EXSC224 FINAL MC
Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood? A) polymorphonuclear cell B) pluripotent stem cell (hemocytoblast) C) megakaryocyte D) NK cell
B) pluripotent stem cell (hemocytoblast)
Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________. A) extrapyramidal and rubrospinal B) pyramidal and corticospinal C) supplementary and cerebellar-pontine D) segmental and nigrostriatal
B) pyramidal and corticospinal
Which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid? A) glucose B) red blood cells C) protein D) potassium
B) red blood cells
Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone? A) epinephrine B) aldosterone C) cortisone D) estrogen
A) epinephrine
Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis? A) fibrinolysis B) coagulation C) platelet plug formation D) vascular spasm
A) fibrinolysis
The slowest step in the clotting process is ________. A) formation of prothrombin activator B) production of fibrin strands C) release of PF3 D) binding fibrin strands
A) formation of prothrombin activator
The central sulcus separates which lobes? A) frontal from parietal B) temporal from parietal C) parietal from occipital D) frontal from temporal
A) frontal from parietal
Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________. A) gyri B) fissures C) sulci D) ganglia
A) gyri
Ependymal cells ________. A) help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid B) are the most numerous of the neuroglia C) are a type of neuron D) are a type of macrophage
A) help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure B) plasma and formed element concentration C) hydrostatic pressure only D) blood volume and viscosity
A) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________. A) hypophyseal portal system B) feedback loop C) general circulatory system D) hepatic portal system
A) hypophyseal portal system
When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother? A) if the father is Rh- B) if the child is type O positive C) if the father is Rh+ D) if the child is Rh+
A) if the father is Rh-
Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate? A) skin color B) gender C) body temperature D) age
A) skin color
Bipolar neurons are commonly ________. A) called neuroglial cells B) motor neurons C) found in ganglia D) found in the retina of the eye
D) found in the retina of the eye
Collections of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system are called ________. A) nuclei B) nerves C) tracts D) ganglia
D) ganglia
Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________. A) cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells B) lacks striations C) has more nuclei per cell D) has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium
D) has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium
A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called a(n) ________. A) efferent neuron B) glial cell C) association neuron D) afferent neuron
C) association neuron
Neuroglia that control the chemical environment around neurons by buffering potassium and recapturing neurotransmitters are ________. A) Schwann cells B) microglia C) astrocytes D) oligodendrocytes
C) astrocytes
Which of these vessels receives blood during ventricular systole? A) pulmonary arteries only B) pulmonary veins only C) both the aorta and pulmonary trunk D) aorta only
C) both the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) veins
C) capillaries
Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________. A) causing a decrease in stroke volume B) decreasing heart contractility C) causing threshold to be reached more quickly D) blocking the action of calcium
C) causing threshold to be reached more quickly
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? A) a decrease in carbon dioxide B) an increase in oxygen levels C) changes in arterial pressure D) a decrease in oxygen levels
C) changes in arterial pressure
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________. A) estrogen B) testosterone C) cortisol D) epinephrine
C) cortisol
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________. A) an inadequate supply of lactic acid B) a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways C) decreased delivery of oxygen D) a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production
C) decreased delivery of oxygen
Cardiovascular effects of the sympathetic division include all except ________. A) constriction of most blood vessels B) increase of heart rate and force C) dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera D) dilation of the vessels serving the skeletal muscles
C) dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive viscera
Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________. A) cellular inhibition B) diabetes mellitus C) down-regulation D) metabolism of protein kinases
C) down-regulation
The tricuspid valve is closed ________. A) while the atrium is contracting B) while the ventricle is in diastole C) when the ventricle is in systole D) by the movement of blood from atrium to ventricle
C) when the ventricle is in systole
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? A) 170/96 in a 50-year-old man B) 140/90 in a 70-year-old woman C) 110/60 in a 20-year-old woman D) 120/80 in a 30-year-old man
A) 170/96 in a 50-year-old man
Which sequence is correct for the following events? 1. fibrinogen → fibrin 2. clot retraction 3. formation of thromboplastin 4. prothrombin → thrombin A) 3, 4, 1, 2 B) 3, 2, 1, 4 C) 1, 2, 3, 4 D) 4, 3, 1, 2
A) 3, 4, 1, 2
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? A) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. B) Blood flow to the kidneys increases. C) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. D) The skin will be cold and clammy.
A) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________. A) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers B) peptide hormones always enter the cell membrane and elicit a response without assistance from other messengers C) the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit D) hormones alter cellular operations through stimulation of a gene directly
A) G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
Sympathetic responses generally are widespread because ________. A) NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response B) inactivation of ACh is fairly slow C) preganglionic fibers are short D) preganglionic fibers are long
A) NE and epinephrine are secreted into the blood as part of the sympathetic response
Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis? A) Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood. B) Increased calcitonin levels will cause increased blood calcium levels. C) Parathyroid hormone causes an increase in osteoblast activity. D) High calcium levels cause bone resorption.
A) Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.
Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes? A) Some ions are prevented from moving down their concentration gradients by ATP-driven pumps. B) Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes. C) Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels. D) The bulk of the solutions inside a cell are negatively charged.
A) Some ions are prevented from moving down their concentration gradients by ATP-driven pumps.
