Experimental Psych Final
Why do experimenters generally do not wish to inform their participants about the specific hypotheses being studied?
because of the problem of demand characteristics
A researcher who measures the speed of helping in response to a request is using a ______ measure.
behavioral
Nasser measures the amount of time two people spend gazing into each other's eyes as an indication of interpersonal attraction. In this scenario, Nasser is most likely using a(n)
behavioral measure
A researcher examines the effect of noise levels on reading comprehension. He finds that the participants who were tested received the highest scores for their comprehension irrespective of the noise levels. The results are most likely due to a ______ effect.
ceiling
When an independent variable appears to have no effect on a dependent measure only because participants quuickly reach the maximum performance level, it is known as a(n) _________ effect.
ceiling
After establishing that there is reasonable high correlation between two variables, a researcher can utilize a regression equation to make predictions about the ______ variable from the ________ variable.
criterion; predictor
The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) does not detect
curvillinear relationships
Any feature of an experiment that might inform participants of the purpose of the study is called a(n) _____.
demand characteristic
A researcher conducted a study to analyze the effect of gender bias on company recruitment. Participants were told that the purpose of the study was something different than it actually was. This deception was most likely implemented to avoid
demand characteristics
When experimental research is properly designed, the third-variable problem
does not exist
Regression toward the mean refers to the fact that
extreme scores tend to change toward the mean.
Which of the following allows researchers to scan areas of the brain while a research participant performs a physical or cognitive task?
functional magentic resonance imagery (fMRI)
The principal of a school conducts a survey to compare the number of third-grade and sixth-grade students who buy lunch from school. The most appropriate way to describe the results of this survey is to compare
group percentages
Phillipe, a researcher, examined the effect of lighting on learning. Randomly assigned participants learned material while using a 100-watt or a 125-watt bulb. He found no differences between the two groups. The nonsignificant results may have occurred because of _____.
insufficient strength of the manipulation
Which of the following statements is true regarding the electroencephalogram (EEG)?
it is a measure of electrical activity of the brain cells
A multiple baseline design is often used when
it is impossible or unethical to effect a reversal of treatment
Identify an accurate statement about a factorial design that contains four independent variables, each with two levels.
it prodcues sixteen conditions
A _______ is an attempt to directly measure whether an independent variable manipulation has the intended effect on participants
manipulation check
In general, staged manipulations are _____ than straightforward manipulations.
more costly
In the context of physiological measures, the electromyogram is used to measure
muscle tension
Which of the following measures of a dependent variable is generally inexpensive?
paper-and-pencil questionnaire
A(n) __________ allows experimenters who are collecting data to become comfortable with their roles and to standardize their procedures.
pilot study
To study human behavioral patterns during crisis situations, Ciara first conducts a trial run with a small number of participants. She does this to make sure that the instructions are clear to the participants and the whole experimental setting is plausible. This procedure is an example of a
pilot study
To study human behavioral patterns during crisis situations, Ciara first conducts a trial run with a small number of participants. She does this to make sure that the instructions are clear to the participants and the whole experimental setting is plausible. This procedure is an example of a ________
pilot study
To analyze the effects of a new drug for anxiety developed by Solvit Wellness Inc., researchers conduct a study on two groups. Both the groups are informed about the usefulness of the drug in treating ancxiety. However, only group A receives an injection of the actual drug, while group B receives injection containing an insert substance. In this scenario, group B is known as a(n) ___________
placebo group
A regression equation is used to
predict a score for Y from a known score of X.
A floor effect can best be described as a
problem that occurs when a task is so difficult that hardly anyone can perform it well.
___________ are important opportunities for researchers to present their findings to other researchers and the public.
professional meetings
The ______ is a measure of variability that is simply the difference between the highest scire and the lowest score.
range
A __________ is very similar to the introduction and method sections of a journal article.
research proposal
Samira took an aptitude test when applying for a position with Accountants Unlimited. She was hired the following week. In this scenario, the predictor variable is Samira's
score on the aptitude test
The differences between two nonequivalent groups become a confounding variable that provides an alternative explanation for the results of an experiment. This often results from
selection differences
In a shopping mall, a marketing researcher asks customers if they would prefer soda in a bottle or in a can. Their responses would be an example of a ____ measure.
