Psychology 041 Final Exam (CHP 1-14) part 1 and 2
Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between gender and prosocial (helping) behavior in middle to late childhood?
Boys are more likely to provide practical support (e.g., find solutions to problems), whereas girls are more likely to provide relational support (e.g., giving advice, listening to problems).
Margo has an eating disorder whereby she engages in a binge-purge cycle of behavior. She has a fairly accurate body perception regarding her weight and is around average weight for her given height and age. Given what you know about eating disorders, it is most likely that Margo is suffering from _________.
Bulimia
Which of the following is not a leading cause of death in adolescence?
Cancer
Research suggests that children who grow up in LGBT households (e.g., with lesbian mothers or gay fathers) have significantly worse developmental outcomes than children who have been parented with heterosexual parents.
False
Resolution of identity during adolescence means that identity will be stable for the rest of one's life (and is not a lifelong process).
False
TRUE or FALSE: Body Mass Index (BMI) is so frequently used because it is the most accurate measure of physical health we have.
False
Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between gender and aggression in middle to late childhood?
Boys are more likely than girls to engage in physical aggression. Girls are more likely than boys to engage in verbal and relational aggression.
TRUE or FALSE: Children in early childhood are more likely to play in mixed-sexed groups (i.e., boys and girls) than same-sexed groups (e.g., groups that are either purely female or male).
False
According to Erikson's theory of lifespan development, what is the key developmental task (crisis) in early adulthood? This would be Erikson's 6th stage of socioemotional development.
Finding intimacy instead of isolation
According to Erikson's theory of lifespan development, what is the key developmental task (crisis) in adolescence (i.e., the 5th stage of his lifespan theory of psychosocial development)?
Forming an identity and not being confused about one's role
Reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation is how Erickson defined his idea of:
Generativity
The term _______ refers to the genetic makeup of an individual whereas _______ refers to the observable (physical and psychological) characteristics of an individual (i.e., the expression of genes).
Genotype; phenotype
Which of the following is true regarding mental health in adolescence?
Girls tend to be more likely than boys to have internalizing disorders (e.g., anxiety, depression), whereas boys tend to be more likely than girls to have externalizing disorders (e.g., assaults, stealing).
_______ self esteem tends to decline in adolescence while _______ tends to increase.
Girls; boys
Wesley was a 58 year old man who just passed away, what is the most likely cause of death?
Heart disease
Guadalupe, who is 16 years old, feels sad and disappointed that she was dumped by her boyfriend. Who is she most likely to turn to for reassurance and support?
Her best friend
A person who is undecided, not exploring identities, and is uninterested in forming an identity is in ___________. This is the first stage of identity development.
Identity duffusion
A person whose identity is currently decided by others (e.g., parents) without allowing the adolescent to explore his/her options is likely in _____________. This is the second stage of identity development.
Identity foreclosure
A person who is currently exploring different identities, but has not made a commitment to one (or who has only made a minor commitment) is currently in ______________. This is the third stage of identity development.
Identity moratorium
Juanita, a 15-year-old high school student, is afraid to go to school because of a small pimple on her forehead. She tends to believe that others are as interested in what is happening to her as she is. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Juanita experiencing?
Imaginary audience
What is Erikson's 4th stage of lifespan development, which he proposed takes place during middle/late childhood? In this particular stage, children must learn to develop a sense of competence for useful skills. If they do not develop this competency, they may be pessimistic and lack confidence in their own ability to complete tasks well.
Industry vs. Inferiority
Penelope is describing her marriage of 15 years: "My husband and I were eating breakfast the other day. Neither of us was talking, both of us just reading and thinking our own thoughts. But it was a very comfortable silence, and I love it!" What aspect of their relationship does this illustrate?
affectionate love
What methods can be used to help low birth weight and preterm infants?
all of the above
Which of the following is a method for studying infant sensation and perception?
all of the options are correct
Which of the following is a type of cry that babies use as a form of communication?
all of the options are correct
How can parents help to develop their children's language skills?
all of the options are correct.
The lifespan perspective suggests that development is __________.
all of the options are correct.
When are babies less likely to exhibit stranger anxiety?
all of the options are correct.
Which factor do developmental psychologists study?
all of the options are correct.
On the Stanford-Binet intelligence test, IQ scores fall within a normal distribution. A normal distribution means that ____________.
Most scores fall within the middle range of possible scores and few scores appear at the extremes.
Which ethnic group has the highest adolescent suicide rate?
Native American
Based on research, which of the following is a true statement regarding parenting?