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? A) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. B) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue. C) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. D) They distribute blood to various parts of the body.
A) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.
Which of the following is not a special characteristic of neurons? A) They are mitotic. B) They have an exceptionally high metabolic rate. C) They have extreme longevity. D) They conduct impulses.
A) They are mitotic.
Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open? A) Ventricles are in diastole. B) Ventricles are in systole. C) AV valves are closed. D) Blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta.
A) Ventricles are in diastole.
Which of the following does not describe the ANS? A) a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells B) a system of motor neurons that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glands C) general visceral motor system D) involuntary nervous system
A) a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells
Which of the following describes the nervous system integrative function? A) analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions B) responds to stimuli by gland secretion or muscle contraction C) senses changes in the environment
A) analyzes sensory information, stores information, makes decisions
The part of a neuron that conducts impulses away from its cell body is called a(n) ________. A) axon B) Schwann cell C) dendrite D) neurolemma
A) axon
The possibility of some control over autonomic responses is demonstrated by ________. A) biofeedback B) stress-induced hypertension C) nightmares D) split brain studies
A) biofeedback
Spinocerebellar tracts ________. A) carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum B) are found in the dorsal columns of the spinal cord C) terminate in the spinal cord D) give rise to conscious experience of perception
A) carry proprioceptive inputs to the cerebellum
The arbor vitae refers to ________. A) cerebellar white matter B) the pleatlike convolutions of the cerebellum C) cerebellar gray matter D) flocculonodular nodes
A) cerebellar white matter
The parasympathetic ganglion that serves the eye is the ________. A) ciliary ganglion B) otic ganglion C) pterygopalatine ganglion D) submandibular ganglion
A) ciliary ganglion
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events? A) closure of the heart valves B) friction of blood against the chamber walls C) excitation of the SA node D) opening and closing of the heart valves
A) closure of the heart valves
Beta-blockers ________. A) decrease heart rate and blood pressure B) increase a dangerously low heart rate C) are potent antidepressants D) have widespread sympathetic effects
A) decrease heart rate and blood pressure
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase? A) destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings B) amplify or enhance the effect of ACh C) act as a transmitting agent D) stimulate the production of serotonin
A) destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings
The parasympathetic tone ________. A) determines normal activity of the urinary tract B) prevents unnecessary heart deceleration C) accelerates activity of the digestive tract D) causes blood pressure to rise
A) determines normal activity of the urinary tract
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus? A) direct control of the nervous system B) a change in membrane potential C) an increase in enzymatic activity D) the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis
A) direct control of the nervous system
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________. A) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes B) there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane C) the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized D) the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time
A) during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
Broca's area ________. A) is considered a motor speech area B) corresponds to Brodmann's area 8 C) serves the recognition of complex objects D) is usually found in the right hemisphere
A) is considered a motor speech area
The hypothalamus ________. A) is the thermostat of the body because it regulates temperature B) mediates sensations C) has the Pulvinar body as part of its structure D) is an important auditory and visual relay center
A) is the thermostat of the body because it regulates temperature
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production? A) kidney B) pancreas C) brain D) liver
A) kidney
The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________. A) lateral sulcus B) cranial fossa C) central sulcus D) longitudinal fissure
A) lateral sulcus
The time of day most hazardous for heart attacks is ________. A) morning B) noontime C) evening D) during sleep
A) morning
Which of the choices below describes the ANS? A) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands B) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles C) sensory and motor neurons that supply the digestive tract D) sensory neurons that convey information from somatic receptors in the head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors from the special senses of vision, hearing, taste, and smell to the CNS
A) motor fibers that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________. A) negatively charged and contains less sodium B) negatively charged and contains more sodium C) positively charged and contains more sodium D) positively charged and contains less sodium
A) negatively charged and contains less sodium
The parasympathetic fibers of the ________ nerves innervate smooth muscles of the eye that cause the lenses to bulge to accommodate close vision. A) oculomotor B) optic C) trochlear D) abducens
A) oculomotor
Nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII are found in the ________. A) pons B) midbrain C) cerebrum D) medulla
A) pons
Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________. A) premotor cortex B) primary motor cortex C) spinal cord D) rubrospinal tracts
A) premotor cortex
Gonadocorticoid(s) ________. A) production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty B) synthesized by the adrenal medulla are primarily androgens C) hypersecretion can result in adrenogenital syndrome, also called feminization D) secretion inhibition is highly dependent on a negative feedback loop involving ACTH
A) production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the gonads during late puberty
Aldosterone will ________. A) promote an increase in blood pressure B) decrease sodium reabsorption C) promote a decrease in blood volume D) result in a larger output of urine
A) promote an increase in blood pressure
Which is a uniquely sympathetic function? A) regulation of body temperature B) regulation of cardiac rate C) regulation of respiratory rate D) regulation of pupil size
A) regulation of body temperature
Oxytocin ________. A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism B) exerts its most important effects during menstruation C) is an adenohypophyseal secretion D) controls milk production
A) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________. A) reticular formation B) limbic system C) pyramids D) thalamus
A) reticular formation
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ________. A) second messengers B) deactivators C) ions D) nucleotides
A) second messengers
The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________. A) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius B) the only factor that influences resistance C) significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter D) insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary
A) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
During contraction of heart muscle cells ________. A) some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores B) the action potential is prevented from spreading from cell to cell by gap junctions C) the action potential is initiated by voltage-gated slow calcium channels D) calcium is prevented from entering cardiac fibers that have been stimulated
A) some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________. A) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells B) glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone C) growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone D) insulin, because insulin is a small peptide
A) steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
Once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all but which one of the following? A) synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion B) ascend or descend the trunk to synapse in another trunk ganglion C) synapase with a ganglionic neuron in the same trunk ganglion D) pass through the trunk ganglion without synapsing with another neuron
A) synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in ________. A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord B) the ventral root ganglia of the spinal cord C) sympathetic ganglia D) the thalamus
A) the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________. A) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ B) the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ C) nothing-all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific D) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
A) the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
Which of the following is not a midbrain structure? A) third ventricle B) corpora quadrigemina C) cerebral peduncles D) red nucleus
A) third ventricle
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? A) tunica media B) tunica externa C) basement membrane D) tunica intima
A) tunica media
Factors that aid venous return include all except ________. A) urinary output B) pressure changes in the thorax C) activity of skeletal muscles D) venous valves
A) urinary output
DLETE Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? A) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone B) circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant C) cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels D) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume
A) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? A) voltage-gated channel B) mechanically gated channel C) ligand-gated channel D) leakage channel
A) voltage-gated channel
Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane? A) Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open. B) A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium. C) Specific sodium gates will open. D) Specific potassium gates will open.