self-report
Measures in which participants must describe themselves are ______ measures.
self-report
In a ________, participants are unaware of whether a placebo or the actual drug is being administered.
single-blind experiment
Matt, a researcher, employs a confederate to drop a stack of papers in front of a person and a group of people. He then measures the amount of time it takes for the confederate to receive help in picking up the papers. This scenario best exemplifies a ________ manipulation.
staged
The _______ indicates the average deviation of scores from the mean.
standard deviation
Presenting participants with different versions of a videotaped confession to study their perceptions is an example of a(n) ________ manipulation.
straightforward
Which of the following manipulate variables with instructions and stimulus presentations?
straightforward manipulations
A quasi-experimental design attempts to
study the effect of an independent variable when the control features of true experimental designs cannot be achieved.
Lailah measures the height of six- and seven-year-olds. To her surprise, she finds no correlation between height and age. Which of the following is most likely a reason for this result?
the range of the variables has been restricted
In the context of staged manipulations, researchers assume that
the result will be natural behavior that truly reflects the feelings and intentions of the participants
In assessing the relationship between variable x and variable y, the squared value of the correlation coefficient (r squared) is sometimes reported
the value represents the percent of variance in y that can be accounted for by x.
Amelia realized that her 7-year-old daughter, Violet, was especially motivated by money. Amelia began a reinforcement program whereby Violet earned 5 cents every time she brushed her teeth. A month later, Amelia instituted a payment schedule of 10 cents every time Violet went to bed on time without complaining. Once these behaviors were firmly established, Violet began earning money for every book she read. What kind of single-subject design did Amelia employ?
Across behaviors multiple-baseline design
In the context of reversal designs, the ABABAB design
Allows the effexts of the treatment to be tested a third time
Kiko is a researcher who is interested in examining the effects of caffeine on driving performance. To rule out a change in behavior brought about by participants' expectations about the effect of caggeine, she should use a(n)
Balanced placebo design
Participants were asked to consume either 8, 16, 24, or 32 ounces of alcohol. They were then asked to recite the English alphabet as quickly as possible. In this scenario, the number of failed attempts it takes for the participants to correctly recite the alphabet will be an example of a _______ measure.
Behavioral
Which of the following is a similarity between demand characteristics and experimenter expectancy?
Both involve expectations that may influence the behvaior of study participants
Soraya conducts an experiment on the effects of low and high anxiety on test performance. The results achieved are nonsignificant. She is unable to determine if anxiety truly has no effect on performance or whether the procedures used are faulty. In which of the following ways can this ambiguity be avoided?
By conducting a manipulation check
How can expectancy effects be reduced?
By using a double-blind experiment
In a cross-sectional study, a difference among groups of different ages may reflect developmental age changes; however, these differences may result from _________ effects.
Cohort
In staged manipulations, a(n) _________ appears to be another participant in an experiments but is actually part of the manipulation
Confederate
Event manipulations often involve the use of
Confederates
A way to improve the interrupted time series design is to use a _____ design.
Control series
Ronan goes to several elementary schools where he tests students who are in the first grade, third grade, and sixth grade to examine the effect of age on a reasoning ability task. In his research, Ronan has used a _______ method.
Cross Sectional
Collins, a researcher, conducts an experiment and then informs his participants about the purpose of his study, the results expected, and the practical implications of his research. He asks the participants about their feelings during the experiment. This process is referred to as a
Debriefing session
Investigators sometimes use deception in their research to address the problem of ________
Demand characteristics
While Daisuke is performing a cognitive task, a researcher uses a physiological measure that scans various areas of Daisuki's brain. In this case, the researcher is most likely using a(n)
Functional MRI
A criminal investigator measures a suspect's change in perspiration while being asked questions about a burglary case. In this scenario, which of the following physiological measures is used by the investigator?
Galvanic skin response
Events that occur between the first and second measurement period but are not part of the manipulation are called _______ effects.
History
Which of the following is true of effect size?
It ranges from 0.00 to 1.00, irrespective of the variable used
To study personality development, a researcher studies the same individuals at 11, 14, 21, and 30 years of age. In this case, the researcher is using the _______ method.
Longitudinal
Which of the following physiological measures is a researcher most likely to use to compare brain images of individuals with and without schizophrenia?