None of the options are correct. The statements are all myths about parenting.
Regarding early and late pubertal timing, late maturing girls are more likely than early maturing girls to ________.
None of the options are true.
What technique do parents use the most when trying to resolve conflict being siblings in early childhood?
Nothing - they let the siblings try to work it out themselves
Which of the following is true regarding children's sleep patterns? Children ________.
all of the options are correct.
Studies of infants suggest that they prefer __________.
all of the options are true.
According to this theory of gender identity, children learn about gender by observing and imitating what others say and do. Children learn by receiving rewards and punishments for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior (and observing others receive rewards and punishments).
Social cognitive theory
During the preschool years, children learn words
all of these are correct
The __________ is the bag containing a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats that controls temperature, humidity, and absorbs shocks.
amnion
Which area of the brain develops early in adolescence and processes information about emotion? Rapid development in this area can help to explain why adolescents are driven by strong emotions.
amygdala
What function do emotional expression, such as crying and smiling, serve in the relationship between a parent and young infant?
an early form of communication
Which of the following is a domain-specific theory of intelligence?
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Which of the following is not an example of a theory of intelligence that suggests that intelligence is a general ability that affects all domains of cognition and is not made up of different types of intelligence? In other words, which of these theories is a domain-specific, and not domain-general, theory of intelligence?
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
Development involves both growth and decline
TRUE
Which of the following is true regarding adolescent pregnancy?
Teen pregnancy rates have lowered in the last few decades.
Which of the following is true regarding peer relationships in adolescence?
Teens tend to report depending on friends more than parents to satisfy needs for self-worth and intimacy.
Which of the following is true regarding emotion?
The ability to express emotions is the same across all cultures but the display rules (e.g., when and where to use them properly) differs by culture.
Which of the following is true regarding the adolescent brain?
The amygdala tends to develop more rapidly (and sooner) than the prefrontal cortex.
There has been much controversy about the differential effects of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding. In general, the research suggests that __________.
breastfeeding has benefits for both the baby and mothers' health.
Stern developed the concept of an Intelligence Quotient (IQ). If Kiera's mental age (e.g., 10) is higher than their chronological age (e.g., 5), it means that ________.
her IQ is higher than average
If Susan is a typical American child, who will be her most beloved, important relative in her extended family?
her maternal grandmother (Mom's Mom)
If Susan is a typical American child, who will be her most beloved, important relative in her extended family?
her maternal grandmother (mom's mom)
Early initiation into sexual intercourse (e.g., before age 14) is associated with _________.
higher levels of antisocial behavior (e.g., being violent, stealing, running away from home)
In general, correlational research shows that spanking is associated with _______.
higher levels of childhood antisocial behavior
An adult in middle age will do most POORLY on which of the following tasks?
hitting the brakes when the light turns red
In the United States, the most widely recognized marker of entry into adulthood is:
holding a full time, permanent job
According to Erikson, the major crisis that infants face in the 2nd stage of lifespan development is ________.
how to develop a sense of self and start exerting their autonomy and independence.
When men and women report how happy they are in their marriage, it is the case that:
husbands tend to be happier.
A person who is currently exploring different identities and makes commitments with the ultimate goal of developing a more solid identity is in ____________. This is the last stage of identity development.
identity achievement
One reason that leisure is important in middle adulthood is that:
it can reduce stress and increase the health of an individual
A major criticism of the theory of the midlife crisis is that:
it has been greatly exaggerated.
Overall, the average adolescent tends to sleep ________ on school nights.
less than their bodies need
The researcher in the previous example does another series of studies examining the same children's memories when they turn 10 years old and 14 years old. Given that he studied the same children over time, it suggests that he used a __________ design.
longitudinal
Rakel is conducting research designed to study the same individuals over a period of time to determine how short-term memory develops over the life-span. This type of research design is called:
longitudinal research
The average adult in middle adulthood __________ height and __________ weight.
loses; gains
Larry is a normal 45-year-old male. Which of the following is Larry most likely to be experiencing?
loss in vision and hearing
Which of the following factors is NOT associated with an increase in divorce?
marrying late in life
With regard to the timing of remarriage, in the United States:
men tend to remarry sooner than women do.
Who tends to experience the MOST inter-generational stress?
middle-aged adults
Sonia takes a carton of milk and dumps all of the milk out. She then fills the carton up with sand. If she were to show the carton of milk (filled with sand) to young children who had not yet developed a solid theory of mind and asked them what they thought was inside, they would likely answer __________. If she then showed them it was sand and asked what they thought their Mom would think is inside, they would likely answer ___________.
milk; sand
Secure attachment to parents during childhood correlates with:
more satisfaction with adult relationships.