B) A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.
Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block. A) AV bundle B) AV node C) SA node D) AV valves
B) AV node
Which statement best describes arteries? A) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium. B) All carry blood away from the heart. C) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. D) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.
B) All carry blood away from the heart.
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. A) Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure. B) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. C) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas. D) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery.
B) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.
Neurons may be classified according to several characteristics. Which of the following is correct? A) A small cross-sectional area allows shorter conduction times. B) Group C fibers are not capable of saltatory conduction. C) Group B fibers are highly myelinated and have the highest conduction velocities. D) Group A fibers are mostly somatic sensory and motor and are the smallest in diameter.
B) Group C fibers are not capable of saltatory conduction.
Which of the following is true about blood plasma? A) It contains about 20 dissolved components. B) It is about 90% water. C) The main protein component is hemoglobin. D) It is the same as serum but without the clotting proteins.
B) It is about 90% water.
Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable? A) Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them. B) Low blood pressure is more desirable than high blood pressure. C) Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream.
B) Low blood pressure is more desirable than high blood pressure.
Which blood type is called the universal donor? A) AB B) O C) B D) A
B) O
Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________. A) spinal cord disease B) Parkinson's disease C) cerebellar disease D) Huntington's disease
B) Parkinson's disease
Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells. A) Each cardiac muscle cell is innervated by a sympathetic nerve ending so that the nervous system can increase heart rate. B) The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all. C) The influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction. D) The refractory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle.
B) The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.
Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex? A) No functional area of the cortex works alone. B) The hemispheres are exactly equal in function. C) The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. D) Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body.
B) The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.
Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall. A) The fibrous skeleton forms the bulk of the heart. B) The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts. C) The heart chambers are lined by the endomysium. D) Connective tissue in the heart wall aids in the conduction of the action potential.
B) The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.
Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean? A) His blood lacks Rh factor. B) There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma. C) Antibodies to A and B are present in the red cells. D) He can only receive blood from a donor who is AB positive.
B) There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma.
Over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve number ________. A) XII B) X C) V D) VII
B) X
The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. A) depolarization B) absolute refractory period C) repolarization D) resting period
B) absolute refractory period
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? A) cholinesterase B) acetylcholine C) gamma aminobutyric acid D) norepinephrine
B) acetylcholine
Leptin is secreted by ________. A) goblet cells B) adipocytes C) fibroblasts D) lymphocytes
B) adipocytes
The somatic and autonomic nervous systems differ in all of the following except ________. A) to some degree in target responses to their neurotransmitters B) all of the neurotransmitters C) their effectors D) their efferent pathways
B) all of the neurotransmitters
The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? A) chemoreceptors B) altering blood volume C) reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers D) reflex arcs involving baroreceptors
B) altering blood volume
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges? A) arachnoid and dura B) arachnoid and pia C) arachnoid and epidura D) dura and epidura
B) arachnoid and pia
The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________. A) atrial repolarization B) atrial depolarization C) ventricular repolarization D) ventricular depolarization
B) atrial depolarization
The major targets of growth hormone are ________. A) the blood vessels B) bones and skeletal muscles C) the liver D) the adrenal glands
B) bones and skeletal muscles
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acid-based hormones? A) chlorine B) calcium C) iron D) sodium
B) calcium
The white rami communicans ________. A) are found only in the C1-T1 cord segments B) carry preganglionic axons to the sympathetic chain C) carry postganglionic fibers to the periphery D) are unmyelinated
B) carry preganglionic axons to the sympathetic chain
Which of the following is not a plexus of the vagus nerve? A) pulmonary B) celiac C) esophageal D) cardiac
B) celiac
Where would you not find an autonomic ganglion? A) in the cervical region B) close to the visceral effectors they serve C) in the head D) in the armpit
B) close to the visceral effectors they serve
The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________. A) rehearsal B) consolidation C) long-term memory D) automatic memory
B) consolidation
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________. A) insulin B) cortisol C) aldosterone D) secretin
B) cortisol
A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. A) increased work of the left ventricle B) decreased size of the heart muscle C) increased incidence of coronary artery disease D) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium
B) decreased size of the heart muscle
Which of the following is not a result of parasympathetic stimulation? A) salivation B) dilation of the pupils C) elimination of urine D) increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera
B) dilation of the pupils
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________. A) estrogen B) epinephrine C) renin D) angiotensinogen
B) epinephrine
Which of the following is not a cause of bleeding disorders? A) vitamin K deficiency B) excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) C) a defect in the clotting cascade D) thrombocytopenia, a condition of decreased circulating platelets
B) excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Which of these would you not find in the cerebral cortex? A) dendrites B) fiber tracts C) unmyelinated axons D) cell bodies
B) fiber tracts
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________. A) enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood to the pituitary B) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system C) travel by arteries to the pituitary D) enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary
B) first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called ________. A) coronary circulation B) hepatic portal circulation C) pulmonary circulation D) cerebral circulation
B) hepatic portal circulation
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called ________. A) enzymes B) hormones C) proteins D) antibodies
B) hormones
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism? A) catabolic inhibition B) humoral stimulation C) the rapid oxidation of carbohydrates D) protein synthesis
B) humoral stimulation
Eicosanoids do not include ________. A) leukotrienes B) hydrocortisones C) paracrines D) prostaglandins
B) hydrocortisones
Emotions influence autonomic reactions primarily through integration in the ________. A) inferior colliculus B) hypothalamus C) lateral horn of the spinal cord D) lateral geniculate of the thalamus
B) hypothalamus
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis? A) decreased tissue demand for oxygen moving to a lower altitude B) hypoxia of EPO-producing cells C) moving to a lower altitude D) an increased number of RBCs
B) hypoxia of EPO-producing cells
The "resting and digesting" division of the autonomic nervous system is the ________. A) sympathetic division B) parasympathetic division C) peripheral nervous system D) somatic division
B) parasympathetic division
Which of the following is not a role of the basal nuclei? A) regulating attention and cognition B) initiating protective reflex actions C) controlling starting and stopping movements D) inhibiting unnecessary or antagonistic movements
B) initiating protective reflex actions
Which of the following is not a function of the CSF? A) reduction of brain weight B) initiation of some nerve impulses C) nourishment of the brain D) protection from blows
B) initiation of some nerve impulses
Which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system? A) innervation of cardiac muscle B) innervation of skeletal muscle C) innervation of glands D) innervation of smooth muscle of the digestive tract
B) innervation of skeletal muscle
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________. A) the hypothalamic "thermostat" B) intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms C) skin temperature D) ADH
B) intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
Autonomic dysreflexia ________. A) results from overexcitatory input from the cortex B) involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons C) usually precedes spinal shock D) is also known as autonomic areflexia
B) involves uncontrolled activation of autonomic neurons
Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. A) causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure B) is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist C) is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level D) is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons
B) is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist
Raynaud's disease ________. A) is frequently life threatening B) is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities C) occurs primarily in association with injury to the spinal cord D) is induced by heat stress
B) is characterized by exaggerated vasoconstriction in the extremities
ADH ________. A) promotes dehydration B) is inhibited by alcohol C) is produced in the adenohypophysis D) increases urine production
B) is inhibited by alcohol
In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure ________. A) generally forces fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries B) is the same as capillary blood pressure C) and osmotic pressure are the same D) is completely canceled out by osmotic pressure
B) is the same as capillary blood pressure
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ________. A) it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system due to its location B) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release C) it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release D) embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional
B) it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults? A) thyroid gland B) liver C) brain D) spleen
B) liver
Which organ does not have hormone production? A) heart B) liver C) skin D) kidney
B) liver
Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres? A) parieto-occipital fissure B) longitudinal fissure C) lateral fissure D) central fissure
B) longitudinal fissure
Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following except ________. A) pathologic sleep B) loss of proprioception C) production of excessive quantities of urine D) loss of body temperature control
B) loss of proprioception
Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood? A) delivery of oxygen to body cells B) maintenance of normal pH in body tissues C) prevention of blood loss D) transport of metabolic wastes from cells
B) maintenance of normal pH in body tissues
Which of the following structures is probably not directly involved in memory? A) amygdala B) medulla C) hippocampus D) prefrontal cortex
B) medulla
As red blood cells age ________. A) iron will be excreted by the kidneys B) membranes "wear out" and the cells become damaged C) ATP production increases D) they will eventually be excreted by the digestive system
B) membranes "wear out" and the cells become damaged
Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure? A) ADH B) nitric acid C) angiotensin II D) atrial natriuretic peptide
B) nitric acid
If blood pressure is almost normal in a person who has lost blood, does that mean the tissues are receiving adequate blood flow? A) no B) not necessarily C) yes
B) not necessarily
Which of the following is not a chemical class of neurotransmitters? A) ATP and other purines B) nucleic acid C) biogenic amine D) amino acid E) acetycholine
B) nucleic acid
Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________. A) microglia B) oligodendrocytes C) ependymal cells D) astrocytes
B) oligodendrocytes
Isovolumetric contraction ________. A) occurs while the AV valves are open B) refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers C) occurs only in people with heart valve defects D) occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary valves close
B) refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers
A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________. A) left side of the head and neck B) right side of the head and neck and right upper arm C) left upper arm D) myocardium of the heart
