, consent is the individuals' way of giving permission for the use or disclosure. Consent may be affirmative; i.e., opt-in; or implied; i.e., the individual didn't opt out. (1) Explicit Consent: A requirement that an individual "signifies" his or her agreement with a data controller by some active communication between the parties. According to the EU Data Protection Directive, explicit consent is required for processing of sensitive information. Further, data controllers cannot infer consent from non-response to a communication. (2) Implicit Consent: Implied consent arises where consent may reasonably be inferred from the action or inaction of the individual.

Legitimate Processing Criteria

To process data in compliance with EU data protection law, a controller must be able to base the processing activity on at least one legitimate criteria derived from the Data Protection Directive. These criteria are consent, necessity, contract requirement, legal obligation, protection of data subject, public interest and legitimate interests of the controller.

Electronic Communications Network

Transmission systems, and, where applicable, switching or routing equipment and other resources that permit the conveyance of signals by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic means, including satellite networks; fixed and mobile terrestrial networks; electricity cable systems, to the extent that they are used for the purpose of transmitting signals; networks used for radio and television broadcasting, and cable television networks, irrespective of the type of information conveyed.

Commercial Activity

Under PIPEDA, "commercial activity" means any particular transaction, act or conduct, or any regular course of conduct, that is of a commercial character, including the selling, bartering or leasing of donor, membership or other fundraising lists. Non-profit associations, unions and private schools are likely to be found to exist outside of this definition.

Established Service Provider

Under the E-Commerce Directive, an established service provider is a service provider who effectively pursues an economic activity using a fixed establishment for an indefinite period. The presence and use of the technical means and technologies required to provide the service do not, in themselves, constitute an establishment of the provider.

Adverse action

Under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, the term "adverse action" is defined very broadly to include all business, credit and employment actions affecting consumers that can be considered to have a negative impact, such as denying or canceling credit or insurance, or denying employment or promotion. No adverse action occurs in a credit transaction where the creditor makes a counteroffer that is accepted by the consumer. Such an action requires that the decision maker furnish the recipient of the adverse action with a copy of the credit report leading to the adverse action.

Background Screening/Checks

Verifying an applicant's ability to function in the working environment as well as assuring the safety and security of existing workers. Background checks range from checking a person's educational background to checking on past criminal activity.

Direct Marketing

When the seller directly contacts an individual, in contrast to marketing through mass media such as television or radio.