The top-dog phenomenon refers to __________.
moving from being the oldest, biggest, and most powerful to being the youngest, smallest, and least powerful students.
Marie had a baby 3 months ago. She cries and worries a lot, feels incredibly down, and has trouble coping with her daily activities. Marie most likely is suffering from ___________.
postpartum depression
Children's use of ___________, the appropriate use of language in different contexts, increases during early childhood. This results in children learning conversational rules and how to adapt their speech in different settings.
pragmatics
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, children in early childhood (i.e., before age 9) have a _____________ type of morality in which they are motivated to behave morally in order to gain some type of reward or avoid punishment.
preconventional
Studies of infants suggest that they ________.
prefer familiar smells (e.g., smell of mother) to non-familiar smells (e.g., stranger).
There are rapid increases in the __________ during early childhood, which is the area responsible for planning, judgment, decision-making, impulse control, and attention.
prefrontal cortex
Earliest growth that starts at the center and moves towards the extremities ("near to far") is referred to as ____________, whereas __________ refers to growth that occurs from the top downward ("head to tail").
proximodistal growth; cephalocaudal growth
Deborah Tannen analyzed the talk of men and women and found that compared with men, women more commonly engage in _________ talk, because for women, talk is for _________.
rapport; interaction
Sally also finds it frustrating to talk to her partner, Bob, sometimes. When she tells a story she just wants him to listen, have a conversation, and relate to her so that they can connect. However, Bob tends to provide information to her and tries to help her solve her problems. Sally is engaging in _________ talk and Bob is engaging in _________ talk.
rapport; report
Important scientific discoveries have been made by studying a single individual (e.g., Phineas Gage) in depth. This kind of research technique is called ________. It is especially useful for studying rare phenomenon.
a case study
A child watches Sally put a ball in a red box in front of Anne. Sally then goes away and Anne moves the ball to a blue box. The child is then asked, "Where will Sally look for her ball?" A child who says that Sally will look in the blue box has not yet developed ________, that is the ability to understand another person's mental state and take on another person's perspective. When children have achieved this, they understand that sometimes people can have false beliefs about the world.
theory of mind
Ron and his sister, Sarah, are both in their mid-50s and have a close personal relationship. Most research on sibling relationships suggests that:
they had a close relationship throughout childhood and early adulthood, too.
In general, why are 40-year-olds better problem-solvers than 20-year-olds?
they have more experience
Bryan and Sunny's last child has just left home to attend college. Research indicates this will likely lead to:
they will have increased martial satisfaction.
Julio understands that although he is older than his brother, he is also younger than his sister. According to Piaget, Julio now understands the concept of __________.
transitivity
Amy and June are fraternal twins. This suggests that they developed from _______.
two sperm and two eggs
The two major risks associated with sexual activity are sexually transmitted infections and:
unintended, unwanted pregnancies
Conflict between siblings tends to increase in early childhood.
True
In middle adulthood, __________ intelligence continues to increase.
cystallized
Which of the following is increasing both in rate of occurrence and in the attention it receives on college campuses?
date or acquaintance rape
Romantic love differs from both affectionate love and friendship in its:
degree of sexuality.
Recent trends in smoking indicate that:
fewer people smoke today than did in the past.
Clyde is a painter, and when he is painting he becomes totally absorbed and experiences extreme happiness. Csikszentmihalyi would say that Clyde is experiencing:
flow
When Sam paints, he becomes totally absorbed and experiences extreme happiness. This is called:
flow
The life-events approach to understanding adult development has been criticized because it:
focuses on major life events but not on daily experiences as stressors.
Esther is a college freshman and has already declared her major and planned out her entire 4-year schedule. She is committed to being a Doctor, even though she does not find her science classes to be entertaining or engaging. She always dreamed of being an artist, but her parents dismissed those ideas as childish and demanded that she become a doctor like her sister. She has never had the opportunity to think of any other possible career. James Marcia would say that Esther is likely experiencing identity:
foreclosure
What is the most common vegetable eaten in early childhood?
french fries
Which of the following is the correct sequence of prenatal development (starting with the earliest stage first)?
germinal, embryonic, fetal
Which of the following the correct sequence of prenatal development (staring with the earliest stage first)?
germinal, embryonic, fetal
The ________ reflex occurs when the baby automatically closes his/her hand when an object is placed near it.
grasping
Walking, crawling, and jumping are examples of __________ while grasping a toy, using a spoon, and buttoning a shirt are examples of __________.
gross motor skills; fine motor skills
John has an extra copy of chromosome 21. He likely ___________.
has Down Syndrome
Sandra's mother is concerned about Sandra's lack of interest in marrying and having children. She told Sandra, "When I was your age, I had already found a good husband and settled down." Sandra and her mother:
have different social clocks
Sandra's mother is concerned about Sandra's lack of interest in marrying and having children. She told Sandra, "When I was your age, I had already found a good husband and settled down." Sandra and her mother:
have different social clocks.