B) right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation? A) superior vena cava, right atrium, and left ventricle B) right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium C) right atrium, aorta, and left ventricleD) left ventricle, aorta, and inferior vena cava
B) right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
Which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system? A) smooth muscle B) skeletal muscle C) most glands D) cardiac muscle
B) skeletal muscle
Fibers that enter and leave the sympathetic chain without synapsing form structures called ________. A) spinal nerves B) splanchnic nerves C) gray rami communicantes D) white rami communicantes
B) splanchnic nerves
A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________. A) fissure B) sulcus C) furrow D) gyrus
B) sulcus
The secretions of the adrenal medulla act to supplement the effects of ________. A) vagus nerve activity B) sympathetic stimulation C) neurosecretory substances D) parasympathetic innervation
B) sympathetic stimulation
An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________. A) effector B) synapse C) cell body D) receptor
B) synapse
The smooth muscle of the digestive viscera is served largely by the ________. A) cephalic plexus B) tenth cranial nerve C) lumbar splanchnic nerves D) pelvic nerves
B) tenth cranial nerve
Second-order neurons of both the specific and nonspecific ascending pathways terminate in the ________. A) somatosensory cortex B) thalamus C) medulla D) spinal cord
B) thalamus
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP? A) the skin B) the heart C) the kidney D) the spleen
B) the heart
Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. A) diphasic impulses B) the myelin sheath C) large nerve fibers D) erratic transmission of nerve impulses
B) the myelin sheath
Which sympathetic fibers form the splanchnic nerve? A) those that synapse with somatic fibers B) those that pass through the trunk ganglion to synapse in collateral or prevertebral ganglia C) those that synapse with parasympathetic fibers D) those that synapse in the same trunk ganglion they entered
B) those that pass through the trunk ganglion to synapse in collateral or prevertebral ganglia
Which of these is not a normal plasma protein? A) fibrinogen B) thromboplastin C) gamma globulin D) albumin
B) thromboplastin
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the targetorgan. This is known as ________. A) a reaction to a stressor B) up-regulation C) cellular affinity D) the cell's sensitivity reaction
B) up-regulation
Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________. A) neuromotor junction B) upper motor neurons C) spinal nerve roots D) lower motor neurons
B) upper motor neurons
All of the following conditions impair coagulation except ________. A) vitamin K deficiency B) vascular spasm C) liver disease D) severe hypocalcemia
B) vascular spasm
Important nuclei of the indirect (multineural) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________. A) reticular nuclei B) vestibular nuclei C) superior colliculi D) red nuclei
B) vestibular nuclei
Which of the following is false or incorrect? A) An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane. B) An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold. C) A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.
C) A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.
Select the correct statement about cardiac output. A) Stroke volume increases if end diastolic volume decreases. B) If a semilunar valve were partially obstructed, the end systolic volume in the affected ventricle would be decreased. C) A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction. D) Decreased venous return will result in increased end diastolic volume.
C) A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction.
Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart? A) AV node B) SA node C) AV valve D) bundle of His
C) AV valve
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) Damage to the visual association area results in blindness. B) Damage to the primary auditory cortex results in the inability to interpret pitch, loudness, and location. C) Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of voluntary muscle control. D) Damage to the premotor cortex results in loss of motor skills programmed in that area but movement is still possible.
C) Damage to the primary motor cortex results only in the loss of voluntary muscle control.
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem. A) The physician is wrong-a hormone made in the adenohypophysis could not influence fertility. B) The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH. C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes. D) FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males.
C) FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
When neither anti-A sera nor anti-B sera clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type ________. A) A B) B C) O D) AB
C) O
Select the correct statement regarding blood cell formation. A) Yellow marrow is the main site of leukocyte formation. B) The main sites of blood cell production in adults are the spleen and the liver. C) Red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life. D) Before the seventh month of fetal development, yellow marrow is the main site of blood cell formation.
C) Red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life.
Which of the following statements is not true? A) Sympathetic has extensive branching of preganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has minimal branching of preganglionic fibers. B) Sympathetic division has short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers; parasympathetic has long preganglionic and short postganglionic fibers. C) Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar. D) Sympathetic ganglia are within a few centimeters of the CNS; parasympathetic are close to visceral organs served.
C) Sympathetic origin is craniosacral; parasympathetic is thoracolumbar.
The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ________. A) GH B) ADH C) TH D) ACTH
C) TH
Select the correct statement about the heart valves. A) The mitral valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. B) Aortic and pulmonary valves control the flow of blood into the heart. C) The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur. D) The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle.
C) The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur.
Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes? A) They are phagocytic. B) They are the most numerous of the formed elements in blood. C) They are nucleated. D) They have cytoplasmic granules.
C) They are nucleated.
Which of the following is not true of graded potentials? A) They are short-lived. B) They can be called postsynaptic potentials. C) They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point. D) They can form on receptor endings.
