Exam one #4

What is the capacity of short-term memory? a. Approximately five to nine items b. Infinite c. Less than one second d. Scientists do not know for sure e. The same as long-term memory

a. Approximately five to nine items

Which of the following is a task used to measure the capacity of short-term memory? a. Digit span b. Counting backwards c. Operational chunking d. Rehearsal e. The seven-plus-or-minus-two task

a. Digit span

According to Baddeley, the components of the working memory model generally work _____. a. Independently b. Chronologically c. Consciously d. Explicitly e. Randomly

a. Independently

In a study done by Klauer and Zhao (2004), participants performed a combination of two tasks. Which of the following best describes their findings, providing evidence that the visuo-spatial sketchpad consists of two separate components? a. One spatial task interfered more with another spatial task, and one visual task interfered more with another visual task b. Doing a spatial task improved performance on the visual task, and doing a visual task improved performance on the spatial task c. Doing one spatial task improved performance on the other spatial task, and doing one visual task improved performance on the other visual task d. Participants were not able to perform any two tasks together successfully e. The spatial task interfered more with the visual task, and the visual task interfered more with the spatial task

a. One spatial task interfered more with another spatial task, and one visual task interfered more with another visual task

Which of the following is NOT a component of the working memory model? a. Procedural memory b. Central executive c. Episodic buffer d. Phonological loop e. Visuo-spatial sketchpad

a. Procedural memory

Smith and Jonides (1997) measured brain activity while participants were presented with a visual stimulus followed by a probe stimulus that was either the same form in a different location (visual task) or a different form in the same spatial location (sp a. There was increased activation in the right hemisphere during the spatial task, and increased activity in the left hemisphere during the visual task b. Patterns of brain activation were identical for the two types of probe stimuli c. There was increased activation in the parietal lobe during the spatial task, and increased activity in the temporal lobe during the visual task d. There was increased activation in the right hemisphere during the visual task, and increased activity in the left hemisphere during the spatial task e. There was increased activation in the temporal lobe during the spatial task, and increased activity in the parietal lobe during the visual task

a. There was increased activation in the right hemisphere during the spatial task, and increased activity in the left hemisphere during the visual task

According to cognitive psychologists, how long does information usually last in short-term memory? a. Indefinitely b. A few seconds c. Less than one second d. Scientists do not know for sure e. Three to five minutes

b. A few seconds

Which of the following is thought to be critically important in skilled simultaneous translation? a. Procedural memory b. The central executive c. The episodic buffer d. The phonological loop e. The visuo-spatial sketchpad

b. The central executive

When people recall the last few items in a list much better than items from the middle of the list, this is called _____. a. Short-term amnesia b. The recency effect c. Stimulus overload d. The phonological similarity effect e. The primacy effect

b. The recency effect

Integrated pieces of information stored in memory are called _____. a. Declarative memory b. Cognitive data c. Chunks d. Inclusionary criteria e. Memory sets

c. Chunks

After Teresa suffered brain damage to her prefrontal cortex, she began having problems with planning, organizing, monitoring behavior, and initiating behavior. Teresa´s diagnosis would most likely be _____. a. Baddeley´s memory disorder b. Articulatory suppression c. Dysexecutive syndrome d. Decreased long-term memory capacity e. Impaired cerebral connectivity

c. Dysexecutive syndrome

According to Jonides et al. (2008), rapid forgetting of short-term memory occurs due to _____. a. Overload of incoming stimuli b. Amnesia c. Limited neuronal connectivity d. Decay and interference e. Top-down processes

d. Decay and interference

Most research on short-term memory (e.g., Berman et al., 2009; Keppel & Underwood, 1962; Nairne et al. 1999) provides evidence that forgetting occurs due to _____. a. Decay b. Amnesia c. Bottom-up processes d. Proactive interference e. Limited neuronal connectivity

d. Proactive interference

Which of the following models asserts that individual differences in working memory capacity depend on attentional control and long-term memory? a. The multistore model b. Baddeley and Hitch´s (1974) working memory model c. The attentional store model d. The dual-component model e. The unitary store model

d. The dual-component model

According to research by Papagno et al. (1991) and Andersson (2010), which of the following is thought to be especially important in learning new vocabulary words in a foreign language? a. The episodic buffer b. Episodic memory c. Procedural memory d. The phonological loop e. The visuo-spatial sketchpad

d. The phonological loop

According to research by Vogel et al. (2001) and Xu and Chun (2009), what is the capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad? a. Unlimited b. Five to nine items c. Only one item d. Ten to twenty items e. About four items

e. About four items

The central executive processes information from which modality? a. Visual b. Auditory c. Phonological d. Spatial e. Any

e. Any

In a review of 147 amnesic patients, Spiers et al. (2001) found that how many of them had significant problems with short-term memory? a. Only the male patients b. All of them c. Nearly half of them d. Only the female patients e. None of them

e. None of them

Having the letters NHL form a single unit in short-term memory is only effective when _____. a. The information was initially gathered via sensory stores b. A short time passes between rehearsal and the memory task c. It activates procedural memory d. It is associated with other items of similar length e. The meaning of the acronym is already stored in long-term memory

e. The meaning of the acronym is already stored in long-term memory

On the first day of class, the teacher asks the students to introduce themselves one by one. There are 30 students in the class, and at the end of the hour, you can only recall the names of the last four or five people who were called on. This is an examp a. Rehearsal b. Attention deficit disorder c. Dysexecutive syndrome d. Proximity overload e. The recency effect

e. The recency effect