The leading cause of death in middle adulthood in the United States is:
heart disease
Early maturing boys tend to be less at risk for negative developmental outcomes than early maturing girls.
True
Which of the following is a current debate in developmental (life-span) psychology?
All of these
Around this age, romantic attractions dominate conversations with friends. Developing crushes are common.
11-13 years
Around this age, romantic attractions dominate conversations with friends. Developing crushes are common. When dating occurs, it tends to be in group settings.
11-13 years
Approximately when is the age of viability?
6 months
In middle-adulthood, the prevalence of chronic disorders increases, what is a chronic disorder?
A disorder with a slow onset and long duration
Which of the following is true regarding handedness?
All of these are correct
Which of the following is true regarding breast feeding?
All of the answers are true.
Which of the following is true regarding children's sleep patterns? Children ________.
All of the answers are true.
What is a potential disadvantage of using surveys?
All of the options are correct
According to Gottman, which of the following behaviors divorce and/or a romantic breakups?
All of the options are correct.
According to information processing approaches, which of the following is true regarding changes in attention during early childhood?
All of the options are correct.
Developing a sexual identity involves ________.
All of the options are correct.
Identity is comprised of ________.
All of the options are correct.
Lower self-esteem in adolescence is associated with ________.
All of the options are correct.
Scientific studies of bilingualism suggest that children __________ than children who are monolingual.
All of the options are correct.
What function(s) does play serve?
All of the options are correct.
What is a development change in emotion that occurs during middle/late childhood?
All of the options are correct.
What is a type of parental monitoring used in adolescence?
All of the options are correct.
What methods can be used to help low birth weight and preterm infants?
All of the options are correct.
Which of the following is a developmental change in peer relationships during middle/late childhood?
All of the options are correct.
Which of the following is a key feature of emerging (early) adulthood?
All of the options are correct.
Which of the following is an alternative to spanking that has shown beneficial results on children's development?
All of the options are correct.
Which of the following is an effective treatment for obesity?
All of the options are correct.
Which of the following is an example of an effective memory strategy that improves during middle/late childhood?
All of the options are correct.
Which of the following is linked to higher relationship quality and satisfaction in dual earner homes?
All of the options are correct.
Why is the development of effortful control (self-regulation) in early childhood important?
All of the options are correct.
According to Moffitt's taxonomy regarding the developmental sequence of delinquency, individuals who are lifetime-persisters __________.
All of the statements are correct.
Which of the following family and parent factors is associated with competent and positive teen development?
All of the statements are correct.
Which of the following is a difficulty in defining virginity?
All of the statements are correct.
Which of the following is true regarding parent-adolescent conflict?
All of the statements are correct.
Regarding early and late pubertal timing, early maturing girls are more likely than late maturing girls to ________.
All of the statements are true.
Which of the following factors is associated with increased risk of eating disorders?
All of the statements are true.
Which of the following is criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
All of the statements are true.
Which of the following is true regarding adolescent health?
All of the statements are true.
Which of the following statements is true regarding puberty?
All of the statements are true.
The leading cause of death in childhood in the United States is
accidents
Jackie's doctor is concerned about her because she weighs less than 85% of what is considered normal for her age and height, she has an intense fear of gaining weight, is very fearful of gaining weight, thinks she is fat, and has not had a menstrual cycle in months. Given what you know about eating disorders, it is most likely that Jackie is suffering from _________.
Anorexia Nervosa
Which developmental disorder is associated with deficits in social communication and theory of mind? Children with this condition may also have repetitive behaviors and/or restricted interests.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Fuzzy trace theory suggests that _______.
Children increasingly use gist memory traces as they age.
Which of the following protects against both pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections?
Condoms
Pat has an extra copy of chromosome 21. This suggests that Pat has __________.
Down Syndrome
Children in early childhood are more likely to play in mixed-sexed groups (i.e., boys and girls together) than same-sexed groups (i.e., groups that are composed of only boys or girls).