C) They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.
Which of the following is true about veins? A) Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall. B) Venous valves are formed from the tunica media. C) Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs. D) Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time.
C) Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.
The most abundant plasma protein is ________. A) globulin B) bile C) albumin D) clotting protein
C) albumin
The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________. A) ischemia B) myocardial infarct C) angina pectoris D) pericarditis
C) angina pectoris
Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________. A) stress B) smoking C) arteriosclerosis D) obesity
C) arteriosclerosis
Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by ________. A) causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore decreasing blood pressure B) acting to decrease basal metabolic rate C) entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei D) exerting only a minor effect on body metabolism
C) entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________. A) increasing blood pressure B) stimulating the synthesis of a glycogen C) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene D) finding an appropriate cell receptor and initiating cAMP activity
C) entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called? A) astrocytes B) Schwann cells C) ependymal cells D) oligodendrocytes
C) ependymal cells
Which of the following best describes the cerebrum? A) visceral command center B) motor command center C) executive suite D) decussation center
C) executive suite
Sympathetic nerves may leave the spinal cord at which vertebra? A) third lumbar B) second cervical C) first thoracic D) first coccyx
C) first thoracic
Aldosterone ________. A) presence increases potassium concentration in the blood B) is secreted by the neurohypophysis C) functions to increase sodium reabsorption D) production is greatly influenced by ACTH
C) functions to increase sodium reabsorption
When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________. A) excitatory potential B) action potential C) generator potential D) postsynaptic potential
C) generator potential
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. A) opening of voltage-regulated channels B) lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur C) hyperpolarization D) a change in sodium ion permeability
C) hyperpolarization
Control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the ________. A) thalamus B) medulla C) hypothalamus D) cerebellum
C) hypothalamus
Peripheral resistance ________. A) is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals B) increases as blood vessel diameter increases C) increases as blood viscosity increases D) decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel
C) increases as blood viscosity increases
Blood flow to the skin ________. A) is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells B) increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze C) increases when environmental temperature rises D) is controlled mainly by decreasing pH
C) increases when environmental temperature rises
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________. A) is the site of prolactin synthesis B) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland C) is partly contained within the infundibulum D) conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis
C) is partly contained within the infundibulum
Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________. A) right atrium B) right ventricle C) left atrium D) left ventricle
C) left atrium
Parasympathetic functions include ________. A) a stimulation of heart rate and force of contraction B) mobilizing storage energy sources C) lens accommodation for close vision D) allowing the body to cope with an external threat
C) lens accommodation for close vision
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________. A) neutrophils B) eosinophils C) monocytes D) basophils
C) monocytes
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________. A) capillaries B) arterioles C) muscular arteries D) elastic arteries
C) muscular arteries
The sheath of Schwann is also called the ________. A) white matter B) myelin sheath C) neurilemma D) axolemma
C) neurilemma
When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________. A) tracing out where the auricles connect B) locating the apex C) noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls D) finding the papillary muscles
C) noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls
Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open? A) calcium B) sodium C) potassium D) chloride
C) potassium
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality? A) limbic association area B) posterior association area C) prefrontal cortex D) combined primary somatosensory cortex and somatosensory association cortex
C) prefrontal cortex
Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes? A) control the chemical environment around neurons B) guide the migration of young neurons, synapse formation, and helping to determine capillary permeability C) provide the defense for the CNS D) support and brace neurons E) anchor neurons to blood vessels
C) provide the defense for the CNS
Which vessel of the heart receives blood during right ventricular systole? A) aorta B) pulmonary veins C) pulmonary trunk D) venae cavae
C) pulmonary trunk
Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? A) cold, clammy skin B) rapid, thready pulse C) rapidly falling blood pressure D) increased heart rate
C) rapidly falling blood pressure
Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)? A) Wernicke's area B) postcentral gyrus C) red nuclei D) gustatory cortex
C) red nuclei
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? A) neural controls B) baroreceptor-initiated reflexes C) renal regulation D) chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes
C) renal regulation
ACTH ________. A) is not a tropic hormone B) causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla C) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion D) is secreted by the posterior pituitary
C) secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion
The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. A) always fatal B) the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis C) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea D) any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally
C) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ________. A) anastomoses B) sinuses C) sinusoids D) thoroughfare channels
C) sinusoids
Preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is the role of the ________. A) parasympathetic nervous system B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic nervous system D) cerebrum
C) sympathetic nervous system
The pulse pressure is ________. A) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure B) diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure) C) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure D) systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure
C) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________. A) prefrontal lobe B) parietal lobe C) temporal lobe D) frontal lobe
C) temporal lobe
If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells ________. A) contractions would last as long as the refractory period B) it would be much longer before cardiac cells could respond to a second stimulation C) tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action D) it would be less than 12 ms
C) tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action
If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________. A) the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract B) parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart rate C) the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute D) the AV node would become the pacemaker of the heart
C) the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute
If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________. A) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only B) muscle contraction would occur C) the impulse would spread bidirectionally D) the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle contraction would occur
C) the impulse would spread bidirectionally
Which of the following is not an age-related change affecting the heart? A) atherosclerosis B) decline in cardiac reserve C) thinning of the valve flaps D) fibrosis of cardiac muscle
C) thinning of the valve flaps
If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ________. A) heart rate would decrease, but blood pressure would rise due to the excess sodium present B) tetanic contraction would occur due to the short absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle C) threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase D) potassium channels compensate and no change in heart rate would occur
C) threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase
Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by ________. A) vigorous exercise B) travel at high altitude C) travel at high altitude and vigorous exercise D) malaria and travel at high altitude
C) travel at high altitude and vigorous exercise
The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensations of the full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________. A) vestibular cortex B) gusatory cortex C) visceral sensory area D) olfactory cortex
C) visceral sensory area
An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________. A) primary visual area B) calcarine cortex C) visual association area D) lateral geniculate body
C) visual association area
What is the average normal pH range of blood? A) 8.35-8.45 B) 7.75-7.85 C) 4.65-4.75 D) 7.35-7.45
D) 7.35-7.45
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus? A) polyphagia B) polydipsia C) polyuria D) All of these are signs.