Magnetic Resonance Imagery
Experiments conducted in field settings and observational research in which the observer is concealed or unobtrusive measures are used to do which of the following?
Minimize problem of demand characteristics
Experiments conducted in field settings and observational research in which the observer is concealed or unobtrusive measures are used do which of the following?
Minimize the problem of demand characteristics
The ______ is an appropriate measure of central tendency if a nominal scale is used
Mode
Unlike nominal scale variables, interval scale variables have
More detailed quantitative properties
Which of the following is NOT a quasi-experimental design?
Multiple baseline
Which of the scales of measurement lacks numerical properties?
Nominal
A professor at a university ranks subjects based on students' preferences identified through a survey. Science is ranked first, mathematics second, and management third. In this scenario, which of the following types of measurement scle has the professor employed?
Ordinal scale
When Mr. Arthur, a researcher, submits a paper to a journal for publication, other researchers who are familiar with his area of research carefully scrutinize the paper and recommend acceptance or rejection. What is this process known as?
Peer review
In the context of the types of measures, ________ measures are recordings of responses of the body.
Physiological
_______ designs address the need to study the effect of an independent variable in settings in which the control features of true experimental designs cannot be achieved.
Quasi-experimental
Which of the following is/are a threat to the internal validity of studies using a one-group pretest-posttest design?
Regression toward the mean
Which of the following is a key characteristic of straightforward manipulations?
Researchers are usually able to manipulate independent variables with relative simplicity by presenting written, verbal, or visual material to the participants.
In the context of correlation coefficients, which of the following problems occurs when the individuals in a sample are very similar on the variable being studied?
Restriction of range
The differences between two nonequivalent groups become a confounding varaible that provides an alternative explanation for the results of an experiment. This often results from _______
Selection differences
The serious flaw associated with the nonequivalent control group design is that ____ occur.
Selection differences
Measures in which participants must describe themselves are ________ effect.
Self report
The issue of _____ is particularly important when measuring human performance.
Sensitivity
A study conducted by Ryan and Hemmes (2005) investigated the impact of rewarding college students with points for submitting homework. Their results suggested that overall, course points served as an incentive for submitting homework. However, some individual participants submitted homework even when no points were assigned. Because the researchers used a _______ design, they were able to quickly identify individual differences.
Single case
In a _________, participants are unaware of whether a placebo or the actual drug is being administered.
Single-blind experiment
Which of the following describes a sequential design?
Studying groups of 10- and 15-year-olds and then studying these individuals again 2, 4, and 6 years later.
If exposure to an earlier assessment affects behavior when a participant is assessed a second time, which of the following types of effects might the researcher suspect is the cause?
Testing effects
What is a technique used to improve internal validit?
The addition of a control group
Which of the following statements is true regarding double-blind experiments?
The experimenter is unaware of whether a placebo or the actual drug is being administered
Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?
The median
Workers in an automobile repair shop report that half of the automobiles they repair have a resale value below $8,000. Which measure of central tendency is exemplified in this scenario?
The median
Which of the following is a potential source of experimenter bias?
The presence of subtle differences in the way an experimenter interprets participants' behavior
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered when someone tries to develop a strong manipulation?
The prior internal validity of the study
Which of the following is true of staged manipulations?
They can be used to involve participants in an ongoing social situation that is perceived as a real experience
Which of the following is true of path coefficients?
They indicate the strength of a relationship on the -1.00 to +1.00 scale.
Which of the following is true of bar graphs?
They use a separate and distinct bar for each piece of information
Identify a reason for using staged manipulation
To simulate some situation that occurs in the real world
What is the advantage of the pretest in the nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design?
When groups are not equivalent, researchers can look at changes from pretest to posttest scores
What is the advantage of the pretest in the nonequivalent control group pre-test posttest design?
When groups are not equivalent, researchers can look at changes from pretest to posttest scores.
What is the reason for using multiple measures?
a variable can be measured in a variety of concrete ways
An advantage of the ABAB reversal design over the ABA design is that it
allows for fewer alternative explanations for the results
In the context of a staged manipulation, a confederate is a person who
appears to be another participant in an experiment
During the debriefing sessions of an experiment, the participants are
asked about their thoughts during the experiment