False
Children of parents who divorce in early childhood will always have more negative long-term negative socioemotional consequences than children whose parents remained married despite conflict.
False
Convergent thinking involves the creative ability to produce many different answers to the same question.
False
Correlation equals causation.
False
Early maturing boys tend to be at risk for more negative developmental outcomes than early maturing girls.
False
Girls are more likely than boys in middle to late childhood to deny that they experience certain emotions, such as sadness, shame, and guilt.
False
In general, adolescent girls tend to be given more independence by their parents compared with adolescent boys.
False
Marie had a new baby 6 months ago. Marie cries and worries a lot, feels incredibly depressed, and has trouble coping with her daily caregiving and personal activities. Given the timeframe that Marie has been suffering, it is unlikely that she is currently suffering from postpartum depression.
False
What is Erikson's 3rd stage of lifespan development, which he proposed takes place during early childhood? In this particular stage, children gain a new sense of purpose and are eager to try new tasks. If children do not gain this competency, they may have an overly strict conscience.
Initiative vs. Guilt
In the Strange Situation, Juan seemed to ignore his mother, focusing all of his attention on the toys in the room. When his mother left he did not notice, and upon her return he was very slow to greet her. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Juan as having what attachment style?
Insecure Avoidant
Which of the following is true regarding school transitions (e.g., moving from elementary school to middle school or middle school to high school)?
More school transitions tends to result in lower self-esteem.
Which of the following is true regarding handedness?
Lefthanders are more likely to show superior math and spatial skills compared with right handers.
The empty nest syndrome can occur when the last child leaves the parental home. According to this theory, what will happen to the parents relationship when all of the children have left?
Marital satisfaction will actually decrease
Who of the following would have the easiest time learning a second language?
Matsuo who is 6 years old
Which of the following statements about marriage in middle-adulthood is not true:
Middle-aged adults have a more difficult time adjusting to divorce than young adults
Which of the following is an advantage of conducting research in the field (natural, real-world) instead of the laboratory?
People act as they normally would without manipulation or control from the researcher.
Which of the following BEST explains why middle adulthood comes later and lasts longer now than in the early 1900s?
People today have better health care and nutrition than people in the early 1900s.
Bobby, a 14-year-old high school student, recently broke up with his girlfriend. He believes that his feelings are unique and that no one can understand him or his feelings. Which aspect of adolescent egocentrism is Bobby experiencing?
Personal fable
Given what you know about Erikson's 1st stage of lifespan development and attachment theory, what should parents do with a crying baby especially within the first year of development?
Pick up the baby and soothe him or her as consistently as possible so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
Which of the following is true regarding puberty?
Puberty is the most important marker of the beginning of adolescence.
During this course, we discussed studies that examine sociometric status. _________ children are those who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by many. These children tend to have more serious social adjustment problems (e.g. more impulsive and emotionally reactive).
Rejected
What is needed for a couple to remain happy together after their romantic love fades?
Romantic love is replaced by affectionate love which is based on a realistic knowledge and acceptance of the other's stregths and faults.
Sally was given a difficult math test and told that previous research has shown that "men tend to perform better on this test than women." According to stereotype threat, how will Sally perform on the test?
Sally will likely perform worse than she would have had she not been told about the gender difference
Sally was given a difficult math test and told that previous research has shown that "men tend to perform better on this test than women." According to stereotype threat, how will Sally perform on the test?
Sally will likely perform worse than she would have had she not been told about the gender difference.
________ refers to the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes. Individuals who have high levels of this are more likely to try new learning tasks, especially those that are challenging, and are more likely to persist and be resilient.
Self-efficacy
__________ refers to global evaluations of the self (e.g., "I am a good person") and is also referred to as our self-worth or self-image, whereas _________ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self (e.g., how we feel about ourselves with regard to particular areas like academics, athletics, and our appearance).
Self-esteem; self-concept
Lillian is 55 years old. Her doctor has noticed a sharp decrease in her estrogen levels, and Lillian is complaining about nausea and fatigue. What will her doctor probably tell her?
She is going through menopause.
Lea, a college freshman, is experiencing a lot of anxiety and worry about not doing as well in her classes as she had expected. She reports that she is often depressed and is considering dropping out. Which of the following is true of Lea?
She represents a growing percentage of students today in the level of her stress.
"The problem with drinking coffee in the evening," complained Saundra, "is that it interferes with my ability to fall asleep. My mind keeps racing, but my body is so tired! The more I drink, the less I sleep!" Saundra recognizes _____ between caffeine intake and sleep.