D) All of these are signs.
Select the correct statement about blood flow. A) It is measured in mm Hg. B) It is greatest where resistance is highest. C) It is relatively constant through all body organs. D) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
D) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones. Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference? A) It causes positive feedback. B) It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells. C) It is very specific in the cell type it targets. D) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.
D) It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.
Select the correct statement about serial processing. A) Input travels along several different pathways. B) Memories are triggered by serial processing. C) Smells are processed by serial pathways. D) Spinal reflexes are an example of serial processing.
D) Spinal reflexes are an example of serial processing.
Select the correct statement regarding synapses. A) The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled. B) Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons of cells. C) Cells with interconnected cytoplasm are chemically coupled. D) The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.
D) The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.
Which of the statements below is an incorrect or false statement? A) Blood typing for the Kell, Lewis, and Duffy factors is always done before a blood transfusion. B) When a transfusion reaction occurs, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the transfused blood cells is disrupted and the clumping of RBCs in small vessels hinders blood flow to tissues beyond those points. C) Unique to the ABO blood group is the presence in the plasma of preformed antibodies. D) Transfusion of incompatible blood can be fatal.
D) Transfusion of incompatible blood can be fatal.
A drug that might be used specifically to reduce heart rate in cardiac patients could be ________. A) anticholinesterase B) norepinephrine C) epinephrine D) a beta-blocker
D) a beta-blocker
Arteriole blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? A) increasing stroke volume B) rising blood volume C) increasing heart rate D) falling blood volume E) all of these
D) falling blood volume
Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells? A) second-messenger systems B) extracellular receptors with a specificity for only a single amino acid sequence on the hormone C) an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP D) a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA
D) a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA
Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? A) a decrease in local tissue oxygen content B) an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide C) a local increase in pH D) a local increase in histamine
D) a local increase in histamine
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________. A) no change in blood pressure but a slower heart rate B) a rise in blood pressure due to change in cardiac output C) no change in blood pressure but a change in respiration D) a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
D) a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
Nerve cell adhesion molecules (N-CAMs) ________. A) are found on "pathfinder" neurons B) are crucial in the production of neurotransmitters C) release nerve growth factor D) are crucial for the development of neural connections
D) are crucial for the development of neural connections
Fenestrated capillaries ________. A) are not more permeable than continuous capillaries B) do not occur in the glomerular capillaries of the kidneys C) are not common in endocrine organs and in areas where capillary absorption is an important function D) are not found in the brain
D) are not found in the brain
The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________. A) muscular arteries C) venules B) elastic arteries D) arterioles
D) arterioles
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. A) synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually needed B) not responding to a feedback mechanism C) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
D) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion? A) delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cells B) absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract C) gas exchange in the lungs D) blood clotting
D) blood clotting
During the period of ventricular filling ________. A) it is represented by the P wave on the ECG B) pressure in the heart is at its peak C) the atria remain in diastole D) blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles
D) blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles
The term central nervous system refers to the ________. A) autonomic nervous system B) spinal cord and spinal nerves C) brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves D) brain and spinal cord
D) brain and spinal cord
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress? A) by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin B) by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure C) by blocking the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response D) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
D) by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
The hepatic portal vein ________. A) is actually an artery B) carries oxygen-rich blood from the liver to the viscera C) carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava D) carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver
D) carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver
White matter (myelinated fibers) is found in all of the following locations except the ________. A) corpus callosum B) corticospinal tracts C) outer portion of the spinal cord D) cerebral cortex
D) cerebral cortex
Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury? A) contusion B) swelling C) hemorrhage D) concussion
D) concussion
The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ________. A) fossa ovalis B) coronary sinus C) coronary veins D) coronary arteries
D) coronary arteries
Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure? A) blood volume B) peripheral resistance C) cardiac output D) emotional state
D) emotional state
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus? A) humoral B) hormonal C) neural D) enzyme
D) enzyme
What cells line the ventricles of the brain? A) epithelial cells B) neurons C) astrocytes D) ependymal cells
D) ependymal cells
Thromboembolic disorders ________. A) result in uncontrolled bleeding B) are caused by vitamin K deficiency C) include thrombus formation, a clot in a broken blood vessel D) include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system
D) include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system
Sympathetic division stimulation causes ________. A) increased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure B) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure C) decreased blood glucose, increased GI peristalsis, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure D) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
D) increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
Erection of the penis or clitoris ________. A) is primarily under sympathetic control B) depends very little on autonomic activation C) is the result of coordinated activation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic input D) is primarily under parasympathetic control