The negative correlation
Which of the following best describes the study of developmental psychology from a lifespan perspective?
The pattern of growth and decline from conception to death.
In general, why are 50-year-olds better problem-solvers than 20-year-olds?
They have more experience
Emotion-coaching parents monitor their child's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, and coach children by teaching the how to label and deal effectively with emotions. This type of parenting approach tends to be associated with more positive developmental outcomes.
True
Executive function is a better predictor of school performance than IQ.
True
Girls tend to be less happy than boys with their body image throughout puberty.
True
In general, most adolescents navigate the path from childhood to adulthood successfully (contrary to what G. Stanley Hall hypothesized - that adolescence was predominately a time of "storm of stress").
True
Meiosis is the sex cell division process.
True
More enriched environmental experiences (that are filled with different sights, sounds, smells, touch, etc.) stimulate brain development.
True
Peak physical performance typically occurs before the age of 30.
True
TRUE or FALSE: Boys are more likely than girls to receive punishment from their peers (e.g., getting teased or receiving pressure to conform) when they do not conform to traditional gender roles.
True
TRUE or FALSE: During middle-adulthood, having positive relationships is a major factor in health and happiness for most individuals.
True
TRUE or FALSE: On average, an individual will hit a cognitive peak (be at their best) in middle adulthood.
True
TRUE or FALSE: Research on personality development shows that for the most part, although our personality can change, it tends to stay fairly consistent across the life-span.
True
The probability of divorcing increases for remarriages.
True
The risk of psychopathology (i.e., mental health issues, like depression) tends to increase in early adulthood.
True
Which of the following is true regarding bullying?
Victims of bullies are more likely to be depressed and attempt suicide in middle school than children who are not bullied.
Regarding emotional across the week, when is an adolescent in high school most likely to report being in the worst (most negative) mood?
Wednesday
n the United States, an adolescent is most likely to die from:
accidents
Who of the following would have the easiest time learning a second language?
a 7 year old
Mr. Chang gets very angry when he discovers his newspaper in the mud underneath the bushes once again. He begins throwing things and yelling loudly. Mr. Chang is experiencing the stress of:
a daily hassle.
According to Piaget, children achieve all of the following except what in the concrete operational stage of development?
abstract thinking
According to Piaget, which of the following is a key achievement completed during the formal operational stage of development (i.e., adolescence)?
abstract thinking
According to Piaget, which of the following is not an achievement children accomplish during the concrete operational stage of development?
abstract thinking
A preschool aged child might be heard saying "I don't like the sidewalk. It's really mean! It tripped me and made me fall!" This child's belief that the tree is capable of action, thoughts, and feelings is referred to as _____________.
animism
A young child who bumps into a tree may say, "Ouch! That tree hit me!" This illustrates that young children may believe that inanimate objects have thoughts, feelings, and desires, and that they are capable of action. This is referred to as _______.
animism
"But Mom! If I leave Barbie at home by herself, she's going to get lonely!" is an example of a statement a child might make if they are experiencing what Piaget called:
animistic thinking
Abstinence only sexual education programs ________.
are less effective than sex educations programs that emphasize contraception use at reducing the risk of adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections.
Abstinence only sexual education programs _____________.
are less effective than sex educations programs that emphasize contraception use at reducing the risk of adolescent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections.
The hostile attribution bias suggests that aggressive children ________ than nonaggressive children.
are more likely to view an accidental bump as an intentional shove, challenge, or threat
According to Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to tasks that ________.
are too difficult for the child to master alone, but can be accomplished with assistance.
Girls are _________ than boys on average at the beginning of adolescence. By the end of adolescence, girls are _________ on average compared with boys.
as tall or taller; less tall
When Edmund asked his Dad if he could stay out past his curfew this weekend for a school dance his Dad immediately said no. When Edmund asked why his Dad replied, "Because I said so, that's why." Edmund said that it wasn't fair and his Dad said, "My house, my rules, if you don't like it you can leave." When Edmund started to cry his Dad yelled, "YOU BETTER STOP CRYING OR I'LL GIVE YOU SOMETHING TO CRY ABOUT!"
authoritarian parent
Which parenting style tends to be associated with the best long-term developmental outcomes for children?
authoritative
According to Carol Dweck, individuals who have a growth mindset __________.
believe that basic qualities (e.g., intelligence, skill) can be developed through dedication and hard work
According to Carol Dweck, individuals who have a growth mindset _______.
believe that basic qualities (e.g., intelligence, skill) can be developed through dedication and hard work.