D) is primarily under parasympathetic control
Declarative memory ________. A) usually involves motor skills B) is hard to unlearn when learned once C) is best remembered in the doing D) is the ability to learn specific information
D) is the ability to learn specific information
The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle? A) ventricular filling B) isovolumetric contraction C) ventricular ejection D) isovolumetric relaxation
D) isovolumetric relaxation
Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________. A) posterior spinothalamic B) reticulospinal C) anterior spinothalamic D) lateral spinothalamic
D) lateral spinothalamic
All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except ________. A) increased blood volume B) high hematocrit C) high blood pressure D) low blood viscosity
D) low blood viscosity
Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation? A) kidney B) liver C) heart D) lungs
D) lungs
Which of the following is a protective function of blood? A) maintenance of adequate fluid volume C) maintenance of normal pH in body tissue B) prevention of blood loss D) maintenance of body temperature
D) maintenance of body temperature
The vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________. A) cerebrum B) pons C) midbrain D) medulla
D) medulla
The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________. A) alcohol B) anesthetics C) nutrients such as glucose D) metabolic waste such as urea
D) metabolic waste such as urea
The brain stem consists of the ________. A) cerebrum, pons, midbrain, and medulla B) midbrain only C) pons, medulla, cerebellum, and midbrain D) midbrain, medulla, and pons
D) midbrain, medulla, and pons
Which association regarding the function and location of the cerebrum is most accurate? A) sensory-medial B) sensory-anterior C) motor-medial D) motor-anterior
D) motor-anterior
The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________. A) soma that have both myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers B) myelinated nerve fibers only C) unmyelinated nerve fibers only D) myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
D) myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers
The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________. A) ion B) biogenic amine C) cholinesterase D) neurotransmitter
D) neurotransmitter
Blood volume restorers include all of the following except ________. A) dextran B) albumin C) saline solutions D) packed cells
D) packed cells
Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the ________. A) trabeculae carneae B) venae cavae C) pectinate muscles D) papillary muscles
D) papillary muscles
An individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________. A) quadriplegia B) spinal shock only C) hemiplegia D) paraplegia
D) paraplegia
The vagus nerve does not innervate the ________. A) kidneys B) pancreas C) gallbladder D) parotid gland
D) parotid gland
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________. A) hormone binding to intracellular receptors B) cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger C) formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates D) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
D) possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano? A) motor B) declarative C) emotional D) procedural
D) procedural
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________. A) expand the thoracic cage during diastole B) accommodate a greater volume of blood C) pump blood through a smaller valve D) pump blood with greater pressure
D) pump blood with greater pressure
The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________. A) sends blood through a smaller valve B) pumps a greater volume of blood C) expands the thoracic cage D) pumps blood against a greater resistance
D) pumps blood against a greater resistance
An individual who is blood type AB negative can ________. A) receive types A, B, and AB, but not type O B) donate to all blood types in moderate amounts C) donate to types A, B, and AB, but not to type O D) receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen
D) receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen
The velocity of blood flow is ________. A) slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter B) in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels C) slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter D) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
D) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
Platelets ________. A) have multiple nuclei B) have a life span of about 120 days C) are the precursors of leukocytes D) stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break
D) stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break
Blood is a ________. A) heterogeneous compound B) colloid C) homogeneous compound D) suspension
D) suspension
The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through ________. A) blocking the action of growth hormone B) slowing the activity of tissues that require calcium for activity C) antagonizing the synthesis of calcitonin D) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
D) targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
Autonomic ganglia contain ________. A) an outer connective tissue capsule around the cell bodies of preganglionic motor neurons B) both somatic afferent and efferent neurons C) synapses between postganglionic fibers and their effectors D) the cell bodies of motor neurons
D) the cell bodies of motor neurons
Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________. A) nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers B) chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide C) renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction D) the dural sinus reflex
D) the dural sinus reflex
A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. A) proteins have been resynthesized B) all sodium gates are closed C) the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell D) the membrane potential has been reestablished
D) the membrane potential has been reestablished
Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate? A) activity B) emotions C) postural changes D) the vessel selected to palpate
D) the vessel selected to palpate
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the ________. A) adrenal medulla B) thyroid gland C) pancreas D) thymus gland
D) thymus gland
Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. A) tunica adventitia B) tunica externa C) tunica media D) tunica intima
D) tunica intima
Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium? A) tunica externa B) tunica media C) basement membrane D) tunica intima
D) tunica intima
Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction? A) strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone B) blood levels of hormone C) number of receptors for that hormone D) type of hormone
D) type of hormone
The route of major parasympathetic outflow from the head is via the ________. A) sacral nerve B) phrenic nerve C) sympathetic trunk D) vagus nerve
D) vagus nerve
James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16 g/100 ml blood. This is ________. A) abnormally low B) above normal C) normal only if James is an infant D) within the normal range
D) within the normal range