Gross motor skills involve__________; whereas fine motor skills involve_________.
big movements; small movements
The lifespan perspective suggests that development is multidimensional in that it is a product of the complex interaction between __________.Group of answer choices
biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes
What is the midlife transition in which fertility declines called?
climacteric
Angie's mother allows her to schedule her own study and relaxation times, with the expectation that Angie must continue doing well in school and must discuss her activities with her mother ahead of time. Her mother checks on Angie's school progress frequently and talks with Angie about her social life and problems. Angie's mother is showing an approach we call:
co-regulation
Research suggests that:
cohabiting before marriage increases the likelihood of divorce.
A child who is in what Piaget described as the preoperational stage of development has not yet developed ____________, that is the idea that just because an object changes its appearance does not mean that its basic properties have changed. This means that the child in the picture would likely say that the taller glass contains more liquid than the shorter glass even though she previously saw that there was a similar amount of liquid when it was displayed in two short glasses.
conservation
The left hemisphere ___________________.
controls the motor and sensory information of the right side of the body.
Jose has designed a study to compare the memory of 20-year olds, 40-year olds, and 60-year olds at the same time. Thus, he simultaneously compares the memory of different individuals of different ages. Jose is using a _______ research approach.
cross-sectional
In middle adulthood, __________ intelligence continues to increase.
crystallized
Four-year-old Isabella mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive a toy doll as a Christmas present. She has a problem distinguishing between distinguishing between her own perspective and desires and someone else's. This best illustrates Piaget's concept of _______.
egocentrism
Piaget called a young child's inability to distinguish between their own and someone else's perspective:
egocentrism
Which of the following is the period of development that starts with implantation and lasts until approximately 8 weeks after conception? (during which organogenesis occurs)
embryonic
During which period of development is the unborn baby most at risk of developing a structural defect because of the effects of a teratogen?
embryonic period
Deb is both depressed and obese. One way she can combat both of these problems is to:
engage in regular exercise.
Which of the following should be a major concern of young adults?
establishing poor health habits
Hormones play a significant role during adolescence. The dominant hormone in females is _________, whereas the dominant hormone in males is __________.
estrogen; testosterone
Which of the following is not a type of descriptive research?
experiment
College students' failure to develop health-promoting habits is a result of their:
failure to apply to themselves the knowledge they have about promoting health.
Sleep deprivation in adolescence is associated with __________.
feeling more tired, cranky, and irritable.
Regarding teen suicide, ___________.
females are more likely to attempt suicide, but be less likely to actually kill themselves compared with males.
As we age, our level of spirituality typically:
increases.
Sonya, who has just turned 30 years old, has never married. She is most likely to feel:
increasing pressure from society to get married.
Adults tend to remember little about what happened during the early years of their lives. The fact that adults have few, if any, memories before the age of approximately 3-4 years is referred to as ___________.
infantile amnesia
According to Erikson's third stage of development, children who have gain mastery in early childhood have a new sense of purpose. They are eager to try new activities and take pride in what they can accomplish. Erikson referred to this competency as
initiative
Let's say another child, Ani, comes into the laboratory and completes the Strange Situation task. Upon the mother's return, Ani is clingy. She cries a lot and is hard to soothe. She wants to be near her mother, but she is also angry and hits her. Her mother likely is inconsistent in her emotional sensitivity to the child. According to attachment theory, Ani most likely has a(n) ______________ attachment style. secure
insecure-anxious (resistant)
According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, individuals who are skilled in the ability to understand and interact effectively with others have a high ___________ intelligence.
interpersonal
Which aspect of love and relationships becomes increasingly important to the young adult?
intimacy
What is Erik Erikson's psychosocial crisis for the person in early adulthood (stage 6)?
intimacy versus isolation
According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, individuals who are skilled in the ability to understand oneself have high ___________ intelligence.
intrapersonal
Aaliyah is a researcher interested in whether girls or boys commit more aggressive, violent behaviors. She goes to a playground and observes both girl and boy children as they naturally play and does so without interfering. Aaliyah is most likely using _________.
naturalistic observation
According to Baumrind, parents who use this style tend to be very uninvolved in their children's lives. They place few demands (expectations) on the child and do not provide much support (i.e., are unresponsive to their children's needs). Children of parents who use this style tend to never learn to control their own behavior and tend to expect to get their way. This can lead to later aggression and immaturity.
neglectful
In the visual cliff experiment by Gibson and Walk (1960), most babies would _________ after they had developed depth perception.
not crawl onto the cliff side.
Evidence suggests that "male menopause" is:
not really a thing, as there is no male equivalent to menopause
Catalina crawls from her room into the hallway to look for her mother after she leaves. She remembers that her mother exists even though she is no longer able to see her. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, Catalina has developed ______.
object permanence
Mandy watches as another little girl in the grocery store throws a screaming tantrum to get a toy. The next week at the mall, Mandy begins screaming and crying to get some candy. Mandy is showing
observational learning
Amy and June are identical (monozygotic) twins. This suggests that they developed from _________.
one sperm and one egg
Dr. Smith examined the effect of caffeine on psychology exam scores. Half of the participants in her study were assigned to drink decaffeinated coffee and half of them were given caffeinated coffee. She then had them take a psychology exam and measured the number of answers they got correct. What was the dependent variable in this study?
participants' memory (i.e., their scores on the psychology exam)
Kelly's mother says that after Kelly and Tomas have children, their "little fights" will fade away as they concentrate on their baby. Kelly's mother is:
perpetuating one of the common myths about parenting.
Little Jose was born 1 week ago. His parents observe him smiling. This behavior is most likely an example of a _______.
reflexive smile
The main cognitive change between formal operational and postformal thought is _________ thinking.
relativistic
Deborah Tannen analyzed the talk of men and women and found that compared with women, men more commonly engage in _________ talk, because for men, talk is for _________.
report; information
If you stroke the cheek of an infant with your finger, s/he will automatically orient his/herself and turn towards the side that was stroked. This is referred to as the ________ reflex.
rooting
When teachers adjust their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student, this is what Vygotsky referred to as _______.
scaffolding
According to recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics, older adolescents would benefit academically if ______________.
school times started later (e.g., after 8:00 a.m.)
In the Strange Situation, Jermaine used his mother as a "base" as he actively explored the playroom. His mother then left the playroom and he was left with a stranger. Upon the mother's return, Jermaine actively sought contact with her and he was comforted by her presence. His mother is likely sensitive to his needs and consistently responds to Jermaine's signals and needs for care. According to attachment theory, Jermaine most likely has a(n) ______________ attachment style.
secure
45-year-old Angie loves going to the symphony, but she has been complaining that lately the quality of the symphony is not as good as it was a few years ago. Angie may be experiencing the middle-age decline in her:
sensitivity to high-pitched sounds.
Research on emerging adulthood lists three of the following four assets as being especially important in predicting well-being for making the transition into adulthood, EXCEPT:
sexual assets.
The two major risks associated with sexual activity are unintended, unwanted pregnancy and:
sexually transmitted infections
Which of the following is not a primary emotion that is developed in early infancy?
shame
Sally is a generally inactive child. She expresses excessive fearfulness to new situations and needs some time to adjust. According to Thomas and Chess's classification of temperament, Sally is most likely a(n) _________ child.
slow-to-warm
Which type of parental monitoring in adolescence is most likely to be perceived by both parents and adolescents as a violation of privacy?
snooping
Chris is a 49 year old movie producer. He has never married and does not have kids. Although his family has encouraged him to do both, he says he is having too much fun right now and a spouse and kids would only slow him down. According to Erik Erikson, Chris is likely to develop a sense of:
stagnation.
Compared with older children and adults, preschool aged children _______.
tend to provide less detailed, complete, and consistent reports
Let's pretend that we ask a young child which scenario is worse: (a) breaking 12 cups on accident or (b) breaking 1 cup on purpose. According to Piaget, a child approximately aged 4-7 will have a heteronomous morality and will likely answer ______________.
that breaking 12 cups accidentally is worse.
A recent trend in dual-career families is:
that men are doing more of the household chores.
In the still face experiment, the mother interacts with her baby normally (with lots of smiles and interaction) and then is asked to stare at the baby blankly. What are the typical results of the experiment?
the baby tends to get progressively more distressed until the mother's facial expression turns happy again.
Which of the following is not a major debate within developmental psychology?
the degree to which our thoughts are conscious or unconscious.
What was the control (placebo) group in the previous question regarding Dr. Smith's study.
the group that got decaffeinated coffee
In which stage of birth does the baby completely emerge from the vaginal canal?
the second stage
If something is above the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development (ZPD) that means:
the task is more difficult than the child can do regardless of help.
When is a baby most likely to use social referencing? (For example, think back to the video linked on the slides showing the mothers giving different facial expressions when their babies were considering crossing the visual cliff.)
when they are in an ambiguous situation and need help from others to figure out what to do.